2011 Text 1
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1、The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. 纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。
1.1 hire英/'ha??/ n. 雇用，租用；租金，工钱vt. 雇用；出租vi. 雇用，租用；受雇
2、For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. 别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的。"好啊，终于好了！" Anthony Tommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家。
2.1 to say the least退一步说，退一步说，最起码，至少可以说
2.2 sober英/'s??b?/ 美/'sob?/adj. 冷静的，清醒的；未醉的vt. 使严肃；使醒酒，使清醒Paragraph 2
1、One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. 但是，这个任命之所以一起人们惊讶的原因却是Gilbert相对而言并不是很有名。
1.1 appointment英/??p??ntm?nt/ 美/?'p??ntm?nt/n. 任命；约定；任命的职位
1.2 comparatively英/k?m'p?r?t?vl?/ 美/k?m'p?r?t?vli/adv. 比较地；相当地
2、Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert`s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” 甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为：低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质。 2.1 unpretentious英/?npr?'ten??s/ adj. 谦逊的；含蓄的；不炫耀的；不铺张的
2.2 formidable英/'f??m?d?b(?)l; f??'m?d-/ adj. 强大的；可怕的；令人敬畏的；艰难的
2.3 conductor英/k?n'd?kt?/ 美/k?n'd?kt?/n. 导体；售票员；领导者；管理人;指挥家
3、As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. 纽约爱乐乐团迄今为止都是由像Gustav Mahler（古斯塔夫?马勒）和Pierre Boulez布列兹那样的音乐家领导的。这样去描述这个乐团的下一位指挥，至少对于时代的读者而言，这是一种苍白的表扬。 3.1 description英/d?'skr?p?(?)n/ n. 描述，描写；类型；说明书
3.2 orchestra英/'??k?str?/ 美/'?rk?str?/n. 管弦乐队；乐队演奏处
3.3 hitherto英/h?e?'tu?; 'h?e?tu?/ 美/,h?e?'tu/adv. 迄今；至今
3.4 faint英/fe?nt/ 美/fent/n. [中医] 昏厥，昏倒adj. 模糊的；头晕的；虚弱的；[医] 衰弱的vi. 昏倒；变得微弱；变得没气力
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1、For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. 就我看来，我不知道Gilbert是否是一个伟大的指挥家或者是一个好的指挥。但是我能确定的是，他能表现出很多有趣的乐章，但是我却应该不会去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去听一场有趣的交响乐演出。
1.1 impressive英/?m'pres?v/ 美/?m'pr?s?v/adj. 感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的
1.2 variety英/v?'ra??t?/ 美/v?'ra??ti/n. 多样；种类；杂耍；变化，多样化
2、All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. 我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上，或者打开的我的电脑从ITUNES上下载更
多的唱片。2.1 boot英/bu?t/n. 靴子；踢；汽车行李箱vt. 引导；踢；解雇；使穿靴boot up启动Paragraph 4
1、Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. 那些忠实的音乐会观众会讲唱片并不能代替现场的演出，但是他们忽略了一些事情。
1.1 concertgoer英/'k?ns?t,g???/ 美/'kɑns?t,go?/n. 常去听音乐会者
2、For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museum s, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. 当下为了获得艺术爱好者的钱，时间，关注度，古典音乐的演奏家们（其实就是指交响乐团，同意复述）不仅要和剧院，舞蹈队，演出公司和博物馆竞争，而且还需要和那些记录了20世纪的伟大的古典音乐演奏者表演的唱片竞争。 2.1 substitute英/'s?bst?tju?t/ n. 代用品；代替者vi. 替代vt. 代替
2.2 instrumentalist英/?nstr?'ment(?)l?st/ n. 工具主义者；乐器演奏家adj. 工具主义的
2.3 opera英/'?p(?)r?/ 美/'ɑpr?/n. 歌剧；歌剧院；歌剧团
2.4 troupe英/tru?p/ 美/tr?p/n. 剧团；一班；一团vi. 巡回演出
2. 5 museum英/mju?'z??m/ 美/mju?z??m/n. 博物馆
3、There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today`s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener`s choosing. 唱片很便宜，那里都能买到，并且比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高。进一步的讲，听众能选择听唱片的时间和地点。
4、The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. 这些到处可以获得的唱片给传统的演出机构带来了危机。
4.1 concert英/'k?ns?t/ 美/'kɑns?t/n. 音乐会；一致；和谐adj. 音乐会用的；在音乐会上演出的vt. 使协调；协同安排vi. 协调；协力
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1、One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. 对于古典音乐演奏者而言，他们可能的一个回应就是排练出唱片上没有的曲目。
1.1 program英/'pr??ɡr?m/ 美/'proɡr?m/n. 程序；计划；大纲vt. 用程序指令；为…制订计划；为…安排节目vi. 编程序；安排节目；设计电脑程式
1.2 attractive英/?'tr?kt?v/ 美/?'tr?kt?v/adj. 吸引人的；有魅力的；引人注目的
2、Gilbert`s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra`s repertoire will not be enough. Gilbert对新音乐兴趣已经被广泛的关注了：Alex Ross，一名古典音乐的批评家，就这样描述道：他能够把爱乐乐团变成一个完全不同，更加有活力的组织。但这种差异的本质是什么呢？可能仅仅增加乐团演出的曲目是不够的.
2.1 markedly英/'mɑ?k?dl?/ 美/'ma:kidli/adv. 明显地；显著地；引人注目地
2.2 vibrant英/'va?br?nt/ 美/'va?br?nt/adj. 振动的；充满生气的；响亮的；战栗的
2.3 repertoire英/'rep?twɑ?/ n. 全部节目；计算机指令系统；（美）某人或机器的全部技能
3、If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America`s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract. 如果Gilbert和他的乐团要进步的话，他们就必须首先改变美国最古老的乐团（就是纽约爱乐乐团）同他们想吸引的新观众间的关系。
2011 Text 2
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1、When Liam McGee depart ed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. 当八月份，Liam McGee以总裁的身份从美国银行离职的时候，他的解释出人意料的直白。 1.1 depart英/d?'pɑ?t/adj. 逝世的vi. 离开；出发，起程；违反；去世
1.2 straight up直率地；真实地；（酒）不加冰块的
2、Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. 他没有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由来遮掩他的离开，他很坦诚的讲他离开就是为了去追求他经营一家公司的目标。McGee说宣扬自己的目标就是自己的决定。
2.1 cloak英/kl??k/ 美/klok/n. 斗蓬；宽大外衣；托词vt. 遮掩；隐匿
2.2 exit英/'eks?t; 'egz?t/ 美/'?ɡz?t/n. 出口，通道；退场vi. 退出；离去
2.3 vague英/ve?g/ 美/veɡ/adj. 模糊的；含糊的；不明确的；暧昧的
2.4 broadcast英/'br??dkɑ?st/ 美/'br?dk?st/n. 广播；播音；广播节目adj. 广播的vt. 播送，播放；（无线电或电视）广播；播撒（种子）vi. 广播，播送；播放
3、Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. 两周后，他第一次和Hartford Financial Services Group的董事会第一次会谈，这家公司在9月29日提名他为董事会主席和CEO。Paragraph 2
1、McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspiration s.他说在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位(下家)，使他有时间去反思他到底想去经营一家什么样的公司。这同时也就他的激情和决心，给了外界一个清晰的信号。
1.1 reflect英/r?'flekt/ vt. 反映；反射，照出；表达；显示;反省vi. 反射，映现；深思
1.2 aspiration英/?sp?'re??(?)n/ 美/?sp??re??n/n. 渴望；抱负；送气；吸气；吸引术
2、And McGee isn`t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don`t get the nod also may wish to move on.这样做的并不只是McGee一个人。最近几周，Avon and American Express的一些高级经理离职并解释说想需找一个CEO的职位。当董事会迫于股东的压力对一系列的计划进行审查的时候，那些计划被否定掉的经理们也会想离开。 2.1 quit英/kw?t/ n. 离开；[计] 退出vt. 离开；放弃；停止；使…解除adj. 摆脱了…的；已经了结的vi. 离开；辞职；停止
2.2 scrutinize英/'skru:t?na?z/n. 仔细或彻底检查vt. 详细检查；细看vi. 细阅；作详细检查
2.3 succession英/s?k'se?(?)n/ 美/s?k's???n/n. 连续；继位；继承权；[生态] 演替
3、A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. 激烈的商业环境同样使得高级经理很小心，模糊的表态可能会破坏他们的声誉。
3.1 turbulent英/'t??bj?l(?)nt/ adj. 骚乱的，混乱的；狂暴的；吵闹的；激流的，湍流的
3.2 manager英/'m?n?d??/ 美/'m?n?d??/n. 经理；管理人员
3.3 pronouncement英/pr?'na?nsm(?)nt/ n. 声明；宣告；公告；判决
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1、As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. 当经济复苏的标志开始确定的时候，二把手们可能更愿意在没有网(新的工作)情况下换工作。 1.1 deputy英/'depj?t?/ 美/'d?pjuti/n. 代理人，代表adj. 副的；代理的
2、In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the
leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. 第三季度，根据Liberum的调查，CEO的更迭和一年前相比减少了23%，这是由于紧张的董事会紧盯着他们的CEO们。
2.1 quarter英/'kw??t?/ 美/'kw?rt?/num. 四分之一n. 四分之一；地区；季度；一刻钟；两角五分；节vt. 将…四等分；供某人住宿vi. 住宿；驻扎In the third quarter 在第三季度
2.2 turnover英/'t??n??v?/ 美/'t?n'ov?/n. 翻覆；[贸易] 营业额；流通量；半圆卷饼；失误adj. 翻过来的；可翻转的
3、As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.随着经济的复苏和好转，对有理想的头儿们，机会是很多的。 3.1 aspiring英/?'spa??r??/ adj. 有抱负的；追求…的；高耸的aspire英/?'spa??/ 美/?'spa?r/vi. 渴望；立志；追求
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1、The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poach ed. 离开高管的职位去寻找一个更好的职位，并不是传统的做法。多年以来，经理们和猎头们都认同这样一个原则：最有吸引力的CEO的竞争是那些需要去挖来的人。
1.1 unconventional英/?nk?n'ven?(?)n(?)l/ adj. 非常规的；非传统的；不依惯例的
1.2 adhered v. 坚持；粘附；依附（adhere的过去分词）
1.3 poach英/p??t?/ 美/pot?/vt. 水煮；偷猎；窃取；把…踏成泥浆vi. 偷猎；侵犯；剽窃
2、Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey :”I can`t think of a single search I`ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.” Korn Ferry，资深合作伙伴Dennis Carey 说道：我所做的每一次的招聘中，董事会都要求我从那些在任的CEO中寻找人选。
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1、Those who jumped without a job haven`t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. 那些没有找到工作就离开的人并不是很快就能找到顶级的职位。10年前，Ellen Marram以经理的身份离职了，她说他想当CEO。
2、It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.但是花了一年的时间她才成为一家小型互联网交换公司的头。2005年Robert Willumstad带着想成为CEO的梦想离开了Citigroup。可是三年后他才成为了一家主要的金融机构的CEO。 2.1 tiny英/'ta?n?/ 美/'ta?ni/adj. 微小的；很少的
2.2 commodity英/k?'m?d?t?/ 美/k?'mɑd?ti/n. 商品，货物；日用品
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1、Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. 很多招聘的人都说对于高管而言，过去认为的丢脸的感觉(没有工作)已经慢慢消失了。金融危机已经使得跳槽，离开一个不好的工作变得更加可以接受了。 1.1 recruiter英/r?'kru?t?/ 美/r?'kr?t?/n. 招聘人员，征兵人员
1.2 disgrace英/d?s'gre?s/ 美/d?s'ɡres/n. 耻辱；丢脸的人或事；失宠vt. 使……失宠；给……丢脸；使……蒙受耻辱；贬黜
2、“The traditional rule was it`s safer to stay where you are, but that`s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who`ve been hurt the worst are those who`ve stayed too long.”一个猎头就说到：“传统的规则是待在你原来的地方会更加安全，但是现在已经彻底改变了. 那些受伤最厉害的就是那里在一个地方待太久的人。”
2.1 fundamentally英/f?nd?'ment?l?/ 美/,f?nd?'m?nt?li/adv. 根本地，从根本上；基础地
2.2 inverted英/?n'v??t?d/ adj. 倒转的，反向的v. 颠倒（invert的过去分词）；使…反向
2011 Text 3
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1、The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. 过去，市场营销的成功诀窍简而言之就是一分钱一分货。然而时过境迁。
1.1 rough英/r?f/n. 艰苦；高低不平的地面；未经加工的材料；粗糙的部分adj. 粗糙的；粗略的；粗野的；艰苦的；未经加工的vt. 使粗糙；粗暴对待；草拟adv. 粗糙地；粗略地；粗暴地vi. 举止粗野
2、While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. 虽然传统的“付费”媒介，比如电视和广播广告、平面广告和路边广告牌等，仍然扮演着重要角色，但企业如今还可以利用许多其他形式的媒介。 2.1 exploit英/?ekspl??t;?k?spl??t/ n. 勋绩；功绩vt. 开发，开拓；剥削；开采
3、Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. 比如，痴迷于某种产品的消费者，可能会乐意将之推荐给朋友，从而为企业创造因产品的优良品质带来的“无偿”媒介。1企业还可以利用“自有”(owned)媒介，通过邮件向其网站的注册用户发送产品和销售提示。
3.1 alert英/?'l??t/ n. 警戒，警惕；警报adj. 警惕的，警觉的；留心的vt. 警告；使警觉，使意识到
4、The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. 事实上，如今消费者作出购买决定的方式，意味着市场营销的影响力来自于传统付费媒介之外的广泛因素。
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1、Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users` responses. But in some cases, one marketer`s owned media become another marketer`s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.营销人员通过付费和自有媒介推销其产品，而在“无偿”媒介方面，营销人员就像是触发用户响应的初始催化剂。在某些情况下，某营销者的自有媒介会成为另一个营销者的付费媒介。比如，当某电子商务零售商出售其网站的广告空间时，我们就将这种“售出”媒介定义为拥有巨大流量、以致其他机构纷纷前来投放内容或电子商务引擎的自有媒介。
1.1 initiator英/?'n???e?t?/ 美/?'n???et?/n. 发起人，创始者；教导者；[计] 启动程序；引爆器
1.2 e-commerce英/i:k?m?rs/ 美/?i??k?m??s/n. 电子商务
1.3 retailer英/'ri?te?l?/ 美/'ri:teil?/n. 零售商；传播的人
2、This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. 我们认为，这种趋势已蓬勃发端于零售商和航空、酒店等旅游供应商，虽然还处于初始阶段，但无疑可以走得更远。
2.1 infancy英/'?nf(?)ns?/ 美/'?nf?nsi/n. 初期；婴儿期；幼年
3、Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies` marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. 比如，强生公司创建了著名网站BabyCenter，借以推广互补性乃至竞争性产品，而其他营销者的出现不仅带来了收入，还令该网站看起来公正客观，并且使企业有机会从其他
公司的营销活动中获得可贵的信息，最后还有助于扩大所有相关企业的用户流量。
3.1 stand-alone英/'st?nd?,l??n/ 美/'st?nd?,lon/n. 独立；单机adj. 独立的；独立操作的
3.2 property英/'pr?p?t?/ 美/'prɑp?ti/n. 性质，性能；财产；所有权
3.3 complementary英/k?mpl?'ment(?)r?/ 美/'kɑmpl?'m?ntri/adj. 补足的，补充的
3.4 generate 英/'d?en?re?t/ 美/'d??n?ret/vt. 使形成；发生；生殖；产生物理反应Paragraph 3
1、The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. 同样的戏剧性的技术变革使营销人员获得了数量更多、种类更广的沟通选择，但同时也带来了更高的风险，因为激动的消费者能够以更迅速、更明显、更有害的方式来表达他们的意见。
1.1 dramatic英/dr?'m?t?k/ 美/dr?'m?t?k/adj. 戏剧的；急剧的；引人注目的；激动人心的
1.2 passionate英/'p??(?)n?t/ 美/'p???n?t/adj. 热情的；热烈的，激昂的；易怒的
2、Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. 这就是与“无偿”媒介相对的“劫持”媒介：某项资产或活动变成了对某个品牌或产品不满的消费者、其他股东或积极分子的劫持物。
2.1 hostage英/'h?st?d?/ 美/'hɑst?d?/n. 人质；抵押品
2.2 allegation英/?l?'ge??(?)n/ 美/'?l?'ge??n/n. 主张，断言；辩解
3、Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. 比如，社交网络用户正领悟到，他们可以通过“劫持”媒介来对最初创建该媒介的企业施加压力。
3.1 originally英/?'r?d??n(?)l?/ 美/?'r?d??n?li/adv. 最初，起初；本来
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1、If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. 如果那种事情发生，激动的消费者试图劝服其他人共同抵制两家公司的产品，从而危及企业声誉。
1.1 boycott英/'b??k?t/ 美/'b??kɑt/n. 联合抵制vt. 联合抵制；拒绝参加
2、In such a case, the company`s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. 当这种事情发生的时候，如果企业的回应不够快或不够好，那么就可能酿成悲剧。
2.1 sufficiently英/s?'f???ntl?/ 美/s?'f???ntl?/adv. 充分地；足够地
2.2 thoughtful英/'θ??tf?l; -f(?)l/ 美/'θ?tfl/adj. 深思的；体贴的；关切的
2.3 curve英/k??v/n. 曲线；弯曲；曲线球；曲线图表adj. 弯曲的；曲线形的vt. 弯；使弯曲vi. 成曲形
3、Toyota Motor, for example, alleviate d some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 比如，在今年较早前发生的召回危机中，丰田汽车公司采取了较快且较有序的社交媒体回应行动，包括在Twitter和社会新闻网站Digg等网站上与客户进行直接交流，从而挽回了部分损失。
3.1 Toyota英/'t?uj?ut?/ 美/'t?uj?ut?/n. 日本丰田汽车（公司名）
3.2 motor英/'m??t?/ n. 发动机，马达；汽车adj. 汽车的；机动的vt. 以汽车载运vi. 乘汽车
3.3 alleviate英/?'li?v?e?t/ 美/?'liv?'et/vt. 减轻，缓和
3.4 orchestrated把…编成管弦乐曲,…协调地结合在一起精心安排orchestrate英/'??k?stre?t/ 美/'?rk?stret/vt. 把…编成管弦乐曲；（美）精心安排；把…协调地结合起来vi. 编管弦乐曲
2011 Text 4
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1、It`s no surprise that Jennifer Senior`s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. “我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我的生活”——这唤起了人们的谈兴。人们一谈到养孩子就会觉得这是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情。
1.1 insightful英/'?nsa?tf(?)l/ 美/'?nsa?tf?l/adj. 有深刻见解的，富有洞察力的
1.2 provocative英/pr?'v?k?t?v/n. 刺激物，挑拨物；兴奋剂adj. 刺激的，挑拨的；气人的
1.3 arousing英/?'rauzi?/ adj. 振奋人心的arouse英/?'ra?z/ 美/?'ra?z/vt. 引起；唤醒；鼓励vi. 激发；醒来；发奋life-enriching丰富多彩的人生
1.4 rearing英/'ri?ri?/ 美/'r?r??/n. 饲养；养育；抚养rear英/r??/ n. 后面；屁股；后方部队adj. 后方的；后面的；背面的vt. 培养；树立；栽种adv. 向后；在后面vi. 暴跳；高耸
1.5 fulfilling英/f?l'f?l??/ 美/f?l'f?l??/adj. 令人满意的；能实现个人抱负的；令人高兴的
2、Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: Instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Jennifer Senior没有指出养孩子到底是使得父母快乐呢还是痛苦呢，她倒是认为，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该是一个个瞬间的快乐组合的可以被衡量的东西；我们应该把幸福视为一种过去式的状态。
2.1 miserable英/'m?z(?)r?b(?)l/ 美/'m?zr?bl/adj. 悲惨的；痛苦的；卑鄙的
3、Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that "the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight."尽管抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是Jennifer Senior认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却成为我们欢乐的源泉。
3.1 soul-crushingly令人抓狂的,让人崩溃的,震撼人心的
3.2 dampen英/'d?mp(?)n/ 美/'d?mp?n/vt. 抑制；使…沮丧；使…潮湿vi. 潮湿；丧气
3.3 gratification英/ɡr?t?f?'ke??n/ 美/,ɡr?t?f?'ke??n/n. 满意；喜悦；使人满意之事Paragraph 2
1、The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. 杂志封面上一位给力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿，这种圣母与圣子(麦当娜和孩子)的图画这周在杂志上多次出现。
1.1 attractive英/?'tr?kt?v/ 美/?'tr?kt?v/adj. 吸引人的；有魅力的；引人注目的
2、There are also stories about newly adoptive– and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. 例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲——有时是刚变成单身母亲——桑德拉布鲁克，以及那种很常见的“詹尼弗阿尼斯顿怀孕了”的新闻。
2.1 adoptive英/?'d?pt?v/ 美/?'dɑpt?v/adj. 采用的；有收养关系的
3、Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. 实际上，每周都有至少一位名人母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者。
3.1 celebrity英/s?'lebr?t?/ 美/s?'l?br?ti/n. 名人；名声
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1、In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn`t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. 在一个不断地庆祝生育的社会中，承认自己后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己支持杀小猫，这难道不值得反思吗？把父母的后悔与孩子的后悔相比较，这显然并不合理。
1.1 persistently英/p?'sist?ntli/ 美/p?'sist?ntli/adv. 坚持地；固执地
1.2 procreation英/,pr?ukri'ei??n/ 美/,prokr?'e??n/n. 生殖；生产be equivalent to相似于
1.3 equivalent英/?'kw?v(?)l(?)nt/n. 等价物，相等物adj. 等价的，相等的；同意义的
1.4 kitten英/'k?t(?)n/ 美/'k?tn/n. 小猫；小动物vi. 产小猫
2、Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn`t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. 没有人会去让不情愿养孩子的父母去反思自己是否不该养孩子，但是那不幸福的没有孩子的人却为类似这样的信息所困扰：“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”，显然，你们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除。
2.1 provoked英美/pr?'vokt/ adj. 被激怒的；受到挑衅的provoke英/pr?'v??k/ 美/pr?'vok/vt. 驱使；激怒；煽动；惹起
2.2 misery英/?m?z?r?/ 美/'m?z?ri/n. 痛苦，悲惨；不幸；苦恼；穷困
2.3 gaping英/'g?pi?/ 美/'g?pi?/adj. 多洞穴的
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1、Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. 当然，像美国周刊与人物这样的杂志提供的名人父母的形象是非常不切实际的。特别是像Bullock这样的单身母亲时更是如此。
1.1 unrealistic英/,?nr??'l?st?k/ 美/,?nri?'l?st?k/adj. 不切实际的；不实在的
2、According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. 多项研究表明，有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，而单亲家庭是最不快乐的。
3、No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.
这并不奇怪，因为一个人养一个孩子实在太麻烦了，没有人可以依靠。然而，你听听Sandra和Britney 说的话：自己“一个人”养孩子，其实非常简单。(她们当然觉得简单了，因为她们是在周围有一帮人全天侯的侯着啊。)
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1、It`s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. 很难想象有的人生孩子就只是很傻很天真因为Reese和Angelina这种名流使这种行为变的很光鲜，——多数成年人其实理解：养孩子可不是剪头发那样简单。
1.1 dumb英/d?m/ 美/d?m/adj. 哑的，无说话能力的；不说话的，无声音的
1.2 glamorous英/'gl?m?r?s/ 美/'gl?m?r?s/adj. 迷人的，富有魅力的
1.3 haircut英/'he?k?t/ 美/'h?rk?t/n. 理发；发型
2、But it`s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren`t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same w ay that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. 但这确实有趣：反思一下我们每周看到的无忧无虑，幸福诱人的为人父母的生活会不会从一种微小的，无意识的方面加剧我们对于现实生活的不满。这种方式就好像：我们有那种想成为“the Rachel”(老友记中的单身妈妈)的心理，这种心理，使得我们看上去有点像詹尼弗安尼斯顿(Rachel 的扮演者)。
2.1 subconscious英/s?b'k?n??s/ n. 潜在意识；下意识心理活动adj. 潜意识的；下意识的
Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运 转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平 行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在 那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语
2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析 考研历年真题一定要用好，研究好。结合大纲和真题来选择辅导用书是最明智的。本文带大家回顾2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析： Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. (48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity int o the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s o utput to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 46-50参考答案及解析：
考研英语阅读真题及答案 英语阅读关于考研的在历年的真题中，有不少的精华等着大家去发掘。下面是给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题及答案，供大家参阅! 1991年考研英语阅读真题及答案解析Section II Reading Comprehension Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points) Text 1 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn t hard to define. It means that every
精心整理2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版） 2011-01-16 21-25CBDBA Text1 ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthet alkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Fort
hemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTo mmasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic。 2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。 ,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes。 就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问AveryFisherHall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。
考研英语阅读 （1） To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“被误导的运动要想成功，所需的只是好人不作为。”现在，就有这样一个运动正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案(三) Passage 11 Dream is a story that a personwatchesor even takes part in during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer's life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening. Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams. Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life. People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams. Most dreams occur in color. but persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams. Dreams are a product of the sleeper's mind. They
年考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.doc
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Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the u nconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Th inking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possib ilities.”
考研英语：阅读理解之八大考点 考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%），还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所读材料，考生应能： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，共20小题，每小题2分，共40分 一、
1.提问方式： 1)直接提问(Main idea型) ?The text intends to express the idea that. . . ?We can draw a conclusion from the text that. . . ?What is the passage mainly about? ?The passage is mainly. ?From the passage we learn that. . . ?The passage is mainly about. . . ?he key point of the passage is that. . . ?This passage mainly deals with. . . ?The main point the author makes in the passage is. ?What does this passage mainly discuss? ?The general/ main/ central idea of the passage is. ?The passage is primarily concerned with. . . 2)给文章定标题 The best title for the text may be. . . Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?' A best title for the passage could be. A best title for the passage might be. This passage can be entitled. . . 3)提问写作目的( Purpose型) ?The article is written to explain. ?The purpose of the passage is. ?This passage is intended to… 2.解题技巧： 1) ①.重点读文章的首段开头部分，如果文章中有这样的主旨句， 那么再看四个选择项，如其中一项所含的信息同主旨句中的信息相似，该项即为正确答案 ②.重点读各段的开头和结尾，四个选项中能涵盖文章各段内容的一项， 就是正确答案
Text 1 ①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. ①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. ① We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in ournalism,Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are". ①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. ⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. ①Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The prospect seems remote.③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ④Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. 全文翻译： 在过去的25 年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。 对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。
ase to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” 现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。密苏里大学法学院Dennis D. Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消除整个专利类别”。 Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. 对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些 注：to the punch的英文解释为to the first blow or to decisive action ― usually used with beat 所以这里翻译为“先下手为强”或“抢占先机”。 The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of th ree, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling. 前面提到的Bilski案例涉及到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险规避方 The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. 联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的
1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题阅读 Section II R eading Comprehension Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points) Text 1 ①In May 1989, space shuttle “Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe “Megallan,” which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. ②A new phase in space exploration has begun. ①The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is the only other object in the solar system, in fact, that even comes close to earth’s size. ②Venus has a similar density, so it is probably made of approximately the same stuff, and it has an atmosphere, complete with clouds. ③It is also the closest planet to earth, and thus the most similar in distance from the sun. ④In short, Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of “earth’s twin.” ①The surface temperature of Venus reaches some 900F. ②Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earth’s: High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO2) that passes for air is a layer of clouds, perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick, whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). ③Water is all but nonexistent. ①Born with so many fundamental similarities to earth, how did Venus get to be so radically different: It is not just an academic matter. ②For all its extremes, Venus is a valuable laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of earth. ③It has no earth’s oceans, so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified. ④In addition, the planet Venus takes 243 earth-days to turn once on its axis, so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely, observable pace. 一、词汇 1．shuttle n. 返汽车(列车，飞机)；航天飞机，航天器 2．release v. 放出，释放 3.probe n. 探测 4.phase n. 阶段 5.density n. 密度 6.approximately ad. 大概，大约 7.stuff n. 材料，东西 8.passes for被当成9.sulfuric a. 硫的 10. acid n. 酸性物质，酸11. axis n. 轴(线) 12.leisurely ad. 慢慢地，悠然地 二、长难句 1. In May 1989, space shuttle “Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe “Megallan,” which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. 该句主干为space shuttle “Atlantis” released … the space probe “Megallan”，which引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰先行词the space probe “Megallan”。 翻译：1989年5月，“亚特兰蒂斯”号航天飞机将“麦哲伦”号金星探测器释放到外太空，