Online advertising
Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.
Online advertising is an emerging advertising media, from 1997 China online advertising was born, online advertising development is rapid, paid search advertising become network advertisement new growth point. Compared with the similar foreign market, China's network advertisement market is still behind many, but the market has great potential. Form and creative backward, advertising regulatory basic lack, China's online advertising market existing main problems. Later, Chinese online advertising to
"two-way interaction" the direction of development, meanwhile, and traditional media integration will further strengthen.
After data access network advertisement, learned some basic knowledge, grasps the network advertisement, situation and development trend of the network advertisement is the development trend of stud. This paper points out the Chinese Internet advertising the problems and proposes the perfecting of net ads scientific management method. Through chart to China Internet advertising status and developing trends are analyzed and summarized. Through the analysis of the Chinese Internet advertising market characteristics, Chinese Internet advertising, the present situation of and problems existing in some ideas to solve the problem. Internet advertising development situation, it is modern unstoppable advertising the inheritance and development of, become the emerging advertising media.
Competitive advantage over traditional advertising:
One major benefit of online advertising is the immediate publishing of information and content that is not limited by geography or time. To that end, the emerging area of interactive advertising presents fresh challenges for advertisers who have hitherto adopted an interruptive strategy.
Another benefit is the efficiency of advertiser's investment. Online advertising allows for the customization of advertisements, including content and posted websites. For example,
AdWords and AdSense enable ads shown on relevant webpages or aside of search results of pre-chosen keywords. Another is the payment method. Whatever purchasing variation is selected, the payment is usually relative with audiences' response.
Purchasing variations:
The three most common ways in which online advertising is purchased are CPM, CPC, and CPA.
CPM (Cost Per Impression) is where advertisers pay for exposure of their message to a specific audience. CPM costs are priced per thousand impressions, or loads of an advertisement. However, some impressions may not be counted, such as a reload or internal user action. The M in the acronym is the Roman numeral for one thousand. CPV (Cost Per Visitor) or (Cost per View in the case of Pop Ups and Unders) is where advertisers pay for the delivery of a Targeted Visitor to the advertisers website.
CPC (Cost Per Click) is also known as Pay per click (PPC). Advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their listing and is redirected to their website. They do not actually pay for the listing, but only when the listing is clicked on. This system allows advertising specialists to refine searches and gain information about their market. Under the Pay per click pricing system, advertisers pay for the right to be listed under a series of target rich words that direct relevant traffic to their website, and pay only when someone clicks on their listing which links directly to their website. CPC differs from CPV in that each click is paid for regardless of whether the user makes it to the target site.
CPA (Cost Per Action) or (Cost Per Acquisition) advertising is performance based and is common in the affiliate marketing sector of the business. In this payment scheme, the publisher takes all the risk of running the ad, and the advertiser pays only for the amount of users who complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. This is the best type of rate to pay for banner advertisements and the worst type of rate to charge. Similarly, CPL (Cost Per Lead) advertising is identical to CPA advertising and is based on the user completing a form, registering for a newsletter or some other action that the merchant feels will lead to a sale. Also common, CPO (Cost Per Order) advertising is based on each time an order is transacted.
Cost per conversion Describes the cost of acquiring a customer, typically calculated by dividing the total cost of an ad campaign by the number of conversions. The definition of
"Conversion" varies depending on the situation: it is sometimes considered to be a lead, a sale, or a purchase.
CPE (Cost Per Engagement) is a form of Cost Per Action pricing first introduced in March 2008. Differing from cost-per-impression or cost-per-click models, a CPE model means advertising impressions are free and advertisers pay only when a user engages with their specific ad unit. Engagement is defined as a user interacting with an ad in any number of ways.
Though, as seen above, the large majority of online advertising has a cost that is brought about by usage or interaction of an ad, there are a few other methods of advertising online that only require a one time payment. The Million Dollar Homepage is a very successful example of this. Visitors were able to pay $1 per pixel of advertising space and their advert would remain on the homepage for as long as the website exists with no extra costs.
Floating ad: An ad which moves across the user's screen or floats above the content. Expanding ad: An ad which changes size and which may alter the contents of the webpage.
Polite ad: A method by which a large ad will be downloaded in smaller pieces to minimize the disruption of the content being viewed
Wallpaper ad: An ad which changes the background of the page being viewed.
Trick banner: A banner ad that looks like a dialog box with buttons. It simulates an error message or an alert.
Pop-up: A new window which opens in front of the current one, displaying an advertisement, or entire webpage.
Pop-under: Similar to a Pop-Up except that the window is loaded or sent behind the current window so that the user does not see it until they close one or more active windows.
Video ad: similar to a banner ad, except that instead of a static or animated image, actual moving video clips are displayed.
Map ad: text or graphics linked from, and appearing in or over, a location on an electronic map such as on Google Maps.
Mobile ad: an SMS text or multi-media message sent to a cell phone.
In addition, ads containing streaming video or streaming audio are becoming very popular with advertisers.
E-mail advertising
Legitimate Email advertising or E-mail marketing is often known as "opt-in e-mail advertising" to distinguish it from spam.
Affiliate marketing
Affiliate marketing was an invention by https://www.doczj.com/doc/b910342802.html, in 1994 and was excelled by https://www.doczj.com/doc/b910342802.html, when it launched its Affiliate Program, called Associate Program in 1996. The online retailer used its program to generate low cost brand exposure and provided at the same time small websites a way to earn some supplemental income.
Contextual advertising
Many advertising networks display graphical or text-only ads that correspond to the keywords of an Internet search or to the content of the page on which the ad is shown. These ads are believed to have a greater chance of attracting a user, because they tend to share a similar context as the user's search query. For example, a search query for "flowers" might return an advertisement for a florist's website.
Another newer technique is embedding keyword hyperlinks in an article which are sponsored by an advertiser. When a user follows the link, they are sent to a sponsor's website.
Behavioral targeting
In addition to contextual targeting, online advertising can be targeted based on a user's past clickstream. For example, if a user is known to have recently visited a number of automotive shopping / comparison sites based on clickstream analysis enabled by cookies stored on the user's computer, that user can then be served auto-related ads when they visit other, non-automotive sites.
Ads and malware
There is also class of advertising methods which may be considered unethical and perhaps even illegal. These include external applications which alter system settings (such as a browser's home page), spawn pop-ups, and insert advertisements into
non-affiliated webpages. Such applications are usually labeled as spyware or adware. They may mask their questionable activities by performing a simple service, such as
displaying the weather or providing a search bar. Some programs are effectively trojans. These applications are commonly designed so as to be difficult to remove or uninstall. The ever-increasing audience of online users, many of whom are not computer-savvy, frequently lack the knowledge and technical ability to protect themselves from these programs.
On the status of China's online advertising and Development sumti Sarkar Department of Information Management, Lancaster University Key words：online advertising, Internet, Development Abstract With the Internet economy, online advertising came into being. The late 20th century, the Internet swept the world, more and more people are beginning to realize networks with the media features, so the "fourth media" the word began to frequently appear in daily life. Although online advertising is still a small market share, but as the fourth medium of the Internet development Querang traditional media dare not ignore. Because its growth rate far exceeds other types of media. This article about online advertising in China's situation and development trend.
Internet advertising is the main features are:
1 extensiveness and open: the network advertisement can advertising information through Internet all-weather, 24 hours uninterruptedly spreads to the world, these effects are traditional media can achieve. In addition, newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and trafflc signs such traditional advertising has a great compulsive, and network advertising process is open, the mandatory, this point with traditional media have a very different nature.
2. Real-time and controllability: network advertisement may according to the customer demand rapid manufacture and launch, while the traditional advertising production cost is high, dropping cycle fixed. Moreover, in the traditional media advertising on hard to change, even after publication can change also often needs to pay big economic costs, and network advertisement can according to customer needs to be changed in the contents of advertisements. So, advertisers business decision-making changes can timely implementation and promotion.
3. Directness and pertinence: through traditional advertising, consumers only indirectly touch the promotional products, not through advertising feel directly products or understand the manufacturer of the specific operation and service provision. While
Internet advertising is different, as long as consumers saw interested content, directly click, and then enter into this enterprise website, understands the specific contents of the business. In addition, the network advertisement can launch to some specific target groups, even can do one-on-one directional issuance. According to the characteristics of different visitors, online advertising can be flexibly achieve time orientation, regional orientation, channel directional, thus fulfilling the consumer clear classified in a certain extent, guarantee the advertisement's arrival rate.
4. Biphasic and interactivity: the traditional advertising information flow is one-sided, namely enterprise launched what content, consumer can passively accept what content. While the mono-direction network advertisement breakthrough the limitations of both sides, realizing the supply and demand of information flow two-way interaction. Through the Internet advertising links, users can from the manufacturer of websites related to get more and more detailed information. In addition, users can pass AD position directly fill out and submit online form information, the manufacturer can always get precious user feedback information. Meanwhile, the network advertisement can provide further inquiries, convenient and product consumer interaction and communication.
5. Easy statistical and can be assessed sex: in traditional media advertising, it is difficult to know exactly how many people receive advertising messages. While Internet advertising different, can detailed statistical a website each page is being viewed total number, the number of each advertising is clicked, and even detailed, specifically every visitor statistics shows the access time and IP address. In addition, provide network advertising website can usually build user database, including users geographic distribution, age, gender, income, occupation, marital status, hobbies, etc. These statistics can help advertisers statistics and analysis the market and the audience, according to the characteristics of advertising target audience, pertinently put ads, and according to the user's characteristics of fixed-point launch and tracking analysis, the advertisement effect makes objective accurate assessment
Introduction With the rapid development of Internet network in the world changing and multifaceted. Internet with its cross-temporal, cross-regional, illustrated charismatic way of disseminating information, creating a huge market, online advertising has become one of the network derivatives. It is a symbiotic relationship, and network. Therefore, the
network also determines the future prospects of online advertising. Online advertising, mainly referring to the Internet as the carrier posted earnings of commercial advertising, aimed at inducing people's interest and behavior in order to sell their goods, services or ideas. It is the new century, new life, new social and economic wizard, and with it anew meaning to become anew focus.
1 BACKGROUND OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONLIN ADVERTISING Is the world'' s first online advertising in the United States in late 1994,at the time of the" hotline magazine"(Hotwired)published the now known as the "flag
ads"(banner)advertising network. Since then, online advertising has been widely recognized and developed rapidly worldwide, China is no exception. March
1997,Chinabyte site appears first commercial online advertising, marking the birth of online advertising. It quickly with its own unique advantages as the new darling of the media industry. June 1998Junior World Cup web coverage by 2million yuan regarding advertising revenue, online advertising has never done so many advertisers have the opportunity to try the unique nature of online advertising, a move greatly promoted China Internet advertising process.
2 DEVELOPMENT OF ONLIN ADVERTISING Online advertising become a great commercial potential media just around the corner. It goes without saying the advantages of online advertising, Web advertising seems to be no doubt that a better future. However, its current situation, it seems there hidden behind the online advertising boom. The most direct manifestation of this is to intercept all network advertising technology emerged and become very popular.3721''s Internet Assistant, Google Bar and msn and other technologies for the interception by the large number of Internet users use Microsoft windows XP sp2operating system release, the provision of ad-blocking feat of this move is the biggest role and influence that it sounded user needs a sense of global online advertising ban and bad forms of interception war. This is mainly due to the acceptance of Internet users for online advertising, there are many psychological barriers, the main manifestations：
（1）the low credibility of online advertising Combined with the previous survey, despite the Internet is central to access to information, but people trust the information on the Internet is far less than on trust in television and books. Correspondingly, the trust for
online advertising is not high. CNN Workers C survey, only 1.6%of Internet users expressed satisfaction with online ads. With 36.0%of Internet users that can not guarantee the authenticity of online advertising. Given the openness of the Internet, anyone can easily put in the online advertising network. Together through the personal Web sites and pages the low cost online advertising to make people run their own online advertising has become possible, it was impossible to authenticity and quality of online advertising for the identification. Furthermore, due to regulatory delays, although the state of television advertising management with clear rules, but online advertising is still no specific government-related institutions or professional management oversight means ads on the network the whole process from production to release a thorough track and monitoring. Some advertisers to seek improper interest, take the opportunity to send false and illegal advertising online, resulting in infringement, fraud consumer rights continue. This can be said online advertising on the Internet quite a mixed bag. This is our users on the Internet advertising the most dissatisfaction.
（2）mandatory to accept the phenomenon of online advertising Internet users naturally do not like ads, especially when they have no desire to buy. The site hopes to multiple ads, get more people to accept advertising, especially advertising in the larger proportion of their in come. This is a contradiction. In fact, Internet users are tired of Web ads intended rather heavy CNNIC survey for users of online advertising are most dissatisfied with the current option in the way that the impact of the ads to appear online activities of Internet users account for normal 34.3%.
（3）In the audience a great limitation on online advertising According to the latest statistics of China Internet Development Report data, China has about 26.5million Internet users, of which 24years of age accounted for 51.9%,and 30years of age accounted for 68.We all know that spending power is the strongest over the age of
30middle-aged people, while China is the composition of the network audience to young people and students as the main, these people are not society's major consumer groups, which led to the current Internet Advertising value is not high, difficult to compete with traditional media. Online advertising and radio and television is different, the Internet technology itself in a state of development never stop, the computer is constantly upgrading, coupled with alack of technical knowledge many people, so the Internet is not
yet belong to the mainstream media advertising. Such as the elderly, less educated people on the Internet can not be the main target audience, has become a blank area affected advertising communication. In addition, because security and privacy concerns, many people involved in online shopping activities hindered the enthusiasm of a number of small self-care of public fear is difficult to put online advertising business as a viable medium to look. Given online advertising network advertising this is the best media, but because many Internet companies and advertising operators in operation of the thinking stick to traditional media advertising to operate in Internet advertising, online advertising and neglect the direct interaction with inter-personal communication strengths and Many online advertising creative enough to make not only failed to make the information effectively to the audience, even with emotional resistance. This will not only lose the advantages of traditional media advertising, online advertising has once again fall into the quagmire.
3 ONLIN ADVERTISING TRENDS FORECAST Online advertising is still a new thing, although there were hot periods, but can not ignore the problems and difficulties, often can only be cautious, the mode of operation in network advertising, methods and direction less understood. Heat recovery at the back of online advertising should be more calm and think and act the way online advertising what? China's online advertising is still in its initial stage, the conditions should be improved. However, as there are still new things for a bright future, become the television, newspapers, radio, magazines and outdoor advertising force after another. At present it is a disorder to order, from the spontaneous development of the transition to the professional operation. Therefore, the enhanced online advertising effectiveness, norms, improve the online advertising market is imperative. First, the need for further standardization of online advertising, and improve its regulatory system. Second, to further improve the level of online advertising creative production. In addition, universal access requires extensive technical knowledge, to speed up the construction of the information industry, the public Internet to create a favorable external environment and so on.
网络广告
网络广告是发布在英特网和万维网上,为了吸引顾客提供市场信息的一种促销形式。网络广告的例子包括相关的广告在搜索引擎结果页，横幅广告，富媒体广告，社会网络广告，在线分类广告，广告网络，包括电子垃圾邮件的电子邮件营销。
网络广告是新兴的广告媒体，从1997年中国网络广告诞生，网络广告发展迅速，付费搜索广告成为网络广告新的增长点。与国外同类市场相比，中国网络广告市场依然落后不少，但市场潜力巨大。形式和创意落后，广告监管基本缺失，是中国网络广告市场存在的主要问题。以后，中国网络广告将向“双向互动”的方向发展，同时，与传统媒体的融合将进一步加强。
经过查阅资料，了解了网络广告的一些基本常识，掌握了网络广告的现状和发展趋势，网络广告的发展趋势是锐不可挡的。本论文指出了中国网络广告中存在的问题，提出了完善对网络广告科学化管理的方法。通过图表对中国网络广告的现状及发展趋势做了分析和总结。通过分析中国网络广告的市场特征，中国网络广告的现状，及存在的一些问题，解决问题的一些见解。网络广告的发展形势不可阻挡，是现代广告的继承和发展，成为新兴的广告媒体。
与传统广告相比的竞争优势：
网络广告的一个主要优点就是即时信息和内容发布，并且不受地域或时间的限制。为此，互动广告的新兴领域显现出对于广告新的挑战。
另一个优点就是广告客户的投资效益。网络广告允许广告定制，包括内容和发布网站。举例来说，AdWords和AdSense相关的网页上启用或预先选择的关键字的搜索结果除了显示广告。另一种是付款方式。无论是选择购买的变化，付款通常与观众的反应相对的。
购买方式的变化：
有三种最常见的网络广告购买方式是CPM，CPC和CPA。
CPM（每印象成本）广告客户对他们在信息暴露于特定的受众支付。每千次展示成本的价格每千次展示或广告负荷。然而，一些印象可能不被计算，如重载或内部用户操作。其中的缩写M是千罗马数字。
CPV（每个访问者成本）或（每查看成本中的弹出窗口和Unders的情况下）是广告客户为访问者提供有针对性的广告客户网站支付。
CPC（每次点击成本）也被称为每次点击（PPC）的缴款。每个广告客户支付的上市时间，并在用户点击被重定向到他们的网站。他们不实际支付的上市，但只有当该列表的点击量。这个系统允许广告专家对他们的搜索和完善市场获取信息。根据每次点击支付的价格体系，广告客户支付的权利下一个目标是丰富的话，直接上市的一系列相关流量的网站，只需支付其上市
时，其直接链接到他们的网站有人点击。CPC的不同之处在于无论用户进行到目标网站，每次都要点击支付。
CPA（每行动成本）或（每次获得费用）广告是表现为基础，并在有关业务部门的共同联盟营销。在此付款计划，发布者通吃的广告运行的风险，与广告客户只需支付金额为用户谁完成，如购买交易，或注册。这是最好的速度型向支付横幅广告及收费率最差的类型。同样，CPL（成本每线）广告是相同的广告和注册会计师是在填写表格的用户，申请电子报或其他行动，商家认为会导致转让登记为基础。也很普遍，CPO（每张订单的成本）是根据每个订单进行交易的时间。
每次转换的成本，获取介绍客户，一般是通过除以转换次数的广告活动的总成本计算成本。对“转换”的定义而有所不同的情况：它有时被认为是一种领先，一种销售或一种购买。
CPE（费用为参与）是一种费用为2008年3月首次推出行动的定价形式。从成本每千次展示费用或每次点击模式不同的是，一个CPE的模式意味着广告展示是免费的，广告客户只需支付当用户用自己的从事特定广告单元。接触是在任何定义多种方式的广告。
虽然，如上所述，网络广告大部分都有一个约定俗成的赞助商或广告的互动对于成本，也有一些其他的在线广告的方法，只需要一次性付款。百万美元的网页就是一个很成功的例子。参观者能够支付每个像素的广告空间，其广告只要1美元将继续在主页上的网站，不存在额外费用。
网络广告有以下几种类型：
浮动广告：广告是在移动用户的屏幕或以上内容浮动。
扩大广告：广告的尺寸变化和可能改变的网页的内容。
礼貌的广告：一个大广告，其中一小部分会在下载的方法，尽量减少破坏正在浏览的内容壁纸的广告：广告的改变正在浏览的网页背景。
伎俩横幅：横幅广告，像一个按钮的对话框的样子。它模拟一个错误消息或警报。
弹出：打开一个新窗口，在当前一个方面，显示一个广告，或整个网页。
弹出下：类似于弹出窗口，除了加载或发送背后当前窗口，以使用户不会看到它，直到他们关闭一个或多个活动窗口了。
视频广告：类似一个广告，但不是一个静态或动态图像，实际移动视频剪辑显示。
地图广告：从文字或图形链接，并在或以上，出现的位置上，如谷歌地图电子地图。
移动广告：一个短信或多媒体信息发送到手机。
此外，广告含有流媒体视频或流式音频与广告客户正变得非常流行。
电子邮件广告
合法的电子邮件广告或E - mail营销通常被称为“选择加入电子邮件广告”，以区别于垃圾
邮件。
会员营销
会员营销是一个由https://www.doczj.com/doc/b910342802.html,发明并于1994年被https://www.doczj.com/doc/b910342802.html,推出时优于联盟计划，联盟计划在1996年呼吁。线上零售商利用其低成本的方案，以产生品牌曝光率，并提供在同一时间小网站的方式来赚取一些额外收入。
内容相关广告
许多广告网络显示图形或文字广告只对应于互联网搜索的关键字或到其上的广告显示的网页内容。这些广告被认为是吸引用户的机会更大，因为他们往往都有一个与用户的搜索查询类似的情况。例如，一个“花儿”的搜索查询可能会返回一个花店的网站刊登广告。
另一种较新的技术是嵌入在其中是由广告商赞助的文章关键字的超链接。当用户如下链接，它们被发送到一个赞助商的网站。
行为定位
除了内容定位，网络广告可以针对一个用户的点击流过去的。例如，如果用户是已知的最近走访了汽车购物/比价网站基于点击流分析在用户的计算机上存储的Cookie的启用，该用户就可以送达汽车相关的广告，当他们参观人数等，非汽车网站。
广告和恶意软件
还有的广告可能被认为不道德，甚至非法的方法的类。这些措施包括外部应用程序的改变系统设置（如浏览器的主页），产卵弹出窗口，向非关联的网页，并插入广告。此类应用程序通常标记为间谍软件或广告软件。他们可能掩盖表演，如显示天气或提供一个搜索栏一个简单的服务，他们的可疑活动。某些程序得到有效木马。这些应用通常被设计，以便难以删除或卸载。对在线用户，其中许多人是不熟悉电脑，越来越多的观众往往缺乏知识和技术能力，以保护这些方案本身。
说到中国的网络广告和其发展，就不得不提互联网的发展，网络广告是随着互联网的发展，随着网络经济而发展起来的。网络广告形成于20世纪后期，互联网席卷世界上越来越多的人开始意识到网络的媒体功能，因此，“第四媒体”一词开始频繁出现在日常生活。虽然网络广告市场份额很小，但随着互联网的第四媒体传统媒体的发展，网络广告却变得不可忽视却。因为其增长速度远远超过了有关中国现有的网络广告和预期的发展趋势。
网络广告具有的主要特点是:
1广泛性和开放性:网络广告可以通过互联网把广告信息全天候、24小时不间断地传播到世界各地，这些效果是传统媒体无法达到的。另外，报纸、杂志电视、广播、路牌等传统广告都具有很大的强迫性，而网络广告的过程是开放的、非强迫性的，这一点同传统传媒有本质的不同。
2.实时性和可控性:网络广告可以根据客户的需求快速制作并进行投放，而传统广告制作成本较高，投放周期固定。而且，在传统媒体上做广告发布后很难更改，即使可以改动往往也需付出很大的经济代价，而网络广告可以按照客户需要及时变更广告内容。这样，广告主的经营决策变化就能及时实施和推广。
3.直接性和针对性:通过传统广告，消费者只能间接地接触其所宣传的产品，无法通过广告直接感受产品或了解厂商的具体运作和服务的提供。而网络广告则不同，只要消费者看到了所感兴趣的内容，直接单击鼠标，即可进入该企业网站，了解到业务的具体内容。另外，网络广告可以投放给某些特定的目标人群，甚至可以做到一对一的定向投放。根据不同来访者的特点，网络广告可以灵活地实现时间定向、地域定向、频道定向，从而实现了对消费者的清晰归类，在一定程度上保证了广告的到达率。
4.双向性和交互性:传统的广告信息流是单向的，即企业推出什么内容，消费者就只能被动地接受什么内容。而网络广告突破了这种单向性的局限，实现了供求双方信息流的双向互动。通过网络广告的链接，用户可以从厂商的相关站点中得到更多、更详尽的信息。另外，用户可以通过广告位直接填写并提交在线表单信息信息，厂商可以随时得到宝贵的用户反馈信息。同时，网络广告可以提供进一步的产品查询需求，方便与消费者的互动与沟通。
5.易统计性和可评估性:在传统媒体做广告，很难准确地知道有多少人接收到广告信息。而网络广告不同，可以详细地统计一个网站各网页被浏览的总次数、每个广告被点击的次数，甚至还可以详细、具体地统计出每个访问者的访问时间和IP地址。另外，提供网络广告发布的网站一般都能建立用户数据库，包括用户的地域分布、年龄、性别、收入、职业、婚姻状况、爱好等。这些统计资料可帮助广告主统计与分析市场和受众，根据广告目标受众的特点，有针对性地投放广告，并根据用户特点作定点投放和跟踪分析，对广告效果做出客观准确的评估。
随着互联网在全球变化和多面型英特网的迅速发展，它的跨时空，跨区域，图文并茂的方式传播信息的魅力，创造很大程度上的市场推广，网络广告已成为网络信息传播的重要途径之一.然而，网络也决定了网上广告的未来前景，主要指的是互联网为载体，张贴商业广告收入，在诱导人民代表的兴趣和行为，其目的是为了推销货物，服务或主题.它开创了新世纪，新生活，新的社会和经济向导，重新与它的含义重新成为焦点。
1网络广告发展的背景
世界上第一个网络广告1994年底诞生在美国。发表在“热线杂志”上。现在被称为“标志的广告”（横幅）网页广告.从此之后，网络广告已被广泛认可，并在世界范围内迅速发展，中国直到1997年3月才引进网络广告，天极网站会出现第一个商业网络广告，标志着它具有自己的独特优势，网络广告的公司诞生于1998年六月的世界杯时，200万人民币的网络广告收入方面报道的新宠儿，网络广告从未做过这么多的广告客户有机会尝试一下网络广告的独特性，此
举极大地推动中国网络广告的发展。
2 网络广告的发展
网络广告商业广告的发展成为很不错的功能就在于他们出现在网页的角落.不用说网络广告的优势和潜力媒体，网络广告似乎没有说改变未来.然而网络广告的目前形势，似乎有怀疑背后隐藏的网络广告的热潮.最明显体现了这一点就是拦截所有的网络广告技术的出现，这个技术变得很十分普遍.对于拦截了大量的互联网用户使用微软视窗上网助手，MSN和谷歌帖吧和其他技术XP的sp2操作系统的发布，广告拦截这一有力举动造成了很大的作用和影响力，这听起来用户需要全球网络广告禁令及拦截进行反击。这主要是由于互联网用户的接受在线广告,有许多心理障碍,主要表现：
(1)在上一次的调查中的信誉低下的网络广告,尽管互联网是获取信息中心,但人们对互联网上的信息的信任已是远远低于电视和书。与之相对应的,对网络广告的信任也与之下降。CNN工人调查,仅百分之1.6互联网用户网络广告表示满意。并且互联网用户中百分之36的用户不能保证网络广告的真实性。公开了英特网,任何人都可以很容易地增加在网络广告网络。并且通过个人的网络站点上的低成本网上广告赚取人自己开在线广告已成为可能,那是不可能的在线广告的真实性和质量鉴定。此外,由于监管延迟,虽然国家的电视广告管理有明确的规定,但是在线广告业务还没有具体的政府相关机构或专业管理监督意味着广告对网络的全过程跟踪生产释放彻底和监控。一些广告商牟取不正当利益,借此机会把虚假违法广告的在线,导致欺诈消费者权益的行为,继续。这可以说是在线广告的发展相当大杂烩。这是我们的用户的网络广告最不满。
(2)接受了这一现象强制性的网络广告的互联网用户自然不喜欢广告,特别是当他们不愿购买。网站希望多广告,让更多的人来接受广告,尤其是广告在较大的比例的中来。这是一个矛盾。事实上,互联网用户都厌倦了网站广告预期相当大的中国网络广告的用户调查最不满于现有的方式选择的影响出现在在线广告活动的正常34.3%互联网用户帐户。
(3)根据最新的统计中国互联网发展报告的数据，对于网络广告的观众有一定的限制,中国有大约26.5百万互联网用户,其中年龄24岁占百分之51.9,30岁左右的年龄占百分之68 . 我们都知道,在中国消费能力以30岁以上的人为主,而中国结构网络观众年轻人和学生为主体、这些人并不是社会的主要消费群体,使现有的互联网广告价值不高,与传统媒体无法比拟的竞争优势。网络广告和广播和电视是不同的,互联网技术的自己的发展态势:永远都不要停止,计算机在不断提升,加上技术知识许多人,所以因特网是不属于主流媒体广告。例如老人、受教育水平较低的人不能在互联网上的主要目标观众,已成为影响盲点广告传播。此外,由于安全以及个人隐私问题,许多人参与网上购物活动，给在线广告网络广告,这是最好的媒体,但因为许多网络公司,广告经营者在运行中思维坚持传统媒体广告运作,在网络广告,在线广告而忽略了协调沟通的优点和许多的在线广告创意,足以让不仅无法使这些信息最有效的观众,甚至与情绪的阻力。这不仅会失去的
传统优势媒体广告,在线广告再次陷入困境中。
3 网络广告市场趋势预测
网络广告仍然是一个新兴产物，虽然有热的时期，但不能忽视的问题和困难，往往只能谨慎，在网络广告，方法和方向理解的很少.在网络广告运作过热的背面应更加冷静，思维和行为方式的在线广告是什么？中国的网络广告还处于起步阶段，还需要不断地进行改善.然而，因为未来仍有新事物会出现，成为电视，报纸，电台，杂志和户外广告后还其他等等.在现在是不完善的制度下从各专业操作.因此过渡，加强网上广告的有效性，规范自发发展，完善的网络广告市场才能形成.首先，对网络广告的进一步标准化的需求，提高其监管系统.其次，进一步提高网上广告创意生产.在添加水平上，普及需要广泛的技术知识，加快建设信息产业，公共互联网创造一个良好的外部环境等等。
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
###大学 本科毕业设计（论文）文献综述 课题名称： 学院（系）： 年级专业： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 完成日期：
燕山大学本科生毕业设计（论文） 一、课题国内外现状 中厚板轧机是用于轧制中厚度钢板的轧钢设备。在国民经济的各个部门中广泛的采用中板。它主要用于制造交通运输工具（如汽车、拖拉机、传播、铁路车辆及航空机械等）、钢机构件（如各种贮存容器、锅炉、桥梁及其他工业结构件）、焊管及一般机械制品等［1~3］。 1 世界中厚板轧机的发展概况 19世纪五十年代，美国用采用二辊可逆式轧机生产中板。轧机前后设置传动滚道，用机械化操作实现来回轧制，而且辊身长度已增加到2m以上，轧机是靠蒸汽机传动的。1864年美国创建了世界上第一套三辊劳特式中板轧机，当时盛行一时，推广于世界。1918年卢肯斯钢铁公司科茨维尔厂为了满足军舰用板的需求，建成了一套5230mm四辊式轧机，这是世界上第一套5m以上的轧机。1907年美国钢铁公司南厂为了轧边，首次创建了万能式厚板轧机，于1931年又建成了世界上第一套连续式中厚板轧机。欧洲国家中厚板生产也是较早的。1910年，捷克斯洛伐克投产了一套4500mm二辊式厚板轧机。1940年，德国建成了一套5000mm四辊式厚板轧机。1937年，英国投产了一套3810mm中厚板轧机。1939年，法国建成了一套4700mm 四辊式厚板轧机。这些轧机都是用于生产机器和兵器用的钢板，多数是为了二次世界大战备战的需要。1941年日本投产了一套5280mm四辊式厚板轧机，主要用于满足海军用板的需要。20世纪50年代，掌握了中厚板生产的计算机控制。20世纪80年代，由于中厚板的使用部门萧条，许多主要产钢国家的中厚板产量都有所下降，西欧国家、日本和美国关闭了一批中厚板轧机（宽度一般在3、4米以下）。国外除了大的厚板轧机以外，其他大型的轧机已很少再建。1984年底，法国东北方钢铁联营敦刻尔克厂在4300mm轧机后面增加一架5000mm宽厚板轧机，增加了产量，且扩大了品种。1984年底，苏联伊尔诺斯克厂新建了一套5000mm宽厚板轧机，年产量达100万t。1985年初，德国迪林冶金公司迪林根厂将4320mm轧机换成4800mm 轧机，并在前面增加一架特宽得5500mm轧机。1985年12月日本钢管公司福山厂新型制造了一套4700mmHCW型轧机，替换下原有得轧机，更有效地控制板形，以提高钢板的质量。 - 2 -
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献译文及原文 学生：李树森 学号：201006090217 院（系）：电气与信息工程学院 专业：网络工程 指导教师：王立梅 2014年06月10日
JSP的技术发展历史 作者：Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates 来源：Servlet&JSP Java Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言—— server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。与SSJS和ASP相比，JSP具有更好的可扩展性，并且它不专属于任何一家厂商或某一特定的Web服务器。尽管JSP规范是由Sun 公司制定的，但任何厂商都可以在自己的系统上实现JSP。 在Sun正式发布JSP之后，这种新的Web应用开发技术很快引起了人们的关注。JSP为创建高度动态的Web应用提供了一个独特的开发环境。按照Sun的说法，JSP能够适应市场上包括Apache WebServer、IIS4.0在内的85%的服务器产品。 本文将介绍JSP相关的知识，以及JavaBean的相关内容，当然都是比较粗略的介绍其中的基本内容，仅仅起到抛砖引玉的作用，如果读者需要更详细的信息，请参考相应的JSP的书籍。 1.1 概述 JSP(Java Server Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡导、许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准，其在动态网页的建设中有其强大而特别的功能。JSP与Microsoft的ASP技术非常相似。两者都提供在HTML代码中混合某种程序代码、由语言引擎解释执行程序代码的能力。下面我们简单的对它进行介绍。 JSP页面最终会转换成servlet。因而，从根本上，JSP页面能够执行的任何任务都可以用servlet 来完成。然而，这种底层的等同性并不意味着servlet和JSP页面对于所有的情况都等同适用。问题不在于技术的能力，而是二者在便利性、生产率和可维护性上的不同。毕竟，在特定平台上能够用Java 编程语言完成的事情，同样可以用汇编语言来完成，但是选择哪种语言依旧十分重要。 和单独使用servlet相比，JSP提供下述好处： JSP中HTML的编写与维护更为简单。JSP中可以使用常规的HTML：没有额外的反斜杠，没有额外的双引号，也没有暗含的Java语法。 能够使用标准的网站开发工具。即使是那些对JSP一无所知的HTML工具，我们也可以使用，因为它们会忽略JSP标签。 可以对开发团队进行划分。Java程序员可以致力于动态代码。Web开发人员可以将经理集中在表示层上。对于大型的项目，这种划分极为重要。依据开发团队的大小，及项目的复杂程度，可以对静态HTML和动态内容进行弱分离和强分离。 此处的讨论并不是说人们应该放弃使用servlet而仅仅使用JSP。事实上，几乎所有的项目都会同时用到这两种技术。在某些项目中，更适宜选用servlet，而针对项目中的某些请求，我们可能会在MVC构架下组合使用这两项技术。我们总是希望用适当的工具完成相对应的工作，仅仅是servlet并不一定能够胜任所有工作。 1.2 JSP的由来 Sun公司的JSP技术，使Web页面开发人员可以使用HTML或者XML标识来设计和格式化最终
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the
四川理工学院毕业设计（文献综述）红外遥控电动玩具车的设计 学生：程非 学号：10021020402 专业：电子信息工程 班级：2010.4 指导教师：王秀碧 四川理工学院自动化与电子信息学院 二○一四年三月
1前言 1.1 研究方向 随着科技的发展，越来越多的现代化电器走进了普通老百姓的家庭，而这些家用电器大都由红外遥控器操控，过多不同遥控器的混合使用带来了诸多不便。因此，设计一种智能化的学习型遥控器，学习各种家用电器的遥控编码，实现用一个遥控器控制所有家电，已成为迫切需求。首先对红外遥控接收及发射原理进行分析，通过对红外编码理论的学习，设计以MSP430单片机为核心的智能遥控器。其各个模块设计如下：红外遥控信号接收，红外接收器把接收到的红外信号经光电二极管转化成电信号，再对电信号进行解调，恢复为带有一定功能指令码的脉冲编码；接着是红外编码学习，利用单片机的输入捕捉功能捕捉载波的跳变沿，并通过定时器计时记下载波的周期和红外信号的波形特征，进行实时编码；存储电路设计，采用I2C总线的串行E2PROM(24C256)作为片外存储器，其存储容量为8192个字节，能够满足所需要的存取需求；最后是红外发射电路的设计，当从存储模块中获取某红外编码指令后，提取红外信号的波形特征信息并进行波形还原；将其调制到38KHZ的载波信号上，通过三极管放大电路驱动红外发光二极管发射红外信号，达到红外控制的目的。目前，国外进口的万能遥控器价格比较昂贵，还不能真正走进普通老百姓的家中。本文在总结和分析国外设计的基础上，设计一款以MSP430单片机为核心的智能型遥控器，通过对电视机和空调的遥控编码进行学习，能够达到预期的目的，具有一定的现实意义。 1.2 发展历史 红外遥控由来已久，但是进入90年代，这一技术又有新的发张，应用范围更加广泛。红外遥控是一种无线、非接触控制技术，具有抗干扰能力强，信息传输可靠，功耗低，成本低，易实现等显著优点，被诸多电子设备特别是家用电器广泛采用，并越来越多的应用到计算机系统中。 60年代初，一些发达国家开始研究民用产品的遥控技术，单由于受当时技术条件限制，遥控技术发展很缓慢，70年代末，随着大规模集成电路和计算机技术的发展，遥控技术得到快速发展。在遥控方式上大体经理了从有线到无限的超声波，从振动子到红外线，再到使用总线的微机红外遥控这样几个阶段。无论采用何种方式，准确无误传输新信号，最终达到满意的控制效果是非常重要的。最初的无线遥控装置采用的是电磁波传输信号，由于电磁波容易产生干扰，也易受干扰，因此逐渐采用超声波和红外线媒介来传输信号。与红外线相比，超声传感器频带窄，所能携带的信息量少扰而引起误动作。较为理想的是光控方式，逐渐采用红外线的遥控方式取代了超声波遥控方式，出现了红外线多功能遥控器，成为当今时代的主流。 1.3 当前现状 红外线在频谱上居于可见光之外，所以抗干扰性强，具有光波的直线传播特性，不易产生相互间的干扰，是很好的信息传输媒体。信息可以直接对红外光进行调制传输，例如，信息直接调制红外光的强弱进行传输，也可以用红外线产生一定频率的载波，再用信息对载波进调制，接收端再去掉载波，取到信息。从信
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
I / 11 本科毕业设计外文翻译 <2018届） 论文题目基于WEB 的J2EE 的信息系统的方法研究 作者姓名[单击此处输入姓名] 指导教师[单击此处输入姓名] 学科(专业 > 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期[时间 ]
基于WEB的J2EE的信息系统的方法研究 摘要：本文介绍基于工程的Java开发框架背后的概念，并介绍它如何用于IT 工程开发。因为有许多相同设计和开发工作在不同的方式下重复，而且并不总是符合最佳实践，所以许多开发框架建立了。我们已经定义了共同关注的问题和应用模式，代表有效解决办法的工具。开发框架提供：<1）从用户界面到数据集成的应用程序开发堆栈；<2）一个架构，基本环境及他们的相关技术，这些技术用来使用其他一些框架。架构定义了一个开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发工程。 关键词：J2EE 框架WEB开发 一、引言 软件工具包用来进行复杂的空间动态系统的非线性分析越来越多地使用基于Web的网络平台，以实现他们的用户界面，科学分析，分布仿真结果和科学家之间的信息交流。对于许多应用系统基于Web访问的非线性分析模拟软件成为一个重要组成部分。网络硬件和软件方面的密集技术变革[1]提供了比过去更多的自由选择机会[2]。因此，WEB平台的合理选择和发展对整个地区的非线性分析及其众多的应用程序具有越来越重要的意义。现阶段的WEB发展的特点是出现了大量的开源框架。框架将Web开发提到一个更高的水平，使基本功能的重复使用成为可能和从而提高了开发的生产力。 在某些情况下，开源框架没有提供常见问题的一个解决方案。出于这个原因，开发在开源框架的基础上建立自己的工程发展框架。本文旨在描述是一个基于Java的框架，该框架利用了开源框架并有助于开发基于Web的应用。通过分析现有的开源框架，本文提出了新的架构，基本环境及他们用来提高和利用其他一些框架的相关技术。架构定义了自己开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发和事例工程。 应用程序设计应该关注在工程中的重复利用。即使有独特的功能要求，也
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文科技文献译文 译文题目(外文题目)学院(系)Socket网络编程的设计与实现A Design and Implementation of Active Network Socket Programming 机械与能源工程学院 专学业 号 机械设计制造及其自动化 071895 学生姓名李杰林 日期2012年5月27日指导教师签名日期
摘要：编程节点和活跃网络的概念将可编程性引入到通信网络中，并且代码和数据可以在发送过程中进行修改。最近，多个研究小组已经设计和实现了自己的设计平台。每个设计都有其自己的优点和缺点，但是在不同平台之间都存在着互操作性问题。因此，我们引入一个类似网络socket编程的概念。我们建立一组针对应用程序进行编程的简单接口，这组被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的接口，将在所有执行环境下工作。因此，ANSP 提供一个类似于“一次性编写，无限制运行”的开放编程模型，它可以工作在所有的可执行环境下。它解决了活跃网络中的异构性，当应用程序需要访问异构网络内的所有地区，在临界点部署特殊服务或监视整个网络的性能时显得相当重要。我们的方案是在现有的环境中，所有应用程序可以很容易地安装上一个薄薄的透明层而不是引入一个新的平台。 关键词：活跃网络；应用程序编程接口；活跃网络socket编程
1 导言 1990年，为了在互联网上引入新的网络协议，克拉克和藤农豪斯[1]提出了一种新的设 计框架。自公布这一标志性文件，活跃网络设计框架[2，3，10]已经慢慢在20世纪90 年代末成形。活跃网络允许程序代码和数据可以同时在互联网上提供积极的网络范式，此外，他们可以在传送到目的地的过程中得到执行和修改。ABone作为一个全球性的骨干网络，开 始进行活跃网络实验。除执行平台的不成熟，商业上活跃网络在互联网上的部署也成为主要障碍。例如，一个供应商可能不乐意让网络路由器运行一些可能影响其预期路由性能的未知程序，。因此，作为替代提出了允许活跃网络在互联网上运作的概念，如欧洲研究课题组提出的应用层活跃网络（ALAN）项目[4]。 在ALAN项目中，活跃服务器系统位于网络的不同地址，并且这些应用程序都可以运行在活跃系统的网络应用层上。另一个潜在的方法是网络服务提供商提供更优质的活跃网络服务类。这个服务类应该提供最优质的服务质量（QOS），并允许路由器对计算机的访问。通过这种方法，网络服务提供商可以创建一个新的收入来源。 对活跃网络的研究已取得稳步进展。由于活跃网络在互联网上推出了可编程性，相应 地应建立供应用程序工作的可执行平台。这些操作系统平台执行环境（EES），其中一些已 被创建，例如，活跃信号协议（ASP）[12]和活跃网络传输系统（ANTS）[11]。因此，不 同的应用程序可以实现对活跃网络概念的测试。 在这些EES 环境下，已经开展了一系列验证活跃网络概念的实验，例如，移动网络[5]，网页代理[6]，多播路由器[7]。活跃网络引进了很多在网络上兼有灵活性和可扩展性的方案。几个研究小组已经提出了各种可通过路由器进行网络计算的可执行环境。他们的成果和现有基础设施的潜在好处正在被评估[8，9]。不幸的是，他们很少关心互操作性问题，活跃网络由多个执行环境组成，例如，在ABone 中存在三个EES，专为一个EES编写的应用程序不能在其他平台上运行。这就出现了一种资源划分为不同运行环境的问题。此外，总是有一些关键的网络应用需要跨环境运行，如信息收集和关键点部署监测网络的服务。 在本文中，被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的框架模型，可以在所有EES下运行。它提供了以下主要目标： ??通过单一编程接口编写应用程序。 由于ANSP提供的编程接口，使得EES的设计与ANSP 独立。这使得未来执行环境的发展和提高更加透明。
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b910342802.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b910342802.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b910342802.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
毕业设计英文资料翻译 篇一：毕业设计(论文)外文资料与译文 大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文 姓名： 准考证号： 专业： 助学单位： 大连东软信息学院 Dalian Neusoft University of Information张校辉020*********项目管理大连东软信息学院继续教育学院外文资料和译文格式要求 一、装订要求 1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。 2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。 3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。 二、撰写要求 1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。 2、译文汉字字数不少于3000字。 三、格式要求 1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New
Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。 2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。 3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）译文”。 -1- -2- -3- 篇二：毕业设计外文资料翻译 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目静压轴承密封件的水压特性水泵和电机学院专业机械工程及自动化 班级 学生王道国 学号指导教师王栋梁 二〇一三年六月五日 济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译 静压轴承/密封件的水压特性水泵和电机。第1部分：理 论和实验
X 王 A山口 横滨国立大学工学部，日本横滨240-8501 XX年11月26日，在修订后的XX年2月25日收到XX 年3月7日接受 摘要 在这项研究中，磁盘型静压推力轴承的特性支承同心的负载，模拟的主要水液压泵和马达， 轴承/密封件。该轴承是由不锈钢，钢/不锈钢和不锈钢/塑料组成。通过研究作为载荷之间的关 系的特性进行评估容量，口袋压力，膜厚，泄漏流率。对于弹性材料的杨氏模量是一个非线性应 力作用在密封件上表面和压缩应变之间的关系。的承载能力所表示的比例流体静力平衡不是只依 XX Elsevier科学有限公司版权所有 关键词：静压推力轴承，喷嘴，不锈钢，热塑性弹性变形，承载能力，水液压泵和马达 1介绍 近年来，已经引起了水的液压系统主要的兴趣，因为他们的特点是用户友好和环 境安全。他们有很多优势，因为它们是无公害，无火灾造成风险，成本低，并提供高
Section 3 Design philosophy, design method and earth pressures 3.1 Design philosophy 3.1.1 General The design of earth retaining structures requires consideration of the interaction between the ground and the structure. It requires the performance of two sets of calculations: 1）a set of equilibrium calculations to determine the overall proportions and the geometry of the structure necessary to achieve equilibrium under the relevant earth pressures and forces; 2）structural design calculations to determine the size and properties of thestructural sections necessary to resist the bending moments and shear forces determined from the equilibrium calculations. Both sets of calculations are carried out for specific design situations (see 3.2.2) in accordance with the principles of limit state design. The selected design situations should be sufficiently Severe and varied so as to encompass all reasonable conditions which can be foreseen during the period of construction and the life of the retaining wall. 3.1.2 Limit state design This code of practice adopts the philosophy of limit state design. This philosophy does not impose upon the designer any special requirements as to the manner in which the safety and stability of the retaining wall may be achieved, whether by overall factors of safety, or partial factors of safety, or by other measures. Limit states (see 1.3.13) are classified into: a) ultimate limit states (see 3.1.3); b) serviceability limit states (see 3.1.4). Typical ultimate limit states are depicted in figure 3. Rupture states which are reached before collapse occurs are, for simplicity, also classified and
编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （原文） 院（系）：应用科技学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名：邓瑜 学号：0501120501 指导教师单位：应用科技学院 姓名：黄小能 职称： 2009年 5 月20 日
The Injection Molding The Introduction of Molds The mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticiting unit or other components of the processing equipment. Mold Material Depending on the processing parameters for the various processing methods as well as the length of the production run, the number of finished products to be produced, molds for plastics processing must satisfy a great variety of requirements. It is therefore not surprising that molds can be made from a very broad spectrum of materials, including-from a technical standpoint-such exotic materials as paper matched and plaster. However, because most processes require high pressures, often combined with high temperatures, metals still represent by far the most important material group, with steel being the predominant metal. It is interesting in this regard that, in many cases, the selection of the mold material is not only a question of material properties and an optimum price-to-performance ratio but also that the methods used to produce the mold, and thus the entire design, can be influenced. A typical example can be seen in the choice between cast metal molds, with their very different cooling systems, compared to machined molds. In addition, the production technique can also have an effect; for instance, it is often reported that, for the sake of simplicity, a prototype mold is frequently machined from solid stock with the aid of the latest technology such as computer-aided (CAD) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). In contrast to the previously used methods based on the use of patterns, the use of CAD and CAM often represents the more economical solution today, not only because this production capability is available pin-house but also because with any other technique an order would have to be placed with an outside supplier. Overall, although high-grade materials are often used, as a rule standard materials are used in mold making. New, state-of-the art (high-performance) materials, such as ceramics, for instance, are almost completely absent. This may be related to the fact that their desirable characteristics, such as constant properties up to very high temperatures, are not required on molds, whereas their negative characteristics, e. g. low tensile strength and poor thermal conductivity, have a clearly related to ceramics, such as sintered material, is found in mild making only to a limited degree. This refers less to the modern materials and components
毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES 抛光瓷砖 学院材料科学与工程 专业复合材料与工程 班级 学生 学号 指导教师 二〇一二年三月二十八日
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, 17(3), 401–413 (2002) POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES C. Y. Wang,* X. Wei, and H. Yuan Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Guangdong University ofTechnology, Guangzhou 510090, P.R. China ABSTRACT Grinding and polishing are important steps in the production of decorative vitreous ceramic tiles. Different combinations of finishing wheels and polishing wheels are tested to optimize their selection. The results show that the surface glossiness depends not only on the surface quality before machining, but also on the characteristics of the ceramic tiles as well as the performance of grinding and polishing wheels. The performance of the polishing wheel is the key for a good final surface quality. The surface glossiness after finishing must be above 208 in order to get higher polishing quality because finishing will limit the maximum surface glossiness by polishing. The optimized combination of grinding and polishing wheels for all the steps will achieve shorter machining times and better surface quality. No obvious relationships are found between the hardness of ceramic tiles and surface quality or the wear of grinding wheels; therefore, the hardness of the ceramic tile cannot be used for evaluating its machinability. Key Words: Ceramic tiles; Grinding wheel; Polishing wheel