第9章英语语言的应用（Ⅱ）
Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.
1. H. P. Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of _____, do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words, speak truthfully; do not lie.
【答案】quality
【解析】合作原则中质量准则内容：不要说自知是不真实的话；不要说缺乏足够证据的话。
2. In the light of the _____ principle, four maxims are specified. They are the maxim of quantity, maxim of _____, maxim of _____ and the maxim of _____.（人民大学2005年；吉林大学2004年研）
【答案】cooperative; quality; relation; manner
【解析】考查合作原则及四条次则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。
3. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _____. X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
【答案】relation
【解析】很显然Y的回答与X的问题“你昨晚跟谁在一起？”无关。
4. There has been a maxim in _____ which claims that “You are what you say”. （中山大学2008研）
【答案】quantity
【解析】格莱斯的数量准则指1.使你的话语如（交谈的当前目的）所要求的那样信息充分；
2.不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。即说你该说的。
5. The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by _____. （中山大学2008研）
【答案】Grice
【解析】格莱斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
6. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the _____ principle proposed by Grice.
【答案】cooperative
【解析】通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。
Ⅱ. Multiple Choices.
1. A: What do you think of James?
B: A fine day, isn’t it?
In the dialogue, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?
B. The maxim of quantity.
C. The maxim of mariner.
D. The maxim of relation.
【答案】D
【解析】根据关联准则，说话要贴切。本题对话中B选项的回答显然是答非所问，违反了上述的关联准则。因此，本题的正确答案为D。
2. How many maxims are under Grice’s CP?
A. Two.
B. Three.
C. Four.
D. Five.
【答案】C
【解析】美国哲学家Grice提出会话的合作原则具体体现为：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。因此，本题的正确答案为C。
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? （对外经贸大学2006研)
A. the maxim of quantity
B. the maxim of quality
C. the maxim of manner
【答案】D
【解析】格莱斯的合作原则有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
4. _____ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.
A. Semantics
B. Pragmatics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Stylistics
【答案】B
【解析】pragmatics不同于semantics，因为对这种意义的理解要依赖于说话人，听话人，以及谈话的时间和地点等因素。
Ⅲ. True or False.
1. A speaker flouts the Maxim of Quantity when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful.（对外经济贸易大学2005研）
【答案】F
【解析】违背了质量原则。
2. The co-operative principle was proposed by Grice. （南开大学2004研）
【答案】T
【解析】合作原则是由格莱斯提出的。
3. In order to be polite, one needs to cooperate in all possible ways.
【答案】F
【解析】礼貌原则有一定的规则，不是指在所有方面都对对方言听计从。
4. Politeness is a matter of degree.
【答案】T
【解析】礼貌要有个度。
Ⅳ. Explain the following terms.
1. Conversational implicature （川大2010研；武汉大学2004研；北京交通大学2007研）
Key: Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For example, the implicature of He is a tiger could probably be he has some characteristics of
a tiger.
2. Cooperative principle （北二外2010研；北京师范大学2003研）
Key: Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice. It expresses that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to
cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.
It goes like this: “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. This principle can be further specified as the four following maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation; Manner.
3. Violation of maxims （北交大2006研）
Key: There are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of the cooperative principle. For example, in conversation, a speaker may violate the maxim expectations by using an expression like “No comment”in response to a question. Although it is typically not “as informative as is required”in the context, it is naturally interpreted as communicating more than is said (i.e. the speaker knows the answer).
This typical reaction to any apparent violation of the maxims is actually the key to the notion of conversational implicature. When we violate any of these maxims, our language becomes indirect. In this way, we can convey more than is literally said. For example, there is violation of the first maxim of Quantity, and sometimes the first Quantity maxim can be in conflict with the Quality maxim.
4. Politeness
Key: Politeness is the practical application of good manners or etiquette. It is a