中国矿业理学院2008级应用数学系毕业论文外文翻译
第七届国际战略管理会议
从全球危机中复苏：面板研究
摘要
当前全球经济危机起源于2008年的美国金融市场，快速传播并横跨全球几乎所有的部门，导致大多数国家的经济萎缩。这次危机表明出在世界经济中的不确定性和造成不稳定首先在金融市场后，即真正的市场。在发达国家首先开始的经济衰退已经处在临界水平，发展中国家以及全球的发展虽然倒退，但国家间在达成共识，联合采取预防措施，以度过世界经济危机。金融和经济危机已引起负面影响投资渠道，因为投资者削减他们的投资，从而在发展中国家引发大量失业。
在这项研究中，我们调查的投资率和实际人均国内生产总值使用双向面板之间的关系估计这项技术发展的政策产生重大影响。我们的样本包括35个依据世界银行的分析的中等偏上收入经济体，研究周期从1970年至2007年。
关键词：全球经济危机的影响，投资，经济增长，面板数据分析。
2011年由Elsevier公司的摘录审查并出版，属于第七届国际战略的管理会议
1 绪论
2008年世界经济危机起源于美国的金融市场，由于美国金融市场是一个网络中心的互连几乎所有国家的金融系统，世界金融危机蔓延非常迅速。金融和经济危机已经引起负投资渠道的影响，因为投资者削减他们的投资，因此在发展中国家国家引发大量失业。投资政策的一个重要手段，在减少负面金融危机的影响。因此，在这项研究中，我们专注于投资工具，与危机抗战。
一本名为“促进增长和可持续发展的全球投资”的书，提出经合组织投资委员会的重点是投资可持续增长和减少贫困。根据此书，中国和俄罗斯联邦其表现已经显着改善，因为它们选择与委员会合作。它提名了俄罗斯以及与经合组织成员国签署投资和双重征税协定的其他国家。同样，在此书中，中国已经成为世界的一个集中吸引外国直接投资的目的地[1]。
高投资率是国家的实际国内生产总值在内生增长理论中的重要项目[2]。许多实证研究的表明，投资率和GDP增长之间存在着强烈的正相关率。高投资率，有助于提高国民福利。因此，它成了许多学者的研究重点，其中包括寻找渠道，以改善这些国家的投资率。许多决策者和经济学家在调查经济增长的决定因素后都表示外国直接投资和固定资产投资作为促进经济增长的来源。为了预测投资作为一个关键因素影响经济增长率，如Solow（1956年）和Swan（1956年）做了研究，重点投是资经济增长的冲击[3]。
在凯恩斯主义和后凯恩斯模型中，投资是调节总需求和生产能力的重要工具。按照后凯恩斯需求驱动的模型，投资在决定运行增长率中起着关键作用。根据凯恩斯理论，储蓄的决定因素和投资的决定因素不同。期望与实际成本之间的差额资本和资本边际效率是投资的关键因素[4]。本论文的结构如下：第二节回顾了结论性的经济增长与投资率之间的关系。第三节本文采用了详细的实证分析，并包括有关面板单位根检验和面板估计技术的方法。第四节介绍实证结果。第五节总结研究。
2 文献回顾
在这项研究中，其重点是投资在实际国内生产总值的份额，而不是外国直接投资（FDI ）的实证分析。然而，有关的外国直接投资以及国内投资在本节中作了详细回顾，因为外国直接投资流入也用于投资的资金重要来源构成，同时，外国直接投资可以促进国内投资国内产业的承前启后[5]
Levine 和Renelt （1992年）的研究表明，投资率和国内生产总值增长之间存在着很强的正相关关系[6]。Alfaro （2003年）的研究发现，外国直接投资流量对经济增长有不同的效果的影响。进入基础产业的外国直接投资流入量往往对经济增长是负面影响，而在制造业的外国直接投资流入量在47个国家产生了积极影响。Choe （2003年）的研究表明，外国直接投资的格兰杰因果关系导致经济增长。然而，国内投资对经济增长没有格兰杰因果关系，但经济增长在1971-1995年的80个国家里对GDI 有强劲的格兰杰因果关系[7]。
Tang ，Selvanathan 和Selvanathan （2008年）的研究重点是1988年至2003年中国的外国直接投资，国内投资，经济增长之间的相互关系。他们发现，国内投资和经济增长是双向关系，而外国直接投资与国内投资和外国直接投资对经济增长则是单向关系[8]。
Gutierrez 和Solimano （2007年）的研究强调，总要素生产率的在决定产出增长上比投资加投资是更重要的过渡稳定状态。据Gutierrez 和Solimano （2007年）的研究，财政赤字，财政紧缩，金融结构是决定投资决策的关键因素[4]。
3 计量经济模型和数据
3.1 数据
我们调查投资率对经济增长的影响。为此，方程（1）估计为双向固定效应估计。
t i t i t i v INV GROWTH ,,1,+?+=βα (1) 我们用（GROTH ）表示人均国内生产总值的增长速度，投资在实际人均国内生产总值的份额用（INV ）表示。所有的变量都指定对数形式和在第一顺序的差异，以获得固定的变量。每年在原来的基础上收集1970年至2007年的35个国家和地区的数据。数据收集来自Penn world table 6.3。论文中数据处理还要用到E views 6.0[9]。
在本研究中选择的国家包括：阿尔巴尼亚，阿尔及利亚，安提瓜和巴布达，阿根廷，博茨瓦纳，巴西，保加利亚，智利，哥伦比亚，哥斯达黎加，古巴，多米尼加，斐济，加蓬，格林纳达，伊朗，牙买加，黎巴嫩，利比亚，毛里求斯，墨西哥，纳米比亚，帕劳，巴拿马，秘鲁，罗马尼亚，塞舌尔，南非洲，圣基茨和尼维斯，圣露西亚，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯，苏里南，土耳其，乌拉圭，委内瑞拉。
3.2 计量方法
受制于第一代面板单位根检验，以调查存在单位根的影响该序列的要约。几个标准已用于适当的滞后长度的选择。滞后在这些标准是最低级的长度是确定的。在研究过程中用到了施瓦茨准则。
3.2.1 面板单位根检验
为了确定该序列是否有单位根，我们使用IM ，Pesaran 和Shin （2003）的测试（简称IPS ），Maddala 和Wu （1999）（简称MW ）第一次提出由费舍尔型式试验的再开发（2001），和Levin ，Lin 和Chu （2002）（简称LLc ）测试。
第一代面板单位根检验，分析了基于面板单位根检验的属性假设数据是独立
同分布（i.i.d ）横跨单个序列。
在一般情况下，这种类型的面板单位根检验是基于以下回归：
t i t i t i t i u Z Y Y ,,1,,+?+?=?-γβ (2) 其中i = 1,2，...，N 为单个序列，对每个t= 1,2，...，T 时间序列观测是可用的，t i Z ,是确定性成分和，t i u ,是误差项。这种类型的零假设是对于i ?有0=i ρ。
有限责任公司测试允许单个的确定性效应和异构序列的异质性错误的假设均匀的一阶自回归参数的相关结构。Levin ，Lin 和Chu （2002）假设N 和T 趋于无穷大，但T 以更快的速度增加，所以N/T →0[10]。他们认为每个时间序列包含了对替代品的单位根假设每个时间序列的平稳。因此，模型（2），有限责任公司承担均匀个体，即自回归系数ββ=i ，和测试的零假设：0:0==ββi H 对替代：ββ=i A H :p0对所有的i 。有限责任公司结构的分析规定如下：
it
j t i ij pj j i t i i i t i u Y Y Y +??+?+?+=?-=-∑,11,,φτδβα (3)
i= 1，...，N t= 1，...，T ，其中τ是趋势，αi 是个别的影响，it u 被认为是独立分布跨个别因素。公司估计这个使用汇集的最小二乘回归。在这个回归确定性成分是一种异质性的，因为滞后系数的重要来源因变量的限制是所有成员的同质面板[11]。
其他的测试，IPS （2003）测试允许残差序列相关性和动态异质单位之间的误差方差。IPS 的假说可以指定如下：
0:0==ββi H ββ=i A H :p 0对所有的i
另一种假设，允许一些个个别序列（但不是全部）有单位根。IPS 的计算独立的单位为N 截面单位根检验。IPS 的定义为他们的T-酒吧统计简单的个人的
ADF 统计，i t ，平均为无效：∑==N
t i
N t t 1/ 据推测，i t 是独立同分布的和有限的均值和方差和E （i t ），V AR （i t ）计算蒙特卡洛模拟[12]。其他测试Maddala 和Wu （1999年）考虑两者的不足有限责任公司和IPS 的框架，并提供一个替代的测试策略[11]。MW 的基础上在每个截面单位的单位根检验统计量的p 值的组合。[13]
3.2.2.估计
3.2.2.1.双向固定效应模型固定效应模型
可以表述为
it i it it x y εαβ++?= （4） 其中i α为所有观察到的效果，它是特定组中的常数项的回归模型。i α等于在α?i z 回归。如果i z 是观测到的，但与it X 相关，然后β系数是有偏见的和不一
致的假设（下）
0)(=it u E ；2
2)(σ=it u E 对所有的i ；0)(=?-s jt it u u E 对所有的s ≠0且i ≠j 。
it t i it it X y εγαβα+++?+=0 （5）
（5）式可双向固定效应控制模型为不可测量时间制定不变之间，单位与单位不变的时间段之间差异差异。该模型既包括个人的具体影响i α和特定时期的影响γt[14]
3.3。实证结果
表1显示面板单位根检验的结果，不容许存在截面依赖变量的实际国内生产总值及人均投资增长率人均实际国内生产总值的份额。根据表1所示的结果，所有的面板单位根检验失败拒绝所有35个国家的非平稳的实际人均国内生产总值的空。在这种情况下，我们可以使用第一在日志中获得固定的实际人均GDP 的差异。结果如表1所示表明，所有试验拒绝在第一个区别在实际人均GDP 存在的非平稳日志。因此，我们说的实际人均GDP 变量的单位根过程。同样，表1显示的结果，所有测试都拒绝非平稳的投资在日志中的第一个区别。因此，无论是实际人均国内生产总值和投资是固定的在日志中的第一个差异的变量。 表1 面板单位根检验（1970-2007年）
类别 LLC IPS ADF PP
RPGDP 6.13（1.00） 6.82（1.00） 45.06（0.99） 32.47（1.00） DLRPGDP -22.4（0.00）* -22.9（0.00）* -22.4（0.00）* -613.0（0.00）* DLINV -3.90（0.00）* -5.17（0.00）* -139.81（0.00）* -137.90（0.00）* 根据作者的计算结果
注：概率值，括号中的报告。*表示在5％的显着性水平拒绝空。“算子D 是差分算子。L 为变量的对数。 表2。截面和时期（1970年至2007年）固定效应试验效果测试统计
效应测试 统计结果 净化因数 结果 交叉区域F 检验 1.997046 （34,1223） 0.0006 交叉区域卡方检验 69.972013 34 0.0003 时段F 检验 1.846898 （36，1223） 0.0018 时段卡方检验 68.555528 36 0.0009 交叉区域及时段F 检验 1.920300 （70,1223） 0.0000 交叉区域及时段卡方检验 135.042265 70 0.0000 根据作者的计算结果
表2显示截面和固定效应期间测试的结果。我们估计使用双向固定效应估计的经济增长和投资之间的关系。用双向固定效应模型，将给予可靠的结果，因为两个交叉的概率值F 与的F 统计量之间的显着性水平为小于0.05（或等价地，5％）
表3 双向固定效应模型结果
因变量：人均国内生产总值（GROTH ）的增长速度
方法：面板最小二乘
系数 t 变化率 数据误差 结果 C 常数 0.018 8.419 0.00 0.00 INV 0.054 5.347 0.00 0.00
根据作者的计算结果
表3列出了从面板估计技术获得的实证结果。如表3显示，投资系数为5％的水平时在统计学意义上是积极的。结果表明，投资在统计学意义上对经济增长作出了积极的贡献。系数为0.054，可以解释为10个增加投资率将导致0.54％的比例的经济增长率。因此，我们可以说，投资是促进经济增长的一个重要手段。
4。结论
金融和经济危机已经在投资渠道上引起了负面作用，因为投资者削减他们在发展中国家国家的投资而引发失业。投资策略的一个重要方面，在于减少危机的负面影响。在这项研究中，我们因此把重点放在了投资工具上一起更好的挑战危机。此外，在凯恩斯主义和后凯恩斯主义投资模型中，投资是对社会总需求和生产能力的重要的调节工具。据后凯恩斯主义的需求驱动模型，在确定中期考察增长率中投资起着至关重要的作用。
为了这个目标，我们在投资率和经济增长之间的双向关系上建立固定效应模型，其中包括将两个横截面和周期的影响假设加以固定。这项研究涵盖1970-2007年间的中上等收入国家的样本进行计量面板研究。所以，我们的结论是，投资率在35个中等偏上收入国家的经济增长中似乎作出积极回应。
在这种背景下，国家重视投资激励，将有更多的优势增加经济增长的方式。因此，投资在保持中长期增长中起到了关键作用。
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.
哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文） 英文原文（原文也可以直接将PDF版打印） ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量？ 本文：2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年，信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中，首先他们未能发现问题，导致安然和世通破产；其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑，但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍，然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起（错综复杂）的来源：1）和信贷质量相关的信息；2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据，我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式，在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc10096500.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc10096500.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材