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Unit 1 Washington Irving作家介绍：华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving，1783 年4 月3 日–1859年11月28日)，出生于纽约一个富商家庭。
幼年体弱多病，16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，喜爱文学、旅游。
1806年在弗吉尼亚州任律师，并与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚。
妻子早逝于1809年，后来虽有过几次恋爱，却一直过着独身生活。
欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。
1820年，他的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，也奠定了他在美国文学史上的地位。
该作品包含了他最为脍炙人口的名篇《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》。
晚年他在曾描写过的睡谷附近度过。
因其对美国文学的巨大贡献，欧文被尊称为“美国文学之父”。
内容摘要：瑞普·凡·温克尔是一个心底善良、和蔼可亲的人。
他乐于帮助别人，但在自己家里却十分懒惰。
有一天，为了躲避唠叨凶悍的妻子，他独自到附近的赫德森河畔兹吉尔山上去打猎。
途中，他巧遇了当年发现这条河的赫德森船长及其伙伴，在喝了他们的仙酒后，睡了一觉。
醒后下山回家，才发现时间已过了整整二十年，人世沧桑，一切都十分陌生。
原本闭塞的山村现在一片沸腾，到处是演说、传单、竞选。
恍惚中，瑞普发现酒店招牌上英王乔治的画像变了。
红色的上衣变成了蓝黄色，手中的王笏变成宝剑，头冠三角帽，下面是”华盛顿将军”的字眼。
经过一番曲折后，瑞普终于知道，他现在已由英王的臣民变成”合众国的一个自由的公民”。
但对所有这些变化，瑞普无动于衷，因为他最担心的是家“女人的专政”。
作品导读：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》出自欧文的《见闻札记》。
该作品是作家最知名的代表作，包括小说、散文、杂感等32篇，以幽默风趣的笔调和富于幻想的浪漫色彩，描写了英国和美国古老的风俗习惯以及善良淳朴的旧式人物。
作家喜欢田园生活和古代遗风，爱写随笔和短篇小说，尤为关注奇闻轶事和穷乡僻壤的风俗习惯。
1.Early years’ experience and accumulation1、儿时Washington Irving was born in Manhattan, New York City, in 1783. His family was part of the city's small, vibrant merchant class. At the same week, The United States defeated the British achieved the victory of the revolution of independence. So his family named him after the hero of revolution, George Washington.Ivring was invalid when he was young and finally leave school when he was 16. After that he worked as a student in several law firms, but he has no interest in law. On the contrary, he was fond of literature ever since he was a child. He like to read adventure stories, such as Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver's Travels. And he had often sneaking into theatres to watch dramas. His brothers often encourage him to pursued his literary aspirations with financially support.In 1798, Manhattan outbreaks of yellow fever. Considered for Ivring’s safty, his family send him to Tarrytown. “Sleepy Hollow” is located a short distance away from Tarrytown. In there, Ivring became familiar with its quaint Dutch customs and local ghost stories. Ivring also made several other trips along the Hudson river. During these trips, he passed through the Gatskill mountain region, it’s the setting for “Rip Van Winkle”. These experiences have a powerful witching effect on Ivring’s boyish imagination, as himself said.2、少年时期At the age of 19, Irving began writing letters to the New York Morning Chronicle. These letters were comments on the city's news or theater scene. These letters bring Ivring both fame and infamy.Concerned for his health, Irving's brothers financed him to travel around Europe from 1804 to 1806. Irving bypassed many sites and locations which is be nefit for a of a young man’s development, including France, Italy and England. He had took a large number of travel notes during this experience, which accumulated meaningful materials for his later creation. While visiting Rome in 1805, he once want be a painter.二、成就After returned from Europe, he had been worked as a layer in Virginia, after that he helped his two brothers with their import business. But he’s not good at law, nor good at business. At the same time, Irving began actively socializing with a group of literate young men. And in 1807, Collaborating with his brother William and those young men, Irving created the literary magazine Salmagundi . In Salmagundi, Ivring comment New York culture and politics in a manner of lampoon. Ivring r evealed his talent of humor, witty and satire. It spreading Ivring’s fame beyond New York City.The first important work of Ivirng is A History of New-York under the pseudonymof Diedrich Knickerbocker. This work was making a great hit with the reading public.Before this, although America has been independence more than thirty years, but in literature, it has failed to get rid of the shackles of Britain all the time. Ivring use American’s local subject matters to write A History of New-York have important significance to promote American’s National literature.美国作为一个新生的独立国家，各方面百业待兴。
华盛顿·欧文——美国文学之父华盛顿·欧文介绍中文名：华盛顿·欧文外文名：Washington Irving别名：美国文学之父国籍：美国出生地：美国纽约出生日期：1783年4月3日逝世日期：1859年11月28日职业：作家主要成就：著《见闻札记》开创美国短篇小说传统代表作品：《纽约外史》、《见闻札记》短篇小说：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》华盛顿·欧文是19世纪美国最著名的作家，号称美国文学之父。
1783年4月3日出生在纽约一个富商家庭。
从欧文少年时代起就喜爱阅读英国作家司各特、拜伦和彭斯等人的作品。
欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。
1819年，欧文的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。
生平介绍早年经历华盛顿·欧文，美国作家。
出生于纽约。
他的父亲是纽约富有的五金商人，长老会执事，政治上反对英国殖民统治;他敬重华盛顿，因而给儿子取名为华盛顿。
欧文幼年体弱多病，16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，喜爱文学，从小喜欢看《鲁滨逊漂流记》、《格列佛游记》这种历险故事，还常常钻到剧院里去看戏。
欧文后来最知名的作品是《见闻札记》，写的就是在外游历的故事，不能不说是幼时受到了读书的影响。
1802年，19岁的欧文在《早晨纪事报》上发表了几篇书信体散文，崭露头角。
1804年因病赴欧洲休养，到过法国、意大利和英国，作了大量旅途笔记，为以后的创作积累了丰富的素材，一度想成为画家。
1806年回国后在弗吉尼亚州任律师，后帮助他的两个哥哥经营进口生意。
他对法律和经商之道都不甚精通。
这时他与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚，妻子早逝于1809年，后来他虽有过几次恋爱，却一直过着独身生活。
1807年，他和哥哥威廉等人共同创办一种不定期刊物《杂拌》，沿袭18世纪英国作家乔纳森·斯威夫特、亨利·菲尔丁以及约瑟夫·艾迪生和理查德·斯梯尔的《旁观者》的传统，开始了他的文学创作活动，显露出他的幽默、风趣和含蓄的讽刺才能。
华盛顿·欧文（1783-1859）是美国历史上第一位享有国际声誉的作家。
曾任美国驻伦敦使馆秘书和美国驻西班牙公使。
1783年4月3日出生在纽约一个富商家庭。
欧文从少年时代起就喜爱阅读英国作家司各特、拜仑和彭斯等人的作品。
欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》，1820年，欧文的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。
之后，欧文又创作了多部作品，如：《阿尔罕伯拉》、《攻克格拉纳达》、《哥伦布传》等等。
欧文是散文大师，是美国文学奠基人之一。
他的文笔优雅自然，清新精致，时常流露出温和的幽默。
1859年11月28日，欧文与世长辞，美国人民为了怀念这位在文学方面做出突出贡献的作家，在纽约下半旗致哀，而欧文的许多优秀作品则被人们传诵至今，成为珍贵的文学遗产。
他本人更被尊为“美国文学之父”。
1783年，欧文出生在纽约的一个富人家庭，他从小喜欢看《鲁滨逊漂流记》、《格列佛游记》这种历险故事，还常常钻到剧院里去看戏。
欧文后来最知名的作品是《见闻札记》，写的就是在外游历的故事，不能不说是幼时受到了读书的影响。
早期翻译名家林纾将《见闻札记》译成中文，取名《拊掌录》，这是欧文作品的第一个中译本。
林纾在序中说：“欧文气量宏广，而思致深邃而便敏，行文跳踊变化，匪夷所思。
其雅趣高情……又博古，广哀遗典，叩以所有，无不立应。
”给予了他很高的评价。
1809年，他的第一部作品《纽约外史》以“迪德里希·尼克博克”的笔名出版。
这是一部具有独特风格的诙谐之作，充分显露出欧文的幽默才能。
《纽约外史》出版后，欧文便成为纽约文坛风靡一时的人物。
在这之前，美国虽然获得独立已有三十余年，但在文学方面却始终未能摆脱英国的束缚，创作出足以代表这个新兴资产阶级共和国的作品来。
欧文运用本国题材写出的《纽约外史》这部具有民族特色的作品，对于促进美国民族文学的发展有着重要的意义。
1815年，欧文再度赴英。
作者简介:华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）（1789-1895），美国浪漫主义作家，也是一个纯文学作家，他的写作态度是”writing for pleasure and to produce pleasure".欧文的代表作有《见闻札记》（Sketch Book）,这是第一部伟大的青少年读物，也是美国本土作家第一部成功的小说。
由于欧文对美国文学的伟大贡献，他获得了“美国文学之父”的光荣称号.这篇短篇小说，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》便是摘自《见闻札记》。
Rip Van WinkleA Posthumous Writing of Diedrich KnickerbockerBy Washington Irving（T HE FOLLOWING tale was found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker，an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch history of the province，and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers。
His historical researches, however，did not lie so much among books as among men；for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics；whereas he found the old burghers, and still more their wives，rich in that legendary lore so invaluable to true history。
美国文学之父是谁提起美国文学，大家第一个想到的美国文学家或许就是马克;吐温，那你知道美国文学之父是谁吗?以下是为你整理的美国文学之父介绍，希望能帮到你。
华盛顿;欧文是19世纪美国最著名的作家，被尊为“美国文学之父”。
华盛顿;欧文1783年4月3日出生在纽约一个富商家庭。
从欧文少年时代起就喜爱阅读英国作家司各特、拜伦和彭斯等人的作品。
欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。
1819年，欧文的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。
华盛顿;欧文是散文大师，是美国文学奠基人之一。
他的文笔优雅自然，清新精致，时常流露出温和的幽默。
他能够在描写现实生活的细节中巧妙地体现他的幽默与幻想。
他的浪漫气息给他的散文和短篇小说增添了不少风采和魅力。
他厌恶资产阶级的浅薄与庸俗。
他从资本主义前的传统观点出发，对殖民主义者的无耻欺诈和残酷剥削以及他们屠杀印第安人的罪行进行讽刺和揭露。
他的讽刺往往都能击中要害而不失之于尖刻。
他的一些优秀的散文和故事已成为典范。
他的缺点在于书卷气较重，有时流露出感伤的情绪。
但是，欧文是一位乐观的幽默家，他没有某些文人那种玩世不恭的态度。
他对人类充满信心，即使在缅怀古人、凭吊陈迹的时候，也没有悲观失望的情调。
华盛顿;欧文的作品：1、《纽约外史》(A History of New York,1809)2、《柑掌录》(即《见闻札记》)[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.1819-1820])——其中收录《睡谷的传说》(The legend of the Sleepy Hollow)和《瑞普.凡.温克尔》(Rip Van Winkle)等名篇(《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇小说的传统)3、《布雷斯布里奇田庄》(Bracebridge Hall,1822)4、《旅人述异》(即《旅客谈》[T ales of a Traveller,1824])5、《哥伦布的生平和航行》(即《哥伦布传》[The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus,1828])6、《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》(Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus,1831)7、《攻克格拉纳达》(The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada,1829)8、《大食故宫余载》(即《阿尔罕伯拉》[T ales of the Alhambra,1832])9、《阿斯托里亚》(Astoria,1836)10、《哥尔德斯密斯传》(The Life of Oliver Goldsmith,1840 [revised 1849])11、《穆罕默德及其继承者》(Mahomet and His Successors,1850)12、《华盛顿传》(The Life of George Washington [5volumes],美国文学之父华盛顿;欧文的作品风格华盛顿;欧文向往田园生活和古代遗风，最爱写随笔和短篇小说，其主要作品的大部分题材都是欧洲的，极少描写美国的生活，作者尤其关注奇闻轶事和穷乡僻壤的风俗习惯。
作者简介：华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）（1789-1895）, 美国浪漫主义作家，也是一个纯文学作家，他的写作态度是"writing for pleasure and to produce pleasure"。
欧文的代表作有《见闻札记》（Sketch Book），这是第一部伟大的青少年读物，也是美国本土作家第一部成功的小说。
由于欧文对美国文学的伟大贡献，他获得了“美国文学之父”的光荣称号。
这篇短篇小说，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》便是摘自《见闻札记》。
Rip Van WinkleA Posthumous Writing of Diedrich KnickerbockerBy Washington Irving(T HE FOLLOWING tale was found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch history of the province, and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers. His historical researches, however, did not lie so much among books as among men; for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics; whereas he found the old burghers, and still more their wives, rich in that legendary lore so invaluable to true history. Whenever, therefore, he happened upon a genuine Dutch family, snugly shut up in its low-roofed farmhouse, under a spreading sycamore, he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter, and studied it with the zeal of a bookworm.The result of all these researches was a history of the province during the reign of the Dutch governors, which he published some years since. There have been various opinions as to the literary character of his work, and, to tell the truth, it is not a whit better than it should be. Its chief merit is its scrupulous accuracy, which indeed was a little questioned on its first appearance, but has since been completely established; and it is how admitted into all historical collections as a book of unquestionable authority.The old gentleman died shortly after the publication of his work, and now that he is dead and gone it cannot do much harm to his memory to say that his time might have been much better employed in weightier labors. He, however, was apt to ride his hobby in his own way; and though it did now and then kick up the dust a little in the eyes of his neighbors and grieve the spirit of some friends, for whom he felt the truest deference and affection, yet his errors and follies are remembered “more in sorrow than in anger”; and it begins to be suspected that he never intended to injure or offend. But however his memory may be appreciated by critics, it is still held dear among many folk whose good opinion is well worth having; particularly by certain biscuit bakers, who have gone so far as to imprint his likeness on their New Year cakes, and have thus given him a chance for immortality almost equal to the being stamped on a Waterloo medal or a Queen Anne’s fart hing.)By Woden, God of Saxons,From whence comes Wensday, that is Wodensday,Truth is a thing that ever I will keepUnto thylke day in which I creep intoMy sepulchre—C ARTWRIGHT.Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Catskill Mountains. They are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over the surrounding country. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.At the foot of these fairy mountains the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village whose shingle roofs gleam among the trees, just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the Dutch colonists, in the early times of the province, just about the beginning of the government of the good Peter Stuyvesant (may he rest in peace!), and there were some of the houses of the original settlers standing within a few years, with lattice windows, gable fronts surmounted with weathercocks, and built of small yellow bricks brought from Holland.In that same village, and in one of these very houses (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple, good-natured fellow, of the name of Rip Van Winkle. He was a descendant of the Van Winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant, and accompanied him to the siege of Fort Christina. He inherited, however, but little of the martial character of his ancestors. I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meekness of spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing; and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.Certain it is that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village, who, as usual with the amiable sex, took his part in all family squabbles, and never failed, whenever they talked those matters over in their evening gossipings, to lay allthe blame on Dame Van Winkle. The children of the village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached. He assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went dodging about the village, he was surrounded by a troop of them, hanging on his skirts, clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity; and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.The great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor. It could not be from the want of assiduity or perseverance; for he would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar’s lance, and fish all day without a murmur, even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble. He would carry a fowling piece on his shoulder, for hours together, trudging through woods and swamps, and up hill and down dale, to shoot a few squirrels or wild pigeons. He would never even refuse to assist a neighbor in the roughest toil, and was a foremost man at all country frolics for husking Indian corn, or building stone fences. The women of the village, too, used to employ him to run their errands, and to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them; in a word, Rip was ready to attend to anybody’s business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, it was impossible.In fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; everything about it went wrong, and would go wrong, in spite of him. His fences were continually falling to pieces; his cow would either go astray or get among the cabbages; weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere else; the rain always made a point of setting in just as he had some outdoor work to do; so that though his patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management, acre by acre, until there was little more left than a mere patch of Indian corn and potatoes, yet it was the worst-conditioned farm in the neighborhood.His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. His son Rip, an urchin begotten in his own likeness, promised to inherit the habits, with the old clothes of his father. He was generally seen trooping like a colt at his mother’s heels, equipped in a pair of his father’s cast-off galligaskins, which he had much ado to hold up with one hand, as a fine lady does her train in bad weather.Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence. Rip had but one way of replying to all lectures of the kind, and that, by frequent use, had grown into a habit. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. This, however, always provoked a fresh volley from his wife, so that he was fain to draw off his forces, and take to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband.Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; for Dame Van Winkle regarded them as companions in idleness, and even looked upon Wolf with an evil eye, as the cause of his master’s so often going astray. True it is, in all points of spirit befitting an honorable dog, he was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods—but what courage can withstand the ever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman’s tongue? The moment Wolf entered the house his crest fell, his tail drooped to the ground, or curled between his legs; he sneaked about with a gallows air, casting many a sidelong glance at Dame Van Winkle, and at the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle would fly to the door with yelping precipitation.Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener by constant use. For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade, of a long lazy summer’s day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing. But it would have been worth any statesman’s money to have heard the profound discussions which sometimes took place, when by chance an old newspaper fell into their hands, from some passing traveler. How solemnly they would listen to the contents, as drawled out by Derrick Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, a dapper, learned little man, who was not to be daunted by the most gigantic word in the dictionary; and how sagely they would deliberate upon public events some months after they had taken place.The opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun, and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sun-dial. It is true, he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and send forth short, frequent, and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds, and sometimes taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquillity of the assemblage, and call the members all to nought; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods. Here he would sometimes seat himself at the foot of a tree, andshare the contents of his wallet with Wolf, with whom he sympathized as a fellow-sufferer in persecution. “Poor Wolf,” he would say, “thy mistress leads thee a dog’s life of it; but never mind, my lad, while I live thou shalt never want a friend to stand by thee!” Wolf would wag his tail, look wistfully in his master’s face, and if dogs can feel pity, I verily believe he reciprocated the sentiment with all his heart.In a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Catskill Mountains. He was after his favorite sport of squirrel shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and reëchoed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees he could overlook all the lower country for many a mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at last losing itself in the blue highlands.On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun. For some time Rip lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.As he was about to descend, he heard a voice from a distance, hallooing, “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle!” He looked around, but could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain. He thought his fancy must have deceived him, and turned again to descend, when he heard the same cry ring through the still evening air: “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle!”—at the same time Wolf bristled up his back, and giving a low growl, skulked to his master’s side, looking fearfully down into the glen. Rip now felt a vague apprehension stealing over him; he looked anxiously in the same direction, and perceived a strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks, and bending under the weight of something he carried on his back. He was surprised to see any human being in this lonely and unfrequented place, but supposing it to be some one of the neighborhood in need of assistance, he hastened down to yield it.On nearer approach, he was still more surprised at the singularity of the stranger’s appearance. He was a short, square-built old fellow, with thick bushy hair, and a grizzled beard. His dress was of the antique Dutch fashion—a cloth jerkin strapped around the waist—several pair of breeches, the outer one of ample volume, decorated with rows of buttons down the sides, and bunches at the knees. He bore on his shoulders a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor, and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load. Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual alacrity, and mutually relieving one another, they clambered up a narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent. As they ascended, Rip every now and then heard long rolling peals, likedistant thunder, that seemed to issue out of a deep ravine, or rather cleft between lofty rocks, toward which their rugged path conducted. He paused for an instant, but supposing it to be the muttering of one of those transient thunder showers which often take place in mountain heights, he proceeded. Passing through the ravine, they came to a hollow, like a small amphitheater, surrounded by perpendicular precipices, over the brinks of which impending trees shot their branches, so that you only caught glimpses of the azure sky and the bright evening cloud. During the whole time, Rip and his companion had labored on in silence; for though the former marveled greatly what could be the object of carrying a keg of liquor up this wild mountain, yet there was something strange and incomprehensible about the unknown that inspired awe and checked familiarity.On entering the amphitheater, new objects of wonder presented themselves. On a level spot in the center was a company of odd-looking personages playing at ninepins. They were dressed in a quaint, outlandish fashion: some wore short doublets, others jerkins, with long knives in their belts, and most had enormous breeches, of similar style with that of the guide’s. Their visages, too, were peculiar: one had a large head, broad face, and small, piggish eyes; the face of another seemed to consist entirely of nose, and was surmounted by a white sugar-loaf hat set off with a little red cock’s tail. They all had beards, of various shapes and colors. There was one who seemed to be the commander. He was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance; he wore a laced doublet, broad belt and hanger, high-crowned hat and feather, red stockings, and high-heeled shoes, with roses in them. The whole group reminded Rip of the figures in an old Flemish painting, in the parlor of Dominie Van Schaick, the village parson, and which had been brought over from Holland at the time of the settlement.What seemed particularly odd to Rip, was that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious silence, and were, withal, the most melancholy party of pleasure he had ever witnessed. Nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder.As Rip and his companion approached them, they suddenly desisted from their play, and stared at him with such fixed statue-like gaze, and such strange, uncouth, lack-luster countenances, that his heart turned within him, and his knees smote together. His companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons, and made signs to him to wait upon the company. He obeyed with fear and trembling; they quaffed the liquor in profound silence, and then returned to their game.By degrees, Rip’s awe and apprehension subsided. He even ventured, when no eye was fixed upon him, to taste the beverage, which he found had much of the flavor of excellent Hollands. He was naturally a thirsty soul, and was soon tempted to repeat the draught. One taste provoked another, and he reiterated his visits to the flagon so often, that at length his senses were overpowered, his eyes swam in his head, his head gradually declined, and he fell into a deep sleep.On awaking, he found himself on the green knoll from whence he had first seenthe old man of the glen. He rubbed his eyes—it was a bright sunny morning. The birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes, and the eagle was wheeling aloft and breasting the pure mountain breeze. “Surely,” thought Rip, “I have not slept here all night.” He recalled the occurrences before he fell asleep. The strange man with a keg of liquor—the mountain ravine—the wild retreat among the rocks—the woe-begone party at ninepins—the flagon—“Oh! that flagon! that wicked flagon!” thought Rip—“what excuse shall I make to Dame Van Winkle?”He looked round for his gun, but in place of the clean, well-oiled fowling piece, he found an old firelock lying by him, the barrel incrusted with rust, the lock falling off, and the stock worm-eaten. He now suspected that the grave roysters of the mountain had put a trick upon him, and having dosed him with liquor, had robbed him of his gun. Wolf, too, had disappeared, but he might have strayed away after a squirrel or partridge. He whistled after him, shouted his name, but all in vain; the echoes repeated his whistle and shout, but no dog was to be seen.He determined to revisit the scene of the last evening’s gambol, and if he met with any of the party, to demand his dog and gun. As he rose to walk, he found himself stiff in the joints, and wanting in his usual activity. “These mountain beds do not agree with me,” thought Rip, “and if this frolic should lay me up with a fit of the rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time wit h Dame Van Winkle.” With some difficulty he got down into the glen; he found the gully up which he and his companion had ascended the preceding evening; but to his astonishment a mountain stream was now foaming down it, leaping from rock to rock, and filling the glen with babbling murmurs. He, however, made shift to scramble up its sides, working his toilsome way through thickets of birch, sassafras, and witch-hazel, and sometimes tripped up or entangled by the wild grape vines that twisted their coils and tendrils from tree to tree, and spread a kind of network in his path.At length he reached to where the ravine had opened through the cliffs to the amphitheater; but no traces of such opening remained. The rocks presented a high, impenetrable wall, over which the torrent came tumbling in a sheet of feathery foam, and fell into a broad, deep basin, black from the shadows of the surrounding forest. Here, then, poor Rip was brought to a stand. He again called and whistled after his dog; he was only answered by the cawing of a flock of idle crows, sporting high in air about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice; and who, secure in their elevation, seemed to look down and scoff at the poor man’s perplexities. What was to be done? the morning was passing away, and Rip felt famished for want of his breakfast. He grieved to give up his dog and gun; he dreaded to meet his wife; but it would not do to starve among the mountains. He shook his head, shouldered the rusty firelock, and, with a heart full of trouble and anxiety, turned his steps homeward.As he approached the village, he met a number of people, but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, for he had thought himself acquainted with every one in the country round. Their dress, too, was of a different fashion from that to which he was accustomed. They all stared at him with equal marks of surprise, and whenever they cast their eyes upon him, invariably stroked their chins. The constant recurrence of this gesture induced Rip, involuntarily, to do the same, when, to hisastonishment, he found his beard had grown a foot long!He had now entered the skirts of the village. A troop of strange children ran at his heels, hooting after him, and pointing at his gray beard. The dogs, too, none of which he recognized for his old acquaintances, barked at him as he passed. The very village was altered: it was larger and more populous. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before, and those which had been his familiar haunts had disappeared. Strange names were over the doors—strange faces at the windows—everything was strange. His mind now began to misgive him; he doubted whether both he and the world around him were not bewitched. Surely this was his native village, which he had left but the day before. There stood the Catskill Mountains—there ran the silver Hudson at a distance—there was every hill and dale precisely as it had always been—Rip was sorely perplexed—“That flagon last night,” thought he, “has addled my poor head sadly!”It was with some difficulty he found the way to his own house, which he approached with silent awe, expecting every moment to hear the shrill voice of Dame Van Winkle. He found the house gone to decay—the roof fallen in, the windows shattered, and the doors off the hinges. A half-starved dog, that looked like Wolf, was skulking about it. Rip called him by name, but the cur snarled, showed his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed—“My very dog,” sighed poor Rip, “has forgotten me!”He entered the house, which, to tell the truth, Dame Van Winkle had always kept in neat order. It was empty, forlorn, and apparently abandoned. This desolateness overcame all his connubial fears—he called loudly for his wife and children—the lonely chambers rung for a moment with his voice, and then all again was silence.He now hurried forth, and hastened to his old resort, the little village inn—but it too was gone. A large rickety wooden building stood in its place, with great gaping windows, some of them broken, and mended with old hats and petticoats, and over the door was painted, “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.” Instead of the great tree which used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag, on which was a singular assemblage of stars and stripes—all this was strange and incomprehensible. He recognized on the sign, however, the ruby face of King George, under which he had smoked so many a peaceful pipe, but even this was singularly metamorphosed. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, G ENERAL W ASHINGTON.There was, as usual, a crowd of folk about the door, but none whom Rip recollected. The very character of the people seemed changed. There was a busy, bustling, disputatious tone about it, instead of the accustomed phlegm and drowsy tranquillity. He looked in vain for the sage Nicholas Vedder, with his broad face, double chin, and fair long pipe, uttering clouds of tobacco smoke instead of idle speeches; or Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, doling forth the contents of an ancient newspaper. In place of these, a lean, bilious-looking fellow, with his pockets full of handbills, was haranguing vehemently about rights of citizens—election—membersof Congress—liberty—Bunker’s Hill—heroes of ’76—and other words, that were a perfect Babylonish jargon to the bewildered Van Winkle.The appearance of Rip, with his long grizzled beard, his rusty fowling piece, his uncouth dress, and the army of women and children that had gathered at his heels, soon attracted the attention of the tavern politicians. They crowded around him, eying him from head to foot, with great curiosity. The orator bustled up to him, and drawing him partly aside, inquired “on which side he voted?” Rip stared in vacant stupidity. Another short but busy little fellow pulled him by the arm, and raising on tiptoe, inquired in his ear, “whether he was Federal or Democrat.” Rip was equally at a loss to comprehend the question; when a knowing, self-important old gentleman, in a sharp cocked hat, made his way through the crowd, putting them to the right and left with his elbows as he passed, and planting himself before Van Winkle, with one arm akimbo, the other resting on his cane, his keen eyes and sharp hat penetrating, as it were, into his very soul, demanded, in an austere tone, “what brought him to the election with a gun on his shoulder, and a mob at his heels, and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village?” “Alas! gentlemen,” cried Rip, somewhat dismayed, “I am a poor quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the king, God bless him!”Here a general shout burst from the bystanders—“A Tory! a Tory! a spy! a refugee! hustle him! away with him!” It was with great difficulty that the self-important man in the cocked hat restored order; and having assumed a tenfold austerity of brow, demanded again of the unknown culprit, what he came there for, and whom he was seeking. The poor man humbly assured him that he meant no harm; but merely came there in search of some of his neighbors, who used to keep about the tavern.“Well—who are they?—name them.”Rip bethought himself a moment, and then inquired, “Where’s Nicholas Vedder?”There was silence for a little while, when an old man replied in a thin, piping voice, “Nicholas Vedder? why, he is dead and gone these eighteen years! There was a wooden tombstone in the churchyard that used to tell all about him, but that’s rotted and gone, too.”“Where’s Brom Dutcher?”“Oh, he went off to the army in the beginning of the war; some say he was killed at the battle of Stony Point—others say he was drowned in a squall, at the foot of Antony’s Nose. I don’t know—he never came back again.”“Where’s Van Bummel, the schoolmaster?”“He went off to the wars, too, was a great militia general, and is now in Congress.”Rip’s heart died away, at hearing of these sad changes in his home and friends, and finding himself thus alone in the world. Every answer puzzled him, too, by treating of such enormous lapses of time, and of matters which he could not understand: war—Congress—Stony Point!—he had no courage to ask after any more friends, but cried out in despair, “Does nobody here know Rip Van Winkle?”。
综合英语---美国经典文学作品Comprehensive English :Classic Works Of American LiteratureUnit 2 Perpetual ChangeText A Passage homeRip Van Winkle 瑞普.凡.温克尔作者介绍：Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文是19世纪美国最著名的作家，号称美国文学之父。
1783年4月3日出生在纽约一个富商家庭。
从欧文少年时代起就喜爱阅读英国作家司各特、拜仑和彭斯等人的作品。
欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。
1819年，欧文的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。
华盛顿·欧文向往田园生活和古代遗风，最爱写随笔和短篇小说，其主要作品的大部分题材都是欧洲的，极少描写美国的生活，作者尤其关注奇闻轶事和穷乡僻壤的风俗习惯。
他的作品大部分以英国为背景，有充满浪漫色彩的传说，也有对英国风俗习惯的描写及旅行随笔。
欧文的短篇小说，因为它们充满了奇幻色彩，大部分都取材于欧洲地区的古老传说，显得极其神秘离奇。
他的《鬼门关》，那是一个关于鬼魂、冒险、寻宝的故事，虽然情节没有那么的错综复杂，却也扣人心弦，引人入胜。
欧文叙述事情的口吻就像是一位慈祥的老者坐在篝火旁略带睡意地讲故事一样，有一种非同一般的魔力－读者在看《睡谷的传说》时仿佛也受到那个被施咒语的小镇的影响，变得头脑昏沉，相信起灵魂和索命的怪物来。
但读者看这些故事的时候并没有觉得害怕，只是感到十分好奇，想尽快往下读好一探究竟。
每一个结局都是很富有神秘主义色彩和浪漫主义色彩的，如《鬼新郎》中的有情人终成眷属，黄金梦里家境衰败的主人公通过自己的勤奋努力最终变得富有等等。
欧文的短篇无疑也反映了人们善良美好的愿望，因此更显得真实动人。
作品背景;《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的背景是荷兰殖民地时期的美国乡村。
英美文学之华盛顿欧文华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving, 1783 年4 月3 日– 1859年11月28日)美国作家。
出生于纽约。
他的父亲是纽约富有的五金商人，长老会执事，政治上反对英国殖民统治；他敬重华盛顿，因而给儿子取名为华盛顿。
欧文幼年体弱多病，16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，喜爱文学，从小喜欢看《鲁滨逊漂流记》、《格列佛游记》这种历险故事，还常常钻到剧院里去看戏。
欧文后来最知名的作品是《见闻札记》，写的就是在外游历的故事，不能不说是幼时受到了读书的影响。
1802年，19岁的欧文在《早晨纪事报》上发表了几篇书信体散文，崭露头角。
1804年因病赴欧洲休养，到过法国、意大利和英国，作了大量旅途笔记，为以后的创作积累了丰富的素材，一度想成为画家。
1806年回国后在弗吉尼亚州任律师，后帮助他的两个哥哥经营进口生意。
他对法律和经商之道都不甚精通。
这时他与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚，妻子早逝于1809年，后来他虽有过几次恋爱，却一直过着独身生活。
1807年，他和哥哥威廉等人共同创办一种不定期刊物《杂拌》，沿袭18世纪英国作家乔纳森·斯威夫特、亨利·菲尔丁以及约瑟夫·艾迪生和理查德·斯梯尔的《旁观者》的传统，开始了他的文学创作活动，显露出他的幽默、风趣和含蓄的讽刺才能。
欧文的第一部重要作品是化名狄德里希·尼克尔包克尔所写《纽约外史》(A History of New York，1809年)，作者自称它的主要目的在于―以逗趣的形式体现我们这个城市的传统；阐述本地人的脾性、风俗和特色；给本地的风光与场所以及熟悉的人物披上一层唤起想象力的怪念丛生的联想‖。
书中讽刺了荷兰殖民者在纽约的统治，驳斥了殖民主义者为奴役和屠杀印第安人所制造的荒谬的论据。
这部作品受到欧美广大读者的欢迎，英国小说家沃尔特·司各特曾说,他从未读过这样酷似斯威夫特的风格的作品。
英美文学之华盛顿欧文华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving, 1783 年4 月3 日– 1859年11月28日)美国作家。
出生于纽约。
他的父亲是纽约富有的五金商人，长老会执事，政治上反对英国殖民统治；他敬重华盛顿，因而给儿子取名为华盛顿。
欧文幼年体弱多病，16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，喜爱文学，从小喜欢看《鲁滨逊漂流记》、《格列佛游记》这种历险故事，还常常钻到剧院里去看戏。
欧文后来最知名的作品是《见闻札记》，写的就是在外游历的故事，不能不说是幼时受到了读书的影响。
1802年，19岁的欧文在《早晨纪事报》上发表了几篇书信体散文，崭露头角。
1804年因病赴欧洲休养，到过法国、意大利和英国，作了大量旅途笔记，为以后的创作积累了丰富的素材，一度想成为画家。
1806年回国后在弗吉尼亚州任律师，后帮助他的两个哥哥经营进口生意。
他对法律和经商之道都不甚精通。
这时他与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚，妻子早逝于1809年，后来他虽有过几次恋爱，却一直过着独身生活。
1807年，他和哥哥威廉等人共同创办一种不定期刊物《杂拌》，沿袭18世纪英国作家乔纳森·斯威夫特、亨利·菲尔丁以及约瑟夫·艾迪生和理查德·斯梯尔的《旁观者》的传统，开始了他的文学创作活动，显露出他的幽默、风趣和含蓄的讽刺才能。
欧文的第一部重要作品是化名狄德里希·尼克尔包克尔所写《纽约外史》(A History of New York，1809年)，作者自称它的主要目的在于“以逗趣的形式体现我们这个城市的传统；阐述本地人的脾性、风俗和特色；给本地的风光与场所以及熟悉的人物披上一层唤起想象力的怪念丛生的联想”。
书中讽刺了荷兰殖民者在纽约的统治，驳斥了殖民主义者为奴役和屠杀印第安人所制造的荒谬的论据。
这部作品受到欧美广大读者的欢迎，英国小说家沃尔特·司各特曾说,他从未读过这样酷似斯威夫特的风格的作品。
华盛顿英文简介生平个人资料乔治·华盛顿，美国杰出的资产阶级政治家、军事家、革命家，美国开国元勋、国父、首任总统。
下面是店铺给大家整理的华盛顿英文简介，供大家参阅!乔治华盛顿简介George Washington (February 22, 1732 - December 14, 1799), the United States outstanding bourgeois politicians, military strategists, revolutionaries, the founding fathers of the United States, the father, the first president.1775 to 1783 American War of Independence when the Continental Army (Continental Army) commander in chief, 1787 presided over the Constituent Assembly. The meeting developed the current US Constitution. In 1789, he became the first president of the United States (which became the first president of the world to be the "president"), and in the successive elections, Have won all the electoral groups without objection support, has served as president until 1797. He has set up many policies and traditions that have continued into today's term. At the end of his two terms, he voluntarily waived his power to no longer seek to succeed.Washington, as the most important role in the American War of Independence and the founding of the country, was known as the "father of the United States", also known as "the father of the United States." The scholars tied him to Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt as the greatest president in American history. George Washington was rated by the American authoritative journal "Atlantic Monthly" as the second of the 100 characters in the United States.乔治华盛顿人物生平Early experienceIn 1732, George Washington was born in Virginia's Wickfeld House. He is the son of a rich plantation owner. Father Augustine Washington died at the age of 11, leaving a legacy of seven children and wife, Mary Bauer Washington, in George Washington. Young Washington received education equivalent to primary school. He failed to study classical courses. In the mother's strict discipline, he mastered the land measurement, livestock breeding and other technologies, learn to use their skills to make money.In 1751, 19 years old, he carried out the only time in his life travel abroad, unfortunately infected with smallpox, but also received the immunity to smallpox. The following year, Washington inherited another considerable property, including the brother of Vernon Villa.French warIn 1753, Washington at the age of 22, inadvertently became the French Indian war (French and Indian War) one of the fuse. This year, the French began to build a fortress at the then Ohio Valley, which belonged to the territory of Virginia, which was one of the French's strategies. The French were supported by local aborigines, trying to prevent the British from continuing westward expansion of their colonies in the United States and blocking the British army in the colonies. The governor of Virginia was Robert Dinwiddie, who had served the major of Washington as the last ultimatum to the French commander and asked the French to leave. Washington revealed the process to the local newspaper, and he became a legend. But the French refused to evacuate, so the British to take further action.In 1754, just promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in Washingtonby Ding Weidi sent to the Virginia First Corps, to the Ohio Valley to attack the French. Washington led the army to ambush a team of French Canadians. After a brief fight, the Washington Indian ally Tanach Washington tribe killed French commander Ensign Jumonville, where Washington established a Fort Necessity But the fortress was attacked very quickly, but he was forced to surrender in the presence of more French and other Indian troops. At the time of the surrender, Washington signed an instrument recognizing that he had "assassinated" the commander of the French commander Jumonville (because the instrument was written in French, Washington did not understand it), and this instrument led to international events, became French Indian One of the causes of human war. This war is also part of the seven years of war. Washington was later released on parole by the French and was released within a year without returning to the Ohio Valley.In 1755, Washington, who had been eager to join the British army (who was not interested in the colonies at that time) was finally waiting for the opportunity. At that time the British launched expedition, try to regain the Ohio Valley. The expedition was devastating in the Battle of the Monongahela. Washington's coat was punched by four rounds of bullets, but he was still unharmed, and he calmly organized troops to retreat in the fire. In Virginia, Washington became a hero, although the focus of the war has been transferred elsewhere, he continued to lead the Virginia First Corps for several years.In 1758, he started another expedition with General John Forbes, successfully dropping the French from the Duquesne fortress. Participation in the seven years of war in Britain and France is of great significance to Washington. Washington'sfuture command of the mainland army, it is due to his seven years of war in Britain and France in the British service has made some military experience and prestige.In 1759, Washington resigned from the military. Because the goal of the initial military career was to become a regular British officer - not just the officers of the colonial militia. But he has not been promoted. He then marries Martha Dandry Kastis, who is a widow who has two children. Washington and her together to support the two children: John Parker Kastis and Martha Parker Kastis, later he also raised her two grandchildren, but Washington has never had their own blood children The After the wedding they moved to Mount Vernon to live, living a gentleman class farmer and slaves of the Lord's life. Washington in the next fifteen years to run their own property, showing extraordinary talent. He was elected to the local House of Representatives of Virginia for 15 years. Washington has advocated North American autonomy under British rule. Hope to burst after strongly opposed to the British colonial rule, advocated the realization of national independence.Independent warIn 1774, Washington was elected a representative of Virginia to attend the first continental conference. As a result of the Boston tea incident, the British government closed the port of Boston and abolished Massachusetts' legislative and judicial rights. The colonies in 1775 in 1775 in Lexington and Kang Kete after the war with the British, in 1776, Washington wearing uniforms to attend the second continental conference - he is the only one to do so, that he wanted to lead The willingness of the Virginia militia to fight. The representative of Massachusetts, John Adams, recommended him to serve as commander of allcolonies and said he had "the talent of the officer ... great talent and universal traits". This is because Adams learned that the best way to ensure that the southern colonies can work together with the northern colonies to form the continental corps is to recommend a southern colony as commander.June 15, 1776, Washington, through the General Assembly elections without objection to become commander of the commander. He was not a pioneer of independence, but the second continental conference in June 1775 was unanimously elected to command the mainland troops and commanded the American War of Independence. In addition to John Adams and others support, Washington's personal charisma, personal prestige and personal qualities also played a big role in his ability to stand out. (In 1774, he was chosen as a representative of Virginia to attend the first continental meeting, has become the largest American colonial one of the rich), famous; he looks handsome, physically Robust (6 feet 2 inches, about 188cm), the command to excellence, especially his unswerving character makes him a commander of course. Although I was reluctant to leave my beloved Virginia home, Washington still accepted the post of commander and declared: "I do not think I can do the glorious position of this commander, but I will accept the position with the greatest sincerity." Claiming that in addition to the necessary expenses, there is no need to pay him any additional remuneration. In this way, Washington on July 3 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, served as the commander of the entire colonial army.In 1776, Washington attacked Boston, using the artillery positions that had been captured earlier in the Ticonderoga Fort, overlooking the entire Boston port, and finally after more than amonth of siege, the British sold out of Boston. The victory accelerated the independence of the United States, the mainland meeting adopted the "Declaration of Independence." British commander William Howe ordered the British to withdraw from Halifax in Canada. Washington then led the army to New York City, the British army is expected to launch an offensive. The British army, which had an overwhelming force, launched an offensive in August, and Washington's retreat was rather clumsy and almost annoyed. He also lost the Battle of Long Island on August 22, but was able to retreat most of the troops back to the mainland. In the next he lost several battles, making the army hastily evacuated the New Jersey, then the future of the American revolution precarious.On the evening of December 25, 1776, Washington rallied. In the Battle of Trenton, he led the fishermen's help to lead the lesser than three thousand US troops to steal the skyline of the Delaware River in the cold Christmas night, raiding the Hessian mercenaries (Hessian) Barracks, British defenders or death or injury or captured, the mainland army only six casualties. Subsequently, Washington and command the mainland army while the British reinforcements did not reach, attacked Princeton, and then win. He then raided the British forces led by Charles Cornwallis on the night of January 2, 1777, which inspired the morale of an independent colonial camp.In the summer of 1777, the British launched a three-way offensive, led by John Burgoyne (John Burgoyne) led from Canada to the south attack, all the way led by William Heo attack the then colonial capital of Philadelphia. And Washington to the south, but in the September 11 battle of the Battle of the Battle of the Battle of Brandywine suffered a defeat. The Battle ofGermantown, which was launched in order to defeat the British army, failed because of fog and military chaos. Even though the Continental Army defeated the invasion of the British forces led by Bogue in the Battle of Saratoga, Washington and his army had to withdraw from the harsh Furu Valley (Valley Forge) struggling through the winter.1777 to 1778 in the winter, the mainland army fighting conditions and the worst moments of morale (political revolutionary movement is also), the continental army suffered a great war damage and in a harsh living environment. But Washington is still firmly in command of the army, and continue to the rear of the colony meeting to ask for more supplies, so that the mainland army to overcome the cold winter, gradually restore morale. In February of 1778, one of the officers, Friedrich von Steuben, who had served in the Prussian Army General Staff, came to the Foggy Valley to volunteer to train the Washington Army to make them on the battlefield And the British comparable. The training of the Torreje in the Foggis Valley improved tactics and combat discipline, greatly enhanced the combat power of the colonial army, and became the watershed of the colonial army to get rid of the united state. When the training in the Foggis Valley came to an end, the Washington army had a new look.On June 28, 1778, in the Battle of Monmouth, Washington led the army to attack the British from Philadelphia to New York, tied with the British, but the attempt by the British separatist colonial government failed. Coupled with the 1777 victory over the battle of Saratoga, the situation gradually improved, the British apparently can not overcome the whole new country, so France decided to formally alliance with the United States.In 1779, in favorable circumstances, Washington carried out the action against the Indians. He ordered one-fifth of the mainland army to launch the Sullivan Expedition, four of which led to four of the six tribes of the Iroquois League, which had joined forces with the British forces and often attacked the US frontier. And no fighting occurred, but the Continental Army destroyed at least 40 Iroquois villages, so that these Indians were forced to leave the United States forever, migrated to Canada. During the American War of Independence, because of the large number of Indians to help the British, Washington launched a bloody revenge against the Indians, opened the Indian massacre curtain.In 1780, the British last try to separate the colony, the British concentrated in the southern region. Washington's troops did not attack them directly, but went to the West Point military base in New York.In 1781, the US army and the French army and the navy surrounded the Cornwallis army in Yorkshire, Washington quickly went to the south, on October 17 took over the command of the US military and the French, continue to siege until 10 On the 17th, Cornwall surrendered, and on 19 October he took the carnival of Cornwallis. Although the British were still active in New York City and other locations until 1783, the battle that York town became the last major battle of the War of Independence.In 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), the United Kingdom recognized the independence of the United States. Washington disbanded his army and made a wonderful farewell speech at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, to his soldiers who followed him for many years. When Washington left the army, his final title in the Continental Corps was "General and Commander-in-Chief". A few days later, the British retreated from New York City, where Washington and the colonial government returned to the city.Surrender military powerOn December 4, 1783, Washington published a formal farewell speech in New York City. On December 23 of the same year, he resigned his commander-in-chief of the army in the Congress of the Confederation, which was held later in the House of Parliament in Annapolis, Maryland. This is a very important process for the nascent state, the establishment of civilians elected officials rather than by the military to organize the government precedent, to avoid the emergence of the militarist regime. Washington is convinced that only the people have sovereignty over the state, and no one can take power in the United States by military power or by his aristocracy alone.1783, Christmas Day on the eve of the evening of Washington arrived at the house. He had no chance to return home since he left his beloved home in 1775. At the door to welcome him is his previous promised to return to his wife in 8 years, and four have been able to walk the grandchildren - all in his home this time was born.FoundingIn 1787, Washington presided over the Constituent Assembly in Philadelphia. He did not participate in the discussion, but his prestige maintained the conference's leadership and allowed the delegation to focus on the discussion. After his meeting, his prestige made many people, including the Virginia parliament, trusted the outcome of the conference, thus supporting the Constitution of the United States - the Constitution of 1787. Although his thoughts had little effect on the AmericanConstitution itself, his supporters and his fame had played a major role in the state's approval of the constitution. There was a powerful force in opposition to the new constitution, and without the support of Washington, the new constitution could not be adopted. After the end of the Constituent Assembly, Washington retired for the second time.In 1789, Washington was elected the first president of the United States, he re-elected in 1793. He established and perfected the democratic and legal system, the organization of the federal government, and the promulgation of the judicial regulations, the establishment of the Federal Supreme Court, according to the Constitution and the help of Hamletton. He tends to favor the Federalists on many issues, but seeks to strike a balance between the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans (Democrats). He supported Hamilton's plan to set up a national bank, established a national credit, and approved the public land bill supported by T. Jefferson, laying the foundations of the western free land system.November 4, 1794, Washington sent the chief judge J. Jay and the British negotiations, signed the "Jay Treaty", which is to ease the contradiction with the British purpose, but in some ways detrimental to the interests of the United States, Was opposed by Madison and other Republicans. Washington did not join any party and did not appreciate political politics, but his late political stance turned to the federal party and demanded that the expansion of federal authority had aroused opposition from Madison and Jefferson.Retired from deathIn March 1797, after the end of the two terms of office, Washington voluntarily gave up power no longer renewed. Afterwhich he will restore the civilian life for the third time, retreat in the Vernon Hill Manor.In 1798, due to the war approaching, in order to warn of France, Washington was appointed by the new president John Adams as Lieutenant General of the US Army (at that time it was the highest rank in the army). It was only a symbolic appointment, and Washington did not really serve.In 1799, Washington was infected with a cold, causing severe fever and sore throat, and worsened to laryngitis and pneumonia. December 14, 1799 Washington died. The remains were buried in Mount Vernon.后人对华盛顿总统的评价华盛顿，异人也。
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
