文学术语
Terms in English Literature
1.Allegory (寓言)
A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.
寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)
Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.
头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)
A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.
典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)
A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them. 类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)
The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.
反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)
The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.
对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
7. Aphorism (警句)
A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.
警句：蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。
8. Aside (旁白)
A piece of dialogue intended for the audience and supposedly not heard by other actors on stage.
旁白：只说给观众而认为不会让台上其他演员听到的一段对话。
9.Apostrophe (呼语)
The direct address of an absent or imaginary person or of a personified abstraction, especially as a digression in the course of a speech or composition.
呼语：直接称呼不在场或虚构的人物或称呼拟人的事物，尤指作为演讲或作文过程中的离题话。10.Assonance (类韵)
The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry.
类音，类韵：相同或相似元音的重复，尤其指在诗歌中的重复。
11.Atmosphere (氛围)
The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work.
12. Autobiography (自传)
A person‘s account of his or her own life.
13. Ballad (民谣)
A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung.
14. Ballad Stanza (民谣诗节)
A type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.
15. Biography (传记)
A detailed account of a person‘s life written by another person.
传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。
16.Blank Verse (无韵体诗)
Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
17. Caesura (休止)
A break or pause in a line of poetry.
18. Canto (章)
One of the principal divisions of a long poem..
诗章：一首长诗的主要部分之一。
19. Caricature (夸张讽刺)
The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous.
夸张讽刺：为了使文中的人物显得可笑而使用的夸张或扭曲人物形象的手法。
20. Characterization (人物刻画)
The means by which a writer reveals the personality of a character.
人物刻画：作者表现作品中人物性格的方法。
21. Classicism (古典主义)
A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.
古典主义：一种在文学，艺术，音乐领域体现古代希腊，罗马风格的运动。
22. Climax (高潮)
The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a narrative.
23. Comedy (喜剧)
A dramatic work that is often humorous or satirical in tone and usually contains a happy resolution of the thematic conflict.
喜剧：轻松的和常有幽默感的或在调子上是讽刺的戏剧作品，常包括主题冲突的愉快解决
24. Conceit (奇想)
A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things.
奇想：一种在截然不同的事物之间建立起的比喻。
25. Conflict (冲突)
A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.
冲突：故事，小说，戏剧中相对的力量和人物之间的对立。
26. Connotation (外延)
All the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse.
外延：包括单词字面意思之外的或被该词汇唤起的全部内涵的意义。
27. Consonance (辅音韵)
The repetition of consonants or a consonant pattern, especially at the ends of words.
辅音韵：辅音或辅音模式的重复，尤指位于词尾的。
28. Couplet (双韵体)
A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit. 双韵体：包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位
29. Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)
A couplet written in iambic pentameter is called a heroic couplet.
英雄双韵体：五步抑扬格的双韵体称英雄双韵体。
30. Denotation (内涵)
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word.
直接意义：一个词的字面意义或词典意义。
31. Denouement (结局)
The final resolution or clarification of a dramatic or narrative plot. 结局：戏剧或叙事场景的最后结果。
32. Diction (措辞)
A writer‘s choice and use of words in speech or writing, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision.
措词：讲话或书写中，出于表述清晰，言简意赅对词语的使用或选择。
33. Dissonance (不协和)
A harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds; discord.
34. Dramatic monologue (戏剧独白)
A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.
35. Elegy (挽歌)
A poem or song composed especially as a lament for a deceased person.
挽歌，挽诗：专门为悼念某一死者所写的诗或歌.
36. Emblematic Image (象征)
A verbal picture of figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.
37. Epic (史诗)
An extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.
史诗：用严肃或庄重的语言写成的叙事长诗，歌颂传奇中或历史上英雄的丰功伟绩
38. Epigram (隽语)
A concise, clever, often paradoxical statement, susally in the form of a poem.
隽语：一个简明，机智，常常似是而非的陈述,经常以诗的形式出现
39. Epigraph (引语/开场白)
A motto or quotation at the beginning of a literary composition, setting forth a theme.
引语：在一部文学作品开头的引言，警句，阐明主题
40. Epilogue (结语/收场白)
A short addition or concluding section at the end of a literary work, often dealing with the future of its characters. Also called In this sense, also called afterword
结语：文学作品结束时简短的附加或总结性章节，常常关于作品人物的未来也作在此意义上也可称作 afterword.
41. Epiphany(顿悟)
A moment of illumination, usually occurrs at or near the end of a work. 顿悟:对现实真谛的顿悟或洞察,通常出现在作品的结尾.
42. Epitaph(墓志铭)
An inscription on a tombstone or in a short poem in memory of someone who has been dead.
墓志铭：刻于墓碑上用以怀念死者的碑铭.
43. Epithet (表述词语)
A term used to characterize a person or thing。
表述词语：用来表示某人某物特性的一个表达。
44. Essay (散文)
A short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of the author.
散文：内容通常论及一个主题的短小文章，通常表达作者个人的观点
45. Exemplum (说教故事)
A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon, that illustrates a moral principle.
说教故事:一种短小的体现某种道德原则的故事性文章，通常出现在布道文中。
46. Fable (寓言)
A brief story that is told to present a moral, or practical lesson.
寓言：一种体现某种道德观念或实用价值的说教性文章。
47. Farce (轻喜剧)
A kind of comedy based on a ridiculous situation, often with stereotyped characters.
轻喜剧: 一种以可笑的情节的为基础的喜剧，通常包含固定的角色。
48. Figurative Language (象征性语言)
Language that is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense.
象征性语言：不能直接用字面意义来斫獾挠镅浴?br>
49. Figure of Speech (比喻)
A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in literal sense. 比喻：不能直接按照字面意义理解的词语或表述方法。
50. Flashback(倒叙)
A literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative. 倒叙，闪回镜头：一种文学或电影的表现手法，往往在一段按正常时间顺序记叙的叙事中插入一件以前发生过的事情
51. Foil (陪衬)
A character who sets off another character by contrast.
陪衬：用来反衬其他人物的人物。
52. Foreshadowing (铺垫)
The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest what will happen later. 铺垫：用来预示将要发生的事情的线索或暗示。
53. Free verse (自由诗体)
Verses that has neither a metrical pattern or an regular pattern.
自由诗体:既不具格式韵律又不具常规格律的诗体。
54. hyperbole (夸张法)
A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect
夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果。
55. Iambic pentameter (五步抑扬格)
A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb--that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
五步抑扬格:一种诗句形式，每行诗句包含五个抑扬格音步。
56. Imagery(意象)
Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in readers‘ mind.
意象：用来在读者的思维中唤起某种图示或形象的词汇。
57. Incremental repetition (递进重复)
The repetition of a previous line or lines, but with a slight variation each time that advances the narrative stanza by stanza.
递进重复：诗歌中对上文中一行或几行的重复，但每次重复都有一定的变化，而且每一节的重复中的叙述都有所强化。
58. Inversion (倒装句)
The technique of reversing, or inverting the normal word order of a sentence. 倒装句：一种将句子正常的表达方法倒置的技巧。
59. Invocation (开篇祷告)
A call to a muse, god or spirit for inspiration at the beginning of an epic or other poem.
开篇祷告：在史诗或诗歌的开篇企求神灵给予启示的文字。
60. Irony (反语)
A contrast between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happened.
反语：一种建立在字面表述和真实意义上或期待产生的结果和真实的结果之间的对比。
61.Kenning (隐喻语)
A figurative, usually compound expression used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry. for example, storm of swords is a kenning for battle.
隐喻语：尤指古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语诗中，一种比喻性的，在表名字或名词时常用的复合表达方式，如“剑的风暴”是“战争”的隐喻语
62. Lyric (抒情诗)
A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker‘s personal thoughts or feelings.
抒情诗：一种用来抒发作者感情或思想的短诗。
63. Masque (假面剧)
A dramatic entertainment, usually performed by masked players representing mythological or allegorical figures, that was popular in England in the 16th and early 17th centuries.
假面剧：一种戏剧性娱乐，由代表神话或寓言中人物的佩戴面具者表演，该娱乐形式在16世纪和17世纪早期的英国很流行.
64. Melodrama (情节剧)
A drama that has stereotyped characters, exaggerated emotions, and a conflict that pits an all-good hero or heroine against an all-evil villain.
65. Metaphor (隐喻)
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.
隐喻：一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处.
66.Metaphysical Poetry (玄学派诗歌)
The poems of 17th-century English poets, whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things.
玄学派诗歌：17世纪英国诗人的诗歌，这种诗歌的特点是风格极具智慧，引人深思，善用引申的
暗喻来对比极其不同的事物.
67. Meter (格律)
A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry. 格律：诗歌中通常的重读音节和非重读音节的排列模式。
68. Metonymy (转喻)
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.
转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法.
69. Mock epic (讽刺史诗)
A comic literary from that treats a trivial subject in the grand, heroic style of the epic.
讽刺史诗：一种用史诗的宏大风格来描写微不足道的事情的喜剧形式。
70. Motif (主旨)
A recurrent thematic element in an artistic or literary work.
主题：艺术品或文学作品中反复体现的、揭示主题的部分。
71. Motivation (动机)
The reasons, either stated or implied, for a character‘s behavior.
动机: 引发作品中人物行为的理由。
72. Myth (神话)
A story, often about immortals and sometimes connected with religious rituals, that is intended to give meaning to the mysteries of the world.
神话：一种解释世界上的神秘现象的关于神灵或同宗教仪式有联系的故事。
73. Narrative Poem (叙事诗)
A poem that tells a story.
叙事诗：讲述一个故事的诗歌。
74. Narrator (叙述者)
One who narrates or tells a story.
叙述者：讲述或叙述一个故事的人。
75. Naturalism (自然主义)
The practice of describing precisely the actual circumstances of human life in literature, it is the extreme form of realism.
自然主义：在文学中精确地描述人类现实环境的实践,现实主义的最高表现形式。
76. Neoclassicism (新古典主义)
A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint styles. 新古典主义：17、18世纪晚期的文学复兴，以尊重古代典型的推理形式和严谨文体为特征
77. Novel (小说)
A book length fictional prose narrative, having many characters and often a complex plot.
小说：虚构的叙述性文章，有一定长度，较多的人物，和思想复杂的情节。
78. Octave (八行诗)
An eight-line poem or stanza.
79. Ode (颂)
A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject.
颂：一种复杂的，具有一定长度的诗歌，通常以高贵的风格写成，用来表述一些高尚或严肃的主题。
80. Onomatopoeia (拟声)
The formation or use of words by imitating the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
拟声：通过模仿事物或行动的声音构词的方法。
81. Oxymoron (矛盾修饰法)
A rhetorical figure in which combines or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.
矛盾修饰法：一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在"震耳欲聋的沉默"和"悲伤的乐观"
82. Paradox (似非而是)
A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue.
似非而是:一种在字面上看起来自相矛盾，却体现着一定的真理的说法。
83. Parallelism (并行)
The use of phrases, clauses, or sentences that are similar or complementary in structure or in meaning.
并行：结构或意义相近的词汇，子句，句子的并用。
84.Parody (模仿诗文)
A humorous imitation of a work of art for comic effect or ridicule.
模仿诗文：一种为取得喜剧或嘲讽效果，而对某一艺术作品进行的滑稽模仿。
85. Pastoral (田园诗)
A kind of poem, that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life.
田园诗：一种用理想的手法来体现牧羊人的乡村生活的诗歌。
86. Pathos (悲怅)
The quality in a work of literature or art that arouses the reader‘s feelings of pity, sorrow, or compassion for a character.
悲怅：文学艺术作品的一种引发读者怜悯，同情或伤感的特质。
87. Personification (拟人)
A figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.
拟人：给无生命的东西或者抽象的东西赋予人的个性或绘以人的形象.
88. Plot (情节)
The plan of events or main story in a novel, narrative or drama.
情节：在小说，故事,或戏剧中事件的概要或主要故事.
89. Point of view (视角)
A point from which an author presents a story.
视角：作者阐述故事的角度。
90. protagonist (主角)
The main character in a drama or other literary work.
主角：戏剧或其他文学作品中的主要人物.
91. Psalm (赞美诗)
A song or lyric poem in praise of God.
赞美诗：用来颂扬上帝的诗歌或抒情诗。
92. Pun (双关语)
The use of a word or phrase to suggest two or more meanings at the same time. 双关语：用一个词来同时表示两个内涵。
93. Quatrain (四行诗)
A stanza or poem of four lines.
94. Realism (现实主义)
The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.
现实主义：在艺术或文学中将事物，行为或社会状况按其起初情况进行的表现，而不用模糊的形式来表现或理想化
95. Refrain (副句)
A phrase, verse, or group of verses repeated at intervals throughout a song or poem, especially at the end of each stanza.
副句，副歌：一个短语、一句诗或一组诗句在一首歌或诗中每隔一段重复一次，尤其在每个诗节的结尾处
96. Rhyme (压韵)
The repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem.
压韵：音在两个或两个以上的词汇或短语中的重复。
97. Rhythm (格律)
The arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern.
重读音节和非重读音节的固定排列模式。
98. Romance (传奇故事)
An imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good and devil.
传奇故事：设定在想象世界中的以英雄冒险和善恶之间的斗争为题材的文学作品。
99. Romanticism (浪漫主义)
An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century which emphasis on the individual‘s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.
浪漫主义：起源于18世纪末期欧洲的一种注重个人情感和想象力的表达的艺术和知识上的运动，它与古典主义的观点和形式相悖.
100. Satire (讽刺文)
A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, institutions or humanity in general.
讽刺：一种讽刺个人，习俗或人性中的缺点或错误的文体。
101. Scansion(韵律分析)
The analysis of verse into meter patterns.
韵律分析：将诗划分成音步的分析方法。
102.Sestet (六行诗)
A six-line poem or stanza.
103. Setting (背景)
The time, place, and circumstances in which a narrative, drama, or novel takes place.
背景：记叙文、戏剧或小说发生的时间、地点和环境.
104. Simile (明喻)
A comparison made between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison.
明喻：两种事物之间借助于比喻词汇进行的比较。
105. Soliloquy (独白)
A dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character reveals a character‘s thoughts when alone or unaware of the presence of other characters.
独白：一种戏剧或文学的说话形式，其中某角色在独自一人或不知道其他角色存在的情况下展示角色的思想。
106. Song (歌)
A short lyric poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music.
歌:一种具有典型的音乐特征的抒情诗体，通常为谱曲而作。
107. Sonnet (十四行诗)
A 14-line verse form usually written in iambic pentameter.
十四行诗：一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常以五步抑扬格为押韵形式。
108. Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗体)
A nine line stanza with the following rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.
109. Stream of consciousness (意识流)
The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‘s thoughts, feelings reflections, and mental images as the character experiences them.
意识流：一种模仿作品中人物思想，思维，精神活动的自然过程的写作技巧。
110.Style(风格)
An author‘s characteristic way of writing ,determined by the choice of words, the arrangement of words in sentences, and the relationship of sentences to one and another.
风格：由词汇的选择，句子中词汇的安排，句子之间的关系形成的某一作家的特定的写作方式。111. Suspense (悬念)
The quality of a story, novel, or drama that makes readers uncertain or tense about the outcome of events.
悬念：小说，故事，戏剧所具有的使读者对结局产生不安或紧张的感觉的特质。
112. Symbol (象征)
Any object, person, place, or action that has a meaning in itself and also stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, attitude, or belief.
象征：本身具有意义，用来体现高于自身意义的思想的，观点的人，物，行为，地点。
113. Symbolism (象征主义)
A literary movement in the late19th century, characterized by the use of symbols to represent things.
象征主义：十九世纪的一种文学潮流，运用象征来体现事物。
114. Synecdoche (提喻法)
A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole.
提喻法：一种以局部代表整体的修辞方法。
115. Terza rima (三行体)
An Italian verse form consisting of a series of three line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and the third lines of the following stanza.(aba bcb cde, ect.)
116. Theme (主题)
The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work.
作者在作品中表现的对于生活的总的观点或看法。
117.Tone (调子)
The attitude a writer takes toward his or her subject, characters, or audience. 调子：作者对于作品的主题，人物和读者所持的态度。
118. Tragedy (悲剧)
In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end.
悲剧：以主人公可悲的或灾难性的结局结束的故事。
119.Wit (睿智)
A brilliance and quickness of perception combined with a cleverness of expression.
睿智：巧妙的思维和睿智的表达的结合。
120.Exposition (评注)
The part of a narrative or drama, in which important background information is revealed.
评注：记叙文章或戏剧中向读者介绍主要的背景情况的部分。
牛津词典系列 牛津辞典是英国牛津大学出版社出版的多种英语词典的统称，是英国语言词典的代表。牛津词典详细追溯了每个英语词的历史演变（对其最早的出现年代有明确的标注），释义和引证繁富，因而是英语词汇的最高权威。 牛津老大 The Oxford English Dictionary，20 Volume Set《牛津英语大辞典》【查早到1150年（的古旧词）】类似《汉语大词典》 牛津老大：最高级的牛津词典，就是The Oxford English Dictionary（20 Volume Set）简称OED，这是牛津兄弟的老大，也是英语词典界的圣经。它一共有20卷，目前国内书商动辄索价￥20000RMB。这么贵的词典谁会买呢？问得好。其实，没有任何人能够读完这本词典，它的存在更具有象征意义，象征着人类对知识无限的追求。 然而人类的这点成就这一切，在电子时代失去了骇人的体量和质感。OED的光盘版，只需要两张CD-ROM。但凡买过这套电子版的人，无不怨声载道，因为它的接口设计实在太差了。查完一个词之后，居然没有一个后退键。只能用鼠标浏览，但又不支持鼠标右键的COPY和粘贴。总之，如果花钱买来的话，大概会非常痛苦。 顺便说一句，The Oxford English Dictionary（20 Volume Set）有个缩印版，The Compact Oxford English Dictionary，内容跟OED一样，价格只要￥3200，但字体非常恐怖，是把OED四页的内容印到一页上，如果你不想写一部失乐园续集的话，最好还是打消买它的念头。 牛津老二 The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary，2 Vol.Set《牛津简编英语词典》【查早到17世纪（的古旧词）】类似《辞源》 牛津老二：The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary （2 Vol. Set），可能是牛津也觉得自己浪费森林太不象话，于是出了一个简编版。不要以为看到Shorter，就真Shorter，其实，这是牛津家族中第二大的词典。两大本3888页的厚度，也够意思了。这本词典在国内由上海外语教育出版社引进第五版。网上可以找到供Mdict词典软件使用的牛津简编词典包。 牛津老三 The New Oxford Dictionary of English《新牛津英语大词典》【查现代的（百科新词）】类似《辞海》 该词典国内已经出版了，双解版名为《新牛津英汉双解大词典》（上海外语教育出版社），在网上也要卖￥315左右。如果OED和SOED侧重词源学，引经据典太多，太学术的话，那么ODE就是给人类预备的。不过这本词典的中文翻译挺讨厌，因为把每个例句都翻译了，包括：“Yes，I will.” 这样的。如果你想拥有一本英英的原版，先不要急着去亚马逊下单，下面有一个终极解决办法，金山词霸2009[牛津版]收录其双解版。 牛津老四 Concise Oxford Dictionary《牛津简明英语词典》【查现代的（英文新词）】类似《现代汉语词典》 该词典是大学级别词典（College Dictionary），中高级用用也足够了，简称COD。由外语教学与研究出版社引进。
文学术语1、Romance: It is a narrative verse of prose singing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Romances are popular in the medieval period. 2Ballad: :A story told in song, usually in four line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed. 3、Renaissance--a thristing curiosity for classical literature;--a keen interest in life and human activities. 4、Humanism--individualism; the joy of the present life; reason; the affirmation of self-worth--Humanism emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 5、Sonnet: : It is a poem of 14 lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure; it expresses a single idea or theme. (Thomas Wyatt first introduced it to England) 6、Shakespearean sonnet: : A Shakespearean sonnet consists of three four-line stanzas (called quatrains) and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg. 7、iambic pentameter:is a form of rhythm that appears in poetry, songs, and some prose compositions. It is most closely associated with poetry, especially English poetry, which lends itself very well to this particular form of rhythm 8、Blank verse: having a regular meter, but no rhyme. (Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey) 9、Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗体: : Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc." 10、--Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (“Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day”): time, mortality, immortality 11、Cavalier poets骑士诗人: --Reflected the royalist values;--Themes: beauty, love, loyalty, morality;--Style: Direct, short, frankly erotic--Motto: “Carpe Diem”“Seize the Day” 12、Metaphysical school:玄学派--the founder of the Metaphysical school: John Donne--conceit: an extended metahpor involving dramatic contrasts or far-fetched comparisons; 13、Enlightenment启蒙运动--an intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century;--Reason as the guiding principle for thinking and action;--the belief in eternal truth, eternal justice, natural equality ;--a continuation of Renaissance; (Belief in the possibility of human perfection through education). 14、Neo-classicism:新古典主义--A revival of classical standards of order, harmony, balance, simplicity and restrained emotion in literature in the 18th century. 15、Sentimentalism--the middle and later decades of the 18th c.;--definition: passion
外国文学名词解释 拜伦式的英雄 1813—1816年，拜伦写了《东方叙事诗》，塑造了一系列的“拜伦式的英雄”。《东方叙事诗》是一组典型的浪漫诗，包括《异教徒》、《海岛》等篇。这些诗以抒情格调为主，抒发诗人自己的感受，诗中描写的环境和情节，都是东方或南欧的，充满异国情调，情节富有传奇性，比较紧张。诗中的主人公都是与社会对立的、孤独的反叛者，被称为“拜伦式的英雄”。这些人物有非凡的性格，追求自由、独立，敢于蔑视现存制度，不向社会妥协，顽强坚定，宁愿为自由而死，不屈辱而生。但同时又十分高傲、孤独，脱离群众，个人奋斗，因而往往前途渺茫，悲愤忧郁，注定悲剧的结局。他们既是社会的叛逆者，又是社会的牺牲者。这些形象反映了当时诗人自身的苦闷失望情绪和渴求斗争的意愿，表达了广大资产阶级民主主义者的思想感情，又巨大的进步意义。但作者写的这些英雄是个人主义英雄，追求的是个人的自由幸福，表现出无政府主义和忧郁悲观的情绪，反映了诗人思想的局限。 拜伦式英雄 “拜伦式英雄”是指拜伦在“东方叙事诗”等作品中塑造的一系列孤立傲世、富有叛逆精神的主人公形象，最早萌芽于《恰尔德?哈洛尔德》。他们是海盗、异教徒、造反者、无家可归者等，都具有出众的才华、坚强的意志、反叛的热情，敢于蔑视传统秩序和专制暴政，但是他们的反抗总是和孤独、忧郁结合在一起，乃至傲世独立，离群索居，并以悲剧而告终。最典型的形象是《海盗》中的康拉德。 小人物 19世纪俄罗斯文学中由普希金开创的一类艺术形象。他们在社会中官阶卑微，地位低下，生活贫苦，但又逆来顺受，安分守已，性格懦弱，胆小怕事，成为显赫的大人物治下被侮辱、被损害的牺牲者。普希金以其短篇小说《驿站长》开了俄国文学中描写“小人物”的先河。随后，果戈理、陀思妥耶夫斯基、契诃夫等，都在自己的创作中塑造了“小人物”形象。 多余人 最早由赫尔岑在《往事与随想》中提出。“多余人”是19世纪俄国文学中所描绘的贵族知识分子的一种典型。他们的特点是出身贵族，生活在优裕的环境中，受过良好的文化教育。他们虽有高尚的理想，却远离人民；虽不满现实，却缺少行动，他们是“思想上的巨人，行动上的矮子”，只能在愤世疾俗中白白地浪费自己的才华。他们既不愿站在政府的一边，与上流社会同流合污，又不能和人民站在一起，反对专制制度和农奴制度。他们很是心仪西方的自由思想，他们也很不满俄国的现状，又无能为力改变这种现状，然而他们又是大贵族和权
名词解释题目录 1.1．文学研究会 1.2．创造社 1.3．语丝社 1.4．美文 1.5．语丝文体 1.6．小诗 1.7．新月诗派 1.8．象征诗派 1.9．春柳社 1.10．《终身大事》 1.11．爱美剧 1 .12．湖畔诗社 1.13．南囤社 1.14．乡土文学 2.1．左联 2.2．社会剖析派小说 2.3．东北作家群 2.4．京派作家群 2.5．新感觉派 2.6．中国诗歌会 2.7．上海艺术剧社 2.8．中国左翼戏剧家联盟 2.9．国防戏剧 3.1．七月诗派 3.2．九叶诗派 3.3．荷花淀派 4.1．“三突出”创作原则 4.2．“根本任务论” 4.3．“黑八论” 4.4．“主题先行论” 5.1．“朦胧诗” 5.2．新写实小说 5.3．“四川诗群” 5.4．“上海诗群” 名词解释题答案 1.1．文学研究会：是中国新文学运动中第一个纯文学团体，成立于1921年1月，发起人有茅盾、周作人、郑振铎、叶绍钧等人，以《小说月报》为阵地，积极倡导文学革命。其主要理论家茅盾提出文学要老老实实表现人生，尤其应描绘被压迫的人民，在创作方法上，他主要提倡现实主义，反对唯美主义和浪漫主义。文学研究会作家的成就，主要表现在小说创作上，如茅盾的《蚀》三部曲、叶绍钧的《倪焕之》，许地山的《缀网劳蛛》、冰心的《超人》等均以对现实的细致描绘、深入剖析，显示出现实主义特色而成为文学研究会这个现实主义文学流派的力作。 1.2．创造社：1921年7月成立于日本，成员主要有郭沫若、郁达夫等，是“五四”以后的一个重要的浪漫主义文学社团。创办《创造》季刊、《创造周报》、《创造日》、《洪水》等刊物，主张“为艺术而艺术”，强调文学必须忠实地表现作者自己“内心的要求”，重视文学的美感作用。创造社成员的作品大都侧重自我表现，带有浓厚的个人主观抒情色彩。 1.3．语丝社：得名于1924年11月在北京创刊的《语丝》周刊，由《语丝》主要撰稿人组成，主要代表人物有周作人、鲁迅、林语堂、钱玄同、孙伏园、俞平伯、刘半农等。它是中国现代文学史上最早以散文创作为主的刊物，主要发表杂感、短评、小品等。语丝社作家的散文创作形成了独具风格的“语丝”文体，这种文体在思想内容上任意言谈，斥旧促新，在艺术上以文艺性短论和随笔为主要形式，泼辣幽默，讽刺强烈。以鲁迅为代表的尖锐泼辣的杂文和以周作人、林语堂为代表的幽雅的小品形成了该社散文创作的两大类，对散文发展有重要影响。 1.4．美文：周作人1921年发表《美文》一文，提倡多写“记述的”、“艺术性”的美文，王统照、胡适等起而应和，冰心、朱自清、郁达夫、俞平伯等进行创作实践，美文作为一种独立的文体的地位遂得以在文学史上确立。 1.5．语丝文体：因语丝社成员创作的具有共同特征的散文而得名。《语丝》发表的主要是散文，在创作上，尽管语丝社同仁的思想和艺术主张不尽一致，但在针砭时弊方面形成了共同的风格：排旧促新，放纵而谈，古今并论，庄谐杂出，简
文学术语 Terms in English Literature 1.Allegory (寓言) A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. 寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。 2.Alliteration (头韵) Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words. 头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。 3.Allusion (典故) A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够做出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。 4.Analogy (类比) A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them. 类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。 5. Antagonist (反面主角) The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine
多余人 “多余人”是19世纪俄国文学中贵族知识分子的一种典型。这些形象大多具有较高的文化修养，接受启蒙思想的影响，厌倦上流社会的生活，渴望有所作为，他们的出现是社会意识觉醒的一种体现。但是这一类形象往往以自我为中心，没有明确的生活目标，缺乏行动的能力和勇气，因此在社会上无所适从，结局是悲剧性的。普希金笔下的奥涅金成为俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”的形象，莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林，屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭，冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫等人都属于这一类典型。 小人物 19世纪俄罗斯文学中由普希金开创的一类艺术形象。他们在社会中官阶卑微，地位低下，生活贫苦，但又逆来顺受，安分守已，性格懦弱，胆小怕事，成为显赫的大人物治下被侮辱、被损害的牺牲者。普希金以其短篇小说《驿站长》开了俄国文学中描写“小人物”的先河。随后，果戈理、陀思妥耶夫斯基、契诃夫等，都在自己的创作中塑造了“小人物”形象。 批判现实主义 批判现实主义是19世纪30年代在法国出现，后在19世纪中后期和20世纪初期的欧美具有极大影响的一种文学思潮。批判现实主义文学突出特点就是真实和广阔地反映社会生活，深刻地揭露现实矛盾和批判社会罪恶；同情社会下层的小人物，反映他们的悲惨命运和内心痛苦；塑造典型环境中的典型人物，并注意细节的真实。但不少作家以抽象的人道主义为出发点来批判黑暗现实，难以找到准确变革社会的道路。批判现实主义文学取得了很高的成就，各种文学体裁均有佳作，其中尤以长篇小说为最。优秀作家众多，如巴尔扎克、托尔斯泰、易卜生等。 自然派 是俄国19世纪40-50年代形成的现实主义文学流派的别称，奠基人是果戈理，名称由别林斯基提出；自然派的特点是，真实地反映现实生活，批判黑暗腐朽的专制农奴制，描写下层小人物的不幸命运，具有民主主义和人道主义倾向；果戈理是当时现实主义文学的盟主，自他以后的一系列现实主义作家屠格涅夫、赫尔岑、冈察洛夫、涅克拉索夫等都是自然派作家。 新人 “新人”指的是19世纪中叶在俄国文学中出现的具有民主主义思想倾向的平民知识分子形象。这些形象尽管个性相异，但大多出身平民，具有坚定的意志、明确的理想，以及实干精神和自我牺牲精神。屠格涅夫在小说《前夜》中最早塑造出了“新人”英沙洛夫的形象，但车尔尼雪夫斯基小说《怎么办？》中的“新人”罗普霍夫等形象则更为典型。 “含泪的笑” 果戈理独特的艺术手法。他认为艺术家不仅应当真实地反映生活，而且应当对生活进行审判，即“通过世界上人们看得见的笑容和人们看不见的、不知道的眼泪来观察生活。”正是这种“笑声”和“眼泪”的交集、喜剧和悲剧的结合，加强了果戈理讽刺艺术的揭露和抬批判力量。 《人间喜剧》 《人间喜剧》是巴尔扎克主要创作的总称，内分风俗研究、哲学研究和分析研究三大类。
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高考专业术语细解大全 1、开宗明义，直接点题。诗歌开头就进入正题，不拐弯抹角，直接点明题旨或表达情感。 2、曲笔入题，造成悬念。诗歌开头先来一个开端，不直接触到本题，这样使作品有跌宕起伏之感，吸引读者。如杜牧的《泊秦淮》：“烟笼寒水月笼沙，夜泊秦淮近酒家。商女不知亡国恨，隔江犹唱后庭花。”“商女不知亡国恨”就是曲笔，因为商女是侍候他人的歌女，她们唱什么是由听者的趣味而定的，可见真正“不知亡国恨”的是那座中的欣赏者——封建贵族、官僚、豪绅。 3、照应：这是篇章前后某点内容的衔接，又叫呼应。前面交代过的话，后面得有照应；后面要照应的话，前边得先有个交代。照应能使情节连贯、脉络清晰、结构紧凑。如“楚江微雨里，建业暮钟时。漠漠帆来重，冥冥鸟去迟。”(韦应物《赋得暮雨送李胄》)首联两句写黄昏时分诗人伫立在细雨蒙蒙的江边，这里点明了诗题中的“暮雨”，又照应了诗题中的“送”字。 4、伏笔：即在故事发生前对将要出现的人物或事件作出某种暗示性的铺排。好的伏笔能起到暗示、点题、沟通作品内部联系、逆转人物关系等作用，使文理通顺、合情合理。 5、卒章显志：诗人往往在诗歌的结尾表达自己的心志或情怀，点明主旨。如，李白《梦游天姥吟留别》结尾“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜”句，表达诗人要自由自在，驰骋奔放，不为五斗米折腰的心志。《行路难》尾句“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”，表达要实现理想的豁达。 6、画龙点睛：诗歌末尾点明主旨、亮明观点，让读者豁然开朗。 7、以景结情——诗歌在议论或抒情的过程中，戛然而止，转为写景，以景代情作结，使得诗歌“此时无情胜有情”，显得意犹未尽。 以景结情：是诗歌结句的一种技巧，它也是借景抒情的方式之一。是指诗歌在议论或抒情的过程中，戛然而止，转为写景，以景代情作结，结束诗句，使得诗歌“此时无情胜有情”，显得意犹未尽，可以使读者从景物描写中，驰骋想象，体味诗的意境，产生韵味无穷的艺术效果。 8、铺垫——在情节发生前的交代、暗示。 9、浑然天成——结构非常完整，如同自然生成的。
allegory a story which teaches a lesson because the people and places in it stand for other ideas. an example is john bunyan’s pilgrim’s progress（see page 67）. alliteration repeating a sound or a letter, especially at the beginning of words, in poetry：e.g.（see page 8）.“five m iles m eandering with a m az y m otion…” assonance repeating a vowel sound, often in the middle of words, in poetry：e.g. p a le/br a ve. autobiography the written account of a person’s own life （see page 136） ballad originally a song for dancers, then in mediaeval times a simple poem with short stanzas telling a story. some romantic poets of the 19th century also wrote ballads （see page 91）. biography the written account of someone else’s life （see page 61）. blank verse any verses, especially iambic pentameters （see metre）, that do not rhyme. used by marlowe, shakespeare, milton and many other poets, this is the most characteristic english form （see page 23）. caricature a way of drawing or writing which makes the special features of a person or group stronger, so that they are ridiculous. chorus in greek drama the chorus watched the action of the play and told the story. the modern meaning can be simply a group of people other than the hero or heroine. chronicle a history of events year by year classic a. work as a great work b. ancient greek and latin literature c. writing influence by ancient greek and latin comedy something that is funny couplet two lines of verse that rhyme crisis the most important part of a play diary a written record of daily life drama a. any kind of work to be performed on the stage .b. something exciting or important edition the printing of the book elision leaving out a vowel or a syllable, or running 2 vowels together ellipsis leaving out words which give the full sense epic a long narrative poem in the grand style elegy a poem of mourning for someone epigram a short, funny, sharp poem or remark epilogue an ending, or an extra part after the end of a book or a play epitaph sth. written on a tombstone essay a short prose work fantasy an imaginative work , no basis in the real life farce a comedy, with ridiculous plot fiction a work invented by the writer, with characters and events are imaginary fairy tale（story） a popular story told to children foot a unit of sound in verse, in which there is on stressed syllable, one or more unstressed syllables free verse verse in which the lines can vary in length without strict metre heroic couplet a pair of lines in iambic pentametre that rhyme heroic play a grand play in restoration period hexametre a line of verse with 6 metrical feet iambic抑扬格of metrical foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable or a short syllable followed by a long syllable pentametre五音步诗行a line of verse consisting of five metrical feet idiom an expression of saying sth. that is typical of a language at a certain time idyll a short, descriptive, sentimental poem with a pastoral theme image a word picture imagery using images such as metaphors or similes to produce an effect in the readers’ imagination irony sth. that has a second meaning intended by the writer, often the opposite legend a story, usually one that has come down to us from ancient times
文学观念：文学观念就是对文学的看法，是对“文学是什么”的回答。文学观念是发展变化的。 再现说：在文学四要素中强调“世界”与“作品”的对应关系，即认为作品是对世界的摹仿或再现。 客观说：在“文学四要素”中，客观说把作品抬到高于一切重于一切的地步，认为作品一旦从作家的笔下诞生之后，就获得了完全客观的性质，它既与原作家不相干，也与读者无涉，它从外界的参照物中孤立出来，本身是一个自足体，出现了所谓的“客观化走向”。 文以载道：中唐时期韩愈等古文运动家提出，经宋代理学家的解释得到完善。“文以载道”的意思是说“文”像车，“道”像车上所载之货物，通过车的运载，可以达到目的地。如果车装饰得很漂亮，却不载物，那么车再美也是无用的。可见文学也就是传播儒家之“道”的手段和工具。这样的文学观念偏于文学的教化目的。 寓教于乐：古罗马时期的思想家贺拉斯提出。认为文学的摹仿要达到“既劝谕读者，又使他喜爱，才能符合众望”。这是一种既重视摹仿又重视读者得到快感和教益的文学观念。 文学的定义：文学作为一种人类的文化形态，它是具有社会的审美意识形态性质的，凝聚着个体体验的，沟通人际的情感交流的语言艺术。 价值阅读：价值阅读表示阅读者“试图尽可能敏锐和准确地描述出他在作品中所发现的价值”。当然这里所说的价值，首先是文化价值。 审美：审美是心理处于活跃状态的主体，在特定的心境、时空中，在有历史文化渗透的条件下，对于客体的美的观照，感悟、判断。 情致：由黑格尔提出。情致是两个方面的互相渗透，一方面是个体的心情，是具体感性的，是会感动人的，另一方面是价值和理性，可以作为认识。但这两个方面完全结合在一起，不可分离。因此，对那些情致特别微妙深邃的作品，它的情致往往是无法简单地用语言传达出来的。 虚静：中国古代文论概念。“虚静” 就是使人的精神进入一种无欲无得失无功利的极端平静的状态，这样事物的一切美和丰富性就会展现在眼前。所以“虚静”可以理解为审美活动时的心理状态。 艺术真实性：简括地说，艺术真实性是指文学作品的艺术形象的合情合理的性质。 体验：所谓体验是经验中见出意义、思想和诗意的部分。 “出入”说：王国维提出。作家的体验不但要能“入”，而且要能“出”：诗人对宇宙人生，须人乎其内，又须出乎其外。人乎其内，故能写入。出乎其外，故能观之。入乎其内，故有生气。出乎其外，故有高致。”“入乎其内”就是“移情”式体验。“出乎其外”就是体验主体对体验的反刍。 文学文本：文学文本是供读者阅读的包含完整意义的实际语言形态，是文学这种语言艺术品的基本存在方式。 文学语言组织：文学语言组织是文学文本的最基本层次和直接现实，它是一种具有表现目的和表现性及个性。 语言层面：语言层面是文学语言组织的基本层面两种形态。 节奏：节奏是文学语言层面的基本形态之一，是语言在一定时间里呈现的长短，高低和轻型，高低和轻重型。 音律：音律也称声律，声韵或韵律，是文学的语言层面的基本形态之一，是由声调，语调和韵的变化和协调而形成的内部和谐状况。 文法层面：文法层面是文学语言组织的基本面之一，它是文学语言组织在语词，语句和篇章方面的构面法则。文法通常有三类：词法、句法和篇法。 词法：词法，又称字法，是文法层面的类型之一，是特定文本内语词的构成法则。
An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature(450—1066) Definitions of Literary Terms(名词解释与文学术语) 1. Couplet 对句( 指两行尾韵相谐的诗句) A couplet is two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. The couplet composed of two iambic pentameter lines (五音步抑扬格诗行)—more commonly known as the heroic couplet ( 英雄偶句诗)—--is the most favored form. 2. Elegy哀歌、挽歌 A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. It may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation on the nature of death. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure. 3. Epic 史诗An epic is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. 4. Exodus 《出埃及记》The second book of the Old Testament, containing an account of the departure of the Israelites from Egypt under the leadership of Moses. 5. Genesis A：《创世纪》The second book of the Old Testament, containing an account of the departure of the Israelites from Egypt under the leadership of Moses. 6. Homer 荷马Greek epic poet, probably of the 8th century BC, to whom are ascribed the Iliad ( 《伊利亚特》) and Odyssey (《奥德赛》). Nothing is known about his life, nor even of the genesis of the poems. 7. Iambic pentameter 五音步抑扬格：英诗的韵律主要包括两方面的内容: 1) 每个音步中轻重音节的排列形式, 即格律。抑扬格指每一音步中含有一个轻音和一个重音; 2) 这种排列形式在一个诗行中出现的次数, 也就是每行内所含有的音步数目。下面以教材中Thomas Gray 的Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard为例, 诗歌第一行如下: \ / ┃\ /┃\ / ┃\ /┃\ / The curfew tolls the knell of parting day ( \ 表示“抑”, 即轻读的音节, / 表示“扬”, 即重读的音节; ┃表示音步的分布情况) 8. Lyric抒情诗 A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric. As its Greek name indicates, a lyric was originally a poem sung to the accompaniment of a lyre（古代希腊的七弦竖琴）, and lyrics to this day have retained a melodic quality. 9. Motif 主题、母题 A motif generally contributes in some way to the theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play. At times, motif is used to refer to some commonly used plot or character type in literature. It can also be motive, a main subject, pattern, etc. on which a work of art is based, or from which it is developed. 10. New Testament 《新约全书》The part of the Bible which contains the life and teachings of Christ recorded by his followers, together with their own experiences and teachings. It is the second of the two principal divisions of the Christian Bible. 11. Old Testament 《旧约全书》The earlier and larger part of the Bible, which contains the religious and social laws of the Hebrews, a record of their history, their important literature, and writings of their prophets. 12. Romance 骑士传奇、浪漫文学Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures aand battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including unlikely or supernataural happenings. 13. Verse 韵文Form of writing arranged in lines, each containing a pattern of accented and
医药行业专业英语词汇 词典 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
FDA和EDQM术语: CLINICAL TRIAL：临床试验 ANIMAL TRIAL：动物试验 ACCELERATED APPROVAL：加速批准 STANDARD DRUG：标准药物 INVESTIGATOR：研究人员；调研人员 PREPARING AND SUBMITTING：起草和申报 SUBMISSION：申报；递交 BENIFIT（S）：受益 RISK（S）：受害 DRUG PRODUCT：药物产品 DRUG SUBSTANCE：原料药 ESTABLISHED NAME：确定的名称 GENERIC NAME：非专利名称 PROPRIETARY NAME：专有名称； INN（INTERNATIONAL NONPROPRIETARY NAME）：国际非专有名称ADVERSE EFFECT：副作用 ADVERSE REACTION：不良反应 PROTOCOL：方案 ARCHIVAL COPY：存档用副本 REVIEW COPY：审查用副本 OFFICIAL COMPENDIUM：法定药典（主要指USP、 NF）．
USP（THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA）：美国药典 NF（NATIONAL FORMULARY）：（美国）国家处方集 OFFICIAL＝PHARMACOPEIAL= COMPENDIAL：药典的；法定的；官方的AGENCY：审理部门（指FDA） IDENTITY：真伪；鉴别；特性 STRENGTH：规格；规格含量（每一剂量单位所含有效成分的量） LABELED AMOUNT：标示量 REGULATORY SPECIFICATION：质量管理规格标准（NDA提供） REGULATORY METHODOLOGY：质量管理方法 REGULATORY METHODS VALIDATION：管理用分析方法的验证 COS/CEP 欧洲药典符合性认证 ICH（International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use)人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会议 ICH文件分为质量、安全性、有效性和综合学科4类。 质量技术要求文件以Q开头,再以a,b,c,d代表小项: Q1:药品的稳定性 Q2:方法学 Q3:杂质 Q4:药典 Q5:生物技术产品质量 Q6:标准规格