第一章汽车总论
1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work
together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1
现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。
2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this
obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3
发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。
第二章内燃机
1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels
2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement
3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks
4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4
传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。
5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake
shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6
鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。
1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft
through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。
2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in
ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11
火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。
3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working
parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
润滑系的机油泵从油底壳抽出机油，并把机油输送给发动机的所有工作部件。机油从油底壳流进流出。因而在油底壳和发动机的工作部件之间有机油定向循环流动。
4)Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston, through the connecting rod,
transfers to the crankshaft the force created by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft. P17
大多数活塞由铝铸造而成。通过连杆，活塞把可燃混合气燃烧所产生的力传递给曲轴，并带动曲轴旋转。
5)When the engine runs in compression stroke and power stroke, the valves must close tightly
on their seats to produce a gas-tight seal and thus prevent the gases escaping from the combustion chamber. If the valves do not close fully the engine will not develop full power.
Also the valve heads will be liable to be burnt by the passing hot gases, and there is the likelihood of the piston crown touching an open valve, which can seriously damage the engine. P28
当发动机在压缩冲程和作功冲程工作时，气门必须紧贴在气门座上，形成良好的气密性以防止燃烧室漏气。如果气门关闭不严，发动机就不能发挥出全部的功率。而且气门头部容易被经过的高温气体烧蚀，活塞顶部也可能会碰到气门使发动机严重损坏。
6)So that the valves can close fully some clearance is needed in the operating mechanism.
This means that the operating mechanism must be able to move sufficiently far enough away from the valve to allow the valves to be fully closed against its seat by the valve spring. However, if the clearance is set too great this will cause a light metallic tapping noise.
所以在气门传动机构中要预留一些间隙使气门得以完全关闭。这就是说，气门传动机构运动要与气门有一个充分远的距离，使得气门在气门弹簧作用下紧闭气门座。可是如果间隙过大，会引起轻微的金属敲打声。
7)Definition: The time at which valves open and close and the duration of valves opening is
states in degrees of camshaft rotation.
气门从开启到关闭所经历的曲轴转角，称为配气相位。
8)It is apparent from this description that the exhaust valve stays open for a short period of
time during which the intake valve is also open. In other words, the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stoke overlap for a short period of time. This is called valve overlap. Valve timing and valve overlap vary on different engines.
由上显而易见，排气门在进气门打开的一小段时间内也打开着。换句话说，排气冲程终了和进气冲程初期有一小段时间的重叠，这称为气门重叠。不同的发动机，其配气相位和气门重叠是不一样的。
9)Opening the intake valve before TDC and closing it after BDC increases the fill of air-fuel
mixture in the cylinder. Opening the intake valve early helps overcome the static inertia of the air-fuel mixture at the beginning of the intake stroke, while leaving the intake valve open after BDC takes advantage of the kinetic inertia of the moving air-fuel mixture. This increases volumetric efficiency.
在上止点前打开进气门和在下止点后关闭进气门可增加气缸内可燃混合气的进气量。提前打开进气门有助于克服进气冲程初期的惯性，同时在下止点后打开进气门可充分利用可燃混合气运动时的惯性，这可增加容积效率。
10)Each cam must revolve once during the four-stroke cycle to open a valve. A cycle,
remember, corresponds with two revolutions of the crankshaft. Therefore, the camshaft must revolve at exactly half the speed of the crankshaft. This is accomplished with a 2:1 gear ratio. A gear connected to the camshaft has twice the number of teeth as a gear
connected to the crankshaft. P29
在一个四冲程的循环里，每个凸轮转动一次来打开一个气门。在一个循环里曲轴是转动两圈的。因此，凸轮轴正好以曲轴转速的一半旋转，这是由2:1的传动比来实现的。连接凸轮轴的齿轮齿数是连接曲轴的齿轮齿数的两倍。
11)Gasoline must vaporize easily. This characteristic, called volatility, is important. However, it
must not vaporize too easily, or it will turn to vapor inside the fuel tank or fuel lines. Inside the fuel line, fuel vapor may block the flow of liquid gasoline. This is called vapor lock.
Vapor lock is common in fuel lines where the inlet side of the pump is exposed to high temperatures. P33
汽油应易于蒸发，这个重要的特性称为挥发性。但是汽油也不能挥发得过快，不然它会在油箱或油管里转变为蒸气。在油管中汽油蒸气会阻碍液态汽油的流动，这称为气阻。汽油泵的入口处承受着高温，就经常出现气阻。
12)Increasing the pressure of the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber before ignition helps
to increase the power of an engine. This is done by compressing the fuel mixture to a smaller volume. Higher compression ratios not only boost power but also give more efficient power. But as the compression ratio goes up, knocking tendency increases. P33 在点火前增加燃烧室内可燃混合气的压力有助于提高发动机的功率，这是通过把可燃混合气压缩到一个极小的体积来实现的。高的压缩比不仅增加发动机的功率，而且会带来更多的有效功率。但随着压缩比的增加，爆震的可能性也会增加。
第三章传动系统
1)When a vehicle is to be moved from rest the clutch must engage a stationary gearbox shaft
withthe engine; this must be rotating at a high speed to provide sufficient power or else the load will be too great and the engine will stall (come to rest). P72
当汽车原地起步时，离合器要将静止的变速器轴同发动机接合起来，此时发动机必须高速旋转以提供足够大的功率，否则载荷过大将引起发动机熄火。
2)The driving member consists of two parts: the flywheel and the pressure plate. The flywheel
is bolted directly to the engine crankshaft and rotates when the crankshaft turns. The pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel. The result is that both flywheel and pressure plate rotate together. P74
主动部分由飞轮和压盘两部件组成。飞轮用螺栓直接连接到发动机曲轴上，随曲轴旋转而旋转。压盘与飞轮连接，这样飞轮和压盘一起旋转。
3)The driven member, or clutch disc, is located between the flywheel and pressure plate. The
disc has a splined hub that locks to the splined input shaft on the gearbox. Any rotation of the clutch disc turns the input shaft.
从动部分（或从动盘）位于飞轮和压盘之间。从动盘上有花键毂，连接着变速器上带花键的输入轴。从动盘的旋转带动变速器输入轴随之转动。
4)The inner part of the clutch disc, called the hub flange, has a number of small coil springs.
These springs are called torsional springs. They let the middle part of the clutch disc turn slightly on the hub. Thus, the springs absorb the torsional vibrations of the crankshaft.
When the springs have compressed completely, the clutch moves back until the springs relax. In other words, the clutch absorbs these engine vibrations, preventing the vibrations from going through the drive train.
当从动盘的内侧有一些叫作扭转弹簧的小螺旋弹簧，这些弹簧使得从动盘中部相对从动盘毂能有轻微转动，从而吸收曲轴的扭转振动。压紧弹簧完全压缩时，离合器向后移动直到弹簧开始伸张为止。也就是说，离合器吸收发动机的振动，防止振动传递给传动系。
5)These are the parts that release pressure from the clutch disc. The operating members
consist of the clutch pedal, clutch return spring, clutch linkage, clutch fork, and throwout bearing. The clutch linkage includes the clutch pedal and a mechanical or hydraulic system to move the other operating members.
操纵机构释放离合器盘的压力。操纵机构由离合器踏板、回位弹簧、离合器杆系、分离叉和分离轴承等组成。离合器杆系包括离合器踏板以及用来操纵其它部件的机械式或液压式操纵系统。
6)When the clutch pedal is depressed, the clutch linkage operates the clutch fork. The clutch
fork, or release fork, moves the throwout bearing against the pressure plate release levers.
These levers then compress springs that normally hold the clutch disc tightly against the flywheel.
踩下离合器踏板，离合器杆系操纵分离叉。分离叉带动分离轴承压向压盘上的分离
杠杆，分离杠杆压缩压紧弹簧。通常情况下，压紧弹簧使从动盘和飞轮紧密接合。
7)When the clutch pedal is released, the pressure plate forces the clutch disc against
the flywheel. The clutch return spring helps raise the pedal.
释放离合器踏板，压盘使从动盘同飞轮接合，回位弹簧使离合器踏板抬起。
8)The modern automobile engine is a powerful, lightweight, and dependable
powerplant. However, it is not perfect for three reasons. P77
新型的汽车发动机动力强劲、质量轻便而且性能可靠。然而它有三个美中不足的原因。
9)In simple terms, a gearbox multiplies engine torque and --- through gears--- sends that
power to the drive axle. A driver shifts or changes the gears to increase or decrease the torque produced by the engine.
简而言之，变速器利用齿轮扩大发动机的扭矩，向驱动桥传递动力。驾驶员通过换挡来升高或降低发动机的输出扭矩。
10)The suspension connects the final drive assembly to the car body. The final drive moves up
and down in relation to the engine and transmission. A coupling is needed that permits movement between the final drive and transmission. The universal joints (U-joints) and sliding joints provide this coupling. P94
悬架连接着主减速器总成和车身。主减速器相对于发动机和变速器上下运动，这样在主减速器和变速器之间就需要万向节和滑动联轴节等连接装置来允许其相对运动。
11)A shaft which receives the drive from a cross type joint varies its speed during rotation; the
greater the drive angle the greater the speed variation. A constant rotational speed can be restored by fitting a second joint in a way such that when the first joint increases its speed the second joint decreases its speed. P95
传动轴接收十字轴式万向节传来的动力，转动时其速度发生变化。传动角越大，速度变化越大。要实现等速，必须以某种方式安装第二个万向节，这样第一个万向节使转速增大，第二个万向节就使转速减少。
12)The hypoid gear is in common use today due mainly to the fact that the offset pinion allows
the propeller shaft to be set below, (for cars) or above, (for commercial vehicles) the crown wheel center. This gives either a reduction in the propeller shaft tunnel, which causes a bump in the vehicle floor, or in the case of a commercial vehicle a reduction in the angle through which the universal joint has to operate. P96
现在的主减速器普遍使用准双曲面齿轮，这主要是因为主动锥齿轮的偏移允许轿车上传动轴布置得比从动锥齿轮低一些，而商用车上又允许布置得比从动锥齿轮高一些。这就使得传动轴管状盖板(它会导致汽车车身地板形成凸起)位置降低，或者使得商用车上万向节工作角度减小。
13)Large crown wheels reduce the ground clearance under the differential. In the case of pinion
axles and planetary- hub reduction axles, the differential and the half-shafts can be made smaller by splitting the reduction. This makes it possible, even in the case of high power outputs, to achieve sufficient ground clearance of the vehicle.
从动锥齿轮尺寸大，就降低了汽车的离地间隙。如果采用圆柱齿轮式和行星齿轮式轮边减速器，通过两级减速的形式可极大减小差速器和半轴的尺寸。这样，汽车就可以获得足够大的离地间隙，即使输出功率要求较大也可以。
14)When a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than the outer
wheel. This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up.
During this period it is desirable that each driving wheel maintains its driving action. The differential performs these two tasks. P98
当汽车转弯时，内侧车轮比外侧车轮行驶的距离要短，这说明内侧车轮比外侧车轮转得要慢。在此期间，维持每个驱动车轮的行驶状态是很重要的。这两个任务由差速器来完成。
15)When the vehicle is travelling straight, the lever will divide the driving force equally and
both discs will move the same amount. When the vehicle corners, the driving force will still be divided equally but the inner disc will now move through a smaller distance; this will cause the lever to pivot about its center which will prize forward the outer disc to give it a greater movement. This action shows that the torque applied to each driving wheel is always equal --- hence the differential is sometimes called a torque equalizer.
汽车直行时，杠杆平均分配驱动力，两个圆盘移动相同的距离。汽车转弯时驱动力仍然会平均分配，但是内侧圆盘移动的距离要小一些，这使得杠杆绕中心转动，推动外侧圆盘使之移动更大的距离。这个过程表明扭矩总是平均分配给每个驱动轮，因此差速器有时也叫做扭矩平衡装置。
第四章制动系统
1)Energy is required when a vehicle is accelerated from rest to a certain speed. A proportion
of that energy is now stored in the vehicle and is called kinetic energy. In order to reduce the speed of the vehicle, the brakes have to convert the kinetic energy to heat energy; the speed of conversion governs the rate at which the vehicle slows down. P102
汽车从原地起步加速到某一速度需要能量。储存在汽车中的那部分能量称为动能。要降低车速,制动器必须把汽车的动能转换为热能；转换的速度决定了汽车减速的快慢。
2)The three types of braking systems are in use today: service braking system, parking
braking system and additional retarding-braking system. The service braking system and the parking braking system have separate control and transmission devices. The service braking system is normally foot-operated, while the parking braking system is hand-operated.
目前使用的制动系统有三种类型：行车制动系，住车制动系和辅助制动系．行车制动系和住车制动系有独立的控制和传动装置．行车制动系通常使用脚刹，而驻车制动系通常使用手刹．
3)Two types of brakes are used in modern cars: drum brakes and disc brakes. Since 1976, all
cars have used disc brakes on the front wheels. Most cars use drum brakes on the rear wheels . In both drum and disc brakes, a hydraulic system applies the brakes. The hydraulic system connects the brake pedal to the brake parts at each wheel.
目前使用的制动器有两种类型：鼓式制动器和盘式制动器．从1976年开始，所有的汽车前轮都使用盘式制动器,大部分汽车后轮使用的是鼓式制动器. 在盘式制动器和鼓式制动器中都使用液压系统. 液压系统把制动踏板与每个车轮的制动部件相连接.
4)These have two shoes, anchored to a stationary back-plate, which are internally expanded to
contact the drum by hydraulic cylinders or a mechanical linkage.
这种制动器有两个固定在制动底板上的制动蹄，通过液压轮缸或机械杆系作用从内侧向外推开与制动鼓接触。
5)Exposed to the air, disc brakes radiate the heat to the air better than drum brakes: This
means that the brake can be operated continuously for a longer period, i.e. they have a greater resistance to fade (fall-off in brake efficiency due to heat).
由于暴露于空气中，盘式制动器的散热效果比鼓式的要好：这意味着盘式制动器能持续
使用更长的时间，也就是说其抗热衰退性（因受热导致制动效能下降）要好得多。
6)An advantage of disc brakes in comparison to drum brakes:
①Better braking efficiency 制动效能更好
②Equal wear of the inboard and outboard brake pads内侧和外侧制动盘等磨损
③Brake noise is better suppressed 更好地抑制制动噪声
④Relatively constant brake factor performance with lower susceptibility to fading
相对稳定的制动性能，衰减因子较低
Disadvantage ：
1)Short brake pad life when used on heavy-duty commercial vehicles
制动块在重型商用车辆使用时寿命较低
2)Higher acquisition and operating costs 较高的成本
7)The master cylinder contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and
both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver's compartment. P107
制动主缸由两个分开的部分组成，每个部分都有一个活塞，两个活塞都与驾驶室里的制动踏板相连接。
8)The function of an anti-lock or anti-skid, braking system is to prevent the wheels from
locking under hard braking. Maximum braking force is obtained just before the wheels lock and skid. Such anti-skid systems are useful on slippery surfaces, such as ice and snow, where the wheels may lock easily. P112
防抱死制动系统的作用是防止在强制动条件下车轮抱死。只在车轮抱死拖滑时才会获得最大制动力。这类防滑系统在冰、雪等光滑路面非常实用，因为在这些路面上车轮容易抱死。
9)The wheel-speed sensor monitors the motion of the wheel. If one wheel shows signs of
locking, there is a sharp rise in peripheral wheel deceleration and in wheel slip. If these exceed defined critical values, the controller sends commands to the solenoid-valve unit to stop or reduce the buildup of wheel-brake pressure until the danger of lock-up has passed.
The brake pressure must then be built up again in order to ensure that the wheel is not under-braked.
轮速传感器监控着车轮的运动，如果一个车轮出现抱死信号，也就是外车轮减速度急剧增大且车轮开始滑动．如果超出临界值，控制器给电磁阀发送命令来停止或降低制动压力，直到抱死的危险消除．然后制动力再增大确保车轮制动力不会不足．
10)A separate frame must be light yet strong enough to resist the various loads and road forces.
Commercial vehicles normally use a separate steel frame to provide the rigidity needed to support the various loads. The two long side members of channel section are riveted to a number of cross members to give a low weight frame which offers great resistance to bending, twisting. P126
分离式车架必须足够轻巧而且结实，以承受变化的载荷和路面作用力。商用车通常使用分离式钢质车架，以获得较好的刚度来承受变化的载荷。两根槽形的长纵梁铆接着很多横梁，这使车架重量较轻，具有较好的抗弯和抗扭能力。
11)Most cars use a unitized body construction, a combined body and frame. Unitized body
construction is lighter than body/frame construction, but noisier. Rubber mounts are used between the body section and mechanical parts to absorb vibrations. The floor pan is made of sections that support the rear suspension and the transmission.
多数轿车采用承载式车身，也就是车身和车架融为一体。承载式车身比非承载式车身质量轻，但噪声大。在车身和机械部件之间安装橡胶块以吸收振动。地板由一些支撑后悬架和变速器的部件组成。
第五章悬架系统
1)The basic steering system in most cars is the same. The steering gear of steering box is the
heart of the steering system. This usually is next to the engine. A shaft extends from the back of the steering gear. This shaft is connected to the steering column or steering shaft.
The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column. Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear. This shaft connects to the arms, rods, and links. This parts assembly, called the steering linkage, connects the steering gear to the parts at the wheels.
The wheels and tires mount to the steering knuckles. As shown in Fig. 5-1, the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom. Thus, the wheels and tires can turn from side to side. P132 多数汽车的转向系基本上是一样的。转向系的核心是转向器，一般位于发动机附近。一根轴从转向器后部伸出，连接着转向柱。方向盘在转向柱的顶端。另一根轴从转向器低端伸出，连接着转向臂、转向拉杆和转向杆系，这些部件总称为转向传动机构，连接转向器和车轮上的部件。车轮和轮胎安装在转向节上。如图5-1所示，转向节的上下端可自由转动，这样车轮可从一侧转到另一侧。
2)While the steering system may look complicated, it works quite simply. When a driver
drives a car straight down the road, the steering gear is centered. The gear holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead. When the driver turns the steering wheel, the steering shaft rotates and the steering gear moves toward that side. The shaft coming out the bottom of the steering gear turns, as well. When the shaft turns, it pulls the linkage to one side and makes the steering knuckles turn slightly about their pivot points.
Thus, the steering knuckle, spindle, wheels, and tires turn to one side, causing the car to turn.
转向系看起来复杂，工作原理却很简单。汽车直行时，转向器处于中间位置，转向传动机构也处于中间位置，车轮直行。驾驶员转动方向盘，转向轴旋转，转向器向同侧转动，同时转向器底部的输出轴也会旋转。输出轴转动时，会向一侧拉动拉杆，使得转向节绕其支点旋转。这样，转向节、转向节轴端、车轮和轮胎都
3)Most heavy commercial vehicles use the recirculating ball type of steering gear. This
steering gear is durable, with good steering response and good road feel for the driver. P135 多数重型商用车采用循环球式转向器，这类转向器性能稳定、转向灵敏而且路感好。
4)In the recirculating ball steering gear, the wormshaft is the input shaft. The wormshaft
connects to the steering column in such a way that a mechanic can remove the steering gear or steering column independently of one another. The sector shaft (also called the pitman shaft) is like the output shaft of the steering gear. The main parts of the steering gear are the balls, ball nut, and the gear teeth on the ball nut.
在循环球式转向器中，转向螺杆是输入轴。这样转向螺杆连接着转向柱，修理工就可独立拆卸转向器或转向柱。齿扇轴（也叫摇臂轴）相当于转向器的输出轴．转向器的主要部件是钢球，转向螺母和转向螺母上的齿．
5)As the wormshaft turns, the balls move the ball nut up and down along the wormshaft. This
turns the sector shaft, since the sector teeth mesh with the ball nut teeth. The sector shaft is
connected through steering linkage to the front wheels.
当转向螺杆转动时，刚球使球螺母沿转向螺杆上下运动．由于扇齿与球螺母齿啮合，齿扇轴转动．齿扇轴通过转向传动机构与前轮连接．
6)The rack-and-pinion system has two main parts－the pinion and the rack. The pinion is on
the end of the steering column. The steering wheel turns the pinion. The rack is a long, flat bar with teeth on one side. The rack teeth mesh with the teeth on the pinion.
齿轮齿条转向器有两个主要部件－齿轮和齿条．齿轮安装在转向柱的末端．转向盘转动齿轮．齿条是一个一面有齿长平杆．齿条与齿轮啮合．
7)Rack-and-pinion steering is used on many new smaller cars and on most cars with a
transverse engine. This steering gear is small and lightweight. It provides good steering with minimum driver effort. Also, rack-and-pinion steering needs fewer parts in the steering gear and linkage. Thus, it is easy to service. Rack-and- pinion steering gives more feedback and road feel to the driver.
很多新型小汽车和多数发动机横置的汽车都采用齿轮齿条式转向器。这类转向器尺寸小、重量轻，而且转向轻便。另外，转向器和转向传动机构所需的部件较少，便于维修。齿轮齿条式转向器为驾驶员提供了较好的反馈和路感．
8)The suspension covers the arrangement used to connect the wheels to the body.The purpose
is to prevent large shocks, caused by the wheels striking bumps in the road, being passed to the vehicle occupants and components; otherwise discomfort and damage would occur. P
悬架是车架（车身）与车桥（车轮）之间一切连接传力装置的总称。其目的是防止车轮遇到路面不平产生的巨大冲击传给车内的货物和乘客；否则会产生不舒适的感觉和货物的损坏。
9)The suspension system has two subsystems－the front suspension and the rear suspension.
The front suspension is more complicated than the rear suspension. This is because the front wheels must move in several different directions. The wheels must move up and down with the suspension and turn left to right with the steering. Since the car goes in the direction in which thefront wheels point, the alignment of the front wheels is important.
悬架系统有两个子系统－前悬架和后悬架．前悬架比后悬架复杂．这是因为前轮需要在不同方向运动．车轮必须随悬架上下运动并随转向系统左右转动．因为汽车在前轮指向的方向上行驶，所以前轮定位很重要．
10)Toe-in specifies the degree to which non-parallel front wheels are closer together at the
front than at the rear; measured at the edges of the rims at the wheel center height.
车轮前束指定了不平行前轮前边缘比后边缘近的程度；这在车轮中部边缘处测得．
11)The kingpin angle is the inclination of the steering axis (kingpin) relative to the longitudinal
plane, measured in the transverse plane of the vehicle.
主销内倾角是转向轴（主销）相对于纵向平面的倾斜，在汽车横向平面内测得．
12)Camber is the inclination of the wheel relative to the longitudinal vehicle plane, measured
in the transverse plane of the vehicle. Positive camber means that the wheels are tilted further out at the top than at the bottom.
车轮倾角是车轮在纵向平面的倾斜，在汽车的横向平面内测得．车轮外倾角指车轮顶部比底部更向外倾斜．
13)Caster is specified as the angle by which the steering axis ( kingpin line ) deviates from the
vertical when viewed from the side, or as that distance on the road surface by which the wheel contact point trails the point at which an extension of the steering axis meets the road surface.
主销后倾特指从车辆侧面观察时，转向轴（主销）偏离垂直方向的角度，或车轮和路面接
触点与主销延长线与路面交点间的距离．
14)List the main functions of tire:
1)Absorb shocks resulting from irregularities in the road.
吸收来自不规则路面的振动．
2)Provide frictional contact between the wheels and the road so that good traction is
secured. This permits the transmitting of power through the tires to the road for rapid accelerating, combats the tendency of the car to skid on turns and allows quick stops when the brakes are applied.
提供车轮与路面之间摩擦接触，保证汽车稳定行驶．这可使汽车突然加速时传递驱动力，在汽车转弯时避免打滑，刹车时快速停车．
3)There are two basic types of tires－those with inner tubes and those without (called
“tubeless”tires). Most modern automobile tires are of the tubeless type. Truck and bus tires are usually of the tube type.
轮胎有两种基本类型－有内胎轮胎和无内胎轮胎．大多数现代汽车轮胎是无内胎的．卡车和公共汽车轮胎一般是有内胎的．
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
Unit1 发动机是汽车的心脏。汽车引擎的目的是将燃料转化为能量使汽车移动。最简单的方法是在发动机内部燃烧燃料。,因此,汽车发动机是一种内燃机,缸内燃烧燃料和燃烧的扩张力量转换成旋转力用来驱动汽车。 这里有多种类型的内燃机分为往复式和旋转式引擎;火花式点火或压缩式点火发动机;代用燃料发动机。 往复式发动机 最熟悉的组合是往复式,火花点火,四冲程汽油发动机,如图1-1a所示。现代汽车通常是由水冷活塞式内燃机,安装在汽车的前面,它的力量可以被传送到前轮，传到后轮,或所有车轮轮。一些汽车使用风冷式发动机,但这些通常效率不及液冷式。往复式发动机的另一个主要类型是柴油发动机(如图果1-1b所示),这是使用重型车辆，如卡车，公共汽车和少数家庭轿车。柴油和汽油发动机一般采用四冲程循环。 转子式发动机 转子式内发动机,也叫汪克尔发动机,由德国的Felix~Wankel在1954年开发的,可以提供一种低废气排放和大规模生产的可行性的发动机来替代往复式发动机机。在这种发动机中，三面转子在燃烧室的自由空间内旋转使其随着转子转动压缩和膨胀,见图1 - 2。燃料被吸入、压缩和被点火系统的点燃。膨胀的气体带动转子然后废气排出,如图1 - 3所示。旋转式引擎没有气门,活塞,连杆,往复部件,或曲轴。它提高了马力,基本上不会有震动,但它的油耗是高于传统活塞式发动机。 代用燃料汽车 内燃机消耗大量的石油,并造成严重的空气污染,因此,其他类型的燃料和非常规引擎被研究和发展。 可替代燃料汽车(AFV)是一种用常见的油箱的柔性燃料车辆，设计一种在不同混合的无铅汽油与乙醇或双燃料汽车运行，一种可使用替代燃料和传统燃料。一种高科技车辆(A TV)结合了新引擎,动力传动机构,传动系系统显著提高燃油经济性。最理想的替代燃料发动机燃烧燃料比传统汽油内燃机更为简洁,但仍然能够使用现有的加油站。 混合动力电动车 混合动力汽车或者混合电动汽车(HEV)(如图1 - 4所示),是由两个或两个以上的能源,其中之一是电力可以高英里每加仑，低排放。有两种类型的混合动力汽车,串联和并联式。在串联式电动汽车中,车辆动力所有动力来自同一个源头。例如,一个电动马达驱动的汽车电池和内燃机驱动发电机给电池充电。在并联混合动力,电力是通过这两个路径,电动机和内燃机驱动车辆。这一点,可能有助于电力汽车的电动发动机空转和加速度。内燃机巡航时,驱动传动系和给电池充电。 在当前生产混合动力车发动机和电动马达连接,同样的传播协助下电动引擎可以更小。
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.
汽车专业英语 主编：李崑 课后专业词汇汇总（带音标） 汇总：徐艳民 1 automobile ['?:t?m?ubi:l, ,?:t?m?'bi:l]汽车（美） assembly line [?'sembli]装配线 petroleum refining [pi'tr?uli?m, p?-]石油提炼 body and frame车身与车架 engine ['end?in] 发动机、引擎 drive line 传动系统 running gear 控制装置 suspension[s?'spen??n]悬架系统 unitized body ['ju:nitaizd]整体式车身 gasoline engine ['ɡ?s?li:n]汽油机 diesel engine ['di:z?l]柴油机 gas turbine['t?:bain, -bin]燃气轮机 battery ['b?t?ri]电池、电池组 fuel cell燃料电池 hybrid power ['haibrid][pau?]混合动力系统 piston ['pist?n]活塞 rotary engine ['r?ut?ri]转子发动机 vehicle ['vi:ikl, 有时发'vi:hi-]交通工具、车辆 transmission [tr?nz'mi??n, tr?ns-, trɑ:n-]变速器 drive shaft传动轴 differential [,dif?'ren??l]差速器 rear axle ['?ks?l]后轴、后桥 rear-wheel drive后轮驱动 front-wheel drive 前轮驱动 braking system 制动系统 wheel车轮 tire 轮胎 steering system 转向系统 spring [sp ri?]弹簧 shock absorber [??k] [?b's?:b?]减震器 Macpherson strut [m?k'f?:sn] [str?t]麦弗逊式悬架 torsion bar ['t?:??n]扭力杆 strut rod 支撑杆 stabilizer bar ['steibilaiz?]横向稳定杆 2 internal combustion engine [in't?:n?l] [k?m'b?st??n] ['end?in]内燃机 fuel 燃料 external combustion engine [ik'st?:n?l]外燃机 steam engine 蒸汽机 intermittent combustion engine[,int?'mit?nt]间隔燃烧式发动机 continuous combustion engine [k?n'tinju?s]连续燃烧式发动机 turbine engine ['t?:bain, -bin]涡轮发动机 rocket engine ['r?kit]火箭发动机 jet (or reaction) engine喷气式发动机 Wankel engine汪克尔发动机、转子发动机 stroke [str?uk]冲程、行程 cooling system冷却系统 fuel system燃料系统 ignition system [iɡ'ni??n]点火系统 spark-ignition engine 火花点燃式发动机 compression-ignition engine 压燃式发动机 liquid-cooled 用液体冷却的、水冷的 air-cooled 用空气冷却的、风冷的 3 cylinder block 气缸体 cylinder ['silind?]气缸 connecting rod 连杆 crankshaft['kr??k,?ɑ:ft]曲轴 cylinder head气缸盖 combustion chamber[k?m'b?st??n] ['t?eimb?]燃烧室 valve气门、阀 camshaft['k?m?ɑ:ft]凸轮轴 flywheel ['flaiwi:l]飞轮 intake manifold 进气歧管 exhaust manifold ['m?nif?uld]排气歧管 carburetor [,kɑ:bju'ret?, 'kɑ:-]化油器 fuel injector 燃料喷射器 cast iron ['ai?n]铸铁 aluminum [?'lju:min?m]铝 cooling fluid 冷却液 spark plug [pl?ɡ]火花塞 intake valve进气门 exhaust valve[iɡ'z?:st]排气门 cam凸轮 gear齿轮 belt皮带 chain链条 overhead camshaft (OHC) 凸轮轴上置式 rpm=revolutions per minute[,rev?'lju:??n]转速、转数/分钟 horsepower ['h?:s,pau?]马力、功率 intake system 进气系统 sensor ['sens?, -s?:]传感器 oxygen sensor ['?ksid??n]氧传感器 fuel induction system[in'd?k??n]燃料吸入系统 4 fuel tank 燃料箱、油箱 fuel line燃料管路 fuel pump 燃料泵、燃油泵 fuel filter [filt?]燃料滤清器 PCM (power train control module) 动力系统控制模块（计算机）
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 引擎燃烧室 1. principle of operation 原理 Engine and power : Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 译: 引擎和能量: 引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。 用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化学能，化学能转化为机械能。 Engine T erms : Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol) Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.
Types of Automobiles(UNITTWO) 汽车的类型 The automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work. 汽车产业是一个迅速发展的行业。形成后18世纪当第一汽车被放在路,这个行业的发展极大。现在有成千上万的工厂世界各地制造许多类型的汽车。这个行业雇佣了卢比的男性和女性直接和间接地在盟军的产业。汽车引擎也被用于发动机动力机器为农业、建筑业和制造业的过程。各种类型的小引擎也被用于草坪搬家公司,电锯,雪消毒剂和类似的设备。汽车行业是一个发展中国家和要求行业没有找到它的结尾或饱和点。有大量需要不同类型的汽车产品,汽车和发动机。还有一个巨大的需求训练和经验丰富的人在这个行业对诊断机动车麻烦、维修和更换引擎组件、变速箱、螺旋桨轴、差异、轴、转向系统组件,制动系统组件,悬挂组件、空调、热水器、身体和玻璃的工作。 There are numerous types of automobiles used in the world. There are in general three main classifications of the various types of vehicles. 有许多类型的汽车在世界上使用。一般有三种主要分类的各种类型的车辆。 The single-unit vehicles or load carriers. 车辆的单件或负载运营商。 Articulated vehicles. 铰接车辆。 The heavy tractor vehicles. 沉重的拖拉机车辆。 Single-unit vehicles are of conventional four-wheel type. The great majority of vehicles are of two axle design, In these vehicles the front axle is a steering non-driving axle and the rear axle is the driving axle. With the passage of time, a great many changes have taken place in the number of axles and the driving arrangements. 单一制车辆四轮类型的传统。绝大多数的车辆被两个轴的设计,在这些车辆前轴是转向非驱动轴和后轴驱动轴。随着时间的流逝,许多变化已经发生轴的数量和驾驶的安排。 In this classification, digital terms like 4×2, 4×4, 6×4etc,are commonly used. The first figure denotes the total number of wheels and the second figure the number of driving wheels. 在这个分类、数字术语像4×2、4×4、6×4等,被普遍使用。第一个图表示轮子的总数和第二
《汽车专业英语》课程标准 一．课程性质与任务 《汽车专业英语》是汽车技术服务与营销专业的一门专业必修课程。随着中国汽车工业的飞速发展，有越来越多的外商进入中国市场，大量的国外汽车信息及汽车资料以及与外商、客户的交流对于我们汽车技术服务与营销专业来说尤为重要，这就需要我们了解、精通、掌握汽车专业通用语言——汽车专业英语。 本课程的主要任务是：本课程针对汽车销售实践中可能遇到的英文资料的类型，如整车性能特点、各系统零部件名称、车主手册等选用有代表性的实例，用英汉对照讲解，并将相关口语交流揉合在实例中，以培养学生汽车专业英文资料的理解能力，并能够用英语进行实际的交流并销售汽车。 二．课程设计思路 近年来，随着经济全球化的日益深入和汽车工业的不断发展，我国人民消费水平的提高以及汽车保有量的逐年增加，进口汽车大量涌入。同时，国内汽车制造业零部件的本土化比例也在不断提升，汽车技术正在迅速地与国际接轨，这就要求汽车专业人员必须具备汽车专业英文资料的阅读理解能力，为此，编者编写了这本《汽车专业英语》。。 本书以实用和交际为目的，把汽车知识和英语技能结合起来，既可供汽车专业人士和管理营销人士阅读和学习，也可作为职业院校学习汽车英语时的教材。本书在选材方面力求涉及面广，既涉及汽车的
发展、文化、环保和安全等方面的科普知识，又涵盖了汽车发动机、底盘等汽车专业知识。把高职高专基础英语教学内容和汽车专业英语课程内容进行科学合理的整合，将常用和实用的专业知识渗透到基础英语中。 每个单元由四个部分组成： （1）听说部分； （2）对话部分； （3）阅读部分（含三篇课文）； （4）相关专业词汇和短语部分。 对话部分涉及汽车销售及售后领域，主要包括客户接待、汽车介绍、价格协商、支付方式、汽车维修等方面；本书阅读部分题材新颖，取材于最新报刊、杂志。 三．课程内容 章节内容建议课时Unit1 TheVehicleworld 4 Unit2 HistoryofAutomobiles 4 Unit3 FamousCars 4 Unit4 CelebritiesintheAutoWorld 4 Unit5 LogosofAutomobiles 4 Unit6 TheProductionofAutomobiles 4 Unit7 TheLifeoftheAutomobiles 4 Unit8 AutomotivePollutionControlandFuel-efficiency 4