1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management
主持会议六大准则
If you are asked to chair a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting management.
如果要求你主持一个会议，记住以下有关主持会议的六大准则。
1.Always start the meeting on time. If you begin on time, group members who show up late will realize the value of time. Beginning on time reflects skill as an effective time manager and sets a precedent for others to follow.
1.总要准时开会。如果你准时开始，晚到的与会者意识到时间的价值。准时开始反应了一位善于掌握时间的人的技巧，也给其他人树立了榜样。
2.Assign a note-taker or arrange to have the meeting audiotaped. You may need to refer back to an issue that was discussed during the meeting at a later date. Good record-keeping is a sign of
a good meeting manager as well.
2.安排一位会议记录或给会议录音。日后你可能需要参考会议中商讨的某个问题，做好记录也是优秀会议主持人的一个特点。
3.Learn to listen. So many times we think about what we are going to say and, in the process, block out valid points that other group members may be contributing. Additionally, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than really listening to other people. Meeting that are characterized by effective listening are successful meetings.
3.学会倾听。常见的是，我们想的是我们将要说些什么，因此就妨碍了听取别的与会者说出的合理论点。再有，我们经常只听我们想要听的，而不是真正地倾听他人的意见。能有效倾听意见的会议是成功的会议。
4.Keep the discussion on track. Many times important issues can get sidetracked in a meeting, especially when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. If you anticipate a conflict prior to the meeting, discuss the issue with participants in advance. If an unanticipated conflict develops once the meeting is in progress, either appoint a subcommittee to look into the problem, or ask participants involved in the conflict to meet with you after the meeting. Doing so will help keep the discussion on track and minimize the chances of wasting participants’valuable time.
4.让讨论紧扣主题。往往许多重大问题在会议上容易离题，特别是当每位与会者对问题意见不同时。如果会前你已预料到会有冲突发生，那就提前与当事人交换一下意见。如果会议期间有未曾预料到的冲突发生，委派一个小组委员会对出现的问题予以调查，或者请卷入冲突的人员会后与你再谈。这样能够让讨论紧扣主题，并尽可能少浪费与会者的宝贵时间。
5.Give everyone an opportunity to be heard. Some people tend to monopolize meetings, whereas others wait to be asked their opinions. As the leader of the meeting, you need to keep an open mind and make sure everyone feels welcome to contribute and express ideas without criticism.
5.给每位与会者说出自己看法的机会。有些人易于滔滔不绝占据会议的大部分时间，而
有些人则等着被别人叫才开口。作为会议主持人，你需要思想开阔，无偏袒之心，确保每位与会者都能感到，表达自己的想法是受欢迎的，不会受到别人非难。
6.End on time. If you said the meeting would last no longer than one hour, make sure the meeting lasts for noly an hour. Meeting participants tend to plan the rest of their day around the time allotted for the meeting. Running late with a meeting makes members tardy for other appointments, increases the chances that members will mentally leave the meeting, and reduces your credibility as an effective meeting manager.
6．准时结束会议。如果你说了会议不会超过1小时，那就要保证会议只持续1小时。与会者的日程安排往往受到会议的左右。会议超时会导致他们迟赴别的约会，增加他们心不在焉的可能性，也会降低你作为一位善于主持会议的人的信誉。
9. Oil and Gas Generation
油气生成
1. Petroleum is a result of the deposition of plant or animal matter in areas which are slowly subsiding. These areas are usually in the sea or along its margins in coastal lagoons or marshes, occasionally in lakes or inland swamps. Sediments are deposited along with the organic matter and the rate of deposition of the sediments must be sufficiently rapid for the organic matter to be preserved by burial before being destroyed by decay. As time goes on the organic material is buried deeper and hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures. Eventually chemical changes result in the generation of petroleum. Ultimately the subsidence will stop and may even reverse.
1.石油是动植物在缓慢沉降区沉积演化而成的。这些地区通常是在海里，或者在海边的泻湖或沼泽中，偶尔在湖泊或内陆沼泽中。有机质和沉积物一起沉积下来，沉积速度必须足够快，才能使部分有机质在腐烂毁坏之前埋藏保存起来。随着时间的流逝和这个地区继续慢慢下沉，有机质埋藏德更深，从而处于更高的温度和压力之下。最后经过化学变化生成了石油。而下沉最终会停止甚至可能反过来上升。
2. As the great weight of the overlying rocks and sediments pushed downward, the organic material was squeezed out of its original sedimentary mud into adjacent sandstones. Small globules of oil collected together in the pores of the rock and eventually migrated upwards through layers of porous rock. Indeed, some of it eventually reached the surface and collected in large pools of tar, which are called“seeps”or“shows”. However, some petroleum did not reach the surface. Instead, its upward migration was stopped by an impervious or impermeable layer of rock. It lay trapped in porous reservoir rocks, such as sandstone or limestone, far beneath the surface.
2.由于上覆岩层的重量和沉积物的不断下压，迫使石油离开它们的出生地，运移到附近砂岩中。油滴聚集在岩石空隙中，最终通过空隙性岩层向上运移。最后，部分石油到达地面形成大的焦油池。石油到达地表的地方叫做“油苗”或“油气显示”。然而，一些石油不能渗透到地面，在向上运移时被一些不渗透的岩层阻挡，于是就圈闭在远离地面以下的空隙性储油岩中，如砂岩或石灰岩。
3. Four prerequisites are necessary for oil and gas to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area:（1）The oil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, once a black mud rich in organic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock. (2)The oil then migrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for long distances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tiny openings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably. (3)A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighter than water, it tends to move upwards through openings and cracks until it encounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulate beneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution within the oil, and if enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such a trap. (4)A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil, and anticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples.
3.石油或天然气要聚集到具有开采价值的数量，必须具备四个先决条件：（1）石油源于生油层，海相页岩（曾经是一种富含有机化合物的黑色软泥）被认为是一种常见的生油岩。（2）石油然后经过长途垂直和水平运移，聚集到渗透性储集岩中。在页岩生油层的细小孔道中，石油不能快速流动，因而开采不经济。（3）在储集岩层纸上必须有不渗透层。因石油比水轻，总是通过各种空隙和裂隙向上运移，直至遇到不能渗透的岩层才停止。然后石油就会聚集在非渗透岩层之下。石油中含有溶解气，如果高于饱和度，溶解气就会游离出来占据圈闭的最上部地区。（4）必须具备有利的构造才能把石油聚集起来，背斜、盐栓和断层就是常见的例子。
4. Traps
4. 圈闭的类型
5. A trap is the place where oil and gas are barred from further movement. Geologists have classified petroleum traps into two basic types: structural traps and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps are traps that are formed because of a deformation in the rock layer that contains the hydrocarbons. About 80 to 90 percent of the known petroleum reserves occur in structural traps.
5. 圈闭是阻止石油和天然气进一步运移的地方。地质学家把油气圈闭分成了两大基本类型：构造圈闭和地层圈闭。构造圈闭是由于含有碳氢化合物的岩层变形而形成的圈闭。大约80%~90%的油藏都发现于构造圈闭之中。
6. An anticline, the simplest and commonest form of petroleum accumulation, is an upward fold in the layers of rock, much like an arch in a building. A porous and permeable reservoir rock must be sealed above by an impermeable cover bed which is fine-grained, relatively impermeable bed such as clay, shale marl, or salt. Petroleum migrates into the highest part of the fold, and its escape is prevented by an overlying bed of impermeable rock.
6. 背斜圈闭是一种最常见的简单石油储集类型，其岩石向上折起，形状就像拱形的建筑物。在多孔渗透性储集层之上必须要有细粒不渗透的盖层封闭，如粘土、岩层、泥灰岩或盐。石油运移进入褶皱的顶部，其上面的不渗透岩石便阻止了石油溢出。
7. Fault traps are also common. Again, there must be a porous and permeable reservoir rock that is sealed above by a fine-grained, relatively impermrable bed. But the real trap is provided by the fault, which prevents further updip migration either by the fine-grained material in the fault itself or by the brining of a fine-grained relatively impermeable bed on the other side of the fault to the position that truncates the reservoir.
7. 断层圈闭也是很常见的。断层圈闭同样也必须具有多孔可渗透储集层和相对来说渗透性较差的细粒盖层。但真正的圈闭是由断层所形成的。由于产生了断层，存在于断层中的一些细粒物质会使石油不能再继续向上运移：另外，当断层切过储油层时，断层另一侧不渗透细粒物质层也会在储油层被切断的地方将油层封住，使石油无法继续向上运移。
8. A salt dome formed when a mass of salt flows upwards under the pressure resulting from the weight of the overlying sediments. The salt dome bows up sedimentary beds and seals off disrupted beds and so provides traps over and around the sides of the dome.
8. 上覆沉积物的重量所产生的压力使大量的盐向上蠕动，形成了盐丘。盐丘将沉积岩层向上拱成穹形，并封闭了断开的岩层，这样就在盐丘的上面和周围形成了圈闭。
9. The trapping mechanism of stratigraphic traps is from stratigraphic rather than structural causes. In these, the essential features remain a porous and permeable reservoir rock sealed by a fine-grained relatively impermeable rock, but the configuration of these to form a trap arises from the particular sedimentary process and nature of the resulting sediments. The most obvious forms if stratigraphic trap are fossil coral reefs. In these, the voids in the reef reservoir contain the petroleum which is prevented from leaking out by the clay or shale in which the reef is enveloped. These voids are not like the pore spaces in sandstone reservoirs, but more solution cavities and fractures. Production rates tend to be much higher than from sandstone reservoirs. The frictional resistance to fluid movement tends to be much less, so there is better communication through the reservoir and it can be produced with fewer wells.
9. 地层圈闭主要是由地层的因素而不是由构造的因素所造成的。地层圈闭的基本特点依然是多孔可渗透储层被细粒相对不透水层所封闭，但是形成储油构造的那些地层圈闭的形状和结构，则由特点的沉积过程和沉积物的性质所决定。地层圈闭的最明显的形态是古珊瑚礁，礁体储层空间含有石油，而礁体被粘土或页岩所封闭，因此，油就跑不掉。这些空间和砂岩储油层中的空隙不同，有更多的溶洞和裂隙，其产油率也要比砂岩储油层高得多。由于有了溶洞和裂隙，流体运动的摩擦阻力要小得多，因此石油在储集层中更加易于流动。因而，开采时所需要的井数也比较少。
10.The Dress Code for Office Life
办公室的着装礼仪
1. Every office has a dress code，but in today’s casual workplace，they aren’t always written. Instead it is up to each individual to figure out whafs acceptable and what’s not. This actually makes it harder to dress appropriately, but fortunately most offices also send out a few signals.
1. 每个办公室都有其着装之道，但在当今较随便的工作场合中，着装规则并不总是明文写出。这就需要每位职员自己弄清楚什么是可以接受的，什么是不被接受的。这实际上增加了得体着装的难度，但好在大多数办公室也发出一些信号。
2. Start by taking a cue from others. Does everyone wear conservative suits? Then you’d best follow suit. Are jeans and denim shirts the norm? Then it’s okay to go causal, although you may want to dress up a little the first few weeks when the boss is sizing you up. This is especially true if the boss doesn’t dress d own as much as everyone else does.
2. 先从别人身上寻得一些线索。是每个人都穿保守的套装吗？那你最好也穿套装。牛仔裤和斜纹棉布衬衫是众人常穿的吗？那着装随便些是不成问题的，可在最初几周内老板还在品评你时，你可能需要着装上心些。特别是如果老板并不像他人那样着装随便时，你更需上心些。
3. Don’t buck the system. The more conservative your work place is, the riskier it is, in fact, to do this. Clothes are especially important in button-down environments, and while this may leave you chomping at the bit to reveal the real you, the risk usually isn9t worthwhile.
3. 不要违反潮流。事实上你工作的地方越是保守，你违反潮流所带来的危险也就越大。衣着在一丝不苟的环境中非常重要。你也许不愿受约束而想展示你的个人风格，但为此冒险通常是不值得的。
4. Dress-Down Fridays
4. 轻松着装的星期五
5. Nowadays in many companies there is a relatively new office custom of dress-down Fridays. Yet people still seem to be unsure how to interpret it. Plus, even dress-down days have their unwritten rules.
5. 当今在许多公司有一个比较新的办公室习俗：在星期五轻松着装。但对其如何界定人们似乎还不大有把握。况且即使是着装轻松的日子仍有其不成文的规定。
6. Many people want to know if they actually have to dress down. Some people are uncomfortable doing so or don’t think they look their best in casual clothes. Let’s face it —a formal suit does stand out when everyone else is wearing sneakers and jeans, so you won91 want to ignore the custom entirely. On the other hand, if you like how you look dressed up, then do a little of both. Wear jeans or casual pants and a nice shirt and a jacket or a blazer. This way you won9t stand out, and you will still feel comfortable.
6. 很多人想弄知道他们是否真的要随意着装。有些人对随意着装并不习惯，或认为他们穿便装不能显示出最好的精神面貌。说实话，如果别人都穿胶底帆布鞋和牛仔裤，你一身西服革履的确有些太显眼，所以你恐怕不应该全然忽视这一习俗。但在另一方面，如果你喜欢看上去精神利落，那就两者都兼顾一些。下身穿牛仔裤或休闲裤，上身穿件讲究的衬衫配夹克或宽松的外衣。如此着装你便不会太突出，自己还依然感到舒服。
7. Don’t err too far in the other direction either. Nowhere do dress-down days mean that you can come to work in your grubbiest clothes. Some clothes are never meant to be seen by your fellow workers. Office casual typically means careMly tailored, well-made casual clothes. Leisure suits, sweats, or exercise clothes are
best left at home 一 or in your locker at the gym.
7. 但也不要走到另一个极端。轻松着装绝不意味着你可以穿皱巴不洁的衣服就来上班。有些衣服是绝不应让你的同事看到的。办公室便装往往指的是精心裁剪、做工讲宄的便装。休闲衣、棉线衫、或运动服最好留在家里一一或锁在体育馆的衣柜里。
8. Dressing Up for Work
8. 为工作精心着装
9. Dressing up for work can just as hard as dressing down. Dressy office
occasions include dinner with a client，dinner at the boss’ s house, a banquet，a client’s party，or an office holiday. For women especially, dressy clothes for business occasions are not the same as dressy clothes for purely social occasions. For work-related events, ifs better to skip the low-cut or slinky dress. Wearing it may forever change your image in ways you won’t particularly like. Opt instead for conservatively cut clothes in conservative colors. Skip anything with frills or lace (except for a top under a suit) — and skip the bright red minidress.
9. 为工作精心着装与轻松着装一样不易，需要精心着装的办公场合包括与客户共同进餐，在老板家吃饭，参加宴会、客户举办的晚会或办公室节日等等。特别是对于女职员，为生意场合精心着装与为纯粹社交场合精心着装并不一样。在与工作相关的场合中，最好不要穿开领很低或质地柔软包身的裙子。穿了也许会永远地改变你在他人心目中的形象，那肯定也是你所不希望的。选择式样、颜色保守的衣服。不要穿那些有花边或饰带的东西（除非是套服内的上衣）——也不要穿鲜红的超短连衣裙。
12.East Meets West in Relaxing Macau
澳门——东西方文化的交汇点
1. Macau is largely unchanged since being returned to China on December 20th 1999 after 112 years as a Portuguese colony and visitors appreciate it.
1. 在经过112年葡萄牙殖民统治后，澳门于1999年12月20日回归中国，此后基本上保持原貌，游客们对此很欣赏。
2. Macau inhabitants regarded the handover as a mere change of administration. Certainly, you see fewer Portuguese faces on the streets nowadays, but there remains the curious mixture of European flair and Far Eastern tradition that make the city so special.
2. 澳门的居民认为这次移交仅仅是管理上的变化。的确，在今天澳门大街上你看不到多少葡萄牙人，但是这儿依然是欧洲风格与远东传统文化不同寻常的融合点，这使得它具有独特的城市风貌。
3. Like its larger neighbour Hong Kong, Macau is now a special administrative region of China, but its special capitalist status is guaranteed for the next 50 years.
3. 与较大的近邻香港一样，澳门现在是中国的一个特别行政区，它保持资本主义制度的特殊地位将50年不变。
4. When you first glimpse Macau on the ferry from Hong Kong, it looks less than impressive. The skyline is dull compared to the imposing glass skyscrapers of Hong Kong, and most people do not take the time to revise this first impression, devoting no more than a day trip to it. But this does not do justice to this city of two cultures, which hides plenty of interesting secrets.
4. 当你从香港开来的渡船上第一次瞥一眼澳门时，它看起来并不起眼。同香港那雄伟壮丽的摩天大楼相比，澳门这个城市的轮廓显得并不鲜明，多数人只花不多于一天的时间去那里旅游，不愿多费时间去修正他们的第一印象。但是如此看待这座具有两种文化风格的城市是不公平的，这样很多有趣的东西就看不到了。
5. The Macau Museum, which opened two years ago, offers an excellent introduction to the peninsula 5s past and present. Children love it because it is full of technical paraphernalia. You can press buttons to light up trade routes on maps, or to hear the different typical cries of Macau’s traders.
5. 两年前开放的澳门博物馆极好地展示了半岛的过去和现在。孩子们都喜欢它是因为里面有各种各样高科技含量的东西。你按一下按钮就能将地图上的贸易航线照亮，还可以听一听澳门商贩那各具特征的叫卖声。
6. Just a few metres from the museum is the city5s most photographed symbol: the ruins of Sao Paulo, the Jesuit church built in 1602, although today only its imposing stone facade remains.
6. 离博物馆不远处就是这个城市最具标志性的建筑：圣保罗旧址，建于 1602年的耶稣会教堂,尽管今天只有它那雄伟的石头砌成的正面仍保留下来。
7. While the majority of Macau’s inhabitants are Bu ddhist, some seven per cent
are Catholic and the religious sites of Macau testify to the special mix of eastern and western cultures here. As well as the numerous churches inherited from Portuguese rule, there are very many different temples.
7. 大多数澳门居民是佛教徒，只有7%的居民是天主教徒，澳门的宗教故址就足以证明这里是东西方文化特殊的交汇点。除了葡萄牙人统治时期遗留下来的众多教堂之外，这里还有很多风格不一的寺庙。
8. The largest is the Kun lam Tong. In the main hall of this temple, giant spiral joss-sticks hang from the ceiling, raining small piles of ash on the heads of visitors. Along the sides are smaller ancestors rooms commemorating the dead. There is also a room of plants which includes a special bonsai tree, the trunk of which happens to be shaped like the Chinese sign meaning long life.
8. 最大的是观音堂。在这个观音堂的主厅内，巨大的螺旋形的香从天花板上垂吊着，它的灰烬落下来，一些落到了观光者的头上。堂的两厢是纪念己逝先祖的小房间。有一间房内放着盆景，其中有一棵树很特殊，这树的树干形状正像汉字的“寿”。
9. The contrast between the peace of these temples and the bustle of Macau city could hardly be more stark. The lively pedestrian zone flanked by colonial buildings with their teeming side streets are not at all reminiscent of religious contemplation. Locals and tourists saunter along with shopping bags.
9. 这些寺庙的宁静与澳门城市的喧闹形成鲜明对比。行人区内十分热闹，四边都是殖民地风格的建筑，小街纵横交错，这里一点宗教气氛都没有。当地居民和旅游者都带着购物的袋子闲逛。
10. Macau, on the southeast coast of China, consists of the Macau peninsula and the two offshore islands of Taipa and Coloane in the Pearl River delta. Ninety-six per cent of the 450, 000 inhabitants are of Chinese origin. Anyone who stays a few days, soon realises that the city is small but charming. You soon start to recognise a few faces, even the city tramps start to become familiar. Although the tourism industry would like to sell Macau as a racy, modem city, its real appeal is that it offers a very quiet, relaxing contrast to Hong Kong.
10. 位于中国东南海岸的澳门，包括澳门半岛和两个位于珠江三角洲的凼仔岛和路环岛。45万澳门居民中96%的人祖籍是中国。无论是谁在这儿逗留几天便很快意识到这个城市不大但富有魅力：你很快就能够辨认出一些面孔，甚至对这个城市的流浪汉也变得熟悉起来。虽然观光业想要把澳门作为一个富有特色的现代化城市，但其真正令人喜欢的是，与香港相比，它显得特别宁静和让人放松。
11. But Macau is one of the richest regions in Asia, with an annual per capita gross national product of more than 17, 000 U.S. dollars. This is mainly thanks to gambling. Forty per cent of all state income comes from the numerous casinos here, the only legally operating gambling halls on Chinese territory.
11. 但是澳门也是亚洲最富的地区之一，它每年人均国民生产总值已经超过了 1.7万美元。这主要得益于博彩业。40%的政府收入来自于这里众多的赌场，这里有中国版图上唯一合法经营的赌场。
15. Conventional Petroleum Reservoir
常规油气藏
1. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in permeable, porous or fractured rock formations, with most reservoir rocks being limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of these. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas? and condensate. The formation of petroleum reservoirs can be divided into four stages:
1. 油藏或油气藏，是储藏于地下滲透性、孔隙性或有裂缝的地层中的碳水化合物。大部分储集岩是石灰岩、白云岩、沙岩或混合性岩石。油气藏有三种基本类型：油藏、气藏和凝析气藏。油藏的形成可以分为以下四个阶段:
1) With burial of plankton, algae and other protein rich life forms under layers of sand and mud at a source rock, and continuous accumulation of sand, the buried material heats up at 50°C to 70°C.
1) 浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白质的生物埋藏于烃源岩砂泥层中，随着沙子的不断沉积，埋藏生物温度上升到50至70摄氏度。
2) High temperature, combined with pressure，triggers a “cooking” process.
2) 地下高温、高压触发了“蒸煮”的生油过程。
3) Eventually, the buried residue transforms into liquid hydrocarbons.
3) 最后，埋藏的生物残骸会转换成流体状的烃类物质。
4) Later on they migrate from the source rock to porous rocks and get trapped in impermeable layers of rock.
4) 然后，这些烃类物质从烃源岩运移到有孔隙的岩石，并且成藏于非渗透性岩层之间。
2. Oil Reservoir
2. 油藏
3. An oil reservoir generally contains three fluids - gas, oil, and water - with oil the dominant product. In the typical oil reservoir, these fluids occur in different phases because of the variance in their gravities. Gas? the lightest, occupies the upper part of the reservoir rocks; water, the lower part; and oil, the intermediate section.
3. 油藏通常有三种流体：油、气和水，其中油是主要产品。这三种流体由于重力差异呈现不同的形态，三者中最轻的气处在油藏的最上部；水处在最底部；油位于中间。
4. Although the structural traps in which oil accumulates exist in various forms, the oil usually occurs in association with gas and salt water. A certain amount of water always occurs together with the oil in the middle zone. The proportion of water to oil is usually about 10 to 30 percent. Water also occurs in the gas cap, but the proportion of water to gas is frequently lower than the proportion of water to oil. However, while some interstitial water is always present in the oil zone, the latter is not always underlain by a continuous body of water. Where a considerable volume of water does underlie the oil in the same sedimentary bed it is referred to as the ccaquifer,9, and being under pressure also, it contributes to the total energy of the reservoir.
4. 聚集石油的构造圈闭虽然有多种形式，但石油通常总是和天然气、盐水伴生的。总有一定量的水和中部原油共生。水与油之比通常约为10%?30%。水也会产生在气顶中，但是水与气之比常常要比水与油之比低。含油带中虽然总是存在一定量的隙间水，但在含油带的下面又并不总是存在着连续的水体。在同一沉积岩中，石油的下面如果确实存在数量可观的水体，就称之为
“含水层”。而且，因为含水层也承受着高压，所以能对形成油藏的总能量有一定的作用。
5. The oil itself, when under pressure, contains an appreciable quantity of dissolved gas. The actual amount of gas will be governed by the pressure and temperature inside the reservoir，and the oil is said to be “saturated” if it cannot dissolve any more gas under these particular pressure and temperature conditions.
On the other hand, the oil is said to be “undersaturated” if it could dissolve
more gas at the same pressure and temperature. In many cases there can be more gas in the reservoir than the oil is capable of holding in solution. This extra gas being lighter than the oil, will have formed a 6 5. 在高压条件下石油溶解有相当数量的天然气，天然气的溶解数量受油藏内部压力和温度制约。如果在特定的压力和温度条件下，石油再也不能溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“饱和”了。反之，如果在相同压力和温度条件下，石油还能够溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“没有饱和”。在许多情况下，油藏中的天然气比石油所能溶解的天然气数量要多，这些多余的天然气由于比油轻，就会在石油的凝集面上形成“气顶”。如果饱和油藏的压力因为某种原因而减少，天然气就会从石油中游离出来。这是从油藏中开采出石油的一个重要因素。 6. The reservoir crude may range from a very heavy viscous oil, containing little or no dissolved gas under very low pressure, to an extremely light, thin, straw-colored oil containing a large amount of dissolved gas under considerable pressure. The viscosity of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution. The less viscous an oil is, and the more gas it has in it, the more readily will it flow through the interstices of the rock into the bottom of the well. The interstices of the whole of the reservoir rock were originally occupied by salt water. When the oil migrated into the upper part of this rock, it displaced the salt water from it. Not all of the salt water was displaced, however, and a certain amount remained in the interstices of the rock along with the oil. This remaining water is called “connate water” or “interstitial water”and has to be taken into account when working out the volume of oil present in the reservoir rock. 6. 储层原油多种多样，有非常粘稠、在低压下很少含气或根本不含气的重质油，也有稀薄、淡黄色、在相当压力下含有溶解气的轻质油。石油的粘度大致取决于密度，同时在很大程度上也取决于溶解气的多少。石油粘度越小，溶解的天然气就越多，也就越容易透过岩石的间隙流入井底。储集岩的孔隙原先都是充满盐水的。当石油运移到岩层上部时，油就把盐水置换出来。然而，并不是全部盐水都会被置换的，总有一定数量的盐水和石油一起留存在岩石的孔隙里。这些残留的水称为“原生水”或者“隙间水”。在估算储油岩中的石油含量时，必须考虑原生水的存在。 7. Gas Reservoir and Gas Condensate Reservoir 7. 气藏和凝析气藏 8. In addition to its occurrence as a cap or in solution, gas may accumulate independently of the oil; if so, the reservoir is called a gas reservoir. Associated with the gas, in most instances, are salt water and some oil. 8. 除了以溶解气或气顶的形式存在外，气也可以独立存在，这就叫做气藏。大部分情况下，气藏中还会有一些伴生盐水和油。 9. In certain instances gas reservoirs of high pressure and temperature, which are usually found at great depth, produce substantial quantities of liquid petroleum along with the gas. This liquid does not come from a separate oil zone, but exists as a gas in the reservoir and is made up of that part of the reservoir gas which condenses as its pressure is reduced by production. The liquid fraction is known as “condensate” and the type of reservoir is known as a “gas condensate reservoir”. 9. 某些通常位于地层深处的高压高温气藏，在生产天然气的同时还生产相当数量的液态石油。这种液态石油并非产生于独立的油层，而是呈气态存在于地下气藏中的。气藏中的这部分天然气，在生产过程中因压力下降而凝结，成为液态即“凝析油”，这种类型的气藏就是通常说的“凝析气藏”。 10. As the pressure of a condensate reservoir falls as a result of production, the gas will start to precipitate the condensate partly in the reservoir and partly in the well bore. This complex phenomenon, which is the reverse of what usually happens under less extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, is known as “retrograde condensation”. 10. 当凝析气藏的压力因为开采而下降时，会有一部分天然气在气藏里凝聚，还有一部分在井筒里凝聚。因为通常在温度、压力不是很高的条件下发生的情况正好相反（气体会从油藏中逸出而不是凝聚），所以，这种复杂的现象叫做“反转凝析”。 11. Most of the condensate which falls out in the reservoir will remain there where its recovery is not a practical proposition. If, therefore, the reservoir is being produced for the sake of its condensate only it is important to prevent retrograde condensation taking place in the reservoir. This is achieved by maintaining the pressure of the reservoir by re-injecting or “cycling” the produced gas back into the reservoir after the condensate liquid has been extracted from it at the surface. Alternatively, if the dry gas has a ready sale, the reservoir pressure can be maintained by water injection. Gas recovery as such is, unlike oil, not improved sufficiently by water displacement to justify the expense of such an operation. 11. 在气藏中凝聚的大部分凝析油将停留在原地，想要开采出来是不大可能的。因此，如果确实仅仅是为了获得凝析油而开采这个气藏，防止在地下发生反转凝析就很重要。可以通过保持气藏压力做到这一点，方法是把地面上脱去凝析液的气体再度注入气藏，也称为“干气回注”。如果干气准备销售，可以改用注水的办法维持气藏压力。和注水驱油情况不同，用注水提高天然气采收率的作法尚不十分完善，结果往往得不偿失。 16. Unconventional Oil and Gas 非常规油气 1. One of the universally accepted definitions for unconventional oil and gas is that they are extracted using techniques other than the conventional method. In terms of the chemical composition, unconventional oil and gas are identical to conventional. Unconventional oil consists of oil sands, extra heavy oil and shale oil, which need advanced technology to be extracted. Unconventional gas is found in highly compact rock or coalbeds and requires a specific set of production techniques. 1. 非常规油气的一个广为接受的定义是它们是以非常规手段开发的油气。从化学成分上来看，非常规油气和常规油气是相同的。非常规石油包括油砂、超重石油和页岩油，但需要先进技术开采。非常规天然气存于高度致密的岩石或煤层中，需要使用特殊开采技术才能获得。 2. Oil Sands 2. 油砂 3. Tar sands are a combination of clay, sand, water, and bitumen, a heavy black viscous oil. Tar sands can be mined and processed to extract the oil-rich bitumen, which is then refined into oil. The bitumen in tar sands cannot be pumped from the ground in its natural state; instead tar sand deposits are mined, usually using strip mining or open pit techniques, or the oil is extracted by underground heating with additional upgrading. 3. 焦油砂是一种粘土、砂、水和沏青（一种重质黑色稠油）的混合物。通过开采和加工焦油砂，可获取富含石油的沥青质，然后再将沥青质炼制成石油。油砂中的天然沥青无法从地下泵上来，但油砂沉积物可以开采出来，通常使用露天开采技术或地下加热处理技术开采。 4. Tar sands deposits near the surface can be recovered by open pit mining techniques. New methods introduced in the 1990，s considerably improved the efficiency of tar sands mining, thus reducing the cost. These systems use large hydraulic and electrically powered shovels to dig up tar sands and load them into enormous trucks that can carry up to 320 tons of tar sands per load. 4. 近地表的焦油砂沉积物，可以通过露天采矿技术进行开采。20世纪90 年代引进的新方法大大提高了焦油砂的开采效率，从而降低了成本。这些方法包括使用大型液压挖土机和电动挖土机挖掘焦油砂，然后装载到巨型卡车上，这种卡车每次可负载多达320吨的焦油砂。 5. After mining, the tar sands are transported to an extraction plant, where a hot water process separates the bitumen from sand, water, and minerals. The separation takes place in separation cells. Hot water is added to the sand, and the resulting slurry is piped to the extraction plant where it is agitated. The combination of hot water and agitation releases bitumen from the oil sand, and causes tiny air bubbles to attach to the bitumen droplets, that float to the top of the separation vessel, where the bitumen can be skimmed off. Further processing removes residual water and solids. The bitumen is then transported and eventually upgraded into synthetic crude oil. 5. 焦油砂挖出后，运至提炼厂，经过热水处理，沥青质便与砂、水以及矿物质分离开来，该分离过程一般在分离间进行。焦油砂加高温热水后产生泥浆，泥浆通过管道运至提炼厂，进行搅拌。经过热水混合搅拌后，沥青就从焦油砂中释放出来；微小气泡附着在沥青质微滴的表面，使沥青质微滴漂浮到分离器的上部，从而将沥青质撇出去；然后再去掉残余水和固体残留物，将沥青质运走，最终精炼成合成原油。 6. About two tons of tar sands are required to produce one barrel of oil. Roughly 75% of the bitumen can be recovered from sand. After oil extraction, the spent sand and other materials are then returned to the mine, which is eventually reclaimed. 6. 生产一桶原油大约需要两吨焦油砂，焦油砂大约可以提取75%的沥青质。采油结束后，废弃油砂及其他物质都要运回矿场，使矿场恢复再生。 7. In-situ production methods are used on bitumen deposits buried too deep for mining to be economically recovered. These techniques include steam injection, solvent injection, and firefloods, in which oxygen is injected and part of the resource burned to provide heat. So far steam injection has been the favoured method. Some of these extraction methods require large amounts of both water and energy (for heating and pumping). 7. 现场开采法适用于埋藏太深不宜开采，且开采不经济的沥青质沉积物。现场生产技术包括注蒸汽法、注溶剂法和火烧油层法（注入氧气，燃烧部分油砂提供热量）。目前为止注蒸汽法最受青睐。在这些提取方法中，有的需要大量的水和能量（用于加热和泵送）。 8. Unconventional Gas 8. 非常规天然气 9. Unconventional gas refers to a part of the gas resource base that has traditionally been considered difficult or costly to produce. Here we focus on the three main categories of unconventional gas: shale gas, tight gas and coalbed methane. 9. 非常规天然气是天然气资源中的一部分，人们一直认为其开发难度大, 成本高。本文将重点涉及三种主要的非常规天然气：页岩气、致密气和煤层气。 10. Shale gas is natural gas contained within a commonly occurring rock classified as shale. Shale formations are characterized by low permeability, with more limited ability of gas to flow through the rock than is the case with a conventional reservoir. These formations are often rich in organic matter and, unlike most hydrocarbon reservoirs, are typically the original source of the gas, i.e. shale gas is gas that has remained trapped in, or close to, its source rock. 10. 页岩气是一种常见岩石即页岩中的天然气。页岩层的特点是渗透率底，与常规油藏相比，气体在页岩中的流动能力较差。页岩层富含有机质，与大部分油藏不同的是，页岩层是典型的天然气生油母质，也就是说页岩气是吸附在生油岩表面或聚集在其内部的天然气。 11. Coalbed methane, also known as coal seam gas, is natural gas contained in coalbeds. Although extraction of coalbed methane was initially undertaken to make mines safer, it is now typically produced from non-mineable coal seams. 11. 煤层气，也称为煤层甲烷，是煤层中的天然气。最初开采煤层甲烷是为了使矿场更安全，但现在通常是从不可开采煤层中生产煤层气。 12. Tight gas is a general term for natural gas found in low permeability formations. Generally, we classify as tight gas those low permeability gas reservoirs that cannot produce economically without the use of technologies to stimulate flow of the gas towards the well, such as hydraulic fracturing. Tight gas is often a poorly defined category with no clear boundary between tight and conventional, nor between tight gas and shale gas. 12. 致密气是对存在于低渗透率地层中的天然气的通称。这些低渗透率气藏如果不使用水力压裂等增产措施使气体加速流向井底，生产就算不上经济可行。致密气的定义并不是很明确，与常规气、页岩气之间的界限并不甚清晰。 13. Although the development cycle for unconventional gas and the technologies used in its production have much in common with those used in other parts of the upstream industry, unconventional gas developments do have some distinctive features and requirements, particularly in relation to the perceived higher risk of environmental damage and adverse social impacts. This helps to explain why the issue of unconventional gas exploitation has generated so much controversy. 13. 尽管非常规天然气的开发周期和生产技术与上游工业中其他类生产有很多共同点，但非常规天然气开发确实有其不同的特性和要求，尤其明显的是所面临的环境破坏风险较高，以及由此带来的不良社会影响等。这就解释了为什么非常规天然气开采引发了如此多的争议。 14. The main reason for the potentially larger environmental impact of unconventional gas operations is the nature of the resources themselves; unconventional resources are less concentrated than conventional deposits and do not give themselves up easily. They are difficult to extract because they are trapped in very tight or low permeability rock that impedes their flow. Since the resources are more diffuse and difficult to produce, the scale of the industrial operation required for a given volume of unconventional output is much larger than for conventional production. This means that drilling and production activities can be considerably more invasive，involving a generally larger environmental footprint. 14. 非常规天然气开采会给环境带来较大的潜在影响，主要原因在于资源本身的特性：非常规资源比常规资源的沉积更加分散，而且不易开采。非常规天然气聚集在致密或低渗透率的岩石中，流动阻碍较大，因此难以开采。由于这些资源比较分散、难以开采，所以要生产一定量的非常规天然气，其生产规模要远大于常规天然气开发。这就意味着其钻井和生产活动更加具有侵害性，将造成更大的环境问题。 18. Unleashing Your Creativity 释放你的创造力 1. Fve always been an optimist and I supposed that is rooted in my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the world a better place. 1. 我一直是个乐观主义者。我认为创新和智慧可以让世界更美好。这一观点已经深深扎根于我的信念中。 2. For as long as I can remember, Fve loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today. But it changed my life. 2. 从记事起，我就很喜欢学习新知识，解决问题。所以当我七年级第一次坐在电脑旁的时候，我一下子被吸引了。其实只是一台眶当作响的旧机器，跟现在的电脑比起来几乎什么都做不了。但是它改变了我的生活。 3. When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of “a computer on every desk and in every home,” which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believe that personal computers would change the world. And they have. 3. 30年前，我和朋友保罗?艾伦开办微软的时候，我们有一个构想，那就是“每家每个桌子上都有一台电脑”。那时候大部分电脑和冰箱一样大，所以可能这个想法听起来有些太乐观了。但是我们相信个人电脑将改变世界。现在己经实现了。 4. And after 30 years, Fm still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade. 4. 30年之后，我仍然像上七年级的时候那样为计算机而着迷。 5. I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness, to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldn’t solve on their own. 5. 我相信电脑是最不可思议的工具。我们可以用它来满足我们的好奇心，发挥我们的独创能力，并帮助我们解决最聪明的人都不能独立解决的问题。 6. Computers have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the world’s knowledge. They’re helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us9 no matter where they are. 6. 电脑己经改变了我们的学习方式，为孩子们提供了一个在任何地方都可以学习世界所有知识的窗口。电脑帮我们围绕我们关注的事物建立“群”，让我们和那些对我们来说很重要的人保持密切联系，不管他们身处何方。 7. Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it “tap-dancing to work”. My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever，but what makes me “tap-dance to work” is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetime’s worth of photos，and they say: “I didn’t know you can do that with a PC!” 7. 像我的朋友沃伦?巴菲特一样，我为自己可以每天做喜欢的事情感到非常幸运。他把这个称之为“跳着踢踏舞去工作”。我在微软的工作总充满挑战，但是让我“跳着踢踏舞去工作”的是当我们给人们介绍新产品的时候，比如一台可以识别指纹或者语音的电脑或者一台能够储存一生的珍贵照片的电脑，人们惊讶地说：“我无法想象你竟然可以用个人电脑做到这个。” 8. But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world. There are still far too many people in the world whose basic needs go unmet. Every year, for example, millions of people die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world. 8. 但是，除了能用电脑做出很酷的事情之外，我们还可以用其他方式发挥创造力和智慧以改变世界。世界上还有很多很多人连基本需要都无法被满足。比如，每年有数百万人死于在发达国家很容易预防和治疗的疾病。 9. I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world. My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible. 9. 我相信我自己的巨额财富也使我负有回馈社会的责任。我的妻子梅林达和我致力于为尽可能多的人改善健康和教育。 10. As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than the death of a child anywhere else and that it doesn’t take much to make an immense difference in these children’s lives. 10. 作为一个父亲，我相信非洲一个孩子的死亡和其他任何地方一个孩子的死亡一样令人心酸，悲痛不己。让这些孩子的命运彻底改变并不费事。 11. Fm still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the world's toughest problems is possible —and it’s happening every day. We’re seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world. 11. 我仍然是个非常乐观的人，我相信甚至是世界上最棘手的问题也可能会有进展一一这种事情每天都在发生。我们正在见证在发展中国家，治疗绝症的新药出现，新的诊断工具投入使用，医学问题受到更多关注。 12. Fm excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, were going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime. 12. 我为医药、教育，当然还有技术发展的诸多前景而欢欣鼓舞。我相信，凭借人类与生俱来的发明创造能力和不畏艰难、坚韧不拔的品格，在我的有生之年里我们将在所有这些领域都创造出可喜的成就。 2016年. 【农民】__theirland. 丧失 ,__provedthathewasn'tworkinghardenough.非限制性定语 倒装句 Athens同位语 翻译：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里，385码.大约为马拉松到雅典的距离 ,wedecided totakethetrain.完成被动的非谓语动词形式 与…打成一片 【记录】theplain【平常的，简单的】facts【事实，真相】ofsmalltownlife. 非谓语动词 抚养 ：为了 ''tknowmorethanyoudo. ''llmoveinsoonandweneedtobuy__furniture. 【药方】 【生物学家】doesnotmerely【仅仅】describe【描述】organisms【有机物】,buttriestolearn__actastheydo. "Hashecomeback....Yes,he__back forthreedays. 【32课】同位语 翻译：生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。 ,theearth__coveredbywater.【55课】虚拟语气 翻译：如果所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。 "veryhappy".【5课】 翻译：拥有五个或更多亲密朋友的人自认“非常快乐”的机会高出他人50%。【不协调的，不相配的】withgoodhealth. ' ' 2017年 .【31课】 翻译：老人把手浸在盐水里，努力保持头脑清醒。 虚拟语气（过去相反） 翻译：Smith上周非常忙，否则他就去看你了。 . 非谓语动词 翻译：她需要买所有的东西，她将要离开市场，在小镇的街上再花费一个小时。 翻译：我很感激三年前给我的出国工作的机会。 ,__isclearfromtheexpressionsonhisface.【模拟三】as引导的非限制性定语从句翻译：他得了第一名，他脸上的表情清楚地表明了这一切。 . 【大纲原句】 翻译:直到后来他们才意识到发生了多么可怕的事情。 ,airtrafficcontrollersrelyonradar. 翻译：为了追踪机场航行中的飞机，空中交通控制台要用雷达。 ……to：太……而不能 模拟试題一 I. Vocabulary Sectio n A Directions: There are 10 in complete senten ces in this secti on. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE an swer that best completes the sentence and mark your an swer on the an swer sheet. 1.1 could just see a car in the dista nee, but I could n't __ what color it was. A. make out B. look to C. look out D. take in 2. He mumbled something and blushed as though a secret had been ___ A. imposed B. exposed C. composed D. opposed 3. You should these tables and buy new ones. A. throw off B. throw dow n C. throw up D. throw away 4. _____ their suggestions we will discuss them fully at the next meeting. A. In regard for B. In regard t o C. With regard of D. Regardless for 5. On cloudy nights it is not possible to see the stars with ________ e ye. A. n aked B. bare C. flesh D. pure 6. Many new _____ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education. A. opport un ities B. n ecessities C. probabilities D. realities 7. I found myself completely ____ by his vivid performanee. A. carried out B. carried off C. carried away D. carried on 8. Although the exam in atio n he had passed was uni mporta nt, his success ___ him in his later study. A. persuaded B. promised C. urged D. en couraged 9. This is the first time you have been late. A. un der no circumsta nces B. on no acco unt C. by no means D. for no reas on 10. The taxi had to _ because the traffic light had turned red. A. set up B. catch up C. shut up D. pull up Secti on B Directi ons: There are 10 senten ces in this sect ion. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keep ing the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the an swer sheet. - II. The roof of the house was practically falling in and the front steps were rotting away. A. almost B. esse ntially C. always D. convenien tly 2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试 课后练习及答案 目录 1.SIX GOLDEN RULES FOR MEETING MANAGEMENT主持会议六大准则（2016新增） (2) 2. NETWORK SECURITY 网络安全(2013版) (2) 3 .ALL I LEARNED IN KINDERGARTEN 幼儿园所学的... . (4) 4. HOW TO NEGOTIATE WITH AMERICANS 如何与美国人谈判(2013版) (5) 5.CARBON-BASED ALTERNATIVE 碳基替代燃料（2010版） (7) 6. AUTOMATIC AUTO: A CAR THAT DRIVES ITSELF 无人驾驶汽车(2013版) (9) 7 OUR FAMILY CREED 家族的信条（2007版） (11) 8 THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 公共演讲的艺术(2007版) (13) 9. OIL AND GAS GENERATION油气生成（2016版新增） (16) 10.THE DRESS CODE FOR OFFICE LIFE办公室的着装礼仪（2016版新增） (16) 1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management主持会议六大准则（2016新增） 课后练习： 1.If you are asked to chair【主持，椅子】a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting ____. A. treatment B.requirement C.management D.improvement 2.If you begin on time, group members who ____ late will realize the value of time. A.bring up https://www.doczj.com/doc/ba10683950.html,e up C.dress up D.show up 3. You may need to refer back to【查阅，重新提及】an issue ____ was discussed during the meeting at a later date. A.that B.what C.who D.where 4. ____, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than【而不是】really listening to other people. A.Traditionally B.Additionally C.Conditionally D.Exceptionlly 5.Many times important issues can get sidetracked【转变话题的】in a meeting, _____ when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. A.essentially B.entirelly C.extremely D.especially 6. If you ____ a conflict【冲突】prior to【在……之前】the meeting, discuss the issue with participants【参与者】in advance【提前】. A.anticipate B.participate C.preserve D.announce 7. If an unanticipated【不曾预料到的】conflict develops once the meeting is in progress 【进行中】, either appoint a subcommittee【小组委员会】to ____ the problem A.look into B.look on C. look over D.look through 答案：1C 2D 3A 4B 5D 6A 7A 2. Network Security 网络安全(2013版) 课后练习： 1.Internet ____ theft 【失窃】is a growing—and very costly【昂贵的，expensive】—problem A.identify B.identity C. identical D.identification 花了一天时间做了一份真题答案，特做几点申明： 1、仅为参考答案，由于水平问题，可能与每个人的答案会有出入，见仁见智吧，毕竟官方不给出标准答案。 2、作答依据大部分来源于网上搜索，尽可能地找到原题出处，实在无法找到出处的根据个人理解给出答案。 3、每题后列出了题目出处，并做出简单解析。前40题错误应该不多，阅读理解部分无法保证全对。 中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feel awkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D 【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。原题：The employee had to break off the conversation in order to wait on his manager. (discontinue) 【释义】break off v.断绝；折取；把…折断；使脱落 continue v.持续；延伸；继续存在；不断发生 hurry v.赶快；（朝某方向）迅速移动；催促（某人）；迅速处理 2016年中石油职称英语考试真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences inthis section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are tochoose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of theoriginal sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase.Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries,the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my motherabout my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feelawkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D 【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。原题：The employee had to break off theconversation in order to wait on his manager. (discontinue) 【释义】break off v.断绝；折取；把…折断；使脱落 continue v.持续；延伸；继续存在；不断发生 hurry v.赶快；（朝某方向）迅速移动；催促（某人）；迅速处理 begin v.开始；启动；起始；开始存在（或进行） discontinue v.停止；终止；中断；终止（生产） 2016年中国石油职称英语考试真题及参考答案 花了一天时间做了一份真题答案，特做几点申明： 1、仅为参考答案，由于水平问题，可能与每个人的答案会有出入，见仁见智吧，毕竟官方不给出标准答案。 2、作答依据大部分来源于网上搜索，尽可能地找到原题出处，实在无法找到出处的根据个人理解给出答案。 3、每题后列出了题目出处，并做出简单解析。前40题错误应该不多，阅读理解部分无法保证全对。 中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feel awkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D 模拟试题五 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this pari. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1.He is a man you can rely on. He never goes back on his _____ . A. word B. words C. permission D. saying 2.After second thought, she ____ a better solution. A. came up with B. added up to C. put up with D. made up for 3.The club has ______ a new rule allowing women to join. A. brought forth B. associated with C. turned over D. laid down 4.The performance will begin ____ at eight thirty. A. precisely B. consequently C. accordingly D. exceedingly 5.His joke went too far. It was more than I could ________ . A. get rid of B. put up with C. keep up with D. do away with 6.At the gathering, he talked_____ about the matter, dampening everyones spirits. A. in detail B. with ease C. on end D. in a confusing way wish my son would stop _________ a nd do something realistic. A. hanging about B. hanging on C. hanging up D. hanging off 8.We all can’t ____ why she married a man like this. A. reason out B. figure out C. make believe D. take in 9.John wants to dispose ____ his old car and buy a new one. A. on B. in C. of D. to 10.Ted agreed to ____ the strike if the company would satisfy the demand of the workers. A. call out B. call to C. call off D. call on 2005年真题I. Vocabulary(20 points) 1. Within days he became paralyzed, and people feared that he might die. But he _________. a. absorbed b. dissolved c. discovered d. recovered 2. Tilden, the other presidential ______, actually received more votes. a. advocate b. candidate c. sponsor d. opponent 3. An Olympic runner wins a _______. a. medal b. model c. modle d. modest 4. To find out how the bees managed to tell time, an unusual experiment was _______ four years ago. a. carried on b. carried away c. carried out d. carried out 5. Every society has its own peculiar custom and _____ of acting. a. ways b. behavior c. attitude d. means 6. They ______ their knowledge in the exploding world of ideas. a. modernize b. supply c. update d. upgrade 7. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and ______ in a quiet neighborhood. a. all in all b. above all c. after all d over all 8. It ’s difficult to divine what constitutes an ______ tip in any country. a. appropriate b. thoughtful c. considerable d. sufficient 9. Shipbuilders would not _____ their money unless they knew that they could make a profit. a. invest b. invent d. involve d. invite 10. At the end of four years, these six extra hours of each year ____ twenty-four hours, or one full day. a. add up to b. make up for c. come up with d. put up with 11. Don ’t ______ this news to the public until we give you the go-head. a. release b. relieve c. relate d. retain 12. Earth is one of nine planets which ______ around the sun. a. spin b. roll c. rotate d. revolve 13. “No sense in you getting us both killed!” I yelled _____ him. a. at b. with c. to d. out 14. What you have done is ______ doctor ’s orders. a. attached to b. responsible to c. resistant to d. contrary to 15. I want to express the _____ of all of us, for this wonderfully warm welcome. a. appreciation b. enjoyment d. evaluation d. reputation 16. We hire and ______ people mainly for their ability to do business. a. proceed b. progress c. promise d. promote 17. According to government mandate in the Lion City, tipping is not ______. a. admitted b. remitted c. permitted d. emitted 18. The environmental costs were regarded more as temporary inconveniences than as _____ liability. a. imaginative b. peculiar c. persistent d. original 19. Scientists predict that the world ’s known oil resources will _____ early in the next century. a. run off b. run out c. run up d. run over 20. Now a person works for a certain amount of money _____ he can pay for food and clothing. a. in case b. so that c. as to d. such as II. Grammar (20 points) 21. The basic rock material is referred to ______. a. as the matrix b. be the matrix c. by scientist to be the matrix d. as being the matrix 22. The oil industry of India ______ two World Wars and withstood the economic, social and political upheavals of a particularly troubled century. a. survived b. has survived c. was survived to d. has been surviving 23. Although baleen whale may weigh ______ twenty elephants, it feeds on sea plants and animals. a. so much to b. as much to c. so much as d. as much as 2020年中石油职称英语考试模拟题(1) I. Vocabulary Directions： There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 1. After we had been in the village for a few months, we so liked it that we decided to settle there . A. in turn B. for good C. as usual D. at most 2. I am easily hurt because my feelings are very __ A. sensible B. sensational C. sensitive D. sentimental 3. A large sum of money has been raised for the __ of the poorly educated children in the mountainous districts. A. profit B. favor C. advantage D. benefit 4. High speed aircraft is made of metals that can __ both high temperature and pressure. A. stand by B. put up with C. withhold D. withstand 5. He failed again in the driving test. I don't know why __ he was so nervous. A. in the earth B. on the earth C. in earth D. on earth 6. No one can behave __, completely regardless of social conventions. A. at will B. at random C. on purpose D. on easy 7. The attack on Pearl Harbor __ the indignation of the whole nation. A. raised 2016中石油职称英语考试大纲模拟试题五 模拟试題五 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this pari. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1.He is a man you can rely on. He never goes back on his _________________________ . A. word B. words C. permission D. saying 2.After second thought, she a better solution. A. came up with B. added up to C. put up with D. made up for 3.The club has a new rule allowing women to join. A. brought forth B. associated with C. turned over D. laid down 4.The performance will begin at eight thirty. A. precisely B. consequently C. accordingly D. exceedingly 5.His joke went too far. It was more than I could . A. get rid of B. put up with C. keep up with D. do away with 6.At the gathering, he talked about the matter, dampening everyones spirits. A. in detail B. with ease C. on end D. in a confusing way 7.1 wish my son would stop and do something realistic. A. hanging about B. hanging on C. hanging up D. hanging off 8.We all can’t why she married a man like this. A. reason out B. figure out C. make believe D. take in 9.John wants to dispose his old car and buy a new one. A. on B. in C. of D. to 10.Ted agreed to the strike if the company would 石油人第九届(2017年)中石油职称英语网络培训综合班 江西省南昌市2015-2016学年度第一学期期末试卷（江西师大附中使用）高三理科数学分析 一、整体解读 试卷紧扣教材和考试说明，从考生熟悉的基础知识入手，多角度、多层次地考查了学生的数学理性思维能力及对数学本质的理解能力，立足基础，先易后难，难易适中，强调应用，不偏不怪，达到了“考基础、考能力、考素质”的目标。试卷所涉及的知识内容都在考试大纲的范围内，几乎覆盖了高中所学知识的全部重要内容，体现了“重点知识重点考查”的原则。 1．回归教材，注重基础 试卷遵循了考查基础知识为主体的原则，尤其是考试说明中的大部分知识点均有涉及，其中应用题与抗战胜利70周年为背景，把爱国主义教育渗透到试题当中，使学生感受到了数学的育才价值，所有这些题目的设计都回归教材和中学教学实际，操作性强。 2．适当设置题目难度与区分度 选择题第12题和填空题第16题以及解答题的第21题，都是综合性问题，难度较大，学生不仅要有较强的分析问题和解决问题的能力，以及扎实深厚的数学基本功，而且还要掌握必须的数学思想与方法，否则在有限的时间内，很难完成。 3．布局合理，考查全面，着重数学方法和数学思想的考察 在选择题，填空题，解答题和三选一问题中，试卷均对高中数学中的重点内容进行了反复考查。包括函数，三角函数，数列、立体几何、概率统计、解析几何、导数等几大版块问题。这些问题都是以知识为载体，立意于能力，让数学思想方法和数学思维方式贯穿于整个试题的解答过程之中。 二、亮点试题分析 1．【试卷原题】11.已知,,A B C 是单位圆上互不相同的三点，且满足AB AC → → =，则AB AC → → ?的最小值为 （ ） 2019年中石油职称英语试题及答案完整版（试卷类型 24） 英语, 中石油, 试题, 试卷, 职称英语, 中石油, 试题, 试卷, 职称 英语水平考试 试卷类型：24 答卷注意事项 1、请各位考生拿到试卷以后首先检查试卷类型（在本页右上角）是否和自己的准考证号末两位一致，如不一致请立即要求监考教师更换，否则将影响成绩。 2、本次考试包括试卷一和试卷二，考试时间为9:00-11:00。试卷一为客观选择题，在标准答题卡上用2B铅笔将所选答案划出。试卷二为翻译题，将译文写在答题纸上，填上单位、姓名、准考证号、考场号、考点，以备核对总分。 3、试卷一为标准化考试，所有答案必须在标准化答题卡上划出，若答在试卷上不予评分，后果自负。 4、在填写被准话答题卡时应注意： 1）在填写“姓名、单位、准考证号”等栏目时，应用钢笔或圆珠笔。在填涂准考证号时，一律用2B铅笔划横线。注意准考证号不要漏涂或涂错，否则客观题 部分将无成绩，责任由考生自负。 2）试卷一答题时一律用2B铅笔，若用钢笔或圆珠笔答题均无效，请按答题卡上“正确填涂”的示范划横线，横线长度和宽度以方框为准，若划“√、○、／、＼”等符号均为无效。 3）答题卡四角应保持平整，不应折角或皱卷，以免影响阅卷机工作。 4）如需更改答案时，应先用橡皮擦净后，再划线答题。 5、试卷二为翻译试题，请根据参加考试的级别选择一段翻译。一律用钢笔或圆珠笔答在答题纸上。字迹应尽量工整，用字规范，以免影响阅卷。 6、考场内考生只允许带2B铅笔、橡皮、尺子、钢笔或圆珠笔，其他词典、书本、资料和电子词典、BP机、手机、掌上电脑等工具一律不准带入场内。 7、遵守考场纪律，不得有交头接耳、左顾右盼、抄带纸条等作弊行为，一经发现，立即清除出场，并由人事部门严肃处理。 中石油职称英语考试真题答案(翻译部分) 翻译部分A级别参考答案： 一家大型酒店的总裁注意到，公司正在经历着每年流失50%的雇员的问题，这种情况造成每年成本增加1000万到1200万。这么大量的资金是根据以下两个因素算出来的：雇佣新员工的花费以及由于顾客满意度差而导致客房使用率下降。 在酒店行业，员工流失是一个很关键的问题。但是你可以采取一些人才管理实务策略，来提升员工的留任率。 下面有三条建议： (1)雇佣合适的员工：从改善招聘和面试流程开始。当你参加面试时，确信你为候选者提供了一个可依靠的企业，让候选者有选择在酒店工作的理由。如果工作是充满压力和紧张感的，那么要分享这些细节问题，让候选人了解。要明确的说明酒店的企业文化，工作环境会帮助候选人自我选择，你要让候选人知道更愿意雇佣适合酒店和酒店文化的员工。 (2)绩效管理，认可和奖励员工：我们几乎都会感到有价值，酒店和管理者需要形式化或者非形式化的方法去认可和奖励高绩效。不是所有的奖励都需要金钱的形式。即使是一个很简单的谢谢，或者员工的努力得到的公共的认可都是有效激励员工的方式。员工感到自身有价值或更愿意留下来继续工作。 (3)为员工的发展提供机会：通过支付或者补贴的形式，在培训课程、书籍、工作经验、播客(音频材料)等方面的花费上，支持员工发展;让员工知道，你重视他们也重视他们的工作，帮助他们成功和规划未来职业发展。所有这些方法都可以提高员工留任，减少员工流失。 这些有效的管理方法不但可以促进员工留任，而且提高员工满意度和履行员工职责。所有的这些管理方法对酒店生意来说是有利的。 翻译部分B级别参考答案(较A级少后面2段) 一家大型酒店的总裁注意到，公司正在经历着每年流失50%的雇员的问题，这种情况造成每年成本增加1000万到1200万。这么大量的资金是根据以下两个因素算出来的：雇佣新员工的花费以及由于顾客满意度差而导致客房使用率下降。 在酒店行业，员工流失是一个很关键的问题。但是你可以采取一些人才管理实务策略，来提升员工的留任率。 下面有三条建议： (1)雇佣合适的员工：从改善招聘和面试流程开始。当你参加面试时，确信你为候选者提供了一个可依靠的企业，让候选者有选择在酒店工作的理由。如果工作是充满压力和紧张感的，那么要分享这些细节问题，让候选人了解。要明确的说明酒店的企业文化，工作环境会帮助候选人自我选择，你要让候选人知道更愿意雇佣适合酒店和酒店文化的员工。 (2)绩效管理，认可和奖励员工：我们几乎都会感到有价值，酒店和管理者需要形式化或者非形式化的方法去认可和奖励高绩效。不是所有的奖励都需要金钱的形式。即使是一个很简单的谢谢，或者员工的努力得到的公共的认可都是有效激励员工的方式。员工感到自身有价值或更愿意留下来继续工作。2019中石油职称英语考试历年单选汇总2016-2018年.pdf
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