Decentralization and Local Governance in China’s Economic Transition

经济类英语词汇不景气 slump 〔衰退 recession〕二板市场 the second board market中国创业板 China Growth Enterprise Market首次上市 IPOs (initial public offering)市场资本总额 market capitalization法人股 institutional shares部股〔非上市招股〕 private company shares牛市 bull market法律风险 legal risk风险管理 risk management坚持严格的贷款标准 maintain strong underwriting standards六大风险 risks in 6 key areas (U.S. Federal Reserve criterion)信用风险 credit risk供应学派 supply-side economist第一产业〔农业〕 agriculture (primary industry)第二产业〔工业〕 manufacturing industry (secondary industry)第三产业〔效劳业〕 service industry (tertiary industry)主要经济指标 major economic indicators国生产总值 GDP gross domestic product 〔商品和劳务币值总和，不包括海外收入支出〕国民生产总值 GNP gross national product〔商品和劳务币值总和，包括海外收入支出〕人均国生产总值 GDP per capita宏观经济 macro economy互助基金 mutual fund扩大需 expand domestic demand改善居民心理预期 inspire the general public's confidence in the future needs鼓励增加即期消费 encourage more immediate consumption长期国债 long-term treasury bonds支付国债利息 to service treasury bonds财政赤字和债务 deficits and the national debt按原口径计算 calculate on the base line按不变价格计算 calculate at constant price按可比价格计算 calculate at comparable price列入财政预算支出 listed in the fiscal budget结售汇制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales经常项目顺差 favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account开办人民币业务 engage in Renminbi (RMB) business出口退税制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods保证金台帐制度 Deposit account system for processing trade分期付款 pay by installment保值储蓄 inflation-proof bank savings抵押贷款 collateralised loans住房抵押贷款 residential mortgage loan货币主义者 monetarist计划经济 planned economy指令性计划 mandatory plan技术密集型 technology intensive大规模生产 mass production经济林 cash tree跟踪审计 follow-up auditing流动性风险 liquidity risk操作风险 operational risk部审计 internal audit抛售 bear sales配套政策 supporting policies中国人民银行〔中央银行〕The People’s Bank of China〔central bank〕四大国有商业银行 4 major state-owned commercial banks中国银行 Bank of china中国工商银行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China〔〕and中国建立银行 Construction Bank of China中国农业银行 Agricultural Bank of China招商银行 China Merchants Bank疲软股票 soft stock配股 allotment of shares实际增长率 growth rate in real terms年均增长率 average growth rate per annum投资回报率 rate of return on investment外贸进出口总额 total foreign trade value实际利用外资 incoming overseas capital (investment) in place消费价格指数 consumer price index (CPI)零售价格指数 retail price index 〔RPI〕生活费用价格总指数 total price index of living cost生活费用 income available for living expenses扣除物价因素 in real terms / on inflation-adjusted basis居民储蓄存款residents’ bank s avings deposit恩格尔系数〔食品开支占总支出的比例〕 Engel coefficient基尼系数〔衡量地区差异〕 Gini coefficient购置力平价法 purchasing power parity (PPP) 〔衡量使用不同货币的两个国家或地区的经济水平、收入水平的一种计算法，用相等的汇率比拟两种货币各自的国购置力〕片面追求开展速度 excessive pursuit of growth泡沫经济 bubble economy 经济过热 overheating of economy通货膨胀 inflation实体经济 the real economy经济规律 laws of economics市场调节 market regulation优化资源配置 optimize allocation of resources规模经营优势 advantage of economies of scale劳动密集型 labor intensive市场风险 market risk收紧银根 tighten up monetary policy适度从紧的财政政策 moderately tight fiscal policy信用紧缩 credit crunch加强国有商业银行部资金调度 In state commercial banks, internal capital allocation should be improved.合理划分贷款审批权限 Limits of authority for examining and approving loans should be rationally defined.保证有市场、有效益、守信用企业的流动资金贷款 ensure floating capital loans for well-performing and trustworthy enterprises which turn out the right products for the right markets启动民间投资 attract investment from the private sector适销对路的产品 the right products / readily marketable products国有企业 state-owned enterprises (SOEs)集体企业 collectively-owned (partnership) enterprises私营企业 private businesses民营企业 privately-run businesses中小企业 small-and-medium-sized enterprises三资企业〔中外合资、中外合作、外商独资〕 overseas-invested enterprises; foreign-invested enterprises (Chinese-overseas equity joint ventures,Chinese-overseas contractual joint ventures, wholly foreign- owned enterprises)存款保证金 guaranty money for deposits货币回笼 withdrawal of currency from circulation吸收游资 absorb idle fund经常性贷款 commercial lending经常性支出 operating expenses再贷款 re-lending; subloan支持国有大型企业和高新技术企业上市融资 support large state-owned enterprises and high and innovative technology companies in their efforts to seek financing by listing on the stock market改制上市 An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.进一步规和开展证券市场 further standardize and develop the securities market增加直接融资比重 increase the proportion of direct financing完善股票发行上市制度 improve the system for IPO and listing on stock markets中国证监会 China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC)证券交易所市 Shenzhen Stock Exchange证券交易所 Shanghai Stock Exchange综合指数 composite index纳斯达克〔高技术企业板〕 NASDAQ 〔National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation主板市场 the main board通货紧缩 deflation中国巨大的市场潜力将逐步转化为现实的购置力 The huge market potential that China enjoys will be turned into tangible purchasing power.适应市场经济需要的法律法规体系还不够健全 The regulatory and legal system is not well established as to adapt to the demand of market economy.经济管理体制可能会出现一些不适应 The economic management system may not be readily adapted to the changes.一些行业和企业可能会受到冲击 Some sectors of economy and some businesses may be adversely affected.立足中国国情，发挥自身优势 proceed from national conditions in China and bring our advantages into play扬长避短，趋利避害，迎接经济全球化的挑战 foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses and rise to the challenge of economic globalization瓶颈制约 bottleneck constraints放权让利 decentralization and interest concessions (in late 1980s and early 1990s)深化改革intensify reform; deepen one’s commit ment to reform配套改革 supporting (concomitant) reforms配套资金 counterpart funds; local funding of提高经济效益 improve economic performance; increase economic returns讲求社会效益 value contribution to society; pay attention to social effect加速国民经济信息化 develop information-based economy accelerate IT application in economy拉动经济增长 fuel economic growth利改税 substitution of tax payment for profit delivery费改税 transform administrative fees into taxes债转股 debt-to-equity swap头寸宽裕〔头寸紧缺〕 in an easy position (tight position)产业 sunrise industry招标投标制 the system of public bidding for project充分发挥货币政策的作用 give full play to the role of monetary policy实施积极的财政政策 follow a pro-active fiscal policy向银行增发国债，扩大投资 The government issued additional treasury bonds to banks to increase investment.再注资 recapitalization放松银根 to ease monetary policy信息经济 IT economy外向型经济 export-oriented economy信息时代 information age全球化 globalization 〔全球性globality〕信誉风险 reputational risk风险评级 risk rating到期不还贷 default on a loan资不抵债 insolvency; be insolvent亚洲金融危机 Asian financial crisis (1997-98)投资〔贷款〕组合 investment (loan) portfolio外汇储藏充足 sufficient foreign exchange reserves中国金融业问题 problems with financial sector in China储蓄比例过高 the excessively large proportion of savings in the money supply国有企业产负债率过高 high leverage ratio of the state-owned enterprises,国有独资商业银行不良资产比例过高 high ratio of non-performing loans of the state commercial banks少数中小存款金融机构不能支付到期债务 insolvency of a handful of small and medium-sized financial institutions不良贷款 non-performing loans防和化解金融风险 address financial risks提高企业借贷和行使民事责任的能力improve enterprises’ creditworthiness and ability to fulfil their civil liabilities监事会 supervisory board实行慎重会计制度 adopt prudential accounting standards五级分类法划分贷款质量 the five-category asset classification approach金融资产管理公司 financial asset management companies别离和收回不良资产 substantially reduce the ratio of non-performing assets分业管理、规模经营 business segregation, economy of scale规金融机构市场退出制度 improve the market exit mechanism for financial institutions政策性银行 state policy-related bank国家开展银行 State Development Bank知识经济 knowledge-based economy网络经济 Internet-based networked economy指导性计划 guidance plan社会主义市场经济〔中国〕 socialist market economy社会市场经济〔德国〕 social market economy新经济〔美国〕 new economy中国光大银行 Everbright Bank of China中国民声银行 China Minsheng Banking Corporation Ltd.实业银行 CITIC Industrial Bank中国进出口银行 China EXIM Bank汇丰银行 Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HKSBC)金融监管 financial supervision中国人民银行法Law of the People’s Bank of China商业银行法 Law of Commercial Banks保险法 Law of Insurance证券法 Law of Securities巴塞尔原那么 Basel Core Principles监管对象的行为有问题、管理机制不健全 problems of superv ised entities’ behavior and the unsound internal governance mechanism风险意识 consciousness of risk prevention事前监管 proactive regulation and supervisionaccount number 帐目编号depositor 存户pay-in slip 存款单a deposit form 存款单a banding machine 自动存取机to deposit 存款deposit receipt 存款收据private deposits 私人存款certificate of deposit 存单deposit book, passbook 存折credit card 信用卡principal 本金overdraft, overdraw 透支to counter sign 双签to endorse 背书endorser 背书人to cash 兑现to honor a check 兑付to dishonor a check 拒付to suspend payment 止付check 支票check book 支票本order check 记名支票bearer check 不记名支票crossed check 横线支票blank check 空白支票rubber check 空头支票check stub, counterfoil 票根cash check 现金支票traveler's check 旅行支票check for transfer 转帐支票outstanding check 未付支票canceled check 已付支票forged check 伪支票Bandar's note 庄票，银票banker 银行家president 行长savings bank 储蓄银行Chase Bank 大通银行National City Bank of New York 花旗银行Hongkong Shanghai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China 麦加利银行Banque de I'Indo Chine 汇理银行central bank, national bank, banker's bank 中央银行bank of issue, bank of circulation 发行币银行commercial bank 商业银行，储蓄信贷银行member bank, credit bank 储蓄信贷银行discount bank 贴现银行exchange bank 汇兑银行requesting bank 委托开证银行issuing bank, opening bank 开证银行advising bank, notifying bank 通知银行negotiation bank 议付银行confirming bank 保兑银行paying bank 付款银行associate banker of collection 代收银行consigned banker of collection 委托银行clearing bank 清算银行local bank 本地银行domestic bank 国银行overseas bank 国外银行unincorporated bank 钱庄branch bank 银行分行trustee savings bank 信托储蓄银行trust company 信托公司financial trust 金融信托公司unit trust 信托投资公司trust institution 银行的信托部credit department 银行的信用部commercial credit company(discount company) 商业信贷公司〔贴现公司〕neighborhood savings bank, bank of deposit 街道储蓄所credit union 合作银行credit bureau 商业兴信所self-service bank 无人银行land bank 土地银行construction bank 建立银行industrial and commercial bank 工商银行bank of communications 交通银行mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行post office savings bank 邮局储蓄银行mortgage bank, building society 抵押银行industrial bank 实业银行home loan bank 家宅贷款银行reserve bank 准备银行chartered bank 特许银行corresponding bank 往来银行merchant bank, accepting bank 承兑银行investment bank 投资银行import and export bank (EXI MBA NK) 进出口银行joint venture bank 合资银行money shop, native bank 钱庄credit cooperatives 信用社clearing house 票据交换所public accounting 公共会计business accounting 商业会计depreciation accounting 折旧会计computerized accounting 电脑化会计general ledger 总帐subsidiary ledger 分户帐cash book 现金出纳帐cash account 现金帐journal, day-book 日记帐，流水帐bad debts 坏帐investment 投资surplus 结余idle capital 游资economic cycle 经济周期economic boom 经济繁荣economic recession 经济衰退economic depression 经济萧条economic crisis 经济危机economic recovery 经济复inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货收缩devaluation 货币贬值revaluation 货币增值international balance of payment 国际收支favorable balance 顺差adverse balance 逆差hard currency 硬通货soft currency 软通货international monetary system 国际货币制度the purchasing power of money 货币购置力money in circulation 货币流通量note issue 纸币发行量national budget 国家预算national gross product 国民生产总值public bond 公债stock, share 股票debenture 债券treasury bill 国库券debt chain 债务链direct exchange 直接〔对角〕套汇indirect exchange 间接〔三角〕套汇cross rate, arbitrage rate 套汇汇率foreign currency (exchange) reserve 外汇储藏foreign exchange fluctuation 外汇波动foreign exchange crisis 外汇危机discount 贴现discount rate, bank rate 贴现率gold reserve 黄金储藏money (financial) market 金融市场stock exchange 股票交易所broker 经纪人commission 佣金bookkeeping 簿记bookkeeper 簿记员an application form 申请单bank statement 对帐单letter of credit 信用证strong room, vault 保险库equitable tax system 等价税那么specimen signature 签字式样banking hours, business hours 营业时间share, equity, stock 股票、股权negotiable share 可流通股份treasury /government bond 国库券/政府债券closed-end securities investment fund 封闭式证券投资基金open-end securities investment fund 开放式证券投资基金market capitalization 市值mark-to-market 逐日盯市clearing and settlement 清算/结算put / call option 看跌/看涨期权rights issue/offering 配股ADR(American Depository Receipt)美国存托凭证/存股证GDR(Global Depository Receipt) 全球存托凭证/存股证institutional investor 机构投资者proprietary trading 自营market manipulation 市场操纵IPO(Initial Public Offering)新股初始公开发行securities 证券premium 溢价share capital 股本composite index 综合指数capital market 资本市场liquidity 流通性highly-leveraged institutions(HLI) 高杠杆交易机构subscribe 申购underwriter承销商road show 路演primary market 一级市场information disclosure 信息披露blue chips 蓝筹股gilt-edged bond 金边债券rating agency 评级机构credit trading 信用交易open/close a position 建/平仓bond, debenture, debts 债券convertible bond 可转换债券corporate bond 企业债券fund manager 基金经理/管理公司fund custodian bank 基金托管银行p/e (price/earning) ratio 市盈率payment versus delivery 银券交付commodity/financial derivatives 商品/金融衍生产品margins, collateral 保证金bonus share 红股dividend 红利/股息retail / private investor 个人投资者/散户broker/dealer 券商insider trading/dealing 幕交易prospectus招股说明书merger and acquisition收购兼并warrant 认股权证raised capital/proceeds 筹资component index 成份指数turnover rate 换手率monetary market 货币市场hedge fund 对冲基金self-regulatory organization(SRO)自律组织issuer 发行人intermediary 中介机构secondary listing 第二上市secondary market 二级市场controlling shareholder 控股股东red chips红筹股junk bond 立即债券securities loan 融券financing 融资(编辑：admin)21/ 21。

把权力关进制度的笼子（Cage with power in the system）Cage with power in the systemThe party's eighteen report pointed out, "to promote the operation of power, open, standardized, so that power in the sun."". General secretary Xi Jinping in the two plenary session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection speech made it clear that the establishment of an effective disciplinary mechanism, prevention mechanisms and security mechanisms, the power into the system cage". In recent years, the municipal government started in key areas and key positions, innovation, mode of supervision to restrict reform power, explore a new path specification and power balance.Tighten the power "reins", regulate the volume rate change. In depth investigation and analysis of typical cases on the basis of the introduction of the "urban management of construction land volume rate adjustment management approach.". This is a way to increase the "threshold" provisions may apply for adjustment of volume rate was only involved in the public interest or policy adjustment situation; two is the strict procedures, to organize experts to conduct feasibility studies and trial, involving closely connected people, held public hearings, and then submitted to the government for approval without objection; three is tightening clear power, adjust the volume rate shall be discussed and decided by the executive meeting of the municipal government, any other units and individuals have the right to decide the change of planning. In view of the existing planning in risk management, municipal government further forward the control mark, the timely introduction of the "Regulations" urban planning managementtechnical specification, planning and design stage and construction stage project approval rate calculation rules and related building height control, construction area and volume calculation standard, effective control of discretion. In the planning departments of internal construction project is a copy of certification and approval, after the issuance volume of track inspection, the completion of planning verification work undertaken by different offices, so as to "double insurance" and mutual supervision and restriction on the volume rate of the verification checks. At the same time, the establishment of the volume rate management filing system, adjust the volume change rate must be detailed registration, and reported to the discipline inspection and supervision organs for the record.Clear operation process, "sunshine" sell land. Municipal government to regulate the land market as a breakthrough, creatively established the "net transfer, Yaohao host, live broadcast, tracking the transfer of land management, prior to listing, listed in the transaction, after three stages of implementation of process control. "Net transfer", refers to the plots listed before, first and then transfer to resettlement, the "hair" into the "net"; "Yaohao management", in the land auction, the auction host randomly selected from the library, produced by the host site by Yaohao; "live", is a video of the auction live recordings, and by the NPC deputies and CPPCC members and the public mission site supervision, city land market network television and broadcast; "tracking" refers to the plots listed transactions, the contract management, the completion of the application online,real-time supervision and tracking management of land development. In addition, the municipal government for landacquisition and sensitive issue stipulates: "net listing" in the "not tearing down", "how to dismantle" must have the consent of more than 90% residents agree; all must be listed plots of land compensation, resettlement, land use rights to recover, contradiction at the "four place", adjusting or firmly not listed.Weaving mechanism, "fence", scientific planning and approval. 2011,The municipal government promulgated the work regulations of the Municipal Planning Commission, and made clear new regulations for the planning committee members, planning review, design review and rules of procedure. The "Regulations" provisions, submit the plan to the system architecture design scheme optimization, public buildings, large buildings along the main road and the city landscape river must submit at least three sets by different creative designers' scheme than the election, plan must reflect the surrounding built environment, especially important projects should be made to model the spatial relationship the expression of the building. The name of the creative designer and design unit will be inscribed on the building. In project bidding, the owners of the exit mechanism, the project construction unit tendering, bidding registration, take back, judges the random, the owners do not send personnel to participate in the evaluation, make the evaluation process more standardized, more fair competition.Investigation and separation of checks and balances, law enforcement open and transparent. The city land department formulated the "on the further strengthening of urban landmanagement related work opinions", "land and resources law enforcement measures", focus on the establishment of "prevention first, find timely, effective and long-term mechanism to stop the investigation in place". "Opinions" on the batch before, during, after the regulatory requirements have been standardized, and clearly establish, investigate, separate and breach of administrative behavior handling mechanism.Standard practice of reform of public power restriction on tackling the problem, realized three source of Governance: one is for the prevention of corruption from the source for new institutional arrangements; two is provided to ensure the new mechanism for preventing and controlling the source of social contradictions; three is the city social management by law to provide the source to strengthen a new experience. Specification and balance of public power is an important means to promote the city social management of the rule of law, the innovation and practice a beneficial exploration for the social management of the city into the rule of law, but also provides a new experience for the entire administrative norms and balance of public power, bring us three inspirations:(1) the rule of law is the fundamental way to check and balance the public power. Decentralization and balance is an effective way to regulate public power operation of human society find, decentralization and balance is also a kind of power operation mode, in this mode of operation, the balance of decentralization is the premise, not decentralization can not be achieved to the restriction of power. The rule of law through decentralization and balance, to ensure that decision-making,execution and supervision of mutual restriction and mutual coordination and form a closed relationship, to ensure the people's supervision power and public power operation and standardization, effectively solve the powerful people how to exercise the right of the post.(two) the rule of law is the most reliable cage. Hold the key links and key positions, easy to breed corruption on the one hand, in accordance with the principle of the balance of powers, from horizontal and vertical respectively on the power of reasonable decomposition, the chief and Deputy between, between the upper and lower levels, between departments and between the staff according to the law to use power, do have the right to have the responsibility, right subject to supervision, prevent the excessive concentration of power; on the other hand, a clear division of responsibilities, the power holders should bear the responsibility and must abide by the law and ethics together, and establish accountability mechanisms. Simultaneous,Through the construction of the rule of law, established a reasonable structure, scientific configuration, strict procedures and effective control of power supervision mechanism, weaving a reliable cage.(three) rule of law is the most perfect image of a famous city. Throughout the world, with international competitiveness and influence of the city has become a city, a very important aspect, namely the rule of law has become the cornerstone of city operation, city citizens believe in the city, the spirit of the core pillar. It can be said that the world famous city is afamous cultural city, an ecological city, a powerful city and a famous city under the rule of law.。

Unit 1 Opening Administration to the Public市政府municipal government采纳adopt出席be present行政事务administrative affairs人民代表大会the people’s congress中国人民政治协商会议the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference 民主党派democratic party工商联合会the Association of Industry and Commerce县级以上政府government at or above county level财政预算financial budget福利待遇welfare treatment招、投标bidding官员任命appointment of officials劳模model workers调动transfer机构改革institutional reform官员自律self-discipline of officials义务、责任obligation中国入世China’s entry into the WTO政府职能转换transformation of government functions经济增长economic growth处理相关事务handle related affairs红头文件red-title documents律师lawyer会计师accountant下岗工人laid-offs相关程序relevant procedures市政建设municipal construction效率efficiency监督supervision反馈feedback处罚penalty调查survey多功能服务系统multi-functional service system人口稠密社区densely populated community透明度transparency办公自动化office automation城市总体规划the overall city planning决策部门decision-making departmentUnit 2 Why Public Management Reform?公共开支public expenditure产生generate监督成本monitoring costs均衡equilibrium现状status quoUnit 3 Reform of the Administration and Local Public Services: Introduction decentralization 分权化centralization 集权化liberalization 自由化devolution权力下放regional authorities 地方当局integration一体化instability 不稳定local tax revenue 地方税收municipal 市政的private enterprise 私营企业democracy 民主local autonomy地方自治conventional practice 传统做法public sector公共部门privatization私有化governance治理empowerment放权augment扩大、增加、增长accountability负责任Unit 4 State and MarketI. Words and expressionsMacroeconomic宏观经济的Microeconomic微观经济的Judicial司法的；法院的new entry 初入，新进入entrepreneur 企业家gross national income(GNI) 国民收入总值per capita人均per capita gross national income: gross national product divided by the number of people living in the country.gross national product(GNP)国民生产总值: the total value of goods and services produced in a country’s economy, including income from abroad.gross domestic product(GDP)国内生产总值: the total value of goods and services produced in a country’s economy, not including income from abroad.rating 考核、定级levy 征收incentive 刺激、鼓励marginal tax rate边际税率: the amount by which tax revenue increase per unit increase invalue in a taxed activity.Distance education远程教育monopoly垄断generate 产生；导致access to接近；进入；接近（进入）的方法（权利、机会等）dramatically 大幅度地account for说明（原因等）impose on 强加meet the requirement/ the need/ the demand…on average 平均enhance提高、增加、增强stagnant停滞的、不流动的；萧条的、不景气的vibrant活跃的、充满活力的present:a.1)existing or happening now 现在的、目前的e.g.The present situation is quite unfavourable to us.2)at an event, or in a place 出席的、在场的e.g.When it happened, I was not presentn.1)gift 礼物e.g.The boy was asked to wait for a present.2)the period of time时间段e.g.We must learn to live in the presentv.1)give sb. sth. formally or officially 赠送、呈献e.g.John was the guest of honour and presented the awards.2)offer sth for people to consider or judge递交、呈递e.g.The commission presented its report in April.3)show sb.or sth. in a particular way so that people have a particular opinion about them 上演e.g.The film presents a disturbing image of youth culture.take over: He took over the company at the death of his father.take in: It’s easy for children to take in milk.This shirt is too long for me, please take it in.Why is it so easy for people to be taken in?take to: He took to the girl/ smoking when he was only sixteen.take up: He took up stamp-collecting as his hobby.Reading takes up 20 percent of his time at home at night.be critical to 关键的comparable/ comparativeensure: We can ensure that the project will be finished in time.insure sth. against sth.: You can insure your house against fire.assure sb. of sth: I can assure you of the security of the information.take responsibility forUnit 6 Developing and Designing Performance Management Performance绩效Effectiveness有效Efficiency有效Morale士气Forge打造Integrative整合的，整体的Holistic总体的，全部的Intent 意图，目的Bring sth. into line with sth. else使协调起来，使一致Unitarist一元论Be at odds with与有争执；与不一致Accommodate使适应；容纳，接纳Plurality众多，许多Deficient缺乏的，不足的Predominant占优势;主要的，突出的In essence实质上Appraisal评估Be mindful of留心，注意，不忘记Implementation贯彻，履行Be consistent with 与一致Stance姿态，态度Allow for考虑到Incorporate结合；体现Encompass围绕，包围；包含Infuse向……注入，向……灌输；泡制，浸渍Implicit含蓄的；内含的，固有的Intensive加强的，集中的；深入细致的Articulate能说话的，表达地清楚有力At large未被捕，逍遥自在；详尽地；普遍的，一般的，代表整个的Unit 8 The Economic Perspective for the People’s republic of China disparity 不一致，不同coastal 沿海的interior内陆的financial sector 经济部门surge 汹涌澎湃，冲浪buoyant有浮力的，轻快的fixed asset investment 固定资产投资housing mortgage loan住宅抵押贷款western region development strategy西部开发战略disposable income 可分配收入，税后收入trigger 激发，引起ameliorate 改善，改进，改良consecutive 连续的integrated一体化的，完整的jurisdiction 权限procurement 获得the general tariff level关税总水平rebate 回扣，折扣aggravate deflationary pressure加重通货紧缩压力fiscal stimulus 财政激励constrain抑制contemplate 期待，反复打算bailout应急贷款，紧急援助fledge缺乏经验的，初出茅庐的tapers逐渐减少，逐渐停止offset抵消momentum力量,动量，势头project 规划，设计excess capacity产能过量entrant进入者，新加入者resource-extensive 资源粗放型labour-intensive劳动密集型honoring contracts执行合同auditing standard 审计准则，审计标准disclosure揭发address提到，提出degradation品质下降pro-亲exacerbate 加剧vulnerability易受攻击，脆弱institute 实行，建立，开始，创立regulatory规章制度conform to使一致，使符合resilient有弹性的regime政体，政治，统治Unit 9 China seeks Peaceful Growth Holistically全面地shake off摆脱multiplication scenario乘法情境negligible微不足道的mega大的（兆）provoking使人烦恼的abundant丰富的，充裕的magnitude大cohesion粘着力，结合slacken放松，松懈make further strides更进一步blaze用光照耀detach from分开，分离foster养育，促进initiative首创精神，积极性，主动usher引领wrestle斗争，搏斗weigh up估量tap开发hefty异常大的bring into play发挥adhere to坚持hegemony霸主contend for竞争，斗争testify证明，证实strive for努力，奋斗，力求unswerving直的，不偏离的draw on利用Unit 10 The Largest Recipient of Foreign Capital conglomerate联合大企业stipulation条款，项目franchise特许overhaul详细检查sluggish缓慢的hamper妨碍，阻碍given假设disposal income税后收入。

理论述评全球范围内行政区划调整实证研究的述评———主题、理论与发现何鉴孜【摘要】战后世界各国频繁出现的地方政府合并和拆分现象为理解中国的行政区划调整提供了重要的背景和参照。

当前，基于这些现象而开展的国外实证研究呈现出怎样的理论图景？关于行政区划调整所带来的影响，国外研究者都在争论哪些理论命题？论文系统收集了２０００—２０２０年间发表在英文学术期刊上的相关实证研究，从区划调整对政府内部、对经济社会以及对政府－社会关系三个方面的影响出发，归纳和对比了既有的研究。

文章发现，国外研究总体上并不支持区划合并能够推动地方经济发展的假说，同时对于规模经济效应在地方财政和公共服务效率上的体现意见不一。

相对而言，研究者较为一致地认为区划合并容易带来更疏远的政府－社会关系，使经济体量和政治地位相对弱势的被合并地区进一步边缘化，还可能引发地方政府在财政上“搭便车”的行为。

文章最后对比了中外研究在兴趣和结论上的异同，主张研究者把更多精力放在区划调整如何对不同区域、不同对象产生差异性影响的问题上，同时呼吁行政区划调整的决策过程应更加重视利益的平衡与协调。

【关键词】行政区划调整　实证研究　述评【中图分类号】Ｄ６３ 【文献标识码】Ａ【文章编号】１６７４－２４８６（２０２２）０４－０１７５－２０行政区划调整不仅是中国公共管理学界的热点，也是全球其他国家所普遍面临的问题。

从一级行政区的数量看，战后世界除了拉美国家整体相对稳定外，其余多数国家都曾经历或正在经历不同幅度的变动。

其中，撒哈拉以南的非洲国家所出现的“政府碎片化”（ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ）趋势在国际上尤为引人何鉴孜，复旦大学全球公共政策研究院青年副研究员。

感谢复旦大学为本研究提供的科研启动经费，感谢学生助理徐艺丹、宋学彬、陈懿人、李若愚为文章写作提供的帮助，同时感谢匿名评审专家和编辑部提供的宝贵修改意见。

◆公共行政评论·２０２２·４关注（Ｇｒｏｓｓｍａｎｅｔａｌ ，２０１７；Ｐｉｅｒｓｋａｌｌａ，２０１９）。

分散主义英语Decentralism, also known as decentralization, is a political and socio-economic ideology that advocates the dispersion or distribution of power, authority, and decision-making processes away from a central authority or government. It emphasizes the importance of local control and autonomy, promoting the idea of self-governance and grassroots democracy.In a decentralized system, power and responsibilities are shared among multiple smaller units or local communities rather than concentrated in a single authority. This allows for better representation of diverse interests and needs of different regions or groups within a society. Decentralism aims to empower individuals and local communities, enabling them to have a greater say in matters that directly affect them.One of the key advantages of decentralism is that it helps to foster innovation and creativity. By empoweringlocal communities to make decisions and solve problems on their own, there is greater potential for experimentation and the development of unique solutions that are tailored tolocal contexts. Decentralized systems can encourage entrepreneurship and local economic development by providing opportunities for individuals and communities to take charge of their own affairs.Decentralism also promotes accountability and transparency. When power is distributed among multiple units, it becomes easier to hold decision-makers accountable for their actions. Local communities have a better understanding of their own needs and can closely monitor the actions of their representatives. This helps to prevent corruption and ensure that decisions are made in the best interest of the community.Furthermore, decentralism can foster social cohesion and harmony. By giving individuals and local communities greater control over their own affairs, it encourages active participation in the decision-making process and promotes a sense of ownership and responsibility. This can enhancesocial bonds and cooperation among community members, leading to stronger and more resilient societies.However, it is important to strike a balance between decentralization and the need for coordination and unity at higher levels. While decentralism promotes local autonomy, it should not undermine the overall functioning of a larger system. Cooperation and collaboration between different units are necessary to address issues that require collective action, such as national defense, environmental protection, and economic stability.In conclusion, decentralism promotes the dispersion of power and decision-making, empowering local communities andindividuals. It fosters innovation, accountability, social cohesion, and participation in the decision-making process. However, it should be implemented with care, ensuring that coordination and cooperation are maintained at higher levels to address common challenges and ensure the smooth functioning of the overall system.。

China in Transition in Management Leadership StyleChina is a country of old and new and one that is in transition. In every sector,it is now in the process of blending its tradition, customs and practices with Western concepts and ideas. In the business world, it is the blending of itswisdom and Western practices.Frank Gallo, the retired Greater China Managing Consultant of Watson Wyatt Worldwide, recently published an interesting book ``Business Leadership in China.''The 220-page book sheds light on the uniqueness of China's business leadership, the clash of old and new generation leaders and its transition to hybrid management leadership practices. Michael Barbalas, president of the American Chamber of Commerce in China, said, ``Frank GalloFrank Gallohas addressed one of the most pressing and complex issues for companies in China ― business leadership. By sharing his own experiences of consulting in China, he provides practical advise and examples of how Chinese business leaders think and act.He listed many cases that Western CEOs may encounter in doing business unless they fully study the delicacy of China's management practices.The following are some features of China's unique business leadership that foreigners should learn before doing business in the world's fastest-growingeconomy. The features come from the executive summary made in each chapter of the book.(1) It is naive to think that the best Western leadership practices can just be described and applied in China. China's cultural differences with the West make some practices very difficult to work with in China.(2) Westerners usually have their eyes on the ends while Chinese leaders focus more on the means.(3) One reason that China has special leadership needs is demographic. An entire generation of potential business leaders languished during the Cultural Revolution. Only a small percentage of that generation became businessleaders. The result was a relatively young work population compared to that in the West. Another reason for China's inability to quickly develop leaders is cultural. Many of today's senior managers in China got their positions through personal struggle. They see this as the best way to get ahead and are not keen on developing special programs to develop new leaders.(4) The Chinese sometimes see Western independence as ``showiness.'' Some Chinese have referred to the typical Westerner as a peacock ― flashy and beautiful to look at but without much strength or substance. Standing alone is an anathema to Chinese thinking.(5) Chinese culture is deeply founded in Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. They were all suppressed during the Cultural Revolution but none were eradicated.(6) Chinese leaders are expected to be nationalistic. While their bosses require allegiance to the firm, Chinese society also expects allegiance to the country.(7) Leaders in China are expected to express themselves much less directly than those in the West. Indirectness implies thoughtfulness and also allows room for renegotiation after the fact.(8) Face-saving has a deeper meaning in China than in the West. Many Chinese will go to great lengths either to save face or to save someone else's face.(9) Leaders in China need to find the right balance between truth and courtesy and encourage employees to use both in a harmonious way. (10) Both external experts and local business leaders define China as a low trust society. Chinese people are slow to trust their leaders.(11) The Western concept of empowerment has been introduced to China without properly recognizing the inherent conflict with Confucian hierarchy. Inorder to make empowerment successful in China, a leader needs to learn to integrate these disparate concepts.(12) Since China is historically both a family-run and a rural country, thetheme of collectivism is strong. Unlike Western culture, which breedsindividualists, Chinese culture breeds collectivists.(13) Western legal systems are based on the rule of law. The Chinese systemis primarily a rule of man.(14) The Chinese are often accused of not being risk-takers or innovators dueto the ``fear factor'' evident during the Cultural Revolution.(15) Westerners believe in the value of making quick decisions and thentaking action. Chinese want to be sure that all angles of an issue are reviewedfirst and all matters are thought through before coming to a conclusion. This process often involves going back to the beginning and starting the thinkingand the discussion again. These two different approaches are sources offrustration for both parties.(16) In China's short business history, using military discipline andpunishment for mistakes, thus instilling a fear of humiliation, has been a typical approach to keep people motivated. The rewarding style of Western management is a bit alien to the Chinese way of thinking in business.(17) Chinese teams are very strong. Team members are loyal to the team and committed to its success. There is a clear analogy with the Chinese family, the foundation of Chinese society.Available from:http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/01/257_31110.html。

changes in china作文Title: Changes in China: A Journey of Progress and Transformation China, a land of ancient civilization and profound traditions, has undergone remarkable changes in recent decades. Once a closed-off country, it has now emerged as a global powerhouse, reshaping its landscape and society.Technological advancements have been at the forefront of these changes. From high-speed railways crisscrossing the country to futuristic cities like Shenzhen, China has showcased its prowess in infrastructure and innovation. The rise of digital technologies, such as mobile payments and e-commerce, has transformed daily life, making it more convenient and connected.Moreover, China's economic growth has been nothing short of astonishing. It has become the world's second-largest economy, lifting millions out of poverty. This economic boom has been accompanied by significant improvements in education, healthcare, and living standards. Socially, China has also seen significant shifts. The younger generation is more open to new ideas and ways of life, embracing diversity and individuality. Cultural exchanges with the world have led to a richer and more vibrant cultural landscape.However, these changes have not been without challenges. Environmental degradation and social inequality remain pressing issues.Balancing economic growth with sustainability and inclusivity is a key challenge for the future.In conclusion, China's transformation is a story of progress, innovation, and resilience. It stands as a testament to the power of determined effort and vision. As it continues to evolve, China remains a fascinating and inspiring nation on the global stage.。

对国家治理体系的启示英文The Chinese governance system has been effective in managing the country's development over the past few decades. It has also provided valuable insights and inspiration for the developmentof governance systems globally. Here are some of the key lessons from China's governance system:。

1. Emphasis on development: The Chinese governance system focuses on development as the primary objective. The government works towards facilitating growth and providing basic necessities to its citizens.4. Technological innovation: China has invested heavily in technological innovation, which has driven its growth. The government has provided support to innovation by providing a favorable environment, including investments in research & development.5. Environmental sustainability: The Chinese governance system has recognized the importance of environmental sustainability and is working towards mitigating environmental challenges such as pollution.6. Public participation: The Chinese governance system encourages public participation in decision-making processes. The public is allowed to provide feedback, criticism, and suggestions to government policies and programs.8. Decentralization: The Chinese governance system has a decentralized structure where local governments have significant autonomy. This promotes innovation and allows for customized solutions for different regions.In conclusion, the Chinese governance system provides valuable insights and inspiration for global governance. Working towards development, leadership, and innovation while promoting public participation, sustainable development, and a focus on results are essential principles that can be adapted to suit different countries.。