侵权责任法
Tort Liability Law
第一章一般规定
General Provisions
第一条为保护民事主体的合法权益，明确侵权责任，预防并制裁侵权行为，促进社会和谐稳定，制定本法。
In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of civil subjects, clarify the tort lability, prevent and punishtortious conduct, and promote the social harmony and stability, this Law is formulated.
第二条侵害民事权益，应当依照本法承担侵权责任。
本法所称民事权益，包括生命权、健康权、姓名权、名誉权、荣誉权、肖像权、隐私权、婚姻自主权、监护权、所有权、用益物权、担保物权、著作权、专利权、商标专用权、发现权、股权、继承权等人身、财产权益。
Those who infringe upon civil rights and interests shall be subject to the tort liability according to this Law.
“Civil rights and interests” in this Law include the right to life, right to health, right to name, right to reputation, right to honor, right to portrait, right of privacy, marital autonomy, guardianship, ownership, usufruct, security interest, copyright, patent right, exclusive right to use a trademark, right to discover, equities, right of succession, and other personal and property rights and interests.
第三条被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。
The victim of a tort (infringed) shall be entitled to require the tortfeasor to assume the tort liability.
第四条侵权人因同一行为应当承担行政责任或者刑事责任的，不影响依法承担侵权责任。
Where a tortfeasor shall assume the administrative liability or criminal liability due to the same conduct, it shall nevertheless bear the tort liability according to law.
It shall not prejudice the tort liability the tortfeasor shall assume.
因同一行为应当承担侵权责任和行政责任、刑事责任，侵权人的财产不足以支付的，先承担侵权责任。
Where the tortfeasor shall bear the tort liability and administrative liability or/and criminal liability and its property is not enough for payment, the tort liabilityshall prevail.
Where the assets of a tortfeasor are nor adequate for payment for the tort liabilityand administrative liability or criminal liability for the same conduct, the tortfeasor shall first assume the tort liability.
第五条其他法律对侵权责任另有特别规定的，依照其规定。
If other laws have other specific provisions toward tort liability, such provisions shall govern.
Where any other law provides otherwise for any tort liability in particular, such special provisions shall prevail.
第二章责任构成和责任方式
Chapter 2 constitution and mode of liability
第六条行为人因过错侵害他人民事权益，应当承担侵权责任。
The actor infringing other person’s rights and interests with liberation shall bear the tort liability.
One who is at fault for infringement on civil rights and interests of another person shall be subject to the tort liability.
根据法律规定推定行为人有过错，行为人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。
Where an actor is presumed to have fault according to law, and cannot prove its own innocence, it shall bear the tort liability.
One who is at fault as construed according to law and cannot prove otherwise shall be subject the tort liability.
第七条行为人损害他人民事权益，不论行为人有无过错，法律规定应当承担侵权责任的，依照其规定。
Where an actor harm the rights and interests of others, no matter where it has fault, if the laws stipulate that such actor shall bear the tort liability, such provisions shall be applied.
One who shall assume the tort liability for infringement upon civil rights andinterests of another person, whether at fault or not, as provided by law, shall be subject to such legal provisions.
第八条二人以上共同实施侵权行为，造成他人损害的，应当承担连带责任。
Where more than two persons conduct tort act together and cause damage to others, they shall bear the tort liability together.
Where two or more persons jointlycommit a tort, causing harm to another person, they shall be liable jointly and severally.
第九条教唆、帮助他人实施侵权行为的，应当与行为人承担连带责任。
Where a party tell or help others to conduct tort acts, it shall bear the tort liability together with the actor.
One who abets or assists another person in committing a tort shall be liable jointly and severally with the tortfeasor.
教唆、帮助无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人实施侵权行为的，应当承担侵权责任；该无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人未尽到监护责任的，应当承担相应的责任。
Where a party tell or help a party with no capacity for civil acts or restricted capacity for civil acts to conduct tort acts, it shall bear the tort liability; if the guardian of the party with no capacity or restricted capacity for civil acts fails to fulfill its guardian duties, it shall bear corresponding liability.
第十条二人以上实施危及他人人身、财产安全的行为，其中一人或者数人的行为造成他人损害，能够确定具体侵权人的，由侵权人承担责任；不能确定具体侵权人的，行为人承担连带责任。
Where more than two parties conduct acts that is probable to harm the personal or property security of others, and the acts of one party or certain parties cause damage to others, if the very tortfeasor can be determined, the tortfeasor shall bear the tort liability; if the very tortfeasor cannot be determined, the actor or actors shall the tort liability.
Where two or more persons engage in a conduct that endangers the personal or property safety of another person, if only the conduct of one or several of them causes harm to anotherperson and the specific tortfeasor can be determined, the tortfeasor shall be liable; if the specific cannot be determined, all of them shall be liable jointly and severally.
第十一条二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，每个人的侵权行为都足以造成全部损害的，行为人承担连带责任。
Where more than two parties conduct tort acts respectively and cause the same damage, and the tort act of each party is able to result in the whole damage, the actors shall bear the tort liability together.
Where two or more persons commit torts respectively, causing the same damage, and each tort is sufficient to cause the entire harm, the tortfeasorshall be liable jointly and severally.
第十二条二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，能够确定责任大小的，各自承担相应的责任；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担赔偿责任。
Where more than two parties conduct tort acts respectively and cause the same damage, if the degree （seriousness）of liability of each party can be determined, they shall bear their corresponding liability respectively; if the degree is hard to be determined, they shall evenly assume the compensatory liability.
第十三条法律规定承担连带责任的，被侵权人有权请求部分或者全部连带责任人承担责任。
Where the law stipulates that the liability shall be borne jointly and severally, the infringed is entitled to demand the partial or whole of the tortfeasors to bear the tort liability.
第十四条连带责任人根据各自责任大小确定相应的赔偿数额；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担赔偿责任。
The parties who shall bear liability together shall specify the amount of damages according to their own degrees of liabilities; if the degrees of liabilities cannot be determined,
The damages amounts corresponding to the tortfeasors who are jointly and severally liable shall be determined according to the seriousness of each tortfeasor; if the seriousness of each tortfeasorcannot be determined, the tortfeasor shall evenly assume the compensatory liability.
支付超出自己赔偿数额的连带责任人，有权向其他连带责任人追偿。
The party who pays over the amount of its damages has the right to request the others for compensation.
A tortfeasor who has paid an amount of damages exceeding its contribution shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the other tortfeasors who are jointly and severally liable.
第十五条承担侵权责任的方式主要有：
The modes of tort liabilityshall include:
（一）停止侵害；cession of infringement
（二）排除妨碍；removal of obstruction;
（三）消除危险；elimination of danger
（四）返还财产；return of property
（五）恢复原状；restoration to the original status
（六）赔偿损失；compensation forlosses
（七）赔礼道歉；apology
（八）消除影响、恢复名誉。Resuming reputation elimination of consequences and restoration of reputation
以上承担侵权责任的方式，可以单独适用，也可以合并适用。
The modes of tort liability above may be adopted individually or
collectively(jointly).
第十六条侵害他人造成人身损害的，应当赔偿医疗费、护理费、交通费等为治疗和康复支出的合理费用，以及因误工减少的收入。造成残疾的，还应当赔偿残疾生活辅助具费和残疾赔偿金。造成死亡的，还应当赔偿丧葬费和死亡赔偿金。
One who infringes on another person, causing personal damage, shall compensate medical fee, healthcare fee, traffic fee and other reasonable expenses paid for curation and health resumation and the reduced income due to unable to work. If the victim is rendered disabled, the actor shall compensate the disability life assistance fee and disability damages. If the victim is rendered dead,
Where a tort causes any personal injury to another person, the tortfeasor shall compensate the victim for the reasonable costs for treatment and rehabilitation, such as medical treatment expenses, nursing fees and travel fees, as well as the lost wages. If the victim suffers any disability, the tortfeasor shall also pay the costs of disability assistance equipment for the living of the victim and the disability
indemnity. If it causes the death of the victim, the tortfeasor shall also pay the funeral service fees and the death compensation.
第十七条因同一侵权行为造成多人死亡的，可以以相同数额确定死亡赔偿金。
Where more than one person are rendered dead due to the same tort, the death damages may be determined at the same amount.
Where the same tort causes the deaths of several persons, a uniform amount of death compensation may be determined.
第十八条被侵权人死亡的，其近亲属有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。被侵权人为单位，该单位分立、合并的，承继权利的单位有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。
Where the infringed is rendered dead, its close relative is entitled to demand the tortfeasor to bear tort liability. If the infringed is a unit and the unit is separated or merged, the successor unit (the unit succeeding to the rights of the victim) has the right to demand the tortfeasor to bear the tort liability. 被侵权人死亡的，支付被侵权人医疗费、丧葬费等合理费用的人有权请求侵权人赔偿费用，但侵权人已支付该费用的除外。
Where the victim is rendered dead, the one who paid the medical treatment fees and funeral services fees for the victim is entitled to demand the tortfeasor to bear the tort liability, unless the tortfeasor has already paid the fees.
Where a tort causes death to the victim, those who have paid the medical treatment expenses, funeral service fees and other reasonable expenses for the victim shall be entitled to require the tortfeasor to compensate them for such expenses, unless.
第十九条侵害他人财产的，财产损失按照损失发生时的市场价格或者其他方式计算。
Where the property of another person is infringed, the loss for property shall be calculated at the market price at the time the loss occurs or in other manners.
Where a tort causes any harm to the property of another person, the amount of loss to the property shall be calculated as per the market price at the time of occurrence of the loss or calculated otherwise.
第二十条侵害他人人身权益造成财产损失的，按照被侵权人因此受到的损失赔偿；被侵权人的损失难以确定，侵权人因此获得利益的，按照其获得的利益赔偿；侵权人因此获得的利益难以确定，被侵权人和侵权人就赔偿数额协商不一致，向人民法院提起诉讼的，由人民法院根据实际情况确定赔偿数额。
Where the tortfeasor infringes upon personal rights and interests of another person, causing property losses, the amount of compensation shall be determined according to
the losses; if the losses are hard to be determined and the tortfeasor obtains
benefit therefrom, the amount shall be determined in light of the obtained interests; if the obtained interests are difficult to be determined, and the victim cannot reach a consensus about the amount of compensation with the tortfeasor and brings a suit to the court, the amount shall be determined according to (based on) the practical circumstances by the court.
Where any harm caused by a tort to a personal right and interest of another person give rise to any loss to the property of the victim, the tortfeasor.
Actual situations
第二十一条侵权行为危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人可以请求侵权人承担停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。
Where a tort endangers the personal and property safety of another person, the victim may require the tortfeasor to bear the tort liabilities including but not limited to cession of infringement, removal of obstruction, elimination of danger, etc.第二十二条侵害他人人身权益，造成他人严重精神损害的，被侵权人可以请求精神损害赔偿。
Where one infringes upon the personal rights and interests of another person and cause serious mental damage(inflicts a serious mental distress on the victim), the victim may request mental damage indemnity.
第二十三条因防止、制止他人民事权益被侵害而使自己受到损害的，由侵权人承担责任。侵权人逃逸或者无力承担责任，被侵权人请求补偿的，受益人应当给予适当补偿。
Where one is infringed due to preventing or stopping the civil rights and interests of others from being damaged, the tortfeasor shall bear the tort liability. If the tortfeasor escapes or is unable to bear the liability and the victim demand compensation, the beneficiary shall give appropriate compensation.
Where one sustains any harm as a result of preventing or stoppingthe infringement upon civil right or interest of another person, the tortfeasor shall be liable for the harm.第二十四条受害人和行为人对损害的发生都没有过错的，可以根据实际情况，由双方分担损失。
Where neither the victim nor the actor is at fault for the damage, both of them may share the damages based on the actual situations.
第二十五条损害发生后，当事人可以协商赔偿费用的支付方式。协商不一致的，赔偿费用应当一次性支付；一次性支付确有困难的，可以分期支付，但应当提供相应的担保。
The parties may consult each other about the method of payment of the compensation after the infringement. If they cannot reach a consensus, the compensation shall be paid once and for all(in a lump sum); if it is truly difficult to pay once and for all, the payment may be made ininstallment but a corresponding security shall be provided.
第三章不承担责任和减轻责任的情形
Chapter 3 circumstances of exempting and reducing liabilities
第二十六条被侵权人对损害的发生也有过错的，可以减轻侵权人的责任。
Where the victim is also at fault for the damage, the liability of the tortfeasor may be reduced (diminished).第二十七条损害是因受害人故意造成的，行为人不承担责任。
Where the damage is caused out of the victim’s deliberation, the actor shall be free of the liability.
The tortfeasor shall not bear liability for any damage intentionally caused by thevictim.
第二十八条损害是因第三人造成的，第三人应当承担侵权责任。
Where the damage is caused by a third party, the third party shall bear the tort liability.
第二十九条因不可抗力造成他人损害的，不承担责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Where the damage is caused duet to force majeure, no one shall bear the liability. If the laws otherwise provide, such provisions shall be applied.
第三十条因正当防卫造成损害的，不承担责任。正当防卫超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，正当防卫人应当承担适当的责任。
Where the damage is caused due to justifiable defense, the actor shall not bear the liability. If the protection exceeds the necessary extent and cause damage that would not have, the person shall bear appropriate liability.
No liability shall be borne for damage arising fromjustifiable defense. A person who acts in ju stifiable defense shall bear appropriate liability for undue damages arising from justifiable defense that exceeds the necessary limit.
第三十一条因紧急避险造成损害的，由引起险情发生的人承担责任。如果危险是由自然原因引起的，紧急避险人不承担责任或者给予适当补偿。紧急避险采
取措施不当或者超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，紧急避险人应当承担适当的责任。
Where the damage is caused due to urgent evasion of danger, the one causing the danger shall bear the liability. If the danger is caused due to natural reasons, the one evading the danger shall not bear the liability or give appropriate. If the person takes inappropriate measures to evade danger or exceeds necessary extent, causing damage that would not have, the actor shall bear appropriate liability.
For damage arising from emergency avoidance of danger, the person giving rise to such danger shall bear liability. If such danger arises from natural factors, the person who undertakes emergency avoidance of danger shall not bear liability, or shall appropriately pay compensation. The person who undertakes emergency avoidance of danger shall bear appropriate liability if inappropriate measures are taken for such avoidance or if themeasures taken exceeds the necessary limit, resulting in undue damages.
第四章关于责任主体的特殊规定
Particular provisions concerning the Subject of liability
第三十二条无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，由监护人承担侵权责任。监护人尽到监护责任的，可以减轻其侵权责任。
Where a person with no or restricted capacity for civil acts causes harm to others, the guardian of the personshall bear the tort liability. If the guardian fulfills its duty of guardian, the tort liability may be diminished.
For damages caused by a person with no or limited capacity for civil conduct, their guardian shall bear tort liability. The tort liability of the said guardian may be diminished if they have fulfilled their guardianship obligation.有财产的无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，从本人财产中支付赔偿费用。不足部分，由监护人赔偿。
Where a person with no or restricted capacity for civil acts who owns assets causes harm to others, the compensation shall be paid from its own asset. The inadequate part shall be paid by the guardian of the person.
For damages caused by a person with no or limited capacity for civil conduct who owns assets, compensation shall be made from the said assets. Any shortfall in compensation shall be made by their guardian.
第三十三条完全民事行为能力人对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害有过错的，应当承担侵权责任；没有过错的，根据行为人的经济状况对受害人适当补偿。
Where a person with full capacity for civil acts is at fault for damages of others arising from its unconscienceness or losing control, the person shall bear the tort liability; if the person is not at fault, appropriate compensation shall be paid to the victim in light of the economic situation of the actor.
If a person with full civil capacity causes any damage from a temporary loss of consciousness or control through his wrongdoing, he shall bear tort liability. If there is no wrongdoing, compensation shall appropriately be made to the victim by the tortfeasor on the basis of the tortfeasor’s economic status.
完全民事行为能力人因醉酒、滥用麻醉药品或者精神药品对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
One with full capacity for civil acts shall bear tort liability for damages of others arising from its unconcienceness or losing control, as a result of drinking alcohol, abusing medicine.
If a person with full civil capacity causes any damage from a temporary loss of consciousness or control due to drinking or abuse of narcotic drugs or psychotropicsubstances, they shall bear tort liability.
第三十四条用人单位的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由用人单位承担侵权责任。
Where a worker of an employer causes harm to another person due to executing its task, the employer shall bear the tort liability.
If an employee causes damage to others in carrying out a work task, the employing organization shall bear tort liability.
劳务派遣期间，被派遣的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务派遣的用工单位承担侵权责任；劳务派遣单位有过错的，承担相应的补充责任。
Where, in the work assigning period, the assigned worker causes harm to another person due to executing its task, the employer receiving the assigned workers shall bear the tort liability; if the employer assigning the workers is at fault, it shall bear the corresponding supplementary liability.
While dispatching labor, if the dispatched employee causes damage to others in carrying out a work task, the organization accepting the dispatched labor shall bear tort liability. If the dispatching organization is at fault, it shall bear the corresponding additional liability.
第三十五条个人之间形成劳务关系，提供劳务一方因劳务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务一方承担侵权责任。提供劳务一方因劳务自己受到损害的，根据双方各自的过错承担相应的责任。
Where a working relationship is created between individuals, and the party supplying work causes harm to another person due to the work, the party receiving the work shall bear the tort liability. If the party supplying the work is harmed due to the work, both parties shall bear their corresponding liabilities in light of their respective fault.
For labor relations between individuals, if the party providing labor causes damage to others due to the labor provided, the party receiving such labor service shall bear tort liability. If the party providing labor suffers damage due to the labor, either party shall bear liability based on their own wrongdoing.
第三十六条网络用户、网络服务提供者利用网络侵害他人民事权益的，应当承担侵权责任。
Where internet users or internet service providers harm the civil rights and interests utilizing the internet, they shall bear the tort liability.
Internet users and internet service providers shall bear tort liability if they utilize the internet to infringe upon civil rights of others.
网络用户利用网络服务实施侵权行为的，被侵权人有权通知网络服务提供者采取删除、屏蔽、断开链接等必要措施。网络服务提供者接到通知后未及时采取必要措施的，对损害的扩大部分与该网络用户承担连带责任。
Where internetusers commit a tort through internet service, the victim is entitled to notify the internet service provider to take necessary measures such as deleting, cutting the link, etc. if the internet service provider fails to take necessary measures in a timely manner after receiving the notification, the provider and the said user shall bear the liability jointly and severally for the increased damages.
If an internet user commits tort through internet services, the infringed shall be entitled to inform the internet service provider to take necessary measures, including, inter alia, deletion, blocking and disconnection. If the internet service provider fails to take necessary measures in a timely manner upon notification, it shall be jointly and severally liable with the said internet user for the extended damage.
网络服务提供者知道网络用户利用其网络服务侵害他人民事权益，未采取必要措施的，与该网络用户承担连带责任。
Where internet service providers are aware that internet users harm the rights and interests of another person through internet service and fails to take necessary
measure, the provider and the user shall bear the liability jointly and severally.If an internet service provider is aware that an internet user is infringing on the civil rights and interests of others through its internet services and fails to take necessary measures, it shall be jointly and severally liable with the said internet user for such infringement.
第三十七条宾馆、商场、银行、车站、娱乐场所等公共场所的管理人或者群众性活动的组织者，未尽到安全保障义务，造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
Where managers of public places such as hotels, malls, banks, stations, entertainment place, etc. or organizers of activities fail to fulfill their obligations of security and cause harm to others, they shall bear the tort liability.
Managers of public places, including, inter alia, hotels, shopping malls, banks, stations and places of entertainment, and organizers of mass activities shall bear tort liability for damages to others arising from their failure to fulfill security obligations.
因第三人的行为造成他人损害的，由第三人承担侵权责任；管理人或者组织者未尽到安全保障义务的，承担相应的补充责任。
Where the damages are caused by a third party, the tort liability shall be borne by the said party; if the managers or organizers fail to fulfill their security obligations, they shall bear corresponding supplementary liabilities.
If the act of a third party results in damage to others, the said third party shall bear tort liability, and the manager or organizer shall bear the corresponding additional liability if the said managers or organizers has failed to fulfill their security obligations.
第三十八条无民事行为能力人在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害的，幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构应当承担责任，但能够证明尽到教育、管理职责的，不承担责任。
Where a person without capacity for civil acts is infringed upon its body at kindergarten, school or other education institution during the studying and living period, the kindergarten, school and education institution shall bear the liability, unless they can prove that they have fulfilled their duties of education and management.
For personal injury suffered by a person with no capacity for civil conduct during the course of studying or living in a kindergarten, school or other institution of learning, the kindergarten, school or institution of learning shall bear liability unless it proves that it has fulfilled its educational and managerial responsibilities.
第三十九条限制民事行为能力人在学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害，学校或者其他教育机构未尽到教育、管理职责的，应当承担责任。
Where a person with restricted capacity for civil acts is infringed upon its body at school or other education institution during the studying and living period, the school and education institution shall bear the liability if they fails to fulfill the duties of education and management.
第四十条无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间，受到幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构以外的人员人身损害的，由侵权人承担侵权责任；幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构未尽到管理职责的，承担相应的补充责任。
Where a person with no or restricted capacity for civil acts is infringer upon its body at kindergarten, school, other education institution during the studying and living period by a person outside the kindergarten, school, education institution, the tortfeasor shall bear the tort liability; if the kindergarten, school or other education institution fails to fulfill their duties of management, they shall bear the corresponding supplementary liabilities.
If personal injury is inflicted on a person with no or limited capacity for civil conduct during the course of studying or living in a kindergarten, school or any other institution of learning by a person, other than an employee of the kindergarten, school or institution of learning, the tortfeasor shall bear the tort liability. The kindergarten, school or institution of learning shall be liable for corresponding additional liability if it has failed to fulfill its managerial responsibilities.
第五章产品责任
Chapter 5 liability for products product liability
第四十一条因产品存在缺陷造成他人损害的，生产者应当承担侵权责任。
Producers shall bear the tort liability if the defected product causes damage to others.
A manufacturer shall bear tort liability if its product causes damage to others due to a defect.
第四十二条因销售者的过错使产品存在缺陷，造成他人损害的，销售者应当承担侵权责任。
Where the product has defects due to a seller’s wrongdoing and causes damages to others, the seller shall bear the tort liability.
If a product is defective through the fault of the seller and results in damage to others, the seller shall bear tort liability.
销售者不能指明缺陷产品的生产者也不能指明缺陷产品的供货者的，销售者应当承担侵权责任。
The seller who cannot clarify the producer or provider of a defected product shall bear the tort liability.
If the seller is unable to name the manufacturer or supplier of the defective product, the seller shall bear tort liability.
第四十三条因产品存在缺陷造成损害的，被侵权人可以向产品的生产者请求赔偿，也可以向产品的销售者请求赔偿。
For damages caused by defected products, the victim may demand compensation from either the producer or seller of the product.
In the event of damage being caused by a defective product, the infringed may seek compensation from the manufacturer and seller of the said product.
产品缺陷由生产者造成的，销售者赔偿后，有权向生产者追偿。
If the defects of a product are caused by a producer, the seller has the right to recover the compensation from the producer after its compensation.
If a defect is caused by the manufacturer, the seller shall be entitled to seek reimbursement from the manufacturer for compensation they have made.
因销售者的过错使产品存在缺陷的，生产者赔偿后，有权向销售者追偿。
If the defects of a product are caused by a seller, the producer is entitled to be reimbursed by the seller after its compensation.
第四十四条因运输者、仓储者等第三人的过错使产品存在缺陷，造成他人损害的，产品的生产者、销售者赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。
For damages caused by defected products arising from the wrongdoings of third parties such as a carrier, the producer or seller have the right to recover the compensation form the third party
If a product is defective through the fault of a third party, including, inter alia, the transporter or the party providing storage, and results in damage to others, the manufacturer or seller of the said product shall be entitled to seek reimbursement from the relevant third party for compensation they have made.
第四十五条因产品缺陷危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人有权请求生产者、销售者承担排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。
If the defects of products endanger the personal and property safety of others, the victim is entitled to demand the producer or seller to bear the tort liabilities such as removal of obstruction, elimination of danger, etc.
If a defective product endangers the personal safety or property of others, the infringed shall be entitled to seek the manufacturer or seller to assume tort liability through, inter alia, the removal of an obstacle and the elimination of danger.
第四十六条产品投入流通后发现存在缺陷的，生产者、销售者应当及时采取警示、召回等补救措施。未及时采取补救措施或者补救措施不力造成损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
If defects are found after the products are, the producer or seller shall take remedial measures such as alarm, etc. in a timely manner. If the producer or seller fails to promptly take remedial measure or such measures are not effective and cause damages, they shall bear the tort liability.
If a defect is found in a product after it has been distributed, the manufacturer and the seller shall take remedial measures in a timely manner including, inter alia, warnings and recalls. In the event of damage arising from a failure to take remedial measures in a timely manner or taking inadequate remedial measures, they shall bear tort liability.
第四十七条明知产品存在缺陷仍然生产、销售，造成他人死亡或者健康严重损害的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。
If a producer or seller explicitly know that a product has defects and still produce or sell, causing death or serious damage of health to others, the victim is entitled to require corresponding punitive compensation.
In the event of death or serious damage to health arising from the manufacture or sale of a product known to be defective, the infringed shall be entitled to claim corresponding punitive compensation.
第六章机动车交通事故责任
Chapter 6 Motor vehicle accident liability
第四十八条机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，依照道路交通安全法的有关规定承担赔偿责任。
For damages arising from traffic accidents of motor vehicle, compensation shall be made according to the Law of road traffic safety.
Tort liability shall be borne for damages arising from traffic accidents involving motor vehicles in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law on Road Traffic Safety.
第四十九条因租赁、借用等情形机动车所有人与使用人不是同一人时，发生交通事故后属于该机动车一方责任的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。不足部分，由机动车使用人承担赔偿责任；机动车所有人对损害的发生有过错的，承担相应的赔偿责任。
Where the owner and user of a motor vehicle is not the same person under circumstances of rent or borrowing, and the motor vehicle party shall bear the liability of the traffic accident, the insurance company shall compensate within the limit compulsory insurance liability of motor vehicles. Any shortfall shall be compensated by the user of the motor vehicle; the owner at faultshall bear corresponding liability. In the event of, inter alia, rental or loan of a motor vehicle in which the owner is not the user, the insurance company shall pay compensation within the limits of compulsory motor vehicle insurance liability for any traffic accident that the said motor vehicle user is accountable for. The user of the motor vehicle shall bear liability for any shortfall in compensation. If the owner of the motor vehicle is accountable for the damage, they shall bear the corresponding compensation liability.
第五十条当事人之间已经以买卖等方式转让并交付机动车但未办理所有权转移登记，发生交通事故后属于该机动车一方责任的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。不足部分，由受让人承担赔偿责任。
Where the parties have already transferred and delivered a motor vehicle but have not done the register of ownership transfer, and the motor vehicle party shall bear the liability of the traffic accident, the insurance shall compensate in the limit of compulsory insurance liability of motor vehicles. Any shortfall shall be compensated by the transferee.
If a motor vehicle is involved in a traffic accident following a transfer through, inter alia, a sale and purchase transaction between parties and the said vehicle has been handed over but the transfer in ownership has not yet been registered, the insurance company shall pay compensation within the limits of compulsory motor vehicle insurance liability for any traffic accident that the said motor vehicle user is accountable for. The assignee shall bear liability for any shortfall in compensation.
第五十一条以买卖等方式转让拼装或者已达到报废标准的机动车，发生交通事故造成损害的，由转让人和受让人承担连带责任。
For damages caused by traffic accident of a motor vehicle that is packed or have achieved the standard transferred by method of sale, the transferor and transferee shall bear the liability jointly and severally.
If an assembled vehicle or a vehicle that meetsscrapping standards is transferred through, inter alia, a sale and purchase transaction, the assignor and the assignee shall be jointly and severally liable for any damage arising from a traffic accident caused by the said vehicle.
第五十二条盗窃、抢劫或者抢夺的机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，由盗窃人、抢劫人或者抢夺人承担赔偿责任。保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内垫付抢救费用的，有权向交通事故责任人追偿。
For damages caused by traffic accidents of stolen, robbed motor vehicles, the person who have conducted steal, robbery shall bear the compensation. If the insurance company gives emergency aid expenses, it shall be entitled to be reimbursed from the responsible person for the traffic accident.
For any damage arising from a traffic accident caused by a stolen or hijacked motor vehicle, the person that stole or hijacked the said motor vehicle shall be liable for compensation. An insurance company that pays rescue fees in advance within the limits of compulsory motor vehicle insurance liability shall be entitled to seek reimbursement from the party responsible for the traffic accident.
第五十三条机动车驾驶人发生交通事故后逃逸，该机动车参加强制保险的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿；机动车不明或者该机动车未参加强制保险，需要支付被侵权人人身伤亡的抢救、丧葬等费用的，由道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付。道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付后，其管理机构有权向交通事故责任人追偿。
Where the driver of a motor vehicle escapes after the traffic accident and the motor vehicle join the compulsory insurance, the insurance company shall compensate in the limit of compulsory insurance liability; if the motor vehicle is unknown or does not join the compulsory insurance, and the expenses for emergency-aid for personal injury and funeral service are needed, the social aid fund for road traffic accidents shall make the payment. The management institution of the said fund shall be entitled to be reimbursed from the responsible person after the payment by the fund.
If the driver of a motor vehicle flees the scene after a traffic accident and the said vehicle is under compulsory insurance, the insurance company shall pay compensation within the limits of compulsory motor vehicle insurance liability. If the motor vehicle is unknown or if it is not under compulsory insurance, the social assistance fund for road traffic accidents shall make payment in advance for necessary expenses, including, inter alia, expenses for the emergency rescue of the infringed or funeral expenses, and the management organization of the said fund shall be entitled to seek reimbursement from the party responsible for the accident.
第七章医疗损害责任
Chapter 7 medical damage liability
第五十四条患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，医疗机构及其医务人员有过错的，由医疗机构承担赔偿责任。
For damages suffered by a patient during a treatment, the medical institution shall bear the compensation if the institution or medical clerk of it are at fault.
If any medical organization or its medical personnel is responsible for damage inflicted on a patient during the course of diagnosis and treatment, the medical organization shall be liable for compensation.
第五十五条医务人员在诊疗活动中应当向患者说明病情和医疗措施。需要实施手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗的，医务人员应当及时向患者说明医疗风险、替代医疗方案等情况，并取得其书面同意；不宜向患者说明的，应当向患者的近亲属说明，并取得其书面同意。
Amedical clerk shall tell its patient the situation of the disease and the medical treatment. If a surgery, special inspection or treatment are to be conducted, the medical clerk shall tell its patient such circumstances as the risk of the treatment, replacement treatment plan, etc. and get the patient’s written approval; if it is not proper to tell the patient such circumstances, the medical clerk shall tell the close relatives of the patient about the circumstances and get their written approval. Medical personnel shall explain to a patient in the course of diagnosis and treatment their condition and medical measures. If surgery, special examination or special treatment is required, medical personnel shall explain to a patient, inter alia, the medical risks and alternative treatment plans in a timely manner and obtain their written consent. If it is not suitableto explain the same to a patient, medical personnel shall do so with the immediate relatives of a patient and obtain their written consent.
医务人员未尽到前款义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。
If a medical clerk fails to fulfill the obligations in the last item and causes damage to a patient, the medical institution shall bear the compensation.
If medical personnel fail to fulfill their obligations stated in the preceding paragraph and cause damage to a patient, the medical organization shall be liable for compensation.
第五十六条因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况，不能取得患者或者其近亲属意见的，经医疗机构负责人或者授权的负责人批准，可以立即实施相应的医疗措施。
Where, under emergency situations such as giving a patient whose life is in serious danger emergency-aid, the opinion of the patient or its relatives cannot be obtained, corresponding medical measures may be conducted at once upon approval of the responsible person or authorized responsible person of the medical institution.
If the opinion of a patient or their immediate relatives cannot be consulted due to an emergency, including, inter alia, the resuscitation of a patient in a critical condition, the appropriate medical treatment may be administered immediately upon the approval of the person in charge or authorized person in charge of the medical organization.
第五十七条医务人员在诊疗活动中未尽到与当时的医疗水平相应的诊疗义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。
Where a medical clerk fails to fulfill its medical obligations corresponding to the medical level then and causes damage to the patient, the medical institution shall bear the compensation.
If medical personnel, in the course of diagnosis and treatment, fail to fulfill their obligations in line withprevailing medical standards and cause damage to a patient, the medical organization shall be liable for compensation.
第五十八条患者有损害，因下列情形之一的，推定医疗机构有过错：
If a patient suffers damage, the medical institution shall be construed to be at fault under any of the following circumstances:
A medical organization shall be presumed to be at fault if damage is inflicted on a patient in any of the following circumstances:
（一）违反法律、行政法规、规章以及其他有关诊疗规范的规定；
Violation of the laws, administrative regulations, statutes and other provisions related
to the norms of medical treatment;
Violation of provisions of laws, administrative regulations, rules, etc., relating to diagnostic and treatment practices
（二）隐匿或者拒绝提供与纠纷有关的病历资料；
Cover or refusal to provide of medical recordsrelated to the dispute;
（三）伪造、篡改或者销毁病历资料。
Malicious modification or elimination of disease material.
Forgery, falsification or destruction of medical records.
第五十九条因药品、消毒药剂、医疗器械的缺陷，或者输入不合格的血液造成患者损害的，患者可以向生产者或者血液提供机构请求赔偿，也可以向医疗机构请求赔偿。患者向医疗机构请求赔偿的，医疗机构赔偿后，有权向负有责任的生产者或者血液提供机构追偿。
For damages suffered by a patient arising from defects of bills, medical equipment or inputting of (qualified) blood that does not achieve the required standard, the patient may require the manufacturer or blood supplying institution or medical institution to bear the compensation.
If a patient suffers damage due to defective drugs, disinfectants or medical devices, or from transfusing blood that does not meet certain standards, they may seek compensation from the manufacturer or blood-supplying organization as well as from the medical organization. If the said patient seeks compensation from the medical organization, the medical organization is entitled to claim reimbursement from the manufacturer or blood-supplying organization liable for the damage after compensation.
第六十条患者有损害，因下列情形之一的，医疗机构不承担赔偿责任：
For damages suffered by a patient, the medical institution shall not bear the compensation under any of the following circumstances:
A medical organization shall not be liable for compensation in any of the following circumstances involving damage to a patient:
（一）患者或者其近亲属不配合医疗机构进行符合诊疗规范的诊疗；
The patient or its relative do not cooperate with the medical institution to conduct the treatment that comply with the norms of treatment.
A patient or their immediate relatives refuse to cooperate with the medical organization in diagnosis and treatment that comply with diagnostic and treatment practices
（二）医务人员在抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况下已经尽到合理诊疗义务；
The medical clerk have already fulfilled reasonable treatment obligations under emergency such as giving a patient whose life is in serious danger emergency-aid. Medical personnel have reasonably fulfilled their diagnostic and treatment obligations in an emergency, including, inter alia, the resuscitation of a patient who is approaching death; or
法律英语口语900句（47）：Criminal law principles part 47 criminal law principles刑法原则 1.an act is not a crime unless the law says it is one. 2.an essential function of the criminal law is to define the boundary between what conduct is criminal and what is merely immoral. 3.criminal law is not only the magra carta of the innocent, but also the magra carta which makes the sinner. 4.divine punishments though slow,are alwasy sure. 5.duress provides no defense to a charge of murder. 6.justifiable defense is the act being exempted from crimes. 7.prevention and punishment are essential reasons why we have criminal law and a criminal justice system. 8.no crime without a law. 9.no one can be forced to incriminate himself. 10.penal statutes must not be given retroactive effect. 刑法原则 法无明文规定者不为罪。 刑法的本质功能在于明确了犯罪行为与公非道德行为的界限。 刑法既是善良人的《大宪章》，也是犯罪人的《大宪章》。天网恢恢，疏而不漏。
国内外综合体经典案例解读 2013-10-22 13:19:47绿维创景字号：T|T 目录 综合体是一种聚集发展模式，是一个泛产业聚集区，也是一个经济系统，对于带动整个区域经济社会及新型城镇化等方面，都具有突出的重要作用。无论是对于我国还是世界上其他国家，综合体都成为了推动经济发展的主要形式之一。城市综合体、度假综合体、酒店综合体、主题公园综合体、温泉综合体、博彩综合体等各种综合体已经在世界各地遍地开花，形成了一些有借鉴意义的开发经验及模式。我们在本期杂志中对比较经典的3个国内综合体案例、5个国外综合体案例进行了分析，期望能够为我国旅游综合体的未来发展之路提供一些借鉴。 案例1：生态主题公园旅游综合体研究——东部华侨城案例2：温泉旅游综合体案例研究——海泉湾案例3：国内城市综合体研究——华南mall 案例4：酒店综合体的典范——棕榈岛亚特兰蒂斯度假酒店案例5：世界第八奇迹——迪拜棕榈岛案例6：世界级综合度假胜地——新加坡圣淘沙度假胜地案例7：从赌场到博彩综合体的转变——澳门博彩综合体研究案例8：拉斯维加斯综合体 生态主题公园旅游综合体研究-东部华侨城 一、项目概况 东部华侨城坐落于中国深圳大梅沙，占地近9平方公里，由华侨城集团斥资35亿元精心打造，是国内首个集休闲度假、观光旅游、户外运动、科普教育、生态探险等主题于一体的大型综合性国家生态旅游示范区。
总平面图 （一）区位交通条件 东部华侨城距深圳市中心12公里，仅20分钟车程，香港、澳门及珠三角各城市2小时车程范围内。 （二）生态资源条件 位于中国最美八大海岸之一的深圳大鹏湾畔，前拥深圳大梅沙黄金海岸，背依连绵梧桐山脉，坐拥大峡谷及原生态自然资源，生态自然环境十分优越。
侵权法 一．介绍 侵权法概念 侵权法是一个很难表述的概念，这个词语在平日交流中不常使用。虽然它描述了一项法律中的重要分类，这个概念也已经否定了很多试图阐明出有用定义的尝试。令人困惑的是任何一种广泛到能包含所有侵权行为的定义都太过于笼统而几乎没有意义。 所有侵权法中有一项常见的元素是一方会由于另一方实施的行为或不作为所产生的后果而受到损失或伤害。除此以外，加速普遍化变成了不可能的任务。事实上所有无限的多样的人类活动——比如说骑车，从事生意，谈话，写作，拥有并且使用真的或者个人财产，性行为——都有可能成为一种侵权行为的赔偿责任来源。这种行为的多样性抵抗住了大面积的普遍性，这也是侵权行为的赔偿责任所赖以存在的基础。 如果对侵权的定义是必要的，它就会具有以下的性质：民事违法行为，一方的行为会对另一方造成人身财产伤害，或者是认识到另一方的利益想违背法律强制规定的责任。 明显地，侵权法是一块认识到并赔偿对受害人从身体，尊严和隐私的伤害到所拥有的财产和生意上的利益损失的法律领域。侵权是一种民事违法行为——是遭受损失方（或者是共同起诉的多方）控告罪犯（侵权行为人）来使损害得到补偿或者是寻求一种禁令阻止伤害和民事违法行为的继续。受害方必须证明侵权行为人犯罪。侵权中的义务被强制当作法律遵行。 侵权法发作用，目的与正当理由 侵权法有三个主要作用和目标：（1）补偿受害方因为另一方的行为而蒙受的损失与伤害。（2）置入应赔偿人的所应补偿的金额。（3）防止未来的损失和伤害。 1．补偿 侵权行为中受害的一方所遭受的伤害和损失我们应该称之为“损害”。侵权法是基于所有损失，无论是有形的还是无形的都能够用金钱衡量的基础上的。最基本的侵权赔偿是要求侵权行为人来支付受害者一笔“有补偿的破坏”。 2．公正 （1）公平 （2）现实原因 （3）过失 （4）无过失责任 （5）原告过失与赞成？ 3．对将来损失的预防 第三个主要的侵权法的作用和目标是控制人类行为表现来防止未来的侵权行为。在这方面，法律起到了教育的作用。以及在未来适用。理论上，背负债务的罪犯自己也会在将来更加小心，来自侵权行为的赔偿责任的威胁也刺激了调整他们的行为与行为准则相一致。二．过失 侵权行为的赔偿责任通常划分成故意，过失与严格上来说的侵权行为。中心与重点是对过失行为引起侵权问题。这种债务有几个元素：（1）被告人对原告负有的义务（2）因为被告人玩忽职守的错误符合行为要求（过失）（3）一个在过失行为和伤害结果之间的重要联系（4）公认的一种伤害或损失 在分析行为过错的原因时，我们会首先考虑过失其本身的自然性。我们以什么样的标准区认定被告的行为或疏忽是否能被视作过失？ 一般过失的特征 根据已被接受的定义，“过失是低于法律对于防止他人收到原因不明的损害风险的标准的行为。”在判断行为是否是过失时，行为人被指控他实际上知道什么或察觉了什么，以及他应
1. What are the main difference between civil law system and common law system? There are many differences between civil law system and common law system. First, their original places are different; the civil law system originated in ancient Rome, and the common law system originated in England. Second, the main traditional source of the common law is cases, while the main traditional source of the civil law is legislation. Third, the civil law system pays more attention to substantive law; the common law system pays more attention to procedural rules. Another important difference between them is classification, the civil law is separated into public law and private law, the common law is separated into common law and equity. 2. Can you explain the difference between the binding precedent and persuasive precedent? Binding precedent is precedent that a court must follow (it is law). All prior judicial decisions in a specific court's jurisdiction heard at that court's level or higher are considered to be binding precedent. In contrast, persuasive precedent is precedent that a court need not follow (it is not law, but as the name suggests, may be persuasive because it suggests a line of reasoning). All prior judicial decisions outside of that court's jurisdiction or from a lower court are considered to be persuasive only. 3 . What might happen if a court follows the precedent mechanically? A court following the precedent mechanically will at times perpetuate legal rules and concepts that are outlived their usefulness. The continuing problem in a legal system that recognizes past decisions as authoritative sources of law for future cases is how to maintain an acceptable accommodation of the competing values of stability in a law, served by adherence to precedent, and responsiveness to social change, which may call for the abandonment of an outworn legal doctrine. 4 . Explain the difference between stare decisis and res judicata? The stare decisis is that the final decision, as a precedent or a potential precedent for future case, has its impact on the legal norm of the conduct. And the courts have never regarded as absolutely binding and can overrule even clear precedents when consideration of public policy requires a change in the case law. The res judicata is an authoritative settlement of a particular controversy then before the court, it is addresses a decision’s impact in the individual case .and it have the absolutely binding even when the precedents changes, the particular case will not be reversed. The doctrine of res judicata bars a person from ever suing on the same claim again. 5. What’s the function of court of last resort? Why are appeals to court of last resort limited? The function of court of last resort is to review the action of the lower judicial tribunals of the state. The scope of judicial review is relatively narrow. It only reviews the record of the proceedings to determine whether or not the lower court committed error on its procedure or in applying the substantive law to the facts of the case. Appeals to court of last resort are limited. It’s because court of last resort has to give its full attention to novel and socially important controversies. The “screening ort” function refers to make the intermediate appellate court the final tribunal for most cases. 6. Can you explain diversity of citizenship? What court have jurisdiction over “diversity of citizenship”? Diversity of citizenship means suits between citizens of different states of the United States. Both federal and st ate courts have the jurisdiction over “diversity of citizenship”. If a plaintiff files the case in a state court of his own district, the defendant can remove it to a federal court of the same district. But if the plaintiff files it in the court of the def endant’s district, the defendant can’t remove it. 7. How can you get appeals reviewed by the Supreme Court? You must first persuade the Supreme Court that the issues presented by your case are important enough, as issues of general federal law, to justify Supreme Court consideration. A disappointed litigant cannot secure Supreme Court review merely by contending, however persuasively, that the decision handed down against her was wrong. Always reviews by the Supreme Court can be secured only by a “petition for a writ of certiorari”, which the supreme court, in the exercise of the broad discretion conferred upon it by acts of congress, may grant or deny.
法律英语口语翻译：法庭 1.a judicial forum has nothing to do with what is not before it. 2.the court found the accused guilty on all charges. 3.the court has made an order for specific performance. 4.the court ordered the company's funds to be seized. 5.the court recorded an open verdict on the dead policeman. 6.the court returned a verdict of death by misadventure. 7.she was acting on the arthority of the court. 8.six weeks elapsed before the court order was put into effect. 9.the court asked for details of the background to the case. 10.the court asked the accused to show good cause why the should not be sent to prison. 11.the court dismissed the action. 12.the court extended the defendant's time for serving his defense by fourteen days. 13.the court followed the precedent set in 1926. 14.the court granted the company a two-week stay of execution.
大陆法系和英美法系的对比 法系 (1)法系是指根据法的历史传统和外部特征的不同对法所做的分类，是具有相同历史传统和外部特征的某些国家或地区的法律制度的总称。(2)法系划分的理论依据主要是法的传统。差异产生的原因: 地理差异、民族习惯、文化特点、历史传统等，最主要的原因还是意识形态和文化传统的影响。两大法系国家在许多方面不同的思维习惯，造就了两大法系的巨大差异。 英美法系特点： (1)以英国为中心，英国普通法为基础； (2)以判例法为主要表现形式，遵循先例； (3)变革相对缓慢，具有保守性，"向后看"的思维习惯； (4)在法律发展中，法官具有突出作用； (5)体系庞杂，缺乏系统性；(6)注重程序的"诉讼中心主义"。大陆法系的特点: 1明确立法与司法的分工，强调成文法典的权威性。虽然也允许法官有自由裁量的余地，并承认判例和习惯在解释法律方面的作用，但一般不承认法官的造法职能，强调立法是议会的权限，法官只能适用法律，决案必须援引制定法，不能以判例作为依据。 ②比较强调国家的干预和法制的统一，尤其在程序法上如此。例如，许多法律行为需要国家的鉴证、登记,检察机关垄断公诉权,庭审时采取审问制，以及法院的体系统一，等等。 ③重视法律的理论概括,强调法典总则部分的作用,这是罗马法的一种传统。英美法系至今没有如大陆法系那样严密的理论概括，法令也只着重分则。 ④注重法典的体系排列，讲求规定的逻辑性、概念的明确性和语言的精练。 大陆法系英美法系 定义大陆法系强调成文法作用，结构上强 调系统化、条理化、法典化和逻辑性， 并将全部法律分为公法和私法。 也称普通法系，基于以往判决的判例上逐步形成 的一种在全国普遍通用的法律，分为普通法和衡 平法两部分。 形成西欧英国 主要代表法国和德国英国和美国 其他代表国家和地区瑞士、意大利、比利时、卢森堡、西 班牙、葡萄牙、荷兰、日本、整个拉 丁美洲、非洲近东一些国家、美国路 易斯安纳州、加拿大魁北克省。 加拿大、澳大利亚、马来西亚、爱尔兰、新加坡、 巴基斯坦，以及我国香港地区等 法律结构公法 指与国家状况有关的法律， 包括宪法、行政法、刑法、 诉讼法和国际公法。 普通法 通过国王法院的判例逐步形成的一种 全国普遍适用的法律。 私法 指与个人利益有关的法律， 包括民法和商法。 平衡法 14世纪时为补充和匡正普通法的不足， 由英国枢密大臣法院发展起来，不受普 通法约束，按公平与正义原则作出判决 的判例法。 法律渊源继承了罗马法而产生的。 作为成文法国家，宪法、法典以及其 他的法律条例等是大陆法系国家的主 要渊源，判例在原则上不作为法的正 式渊源。 未继承罗马法。 判例曾是英美法的主要渊源，其基础是“先例约 束力”原则，即法院在判决中所包括的判决理由 必须得到遵循。但19世纪末20世纪初成文法在 英美法系国家的比重和作用不断上升，成文法也 成了英美法的重要渊源。
买方buyer 卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人contact person 详细货物清单Detail supply list 合同价格Contract value 付款条件payment conditions，payment terms 交货地点delivery place 发货期delivery time 安装条款installation clause 验收条款inspection clause 保证条款guarantee clause
不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 违约条款Breach clause 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同completion of contract 完成合同contract for future delivery 期货合同contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 labor contract劳动合同 contract note 买卖合同（证书） contract of arbitration 仲裁合同
contract of carriage /Carriage Contract运输合同Passenger Carriage Contract 客运合同 Cargo Carriage Contract货运合同Technology Contract技术合同 Technology Development Contract技术开发合同Technology Transfer Contract技术转让合同Technical Consulting Contract技术咨询合同Technical Service Contract技术服务合同Safekeeping Contract 保管合同Warehousing Contract仓储合同 Agency Appointment Contract 委托合同Trading-Trust Contract 行纪合同 Brokerage Contract 居间合同 Multi-modal Carriage Contract多式联运合同contract of employment 雇佣合同 contract of insurance 保险合同 contract of sale 销售合同
1. To discuss the differences between the civil law system and the common 1 law system. (P4 ) 2 There are many differences between civil law system and common law 3 system. 4 Ⅰ The original places are different. The civil law system originated 5 in ancient Rome, and the common law system originated in England. 6 起源地不同，民法起源于古罗马，普通法起源于英格兰 7 Ⅱ The main traditional source of the common law is cases, while the 8 main traditional source of the civil law is legislation. Thus there are 9 many codes in civil law countries instead of unwritten laws in common law 10 system. 11 普通法的主要传统渊源是案例法，民法的主要传统渊源是成文法。因此民法国12 家用许多成文法典取代普通法国家的不成文法 13 Ⅲ The civil law system pays more attention to substantive law; the 14 common law system pays more attention to procedural rules. 15 民法法系更多关注实体法，普通法更关注程序规则 16 Ⅳ The classification of law is different. The civil law is separated 17 into public law and private law, the common law is separated into common 18 law and equity. 19 法的分类不同，民法法系分为公法和私法，普通法法系分为普通法和衡平法20 Ⅴ The role of judges and professors is another difference. Since theory 21 and doctrines is important in legal education of civil law system, 22 professor plays the important role to expose laws to students. In the 23 contrary, case-law is the main source of common law, thus the judges has 24 the discretion to make laws while trialing cases. 25
如何学习英美法 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- 发表日期：2006年10月12日出处：中国民商法律网作者：杨桢 问题一：以一个初学英美法的大一新生而言，能否请教老师如何让学生在陌生的法域里面建立正确且有效的学习方法？并请老师推荐几本适合及引导学生入门的英美法书籍？ 答：英美法这科目，从前我还是学生的时候，刚刚开始接触英美法也会感到迷惘或害怕，但是无论如何一定要有面对它的勇气和决心。害怕是很多人都会有的感觉，但是绝对不能用『害怕』二字当作逃避的借口，在有借口的前提下，绝对不可能把英美法念好的。英美法本身并不是一门绝顶困难的学科，我们除了要建立起面对它的勇气之外，在另外一个实际面上，也必须一直充实自己本身的英文能力，尤其应该好好利用寒暑假来充实它。 我这里准备了三本书介绍给同学参考，第一本是Learning the Law（英国Stevens出版），这本书可以说是所有英美法系国家一年级的法律系学生必读的入门书，它有一点法律哲学的味道，用一种毕业生提携新鲜人的立场写成的，有法学方法的研究心得，法律实务上应该如何扮演自己的角色等等；第二本书是An Introduction to Law（LBC Informatio n Services出版），以上两本书是我去澳洲念书时，教授一开始就叫我念的书；第三本书是A Career in Law（澳洲Adelaide Law Review Association出版），这是介绍一个英美 法系国家的法律系学生所拥有的生涯选择机会。 问题二：英美法的基本原则是由判例衍生习惯，再由习惯归纳出法理；面对排山倒海而来的案例，是否有迅速而切题的准备方法？又对于本国法和英美法的不同，如何让学生能够厘清二者的差异性？ 答：如果要问的是准备的方法，那便又回到原来的老话题，案例念得越多，就越能抓到阅读案例的要领，当然案例要想念得多，就得具有足够的英文能力，但英文能力也可以由法律书籍的阅读来充实。总的来说其实也没有什么快捷方式或诀窍，英美法的东西就是
My Vocabulary Briefing in Legal English 同一词语普通用语与法律用语意义不同的对比 同一意义正式与非正式的表达 一词多义: Advise 释义：advise在法律英语中有两个常用意思： ①律师等法律工作者提供法律建议，如 The partner of the law firm advised the Manager on various specialist legal issues。 该律师事务所的合伙人就各种专业法律问题向经理提出了法律建议。 ②通知，相当于notify或inform，如 The use of advise in the sense of “inform, notify,” was restricted to business correspondence and legal contexts. Thus one may say the suspects were advised of their rig hts, but it would be considered pretentious to say you’d better advise your friends that the date of the picnic has been changed。 advise 表示“通知，告知”的这种用法局限地用于商业往来及法律情况。因此可以说嫌疑犯被告知他们所具有的权利，但是你最好通知你的朋友，野餐的日期有所改变，这种说法被认为是做作的。 Deposit 释义：deposit在法律英语中通常最常用的意思有两个： ①存款，这是他在普通英语和法律英语都很常见的意思，既可作名词也可作动词，如 He has a deposit of 10,000yuan in ICBC。他在工商银行有1万元的存款。
法律英语口语翻译 法律英语口语翻译 保险Insurance 1.Heisaholderofaninsurancepolicy. 2.Howlongistheperiodfromthecommencementtoterminationofin surance? 3.Insurancecompaniesinsuredshipsandtheircargoesagainstlo ssatsea. 4.Mr.Rodmanisthemostheavilyinsuredmanintheworld, carrying$4,000,000insuranceonhislife. 5.Onekindofinsurancepolicyistheonethatcoversanamedperson. 6.Partiestoaninsurancecontractarerequiredtoexercisetheut mostgoodfaith anddiscloseallrelevantmatterstoeachother. 7.Thecoverageiswritteninthebasicformandclauses. 8.Whatcoverwillyoutakeout? 9.Whatdoyourinsuranceclausescover? 10.WhowillpaythepremiumforWPA? 保险 他是保险单持有人. 保险责任起止期限是多长?
保险公司为船舶和船货承保了海损险. 罗德曼先生是世界上投保最多的人, 为自己投了4,000.000美元的`人寿险. 有一种保险单是记名保险单.保险合同双方当事人都应该尽到最大的善意 并且想到披露所有的相关事实. 保险范围写在基本保险单和各种险别条款里. 你们准备投保那些险别? 你们的保险条款规定了那些险种? 水渍险费用由谁负担?
自愿承担风险 【英国】怀特是一位有经验的老爷车竞赛车手，他曾经参加过一些由本案被告俱乐部所组织的比赛。在竞赛场的入口处及赛道旁都张贴有告示，上书：“公开警告：赛车竞赛危险，进入该场地的条件是：所有与该活动之动议和/或组织和/或会议行为有关的人......都豁免于这样的责任，即观众或持票人发生的致命或者其他的损害或人身伤害责任”。因为是参赛选手，怀特没有买票就进入了赛场。在观看一场他未参加的竞赛时，他站在一根主杆旁，所有安全绳都系在这根主杆上，而他应该在这些绳子的后面，一辆赛车跑出赛道，撞绕在绳子上，把绳子拉紧，结果将主杆从地里拔起，主杆正击中了怀特，导致了他的死亡。 成文法授权 1860年，被告是铁路公司，有成文法的授权运行蒸汽式火车头，火车头与铁轨碰撞所发出的火花损害了原告。判决的结果是：因为火车头是以全部合理技术和注意而制造出来的，而且不可能完全防止火花的溅出。所以成文法的授权豁免了铁路公司的侵权行为责任，原告可以依该成文法规定的补偿获得补偿。火花溅出所发生的损害，在国早期的普通法中一直是可诉讼的侵权行为，但在这里被成文法的授权所取代。 紧急避险 这是发生在19世纪的一个名案。1895年12月24日，旧金山某地发生一场大火，消防队赶来救火，原告的房屋处在正在燃烧房屋的旁边，大火即将要烧到原告的房子。原告拼命地从屋里往外搬运家里的财物，被告是消防队的负责人，为了防止大火蔓延，他命令将原告的房子炸掉，由此毁坏了原告的房屋及财产。
原告提起侵权行为诉讼，他声称：如果消防队不阻止他们的话，那么即使不能够移出所有的物品，他们也可以从房子里抢出更多的东西。因此，原告要求被告承担因爆炸而毁坏原告房屋及财产的损失。被告抗辩道，依照他的工作性质和职权范围，他有权利毁除掉该房屋。在第一审中，陪审团作出了有利于原告的判决，被告不服提起上诉。此案到了加州最高法院，莫利首席大法官给出了他的法律意见书。 神力行为 被告是一艘汽船的船主。1905年11月27日，该船在原告的码头上停留卸货。晚上10点，东北方向刮起了暴风雨，风速达每小时50英里，且有继续增大的趋势，暴风雨一直持续到29日上午。在这个期间内，任何人都不能有效地驾驶他的船舶，当时，汽船卸完船上的货后，被告曾经发出过信号，要求一艘拖船把他们拖出码头，但是因为恶劣的气候没有人能够收到这个信息。当时如果连接船和码头的绳索断裂，那么船肯定会发生漂离，然而实际上绳索却拉得很紧，且只要一根绳索断裂或者磨损，就会更换一根更坚固的绳索。汽船靠在码头的外侧，船头朝向东面，风浪有力地撞击着船舷右侧，船体上下颠簸并冲击着码头，结果导致了码头的损坏。码头主状告了船主，法院判定原告胜诉，陪审团认定的损失为500美金。被告提起上诉，最后上诉到了明尼苏达州最高法院。
法英口语24题 1. To discuss the differences between the civil law system and the common law system. (P4 ) There are many differences between civil law system and common law system. ⅠThe original places are different. The civil law system originated in ancient Rome, and the common law system originated in England. Ⅱ The main traditional source of the common law is cases, while the main traditional source of the civil law is legislation. Thus there are many codes in civil law countries instead of unwritten laws in common law system. Ⅲ The civil law system pays more attention to substantive law; the common law system pays more attention to procedural rules. Ⅳ The classification of law is different. The civil law is separated into public law and private law, the common law is separated into common law and equity. ⅤThe role of judges and professors is another difference. Since theory and doctrines is important in legal education of civil law system, professor plays the important role to expose laws to students. In the contrary, case-law is the main source of common law, thus the judges has the discretion to make laws while trialing cases. Ⅵ The civil procedure: Adversary system (对抗式诉讼)of common law system needs the parties to show the case the jury or the judges. And the judges need to be neutral and impartial. Inquisitorial system（纠问式诉讼）in civil law countries give the judges the power to investigate the case during the trail and also can ask the parties and the witnesses. 2. To discuss the main differences between American and Chinese law school teaching. (p4 ) ⅠLaw is an undergraduate degree in the USA, while in China is postgraduate degree. Ⅱ The teaching method In the USA, the teaching method is case method or Socratic method, in which the students instead of the professors play the important roles in the class. In China, the teaching style is magisterial—the professor exposes the law to his or her students, who take notes and do not intervene in class. Ⅲ Cases vs. Doctrines
一.介绍 侵权法概念 侵权法是一个很难表述的概念，这个词语在平日交流中不常使用。虽然它描述了一项法律中的重要分类，这个概念也已经否定了很多试图阐明出有用定义的尝试。令人困惑的是任何一种广泛到能包含所有侵权行为的定义都太过于笼统而几乎没有意义。 所有侵权法中有一项常见的元素是一方会由于另一方实施的行为或不作为所产生的后果而受到损失或伤害。除此以外，加速普遍化变成了不可能的任务。事实上所有无限的多样的人类活动——比如说骑车，从事生意，谈话，写作，拥有并且使用真的或者个人财产，性行为——都有可能成为一种侵权行为的赔偿责任来源。这种行为的多样性抵抗住了大面积的普遍性，这也是侵权行为的赔偿责任所赖以存在的基础。 如果对侵权的定义是必要的，它就会具有以下的性质：民事违法行为，一方的行为会对另一方造成人身财产伤害，或者是认识到另一方的利益想违背法律强制规定的责任。 明显地，侵权法是一块认识到并赔偿对受害人从身体，尊严和隐私的伤害到所拥有的财产和生意上的利益损失的法律领域。侵权是一种民事违法行为——是遭受损失方（或者是共同起诉的多方）控告罪犯（侵权行为人）来使损害得到补偿或者是寻求一种禁令阻止伤害和民事违法行为的继续。受害方必须证明侵权行为人犯罪。侵权中的义务被强制当作法律遵行。 侵权法发作用，目的与正当理由 侵权法有三个主要作用和目标：（1）补偿受害方因为另一方的行为而蒙受的损失与伤害。（2）置入应赔偿人的所应补偿的金额。（3）防止未来的损失和伤害。 1．补偿 侵权行为中受害的一方所遭受的伤害和损失我们应该称之为“损害”。侵权法是基于所有损失，无论是有形的还是无形的都能够用金钱衡量的基础上的。最基本的侵权赔偿是要求侵权行为人来支付受害者一笔“有补偿的破坏”。 2．公正 （1）公平 从根本上，公正是当今对公平的社会标准的应用的结果。 （2）现实原因 因果关系，众所周知，是必要条件。侵权责任仅仅是指行为人的行为是一个为被害人带来损失和伤害的实质的事实。 （3）过失 过失一般是构成侵权的一个必要因素，只是一个人对他人造成损害是不够的，伦理上，很难证明侵权，除非行为人的行为是某种程度上有过失的。显然，如果一个人故意地伤害他人，或者知道（应当知道）他的行为造成了实质的伤害事实，责任便必然产生。但是，过失同样包括那些无意的和不可预见的过失的行为，以及普通人理应预见到的可能造成对他人极大风险的伤害的行为。 （4）无过失责任 有一些情形是，行为人的行为是他人受害的原因，所有的过失需求都满足，但是由于公序良俗，不存在侵权责任。 （5）原告过失与同意 当受害人同意存在风险或者他本身对其伤害有过错时，受害人的侵权赔偿金额可能会被减少甚至驳回。如果损失是在当事人真实同意或明知有风险的情况下发生的，拒绝任何赔偿可视为合理的。