《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲
第一部分英国文学
课程简介
本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。
课程重点章节简介：
第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学
1. <<贝尔武夫>>
2. 乔叟及其代表作
第二章: 文艺复兴时期
1. 文艺复兴的定义
2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗
3. 培根的代表作
第三章: 十七世纪英国文学
弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<失乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期
新古典主义
伤感主义
笛福及代表作
蒲伯及代表作
第五章: 浪漫主义时期
浪漫主义时期文学的特点
彭斯的创作特点及代表作
华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作
拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作
第六章: 维多利亚时期
维多利亚时期的文学特点
布朗蒂姐妹的代表作
第七章: 现代时期
现代主义文学
汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作
D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作
本课程重点和难点内容简介
第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学：
1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。
3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗”
第二章: 文艺复兴时期：
文艺复兴时期的时间界定
“文艺复兴”的名词解释
“人文主义” 的名词解释
莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题
哈姆雷特的性格分析
英语解释《论学习》中的句子
第三章: 十七世纪英国文学：
英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子
《失乐园》的主要内容和意义
《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析
第四章: 启蒙运动时期：
启蒙运动时期的界定
新古典主义的基本主张和特色
伤感主义的名词解释
《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析
蒲伯的《论批评》的主题
英文解释《论批评》
第五章: 浪漫主义时期：
浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点
彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作“红玫瑰”
华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌谣集》的重要意义
华兹华斯的诗歌特点
英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”中的句子
拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子
雪莱“西风颂” 的主题并用英语解释其中句子
第六章: 维多利亚时期
维多利亚时期的文学特点
艾米莉。布朗特的《呼啸山庄》的主题
夏洛特。布朗特的《简。爱》中简。爱的人物分析
第七章: 现代时期
现代主义文学的特点
哈代的代表作及写作特点
劳伦斯小说的主题及人物分析
四、课程内容疏理及应用领域、应用讲解方法
I. Old and Medieval Period
1．The Anglo-Saxon Period (5th century – 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of English )
Beowulf ：It is the first long poem in English, which is considered the national epic of the English people. Although Beowulf is a national epic of the English people, but it is a story of the Scandinavians
2.The Anglo – Norman Period
1)The most prevailing (主要的) of literature in the feudal England is Romance(骑士抒情诗).
名词解释：Romance
---------Romance is a literature form in middle English literature means a long composition in verse or prose form dealing with the life and adventures of a noble hero, generally a knight(骑士).The knights are unfailingly devoted to the king and the church. They are commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, involving in a large amount of fighting for their lords and always encountering romantic love affairs. In romances, loyalty to king and lord is repeatedly emphasized. Romance as a form of literature, is the upper class literature.
2) Geoffrey Chaucer –“the father of English poetry” and “the father of English fiction"
His masterpiece – Canterbury Tale is regarded as one of the monumental works in English literature.
论述题：
Briefly introduce the significance of Chaucer in his Canterbury Tale.
His contribution to English literature can be seen in two aspects:
a. Realism:
All kinds of people except the highest (king and the top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor laboring people) are represented by these 30 pilgrims. Besides being the typical representative of her or his own class, each character has her or his own individual qualities. Therefore it gives a true picture of Chaucer’s time.
b. Humanism:
He highly praises man’s energy, quick wit and love of life, thus he reveals his ideas of humanism.
His contribution to English language:
Ever since Norman Conquest, French and Latin were the languages used by the upper classes. Chaucer chose to use
the London dialect of his day in his masterpiece. In doing so, he did much in making the London dialect the standard for the Modern English speech.
II、The Renaissance Period (14th to mid-17th)
名词解释：
1、Renaissance :The word “Renaissance” means revival, especially between the 14th and mid-17th century, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers made attempts to get ride of conservatism (保守主义) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
2.Humanism: Humanism is both the keynote of the Renaissance and the intellectual liberation movement, associate with new attitude to ancient Greek and Latin literature. The humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the neeew feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.
3. Shakespeare
His plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romantic tragi-comedies. Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth
1). Hamlet,例题：
论述题：
What are the main themes in Shakespeare’s tragedies, and analysis the character- Hamlet.( What’s the theme of Hamlet? Analyze the image of Hamlet.)
His tagedies often portray some noble hero who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a diffult situation whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whloe nation. The heroes have some weaknesses in their characters, which finally lead to their tragic falls.
Shakespear puts forward the image of Hamlet as a humanist of the Renaissance. He has an unbounded love for the world, nature and man; he loves good, hates evil, and is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions, he shows a contempt for rank and wealth; he is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated; he is a scholar, soldier, and statesman. His image reflects the versatility of the man of the Renaissance. His weakness is his melancholy, but in spite of his melancholy and delay in action, Ham;et still retains his active energy. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries.
2）Sonnet 18
It is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, the poet holds that the poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves. A nice summer’s day is usually short, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poety.
3）Sonnet 29
In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.
记住这两首诗及注释。
例题：
1.“For thy sweet love rememb’red such wealth bring s,
That then I scorn to change my state with kings.”
Identify the poem and the poet.
What does the word “state” mean?
What is the poem about?
Answer:
Snonnet 29 by Shakespeare
Throne
In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.
4．Francis Bacon(1561 –1626) is regarded “Father of English Essays”.
He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than as a basis for obtaining knowledge.
His works : Advancement of Learning ，The great Instauration, New Atlantics, Essays(论说文集)
Of the 58 essays in Essays , “Of Study” is the better known and widely read. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.
记熟此文的名句及注释
例题：“some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some boo ks also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others;”
1).What does “curiously” mean?
2) What does “deputy” refer to?
3).From which essay does the above sentense come, what is the easy mainly about?
Answer:
1).carefully, attentively
2).person appointed to act for another
3).This essay is from Bacon’s “of studies”. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.
III. The Seventeenth Century
I John Milton
His major literary works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, all of which are based on the biblical legend.
记熟Paradise Lost选段及注释
例题：Give a brief comment on John Milton’s Paradis e Lost, and anaylze Satan, the hero in this poem. Answer: The poet points out at the beginning of the poem that the purpose of the epic is to “assert eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man.” However, the main idea of the poem shown by the i mage of Satan, is a revolt against the tyranny’s authority. The defiant spirit of Satan simply shows the proud and sombre political passions of the persecuted revolutionaries after Restoration. In the image of the first two human beings, Adam and Eve, Milton shows his belief in the power of man, and the love between Adam and Eve voices Milton’s own enthusiasm for humanistic elements.
Though the purpose of this poem is, in Milton’s words, to “ justify the ways of God to man”, yet as Satan tries to justify himself by posing as a rebel against tyrnny, Milton apparently unconsciously makes the devil serves as his own mouthpiece. In this part Satan tells his followers never to submit, but to fight for the bright future. The fiery utterance of Satan to his followers exposes Satan as a revolutionary who is against depression and tyranny and longing for freedom, and shows Milton’s intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of a bourgeois revolutionary. To Milton, the proud and sobre Saton represented the rebellious spirit against unjust authority.
IV. The Age of Enlightenment
名词解释：
1. Enlightenment
-------- It prevailed the whole 18th century. Its aim was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners put great emphasis on reason, equality and science. They insisted that reason should be the only and the final cause of any human thoughts and activities. They call for order, reason and rules. Moreover, they cherished universal education as an important means of enlightening human beings. They believed that human beings were limited, imperfect, and yet capable of reason and perfection through education. 2．Sentimentalism:
--------There were the writers and poets in 18th century who strove for something natural and spontaneous in thought and language. In their literature creation, emotions and sentiments began to play a leading part again. An interest in nature as well as natural relations between man and man was awaken in their literature creation.
3．简答题
What are the characteristics of Neoclassicism?
Answer: 书上P103。
4．Daniel Defoe
(1) He is regarded by many as the first true novelist, and his Robinson Crusoe has a claim to be the first English novel.
(2) The analysis of Robinson:
Robinson represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend to his will. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labour. Labour saves Robinson from despair and is a source of pride and happiness. He toils for the sake of subsistence, and the fruits of his labour are his own. His every voyage is connected with some commercial enterprise, eg: he labours for his own existence, but as soon as a native makes his appearance, Robinson assumes the role of a master. Here lies colonialism in germ. 5．Alexander Pope
.“Essay on Criticism” is didactic poem. It deplores the depth of true taste among the critics of his time, and tells the poets and critics how to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old Greek and Roman writers: go to nature, follow the ancient critics.
The excerpt in our textbook is taken from the second part of the long poem “Essay on Criticism”. It demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively.
记熟该诗及注释。
例题：those attain’d, we tremble to survey
The growing labours of the lengthen’d way,
Th’ increasing prospect tires our wand’ring eyes,
Hills peep o’er hills, and Alps on Alps
1). Identify the poem and the poet.
2). What does “survey” mean?
3). What does these lines imply?
Answer: 1) Alexander Pope’s. “Essay on Criticism”
2).find
It demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively.
V. The Romantic Period（这一章是重点章节，注意所选诗歌的注释及主题）
1.General features of Romanticism
这一部分可能出论述题或简答题（论述题要答约200个字，简答题50-80个字）参见书上P171-174。
例题：How is Romanticism different from the Neoclassicism?
Answer: 先论述Romanticism的特点P171-174，然后论述Neoclassicism特点P103-105。
I) Robert Burns
记熟“Red red rose”
例题（诗歌这种形式出这样的题比较多）：
“Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,
And the rocks melt wi’ the sun!
And I will luve thee still, my dear,
While the sands o’life shall run.”
(1) Identify the poem and the poet.
(2) Interpret the meaning of this stanza.
(3) From the characteristics of this stanza, we can deduce which period it belongs to.
Answer:
(1) Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”
(2) The theme of it is permanent love, which itself is deep, genuine and natural
(3) Romanticism
2) Wordsworth: the representative poet of passive romanticism, Poet Laureate(桂冠诗人) of England.
.The publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England.
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentio ned as the “Lake poets”.
记熟“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” 及注释、、主题
“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” is regarded as the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic belifs.
3）Byron:
(1) He created “Byronic Hero” in his works.
(2)“The Isles of Greece”
In this poem, the poet describes Greece with deep passion. He laments her fallen state and speaks of her foreman’s glory and power, her brave men and heroic deeds. With strong passion he tries to arouse the Greek people’s patriotic feelings so that they might rise against the Turkish invasion.
记熟“The Isles of Greece” 及注释
4）Shelley
“Ode to the West Wind” is one of the most prized of Shelley’s shorter lyrics.
In this poem, Shelly eulogizes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. The main theme of the poem is his call for political and social reform.
记熟“Ode to the West Wind” 及注释
5）The major novelists of the English Romantic Period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.
The Victorian Period(这一章着重于小说，注意小说的主题是什么，主角是谁，主角的人物分析)
1.Characteristics of this age:
1) an age of prose
Since the wide spread of education, the number of readers has increased and it is the age of newspapers, magazines, and modern novels.
Newspapers, magazines are about the world’s daily life, and novels are the most pleasant f orm of literature entertainment, as well as the most successful method of presenting modern problems and modern ideals.
2) an age emphasized the moral purpose
The prose seems to depart from the purely artistic standard of art for art’s sake and to be actua ted by a definite moral purpose, and the novel seems to sweep away error and to reveal the underlying truth of human life. So Victorian Age is emphatically an age of realism rather than of romance, which strives to tell the whole truth, showing moral and physical diseases as they are, and holding up health and hope as the normal conditions of humanity.
3) an age of doubt and pessimism
Because the scientific discovery and especially the Evolution give people a new conception of man and of the universe, it is customary to speak of this age as an age of doubt and pessimism.
Charles Dickens: He is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.
The theme of his novels
He has a serious intention to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. In his work, he attempts to call people’s attention to the existing social problem and thus bring about some reform or amelioration.P293
Oliver Twist: In this noval,Dickens gives a truthful presentation of the sufferance of the poor,and makes a complete exposure of the terrible conditions in the English workhouse of the time and the brutality and corruption of the oppressors under the mask of philanthropy.
1) The Brontes
Charlotte wrote The Professor and Jane Eyre, Anne wrote Agnes Grey., and Emily wrote Wuthering Heights.
The analysis of Eyre:
Eyre herself is Charlotte, little, long-suffering, shy, repressed, a smouldering volcano of passion beneath. This heroin represent the middle-class working woman who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being, moreover, Jane maintains that woman should have equal rights with woman. The novel severely criticized the limited options open to educated but impoverished women, and the idea that women "ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags." Jane's
passionate desire for a wider life, her need to be loved, and her rebellious questioning of conventions, also reflected Charlotte's own dreams. Jane is an "Ugly Duckling", who fulfills all the teenage romantic dreams of passion that breaks all obstacles.
VII．The 20th Century Literature
1. The major changes in attitude and technique in the modern novel:
1）The public values of the Victorian novel gave way to more personally conceived notions of value, dependent on the novelist own intuitions and sensibilities rather than on public agreement.
2）Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented by continuous flow in the consciousness of the individual, with a retrospect merging into anticipation.
3）“Stream-of-consciousness” became a important new technique of the English novel.
4）The theme of modern novels
The theme of modern fiction is the possibility of love, the establishment of a emotional communication in a community of private consciousness.
2．Thomas Hardy
Living at the turn of the century, Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern. As some people put it, he is intellectually advanced and emotionally tradition.
Novels
Under the Greenwood Tree (<<绿林荫下>>) 1872
Far from the Madding Crowd (远离尘嚣>>) 1874
The Return of the Native (<<还乡>>) 1878
The Mayor of Casterbridge (<<卡斯特桥市长>>) 1886
Tess of the D’Urbervilles (<<德伯家的苔丝>>) 1891
Jude the Obscure (<<无名的裘德>>) 1895
1. https://www.doczj.com/doc/b410332630.html,wrence
1) .Main Works
Sons and Lovers
Rainbow
Women in Love
Lady Chatterlay’s Lover
2) Sons and LoversSons and Lovers ( an autobiographical novel)
例题：Make an analyse of the theme of https://www.doczj.com/doc/b410332630.html,wrence’s work, and an analyse of Paul, the hero of “Sons and Lovers”. The theme of Hardy’s novels:
He believes that life impulse is the primacy of man’s instinct, and that any conscious repression o f such an impulse will cause distortion or perversion of the individual’s personality. In his novels, he traces the psychological development of his characters and criticizes the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He claims in his novel that the alienation of the human relationships and the perversion of human nature in the modern society were caused by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.
An analyse of Paul
Paul is always under the strong influence of his mother in affections, aspiration and mental habits, and sees his father with his mother’s eyes. He depends heavily on his mother’s love which help to make sense of the world around him. In order to becomes an independent man and a true artist he has to make his own decisions about his life and work, and has to struggle to become free from his mother’s influence. However, he is incapable of escaping the overpowering emotional bond imposed by his mother’s love, so he fails to achieve a fulfilling relationship with girls. Finally, Paul determined to face the unknown future.
第二部分美国文学
一、课程简介：
《美国文学》是英语专业在高年级开设的一门课程，包括美国文学简史与作家，作品介绍。史的部分在课程中做了简要的概述，作家作品部分有：作家的详细介绍；作品的内容提要；重点文选；注释。在教学中以讲授作品，作家介绍为主。
本课程的目的在与要学生掌握美国文学的基本主流，主要的文学流派，文学作品，以及各时期的代表人物及作品。
二、课程重点章节简介：
第一章：The Literature of Colonial America
Captain John Smith became the first American writer.
The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies who followed John Smith made their greatest contribution to American.
第二章：The Literature of Reason and Revolution
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
第三章：The Literature of Romanticism
Washington Irving
James Fenimore Cooper
Edgar Allan Poe
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry david Thoreau
Nathaniel Hauthorne
Herman Melville
第四章：The Literature of Realism
Walt Whitman
Emily Dickinson
Mark Twain
O. Henry
Theodore Dreiser
第五章：Twentieth-Century Literature
Ezra Pound
Robert Frost
Thomas Stearns Eliot
Scott Fetzgerald
Ernest Hemingway
William Faukner
三、本课程重点和难点内容简介
第一章：The Literature of Colonial America
重点：1.了解美国第一个作家的名字及作品名。
2．了解New England Literature 的概念
3．了解putitan thought的实质
第二章：The Literature of Reason and Revolution
1．了解本时期的历史背景，以及作家Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson的主要作品，以及他们在美国文学史上的地位及贡献。
第三章：The Literature of Romanticism
1. 了解Romanticism的概念
2. 对Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe , ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville这几位对美国文学做出了杰出贡献的作家，一定要对其姓名，作品，以及相关的文学评论有所了解。
第四章：The Literature of Realism
1.要重点熟悉女诗人Emily Dickinson( 了解其生平事迹，其诗歌特色，在美国文学史上的地位，以及她的代表作品)
2.小说家要重点了解Mark Twain及其作品和作品分析。
第五章：Twentieth-Century Literature
本部分要掌握的内容较多。
1. 要重点掌握的诗人包括：Ezra Pound(包括他的诗歌特色，他的诗歌理论，他与意象派诗歌的关系，他对现代诗歌的影响)。Robert Frost（包括他的诗歌分析，他的诗歌的含义以及风格）。Thomas Stearns Eliot（当代最伟大的诗人，他的诗歌理念，他的代表作品，以及为什么他在文坛上有如此高的地位等等）
2. 要了解的概念有“垮掉的一代”
3.要掌握的作家有：Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner对于这些现代派作家，大家要了解透彻。
四、本课程内容疏理及应用领域，应用方法讲解
The Literature of Colonial America Historical Introduction
At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the Unitd States had been probed only slightly by English and European ecplorers. The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguese.
The first permanent English settlement in Northe America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
The First American Writer
Captain John Smith became the first Amercian Writer.
Works:
1.“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Plant ing of That Colony”
Puritan Thoughts
Puritan thought includes:
Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.
The Puritans wished to restore simpkicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.
Putritans included people frome the humblest to the loftiest ranks of English society.they were thus zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others.
Pututans’ lives were disciplined and hard.
Putitan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of wrathful God and to forget His mercy.
第二章The Literature of Reason And Revolution Historical Inroduction
By the mid-eighteenth century colonial America was no longer a group of scattered, struggling settlements. It was a series of neighboring, flourishing colonies with rapidly expanding, mixed populations. The growth, particularly the industrial groowth, led to intense strain with England. In the seventies of the 18th century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their nother country. The War for Independence last for 8 years . the spiritual life in the colonies during that period was to a great degree moulded by the bourgeois Enlightenment.
Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)
Franklin is the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.
His best writing if found in his “Autobiography”.
Works: “The Autobiography”
Thoma Jefferson(1743-1826)
Works: The Declaration of Independence
Chapter III The Literature of Romanticism Historical Introduction
The attitudes of america’s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the ramantic traditions of Europe. A new romanticism had appeared in England in the last years of the wighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to america early in the nineteenth century.
Romantic values were prominent in american plitics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War.
Transcendentalism
Nationalism
America, from the early 1800s to the Civil War, was la land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. The age had rejected the ruined promise and stale wisdom it saw in eighteenth-century rationalism Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but the excesses and conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody Civil War.
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
He was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure.
In his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and t he first great American juvenile literature.
He was among the first of the moderns to write good his story and biography as literary entertainment.
Works: “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus”, “ A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”, “ V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus”.
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
The first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.
Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga.
Works: “The Pilot”, “Leatherstocking Tales” “The Deerslayer”, “ The Last of the Mohicans” , “ The Pathfinder”. Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)
熟悉其诗歌作品
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, and he was recongnized throughout his life as the leader of the movement.
Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance. He admired courage and he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.
Works: “Nature”, “ The American Scholar”, “ The Divinity School Address”
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
“Moby Dick”:
The Story: (教材p219)
Chapter 4 The Literature of Realism Walt Whitman
熟悉其诗歌作品，并能分析
Eemily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson wrote her whimsical, daring verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a dococratic or popular poet.
Emily’s greatedt outpouring of poems occurred in the early 1860s.
her poems are short, many of them being based on a single mage or symbol. But within them she writes about some the most omportant things in life. She wortes about love and a lover, whom she wither never rally found or else gave up. She writes about nature. She writes about mortality and immortality. She wortes about success, which she thought she never achieved, and about failure, which she considered her constant companion.
Her poety is read today throughout much of the world and yet its exact wording has not been completely dermined, nor have its arrangement and punctuation.Since Emily never prepared her poems for publication, one of the betterest battles in American literary history has been fought over who should publish and edit what she wrote. However, regardless of details or conflicts, there is no doubt that the solitary Miss Dicknson of Amherst, Massachusetts, is a Writer of great power and beauty.
熟悉其诗歌作品，并能分析。
Mark Twain
了解其主要作品“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” 的故事梗概。
了解其主要作品的名称。
O．Henry(1862-1910)
了解其主要作品的名称，了解”The Cop and the Anthem” 的主要内容
Henry James
了解其主要作品的名称。
Jack London
了解其主要作品的名称。
Theodore Dreiser
了解其主要作品的名称。
Chapter Twentieth-Century Literature Historical Introduction
In 1900 the American arts were poised on the brink of a turbulent modernity.
In the years preceding World War I , nineteenth-century realism and naturalism remained vital forces in American literature.
The growth of mass-circulation periodicals created a rich marketplace for popular writers.
Writers of the forst postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation.” Devoid of faith and alienated form a civilization. Yet in the decade of the 1920s American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights. The publication in 1922 of T.S.Eliout’s “ The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, hekped to establish a modern tradition os leterature rich with learning and allusiove thought. In 1920 Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of American small-town provincialism in “Main Street”. And in the same year Theodore Drerse r bagan writhing his masperpiece of naturalism, “ An American Tragedy” (1925); F.Scott Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the decade in his short stories and in his novel “The Great Gatsby” (1926). Ernest Hemingway wrote “ The Sun Also Rises” (1926) and “ A Farwell to Arms” (1929), and william Faulkner published one of themost influential American novels of the age, “ The Sound and the Fury” (1929).
After the First World War a group of new American dramatists emerged, and the American theatre ceased to be wholly dependent on the dramatic traditions of Europe.Plays by “ advanced” dramatists won large audiences and drew widespread critical acclaim. Early in the 1920s the most prominent of the new American playwrights, Eugene O’Neill, established an international reputation with such plays as “The Emperor Jones” (1920), “Anna Christie” (1921) and “The Hairy Ape”(1922).
With the end of the decade came the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Cataclysmic events that shattered public complacency and transformed American society. American artists of all kinds produced works of political and social criticism.
The social wpheavals and the leterary concerns of the Great Depression years ended with the prosperity and turmoil broght by the Second World War. After the war a new generation of American authors appeared, writing in the skeptical, ironic tradition of the earlier realists and naturalists. The writers of the fifties used a prose style modeled on the works of Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, narrative techniques derived from William Faulkner, and psychological insights taken from the writing of Sigmund Freud and his followers. In the 1960s and 1970s America’s prose writers turned increasingly to experimental techniques, to absurd humor, and to mocking examination of the irrational and the disordered.
Ezra Pound (1885--1972)
了解其主要作品的名称和其文学理论的大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响。
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
了解其主要作品的名称和其文学理论的大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响，要知道怎样分析书中的诗歌作品，尤其是“The Road Not Taken” and “ Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888--1965) 了解其生平
主要作品
了解其文学理论的大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响。
获诺贝尔文学奖的作品和时间。
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896--1940)
了解其主要作品“The Great Gatsby”大概内容以及其对现代文学的影响。
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)
了解其生平
主要作品
作品意义
文风
文学地位
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
主要作品
作品意义
文风
4. 文学地位
最新关于英美文学 关于英美文学的 摘要：在诸多历史、社会、文化、政治、经济、生活方式、地域、宗教、价值观等因素差异下，英美文学作品势必出现千姿百态的形式和文学风格，只有深刻地理解上述因素对于英美文学著作的影响作用，才能够透析英美文学著作的实质，才能更好地理解英美文学著作中机智隽永的内涵。 关键词：历史文化;英美文学 一、历史与文化差异影响下英美文学著作所具有的特点 (一)历史与文化差异影响下英国文学著作的特点 英国文学源远流长，经过了漫长的时间和时代的演变。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对英国文学产生着影响。英国文学是对于当时社会环境的一种映衬与写照。文学内部遵循自身规律，历经不同历史阶段。如盎格鲁-萨克逊史诗《贝奥武甫》;中古英国文学著作时期，代表作乔叟(Chaucer)的《坎特伯雷故事集》;文艺复兴下的莎士比亚代表作《威尼斯商人》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《哈姆雷特》《暴风雨》等;新古典主义下的英国文学著作，浪漫主义时期，华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》;现实主义下的英国文学著作时期，代表作为夏洛蒂勃朗特的《简爱》，哈代的《德伯家的苔丝》，大作家查尔斯狄更斯的
《大卫科波菲尔》《远大前程》《双城记》;现代主义下的英国文学著作康拉德的《黑暗的心脏》(1899)。语言和风格的标新立异是英国现代派的最大特点。战后英国文学代表作约翰福尔斯的《法国中尉的女人》大致呈现从写实到实验和多元的走势。从厚重的文学底蕴出发，英国文学著作发展到今天正在朝着百家争鸣、百家齐放的方向发展。 (二)历史与文化差异影响下美国文学著作所具有的特点 美国的文学历史与美国资本主义的发展如影随形，虽然早期的文学著作隐约还有英国文学的痕迹，随着美国资本主义的民主与自由的不断演绎升华，美国的文学著作也大放异彩，形成了美国民族的特有色彩。多歌颂平民文化，褒扬以追求民主自由个人幸福为中心的美国精神。美国文学先后经历了殖民地文学著作时期，如托马斯潘恩写于1774年的《美国的非洲奴隶》;浪漫主义文学著作时期，如在库珀的《皮袜子故事集》中，在描写印第安人部落的灭亡的过程中，表现了正直、勇敢的美国早期移民开疆拓土传播美国文明的艰辛历程;批判现实主义文学著作时期，如马克吐温的代表作《哈克贝利费恩历险记》。从资产阶级民主自由平等人道主义出发，以同情的笔墨描写出黑人奴隶的悲惨生活，愤怒地谴责了奴隶主残暴虐待黑人的恶行，无情地鞭挞了美国早期的奴隶及种族歧视制度。德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》描写劳动
英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，
英国文学 Alliteration:押头韵repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母） Allegory:寓言a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Allusion:典故a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype:原型 Irony:反讽intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated Black humor:黑色幽默 Metaphor: 暗喻 Ballad: 民谣about the folk loge Epic:史诗in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学is a popular literary form in the medieval England./Chivalry Euphuism: 夸饰文体This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons. Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。The Faerie Queene Conceit:奇特的比喻is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. 不像的事物 Sonnet: 十四行诗a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. Blank verse: 无韵体诗written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Elegy 挽歌 The Heroic Couplet:英雄对偶句 Lyric:抒情诗is a short poem that expresses the poet’s thoughts and emotion or illustrates some life principle. often concerns love. A red, red Rose. Byronic Hero: refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Stream of Consciousness:意识流the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique. Renaissance:文艺复兴14-15th, originated in Italy, encouraged the reformation of the Church and humanism. Humanism: 人文主义it is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Metaphysical poetry:玄学派诗歌it is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With the rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple. John Donne, George Herbert. The Enlightenment Movement:启蒙运动18th century flourished in France. Enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. reason, rationality, equality and science and universal education. John Dryden, Alexander Pope. Neoclassicism:新古典主义17-18th centuries of classical standards of standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson. Sentimentalism:感伤主义18世纪60-80年代，came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners i n social reality. use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence. The Graveyard School: 墓畔派whose poems are mostly devote to sentimental lamentations or meditation on
Chapter I The Renaissance Period Definitions of the Literary Terms: 文艺复兴时期的界定 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. 历史文化背景It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to emb race the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "reviva l," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoverie s in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expa nsion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in whic h the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that e xpressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. 文艺复兴到英国比较晚的原因The Renaissance was slow in reaching Englan d not only becaus e o f England?s separation from the Continent but also be cause of its domestic unrest. It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England. With Henry VII I?s encouragement the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduc ed classical literature to England. 15th century, began the English Renaissa nce, which was perhaps England?s Golden Age, especially in literature. 人文主义H umanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient author s and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its consci ous, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on s uch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new l earning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, b ut the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists fou nd in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see th at human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was thei rs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizin g the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the bea uty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wond ers. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimi lation.
英美文学选读-阶段测评4 成绩：30分 一、Multiple Choice 共40 题 题号: 1 本题分数:2.5 分 ( )is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th—century “stream—of—consciousness” novels and the founder of psychological realism. A、Theodore Dreiser B、William Faulkner C、Henry James D、Mark Twain (P498.para.2)亨利.詹姆斯是美国现实主义文学大师，他的作品往往涉及美国之外的主题，其作品的风格是“心理活动”。被誉为20世纪美国意识流文学的先驱。 标准答案：C 考生答案：D 本题得分：0 分 题号: 2 本题分数:2.5 分 Closely related to Dickinson’s religious poetry are her poems concerning( ),ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death. A、love and nature B、death and universe C、death and immortality D、family and happiness （P518para2）迪金森的诗歌涉及宗教和爱情两方面，而其涉及宗教的诗歌往往是以死亡和永恒为主题的，所以答案是C。 标准答案：C 考生答案：A
1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .
British Writers and Works The Anglo-Saxon Period ●The Venerable Bede 比得673~735 ?Ecclesiastical History of the English People 英吉利人教会史 ●Alfred the Great 阿尔弗雷得大帝849~899 ?The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 盎格鲁—萨克逊编年史 The Late Medieval Ages ●William Langland 威廉·兰格伦1332~1400 ?Piers the Plowman 农夫比埃斯的梦 ●Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340(?)~1400 ?The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人 ?Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ?The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 ?The House of Fame声誉之宫 ●Sir Thomas Malory托马斯·马洛里爵士1405~1471 ?Le Morte D’Arthur亚瑟王之死 The Renaissance ●Sir Philip Sydney菲利普·锡德尼爵士1554~1586 ?The School of Abuse诲淫的学校 ?Defense of Poesy诗辩 ●Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599 ?The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历 ?Amoretti爱情小唱 ?Epithalamion婚后曲 ?Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林·克劳特回来了 ?Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌 ?The Faerie Queene仙后 ●Thomas More托马斯·莫尔1478~1535 ?Utopia乌托邦 ●Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根1561~1626 ?Advancement of Learning学术的推进 ?Novum Organum新工具 ?Essays随笔 ●Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗·马洛1564~1595 ?Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝 ?The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人 ?The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧
美文学这门科目庞大之极，堪称英本自考之最。自己一个人看那么厚的一本书，不用说能不能看下来，能记住多少实在不好说！ 我在复习的时候，总结了一些规律，与大家分享，望对你有用，帮你顺利通过！ 1.题型分析： 一般来讲，肯定是这种类型：a.单项选择题（40道，40分） b.引文简析（无非就是问问作者是谁，出自哪个作品，主题意象什么的，4道，16分）c.简答题（4道，24分）d.论述题（无非就是分析加读后感，20分） 经验：你应该可以看出来了，重点当然是单选了，分数大，又好得分，实在不行还可以蒙。建议尽可能把书看一遍，但不要看作者生平，那肯定不会考。有个印象就可以了，不用去背，如果你汉语文学功底好，可以省去不少时间。 2.比例分析 据本人统计，历年来英美文学的国考试卷中英国文学占52%，美国文学占48%。（2003年4月例外，其中英国部分58%）其中，可以看出 单选题：前22题肯定为英国部分，其余为美国部分。 大题部分：基本上是一人一半，各占50% 经验：书上共652页，英国411页，美国241页。英国作家共38位，美国15位。其中，美国部分中，诗歌作品也比较少，比较好确认。结论：死学美国，顺带英国。 3.内容分析 历年命题的趋势逐渐由课文内容向选读作品转移，选读的比重越来越大。 经验：课文内容作到大体了解，但要特别重视作家艺术特色。选读部分加大力度，多注意书上的注释及选文大意和某些细节，尽量作到能用英语复述。实在不行，也至少作到能用汉语复述。 4.真题解析及预测 自学考试的一大特点就是重复率高，所以历年试题是必惫的复习材料，不可缺少。有人说：“一套真题等于3套模拟题！”这话绝对没错。所以要花大力气在上面。记得我考那回就有一道10分大题和前一年的一模一样。 注：马克吐温的《哈克贝里费恩历险记》的分析在2000~2002年中，连续考了三次。 经验：注意历年真题，尤其是去年的。去年的10分大题大致如下： a.《傲慢与偏见》中的三种婚姻 b.《白鲸》选文作品复述几分析象征意义。 ================================================ 4月14日]投机取巧教你过英美文学[压题篇] 本文是投机取巧过英美文学的最后一篇，收录北京市2004年4月10日英美文学考试的试题(除选择题外)，是我在北京自考论坛处网友处所得，特此对提供帮助的朋友表示感谢。 二、1、Thomas Gray：Elegy in the Country Churchyard的第一段 2、Yeats的Down by the sallen garden，考的是他俩站在河边，那个女孩*在他肩头，他觉得自己年轻懵懂，而且泪流满面。 3、Emyly Bronte的Whuthering Heights里面Hethcliff在他lover临死之前的那段表现，还问了narrator 是谁 4、Emlily Dikinson的I Heard a Fly Buzz--When I died，问那个blue Buzz是什么意思
1.Charles Dickens is a great writer in the ___ A__. ? A. Victorian Age B. Renaissance ? C. Romantic period D. 20th century 2.The early inhabitants in the island we now call England were _B __. ? A. Celts B. Britons ? C. Britain D. English 3. In 55 B. C., Roman troops led by _A__ invaded Britain. ? A. Julius Caesar B. Claudius ? C. King Alfred the Great D. William 4.The Roman occupation in Britain lasted for about __C___ years. ? A. 200 B. 300 ? C. 400 D. 500 5.Old English came into being by the _D___ century. ? A. 4th B. 5th ? C. 6th D. 7th 6. In __B__ Britain became a Roman province. ? A. 55 B. C. B. 43 A. D. ? C. 410 A. D. D. 787 A. D. 7.The Anglo-Saxon period ended in _D___. ? A. 1017 B. 1042 ? C. 1016 D. 1066 8. _A__ is an early English poem about the life of the gleeman. ? A. “Deor’s Lament” B. “The Wife’s Complaint” ? C. “The Husband’s Message” D. “The Seafarer” 9. __C__ is an early English poem about love. ? A. “Deor’s Lament” B. “Widsith” ? C. “The Husband’s Message” D. “The Seafarer” 10. __B__ is an early English poem about the adventures of the sea. ? A. “Deor’s Lament” B. “The Wanderer” ? C. “The Husband’s Message” D. “Beowulf” 11. __D__ is the representative work of the early English literature. ? A. “Deor’s Lament” B. “The Wanderer” ? C. “The Husband’s Message” D. “Beowulf” 12. Grendel is a monster described in __C____. ? A. “Deor’s Lament” B. “Widsith” ? C. Beowulf D. “The Seafarer” 13.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years in Britain, and in __D___, all the Roman troops went back to their continent and never returned. ? A. 55 B. C. B. 78 A. D. ? C. 400 A. D. D. 410 A. D. 14.__C__ is the first important religious poet in English literature. ? A. John Donne B. George Herbert ? C. CaedmonD. Milton 15.When we speak of the old English prose, the first name that comes into our minds is
英美文学 玄学派：是指17世纪英国文坛出现的一个独特的诗歌流派。英国诗人约翰·邓恩是这个流派的代表人物，他因在诗歌中精妙地运用“奇喻”的比喻手法而蜚声文坛。它们往往以精致典雅的形式表现情感与观念的矛盾，把古典主义的性情与浪漫主义的风骨很好地融合到了一起。骑士文学盛行于西欧，反映了骑士阶层的生活理想。骑士精神和道德是上层社会的贵族文化精神，它是以个人身份的优越感为基础的道德与人格精神，但它也积淀这西欧民族远古尚武精神的某些积极因素。 三联剧：在古希腊悲剧创作中，有一类悲剧均由三部分组成，每部分即能独立存在，各部之间又有紧密联系。这种剧合则为一，分则为三，代表作家为埃斯库罗斯。 文艺复兴：是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。 人文主义：是文艺复兴核心思想，是新兴资产阶级反封建的社会思潮，也是资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。它肯定人性和人的价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，要求人的个性解放和自由平等，推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。 七星诗社：是16世纪中期法国的一个文学团体，是由七位人文主义诗人组成的文学团体。他们中以龙沙和杜贝莱最著名。七星诗社的诗人们从事过各种创作，他们的诗声望很高，但他们的主要贡献却是对于法语改革的主张。 狂飙突进运动：是18世纪德国文学界的运动，是文艺形式从古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时的阶段，也可以说是幼稚时期的浪漫主义。但其中心代表人物是歌德和席勒，歌德的《少年维特的烦恼》是其典型代表作品，表达的是人类内心感情的冲突和奋进精神。 伤感主义：１８世纪后期欧洲资产阶级启蒙运动中的一种文艺思潮，也称为“主情主义”。该派的得名，源与英国作家斯特恩的小说《在法国和意大利的感伤的旅行》。该派作家崇尚感情，把感情看的高于“理性”，因而强调文学的主要任务是细致刻画任务的心理动态和描写人物的不幸遭遇，以便唤起读者在感情上的同情和共鸣，表达出对当时贵族阶级的理性主义和古典主义的反抗。伤感主义把个人主义和主观幻想的因素带进文艺，代表作家有英国的斯特恩，理查逊，法国的卢梭（如《忏悔录》《遐想录》），伏尔泰，德国的歌德，里希特，海涅等等。 “梅塘集团”是十九世纪法国文坛由以左拉为核心的六位作家组成的文学创作团体。因在巴黎郊外左拉的梅塘别墅为主要活动场所而得名。一八七O年开始的普法战争，法国战败，被
英美文学史名词解释 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century, the literary device of "interior monologue" was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creations. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud 's theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the "stream of consciousness" method of novel writing. The striking feature
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are