语言学练习二第2次作业 Microsoft Word 文档

练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。

Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative[ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are allb_______ sounds.4．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics iscalled n_________ transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.13． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]> 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/22．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3. What are the major differences between phonology and phone? 音韵学和语音学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?（资料素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。

The second assignmentExercise 7 on Page 967. I n the following sentence, the phrase “in the car” could be used (i) to show where the biting took place or (ii) to specify that it was the man in the car that was bitten. How would the tree diagrams for (i) and (ii) differ?The dog bit the man in the car.Exercise 2 < (2) (3) (4)>2.E xplain the semantic ambiguity of the following sentences by providing two or more sentences that paraphrase the multiple meanings. Examples：she can’t bear children can mean either she can’t give birth to children or she can’t tolerate children.(2) I s he really that kind?(3) W e bought her dog biscuits.(4) He saw that gasoline can explode.Exercise 55.S ome of the sets of terms below form semantic field. For each set :(1) I dentify the words that do not belong to the same semantic field as the others in the set.(2)I dentify the supe r ordinate term of the remaining semantic field, if there is one (it may be a word in the set) (3) Determine whether some terms are less marked than others, and justify your claim.a. acquire , buy , collect , hoard , win , inherit , stealb. whisper , talk , narrate , tell ,report , harangue ,scribble ,instruct , briefc. road , path , barn , way , street , freeway . avenue, thoroughfare , interstate , methodd. stench , smell , reek , aroma , bouquet , odoriferous , perfume , fragrance , scent , olfactory.。

1. Fill in the blanks(1) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外院2008）(2) Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. (人大2007）(3) human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as displacement.（北二外2006）(4) Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual functions. （中山大学2008）(5) Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the metalingual(元语言)function of language. （中山大学2005）(6) when language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is phatic function. (北二外2005）(7) Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.(8) Descriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. (人大2006）（9）The description of a language as it changes through time is a Diachronic（历时）Linguistic study.10.There are two fields of morphology: the study of inflectional and the study of derivational . （人大2006研）11.A bound morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. （北二外2003）12.Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix. （北邮）13.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: affix and bound root.14. Cohesion refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. (人大2007)15.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.（中山2008）16. Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. （北外2007）17. Terms like “rolling pin”and “ladle”are hyponyms of the term “kitchen implements”.（北二外2005）18.Antonyms like “husband”v. “wife”are converse antonyms. （北二外2003）19．Idiolect refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. In fact, no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. （人大2007）20.“linguistic relativity” was proposed by Sapir and whorf. （清华2001）nguage itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the social attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.22.Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.23.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the Cooperative principle proposed by J.Grice24.In Austin’s How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performatives and constatives, later on Austin made a fresh start to distinguish Locutionary act, Illocutionary act and perlocutionary act..25.The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. (中山2008）26.Interlanguage is formed when the learner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither. （中山2006）27.Error is the grammatically incorrect form; mistake appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context. （中山2008）28. According to Krashen’s (1985) Input hypothesis learners acquire language as a result of comprehending input addressed to them.29. In terms of the source of errors, errors are often divided into Interlingual errors and intralingual errors.(1) By __c_ we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. （西外2006）a. Arbitrarinessb. dualityc. creativityd. displacement(2) The word UN is formed in the way of ___a__. （西安交大2008）A. acronymB. clippingC.initialismD. blending(3)Compound words consist of __c__ morphemes. （北二外2003）A. boundB. freeC. both bound and free(4)Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? b（对外经贸2006）A. WTO (acronym)B. MotelC. bookshelfD. red-faced(5)Which of the following is not a process of the lexical change? c（大连外国2008）A. InventionB. acronymC. lexicon(6)_A___ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience.(西交大2008）A. ReferenceB. conceptC. semanticsD. Sense（7）_D___ is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two languages exist side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. （天津外院2011）A. BilingualismB. DiglossiaC. PidginD. Creole（8）____ refers to the use of a word which is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another word.A. TabooB. DiglossiaC. EuphemismD. Dialect（9）.__C__ refers to a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. It can involve various levels of language, e.g. phonology, morphology, grammatical structures or lexical items.A. Code mixingB. restricted codeC. code switchingD. elaborated code（10）In sociolinguistic studies, speaker are regarded as members of social groups, the social group that is singled out for any special study is called___A__.A. the speech communityB. the linguistic groupC. the linguistic communityD. the speech variety group（11）The speech act theory was developed by _B____. （对外经贸2006）A. John SearleB. John AustinC. LevinsonD. G. Leech（12）_____ is using a sentence to perform a function. (西外2006）A. Perlocutionary actB. an illocutionary actC. a locutionary actD. Speech act（13）By saying “you have left the door wide open”, a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutuionary_____. （西安交大2008）A. at the same timeB. one after anotherC. two first and then the otherD. one first and then the other two14.The illocutionary Act was developed by ___A_.（西安交大2008）A. John AustinB. LevinsonC. John LyonsD. John Searle15.According to the conversation maxim of _B___ suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. （西外2006)A. QuantityB. qualityC. relevanceD. manner16.Which of the following is not one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? D（对外经贸2006）A. the maxim of quantityB. the maxim of qualityC. the maxim of mannerD. the maxim of strength17.In Krashen’s monitor theory, “I”in “i+1”hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ____C__. （对外经贸2006）A. interactionB. interferenceC. inputD. intake18. negative transfer in learning a second language is known as __B___.A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation19.__C__ sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.A. error analysisB. performance analysisC. contrastive analysisD. discourse analysis20._C___ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. competenceB. performanceC. learningD. acquisition。

东师《英语语⾔学16秋在线作业2东北师范⼤学东师英语语⾔学16秋在线作业2⼀、单选题（共20 道试题，共60 分。

）1. ____ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. A well-known example is smog (smoke and fog).A. BindingB. blendingC. blessingD. blooming正确答案：2. The ____________ function (sometimes also referred to as experiential function) is realized by the transitivity system of language.A. ideationalB. interpersonalC. textualD. logical正确答案：3. The features which are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ________.A. distinctive featuresB. non-distinctive featuresC. suprasegmental featuresD. free variation正确答案：4. ______ is a term widely used to refer to varieties according to use in sociolinguistics.A. RegisterB. DialectC. TenorD. Variety正确答案：5. ______ is a minimal pair.A. moon/noonB. foot/food正确答案：6. The study of meaning is defined as___________.A. linguisticsB. semanticsC. morphologyD. pragmatics正确答案：7. Traditionally, free morphemes were called _________.A. affixesB. prefixC. suffixD. root正确答案：8. The road was （enlarged ）the year before the last. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending正确答案：9. The syllabic unit made up by the ____ is called a rhyme.A. onset + nucleusB. nucleus + codaC. onset + codaD. coda + onset正确答案：10. The word “multinationality” has ______ morphemes.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5正确答案：11. The study of language in general is often termed ____.B. general linguisticsC. functional linguisticsD. pragmatics正确答案：12. In Modern linguistics __________ language is regarded as premier.A. writtenB. spokenC. standardD. formal正确答案：13. ______ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to varieties according to use.A. RegisterB. DialectD. Variety正确答案：14. theory holds the opinion that a linguistic sign derives its meaning from that which refers to something in the reality.A. SemanticB. ReferentialC. RepresentationalD. Reflected正确答案：15. ______ is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.A. A social dialectB. A regional dialectC. The standard varietyD. A functional variety正确答案：16. specifies ______.A. all the fricativesB. all the fricatives and glidesC. all the fricatives and liquidsD. all the fricatives, liquids and glides正确答案：17. vet （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）C. EponymD. Clipping正确答案：18. ____________is a process that creates new words by dropping a real or supposed suffix. Edit was originally backformed from editor, and peddle from peddler.A. InformationB. backformulaC. backformationD. backformative正确答案：19. Analysis of ______ necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.A. intentional meaningB. conventional meaningC. syntactic meaningD. semantic meaning正确答案：20. The following dialogue flout ________ maxis of the cooperative principle.A: Do you know the great writers of the 19th century? B: Oh yes, they are all dead.B. QuantityC. RelationD. Manner正确答案：英语语⾔学16秋在线作业2⼆、判断题（共20 道试题，共40 分。

I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary.1. Conceptual meaning::______________________2. Hierarchical structure:__________________3 . Sentence ____________________________4. Suprasegmental features:_________________5. Allophone:___________________________6. Language performance:_________________7. X-bar theory:_________________________8. Epenthesis:___________________________9. Sense:______________________________10. Register:_____________________________II. Indicate the following statements true or false.1. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship the two items are said to be relational opposites.2. Derivational morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words to which they are attached.3. In linguistic study, linguists first work out a theory about language structure, then, test it with language facts.4. Early linguistics was mostly prescriptive because it set rules for language users to follow.5. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be considered as a kind of meaning study.6. Children who suffer aphasia after puberty have a much more rapid and complete recovery than do other children.7. Errors usually arise from the learner’s lack of knowledge; it represents a lack of competence.8. Prague School is one of the three most influential representatives of structuralism in modern linguistics after Saussure.9. The study of sound, in the mind of linguists, is of greater significance than that of speech.10. The words donate, babysit, enthuse are formed in the way of backformation.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. Language is an a_______ system of articulated sounds made use of by a group of humans as a means of carrying on the affairs of their society.2. The earliest grammar of any language was S______ grammar by the Hindu scholar Panini.3. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the y_________ theory.4. The theory that language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has been called the p_________ theory.5. The theory that language arose from human beings instinctive need for contact with his companion has been called the c_________ theory.6. The reason why languages other than our own sound like gibberish is because we have not mastered the complexity of their s_________.7. Language is called upon not only for communications, but also for i______ and cultural t_______.8. The syllabic structures in English are rather complex and varied, such as key-CV, spree C______, and scram-CCCVC.9. P______ can be defined as the study of language in use and linguistic communication.10. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents:a______ and a p______.IV. Mark the choice that would best complete the statement.1. Linguistics is a branch of science which takes ______as its object of investigation.A. paroleB. languageC. societyD. message2. A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.A. rule-governedB. GTC. prescriptiveD. analytical3. Which of the following is not the concern within Sociolinguistics?A. toneB. registerC. genderD. slang4. Generally speaking, we can divide phonetics into at least three branches: articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and ______ phonetics.A. hearingB. acousticC. soundD. none of above5. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word formation and______.A. affixationB. etymologyC. inflectionD. root6. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ______.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. infixD. back-formation7. In order to reduce the ambiguity of the term "word", the term ―______‖ is postulated as the abstract unit which refers to the smallest unit in the meaning.A. semantemeB. morphemeC. lexemeD. phoneme8. IC Analysis can be represented in different ways such as tree diagrams or ______.A. bracketingB. linearC. verticalD. dimensional9 . ______ construction refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having equivalent syntactic status.A. parallelB. complexC. compoundD. coordinate10. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic ______ and linguistic relativity.A. creationB. originalityC. determinismD. competence11. Traditional grammar lays emphasis on______, linguistic excellence, the use of Latin models and the priority of the written 1anguage.A. modelB. correctnessC. grammarD. practice12. In 1957, N. Chomsky published his famous book ―______ Structure".A. SentenceB. SyntacticC. SemanD. Surface13. ______ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by substracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. backformationC. insertionD. addition14. There are _____ morphemes in the word "teachers".A. oneB. threeC. twoD. four15. The violation of one or more of the conversational ______(of the CP Principle) can, when the listener ful1y understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, and humor sometimes.A. standardsB. principlesC. levelsD. maxims16. Intelligibility means that any human being can be both a producer and a ______ of messages.A. senderB. receiverC. mediumD. none of above17.Which of the following sounds is a monophthong?A. [ i ]B. [ au ]C. [ ai ]D. [ei ]18. Symbols are said to be arbitrary because they do not ______ what they represent.A. performB. decode C look like D. communicate19. ______ is formed by a narrowing of the air passage at some point so that the air in escaping makes a sort of hissing sound.A. fricativeB. plosiveC. liquidD. lateral20. Conventionally a ____ is placed in slashes.A. phoneB. phonemeC. allophoneD. morphemeV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1. Can you elaborate on the two contrastive views regarding theories of child language acquisition?2. Explain the purpose of reconstruction in historical linguistic and the method by historical linguists.3. The following sentences are believed to have derived from their D-structure representations. Show the D-structure for each of these sentences.(1) Where are you going? (2) The dog gnawed a bone.(3) Shall I help you in some way? (4) The librarian shoveled the volumes off and left.4. Is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme?5. Write out the synonyms of the following words:youth; automobile; remember; purchase; vacation; bigI. 1. This is the first type of meaning recognized by Leech, which he defined as the logical , cognitive , or denotative content . In other words, It overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. But Leech also uses "sense‖ as a briefer term for his conceptual meaning. As a result, Leech 's conceptual meaning has two sides : sense and reference .2. The hierarchical structure means the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP or PP.3. A structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form acomplete statement, question or command.4. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones include stress, intonation, and tone.5. Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environment are called the allophone of that phoneme.6. ―Performance‖ refers to the actualization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. It means the actual saying of something, the act of speech itself.7. X-bar theory is a general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrase structure rules into one single format:8. The insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word.9. In contrast to reference, sense may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another . It is concerned with the intralinguistic relations.10. Register refers to a functional speech or language variety that involves degrees of formality depending on the speech situation concerned. It is concerned with the addresser and the addressee’s relationship to experience, to each other and to the medium of transmission, reflects the part or role played by language and also selects the part which can be played by other forms of intentionally communicative behavior. Thus theselection of one register rather than another in different situations is closely related with the question of use.II. 1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.T 9.F 10.TIII. 1.arbitrary 2. Sanskrit; 3.yo-he-ho; 4.pooh-pooh; 5.contact; 6.system; 7.interaction, transmission; CV; 9.Pragmatics; 10.Argument, predicateIV. 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.B14.B 15.D 16.B 17.A 18.C 19.A 20.BV. 1. Different theories of child language acquisition have been advanced. They are concerned with understanding the nature or process of language learning. The two contrasting views. One is behaviorist and other is nativist.The Behaviorist view:Language acquisition is a process of habit formation. Language is learned through stimulus and response. Reinforcement of selected responses is the key to understanding language development. Children learn to produce correct sentences because they are positively reinforced when they say something right and negatively reinforced when they say something wrong.The Nativist view:Language acquisition is the species – specific property of human beings. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. They are predisposed to develop their native language along a universal, predetermined route through similar stages. They go about acquiring the grammar of their native language using principles unique to language acquisition.2. Historical linguistics aim at establishing through the method of comparative reconstruction, the genetic relationship between and among various language based on the evidence of systematic form—meaning resemblance in cognate items, and thereby to reconstruct the protolanguage of a language family.3.(1) You are going where. (2) The dog past gnaw a bone.(3) I shall help you in some way. (4) The librarian shoveled off the volumes and left.4. As a matter of fact, morpheme is both a grammatical concept and a semantic one. For instance , we can recognize that English word 一forms such as talks , talker , talked and talking must consist of one element talk , and a number of other elements such ass ，一er ，一ed ，一ing . All these elements are described as morphemes. The definition of morpheme is ―the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content‖. We would say that the word reopened in the sentence. The police reopened the investigation consists of three morphemes. One minimal unit of meaning is open , another minimal unit of meaning is re - ( meaning again ) , and a minimal unit of grammatical function is 一ed ( indicating past tense ) . Therefore, we are in a position to conclude that those which can stand by themselves as single words , e.g . open，are semantic concepts , and those which cannot normally stand alone , but which are typically attached to another form , e.g . re-，-ist , -ed , -s, are grammatical concepts .5. youth ( adolescent ) ; automobile ( car ) ; remember ( recall ) ; purchase( buy ) ; vacation ( holidays ) ; big ( large )。

语言学作业2试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音节B. 语素C. 词D. 句子答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的社会功能？A. 交际工具B. 思维工具C. 娱乐工具D. 传承文化答案：C3. 语言的音位系统是由以下哪个因素决定的？A. 个人习惯B. 社会约定C. 物理属性D. 心理因素答案：B4. 语言的词汇量在不同语言中：A. 完全相同B. 差异不大C. 差异很大D. 无法比较答案：C5. 语言的语法规则是：A. 随意的B. 固定的C. 可变的D. 无规则的答案：B6. 语言的演变主要受以下哪个因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 个人偏好C. 技术进步D. 政治制度答案：A7. 语言的方言差异主要表现在：A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有选项答案：D8. 双语现象是指：A. 一个人使用两种语言B. 一个地区使用两种语言C. 一个国家使用两种语言D. 一个民族使用两种语言答案：A9. 语言的标准化通常包括：A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有选项答案：D10. 语言的交际功能包括：A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 建立关系D. 所有选项答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的_______系统是其最核心的部分。

答案：语法2. 语言的_______系统包括词汇和语义。

答案：词汇3. 语言的_______系统是语言的物质外壳。

答案：语音4. 语言的_______功能是指语言在社会交际中的作用。

答案：交际5. 语言的_______功能是指语言在思维过程中的作用。

答案：思维6. 语言的_______功能是指语言在文化传承中的作用。

答案：文化7. 语言的_______功能是指语言在艺术创作中的作用。

答案：艺术8. 语言的_______功能是指语言在法律规范中的作用。

答案：法律9. 语言的_______功能是指语言在教育过程中的作用。

答案：教育10. 语言的_______功能是指语言在科学发展中的作用。

预算成绩情况--------------------------------------------------------------------------------作业名称：语言学概论2012秋第二套作业客观题预算成绩：100 分注意：客观题是指单选题、多选题、是非题等能自动判分的题！详细信息：题号:1 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57内容:“报复”原指报答恩和怨，现指报怨；“脸”原指脸颊，现指整个面部；“行李”原指行人、旅客，现指出门携带的包裹、箱子等物品。

它们依次属于词义的A、转移缩小扩大B、缩小C、缩小扩大转移D、扩大学员答案:C正确性:正确题号:2 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57内容:“涕”在古汉语中是“眼泪”的意思，在现代汉语中是“鼻涕”的意思，这种词义演变是A、扩大B、缩小C、转移D、比喻学员答案:C正确性:正确题号:3 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57内容:英“barn”原指储存大麦的地方，后指储存谷物等农产品的地方；“mice”原指“愚蠢的”，后指“美好的”；“deer"指哺乳动物，后指鹿。

它们依次属于词义的A、扩大缩小转移B、转移扩大缩小C、缩小转移扩大D、扩大转移缩小学员答案:D正确性:正确题号:4 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57内容:“节”的本义是“竹节”，后演变出“关节”、“气节”、“节制”等意义，这种演变的途径称为A、引申B、比喻C、扩大D、缩小学员答案:C正确性:正确题号:5 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57内容:普通话[koutai]（口袋）快读是[kout]这种现象是A、同化B、异化C、弱化D、脱落学员答案:C正确性:正确题号:6 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57内容:汉语“闻”在古汉语中是用耳“听”的意思，在现代汉语中是用鼻子“闻”的意思，这种词义演变是A、扩大B、缩小C、转移D、比喻学员答案:C正确性:正确题号:7 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57内容:语言系统中演变发展最快的是A、词汇B、语音C、语法D、语义学员答案:A正确性:正确题号:8 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57 内容:语言中发展速度最慢的是A、语音B、语义C、语法D、一般词汇学员答案:C正确性:正确题号:9 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57 内容:英语“deer”原泛指动物，现专指“鹿”这种词义的演变结果叫A、引申B、比喻C、扩大D、缩小学员答案:D正确性:正确题号:10 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57 内容:“社稷”、“太监”、“丞相”、“符节”等词在现代汉语中已不再使用，它属于A、词义的演变B、旧词的消亡C、新词的产生D、词语的替换学员答案:B正确性:正确题号:11 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:3.57 内容:“民”、“辉”、“原”是A、词根B、词缀C、词尾D、词干学员答案:A正确性:正确题号:16 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:3.57内容:下列关于书面语的表述，正确的有A、是经过提炼的口语书面形式B、与口语相比缺少了一些内容C、不存在与口语严重脱节现象D、会具有相对独立的发展历史学员答案:ABD正确性:正确题号:17 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:5.36内容:汉字体系不能拼音化的原因有A、汉字有区别同音语素和同音词的功能B、汉字具有更强的超时间性C、汉字已经记录了丰富的文本，汉字对于文化遗产的继承是必不可少的D、汉字具有更强的超空间的功能，或者说超方言的功能学员答案:ABCD正确性:正确题号:18 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:5.36内容:汉字体系不能改革的原因是A、汉字有区别同音语素和同音词的功能B、和拼音文字相比，汉字具有更强的超空间的功能C、和拼音文字相比，汉字具有更强的超时间性D、汉字对于文化遗产的继承是必不可少的学员答案:ABCD正确性:正确题号:19 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:5.36内容:和拼音文字相比，汉字和汉语的关系中的特殊处是A、汉字从字形上不能判定一个字的具体读音B、汉字往往可以通过字形确定义类C、有些字可以通过声旁确定音类或大致的读音D、汉字的字形和汉语的读音不是直接联系的学员答案:ABCD正确性:正确题号:20 题型:是非题本题分数:5.36内容:语言的规范化就是要根据语言的发展规律为语言的运用确定语音、词汇、语法各方面的标准。

练习二一、填空（每空 1 分，共 20 分）。

1、在有些语言中，词与词组合时形式要发生变化，这种词形变化叫做（形态）。

2、词汇是一种语言中所有的（词）和（成语）等固定用语的总汇。

3、多义词的多个义项中，最初的那个意义叫（本义）；由此直接或间接衍生出来的意义叫（派生义）。

4、古代记事的方法主要有两种：一种是用（实物）记事，一种是用（图画）记事。

5、世界上独立形成的古老的文字体系都是（意音）文字，即兼有（表音）、（表意）两种方法的文字。

6、按谱系分类，英语属于（印欧）语系（日耳曼）语族。

7、（黑话）是一种具有强烈排他性，对本集团以外的人绝对保密的特殊社会方言。

8、同一语系中的语言可根据它们亲属关系的亲属远近依次分为（语族）、（语支）、（语群）。

9、在一种语言内部划分地域方言时的依据主要是（语音）。

10、一般认为汉藏语系除汉语外还包括（藏缅）、（苗瑶）、（侗台）三个语族。

二、单项选择（每题 1 分，共 10 分）。

1、语法的聚合规则是（ A ）。

P84A、潜在的B、现实的C、存在于话语中D、存在于书面语言中2、下列词的词形变化的形式属于变更词尾的一组是（ C ）。

A、 man－menB、 bring－ broughtC、 slow－slower－slowestD、see－saw3、下列各组词的词形变化的形式属于词根内部元音、辅音发生变化（内部屈折）的有（ B ）。

A、 I－meB、foot－feetC、 work－works D 、child －children4、俄语、汉语、日语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是（ D ）。

A、黏着语－屈折语－孤立语B、屈折语－黏着语－孤立语C、孤立语－屈折语－黏着语D、屈折语－孤立语－黏着语5、以下概念属于聚合关系的是（C）。

A、动宾B、偏正C、动词D、联合6、以下概论属于组合关系的是（ A ）。

A、主谓B、形容词C、宾语D、单纯词7、法语动词“是”的现在时有 6 种变化，比如“ je（我） suis（是）”，“ il （他）est（是）”，“ nous（我们） sommes（是）”等，这反映了法语中什么样的谓语属性范畴（ D ）。