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Anomalies and Hawking radiation from the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole with a global monopo

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Anomalies and Hawking radiation from the Reissner-Nordstr¨o m black hole with a global monopole Shuang-Qing Wu College of Physical Science and Technology,Central China Normal University,Wuhan,Hubei 430079,People’s Republic of China E-mail:sqwu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/be7835217.html, Jun-Jin Peng College of Physical Science and Technology,Central China Normal University,Wuhan,Hubei 430079,People’s Republic of China Abstract.We extend the work by S.Iso,H.Umetsu and F.Wilczek [Phys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)151302]to derive the Hawking ?ux via gauge and gravitational anomalies of a most general two-dimensional non-extremal black hole space-time with

the determinant of its diagonal metric di?ering from the unity (√

1.Introduction

Since Hawking’s remarkable discovery[1]in1974that a black hole is not completely black,but can emit all species of fundamental particles from its event horizon,the study of black hole radiation has been in the spotlight all the time.Hawking radiation is a kind of quantum e?ect that originates from the vacuum?uctuation near the horizon. This e?ect is a common character of almost all kinds of horizons,whose occurrence is only dependent upon the existence of a horizon.Since Hawking e?ect interplays the theory of general relativity with quantum?eld theory and statistical thermodynamics, it is generally believed that a deeper understanding of Hawking radiation may shed some lights on seeking a complete theory of quantum gravity.There are several ways to derive Hawking radiation.The original one presented by Hawking[1]is very complicated, making it not only di?cult to join a concrete physical picture with calculations but also nontrivial to extend the result to other gravitational backgrounds.On the other hand,the conformal(trace)anomaly method[2],which is closely related to the recent hot spots on the subject,has several limits to be generalized to the cases of higher dimensional black holes.

Recently,Robinson and Wilczek[3]proposed an intriguing approach to derive Hawking radiation from a Schwarzschild-type black hole through gravitational anomaly. Their basic idea goes as follows.Consider a massless scalar?eld in the higher dimensional space-time.Upon performing a dimensional reduction technique together with a partial wave decomposition,they found that the physics near the horizon in the original black hole background can be described by an in?nite collection of massless?elds in a(1+1)-dimensional e?ective?eld theory.If omitting the classically irrelevant ingoing modes in the region near the horizon,the e?ective theory becomes chiral and exhibits gravitational anomalies in the near-horizon region,which can be cancelled by the(1+1)-dimensional black body radiation at the Hawking temperature.Subsequently,the case of a charged black hole was immediately studied in[4]to enclose gauge anomaly in addition to gravitational anomaly,where the authors showed that both gauge and gravitational anomalies at the horizon can be exactly cancelled by the compensating charged current ?ux and energy momentum?ux.These?uxes are universally determined only by the value of anomalies at the horizon and are equivalent to the(1+1)-dimensional thermal ?uxes associated with Hawking radiation emanating from the horizon at the Hawking temperature.As is shown later,the anomaly cancellation method is very universal,and soon it has been successfully extended to other black hole cases[5,6,7,8,9].

In this paper,we will further extend this method derive the Hawking?ux via gauge and gravitational anomalies of a most general two-dimensional non-extremal black hole space-time with the determinant of its diagonal metric di?erent from the unity(√

makes it quite di?erent topologically from that of a Schwarzschild black hole and its charged counterpart alone.Because the background space-time considered here is not asymptotically ?at,rather it contains a topological defect due to the presence of a global monopole,the original anomaly cancellation method,however,will become problematic to be directly applied for the black-hole–global-monopole system.To avoid this obstacle,as did in [9]we shall adopt a

slightly

di?erent

procedure

and perform various coordinate transformations before we can take use of this method to derive Hawking radiation via the cancellation of anomalies and the regularity requirement of ?uxes at the horizon.

The plan of this paper is as follows.We begin with our discussions in Sec.2by studying the thermodynamics of charged black holes with a global monopole.Gauge and gravitational anomalies are then analyzed in Sec.3for a most general non-extremal metric in two dimensions.It should be pointed out that our analysis presented this section is far more general,so it is suitable for studying Hawking radiation of wider classes of non-extremal black hole space-times where we have only assumed that f (r )=h (r )=0at the horizon,and previous researches are included as special cases of the metric considered here.Sec.4is devoted to applying the anomaly recipe to our charged black hole with a global monopole.As a comparison,we also include here the method of Damour-Ru?ni-Sannan’s (DRS)[11]tortoise coordinate transformation to tackle with the Hawking evaporation.The last section ends up with some remarks on further applications of the general analysis completed in this paper,and on the choice of the time-like Killing vector,especially in the space-time with a cosmological constant.

2.Thermodynamics of charged black holes with a global monopole

The metric of a general non-extremal Reissner-Nordstr¨o m black hole with the global O (3)monopole is described by [10]

ds 2=?f (r )dt 2+h (r )?1dr 2+r 2(dθ2+sin 2θd?2),

(1)

A =q r +q 22 ?g tt (?g tt,r )|r =r +,(3)

for computing the surface gravity for a general spherically symmetric asymptotically ?at metric,becomes potentially problematic to be applied in the case described by the metric(1).It is worth noting that the metric(1)is still asymptotically bounded.In order to get the Hawking temperature of the black hole with a global monopole,we?rst derive a general formula for calculating the surface gravity for asymptotically bounded spherically symmetric black hole space-times,and then apply it to the case considered here.

A spherically symmetric asymptotically bounded space-time metric can,without loss of generality,be cast in the form

ds2=g tt dt2+g rr dr2+r2(dθ2+sin2θd?2),(4) with the metric coe?cients g tt=?f(r)and g rr=1/h(r)approximating two?nite constants at the in?nity.The surface gravity for the black hole described by Eq.(4) can be found from the relation

κ2=?

?g tt=

4C2(?g tt)

(?g tt,r)2|r=r+=h

2C ?g tt(?g tt,r)|r=r+=1h

2C Cr2+.(8) The Arnowitt-Deser-Misner mass M of the system can be calculated via the Komar integral

M=1

,(9)

where we have used lμ

(t)=C?1(?t)μ.Obviously,the mass M isn’t equal to the mass

parameter m when C=1because of the presence of a global monopole.The electric charge is determined by

and the electric potential is

Φ=lμAμ|r=r+=q

gθθg??dθd?=4πr2+.(12) One can easily show that the mass M,the charge Q,the Hawking temperature T=κ/(2π),the entropy S=A/4,and the electric potentialΦgiven above obey the di?erential and integral forms of the?rst law of black hole thermodynamics as follows dM=T dS+ΦdQ,M=2T S+ΦQ.(13) Now introducing the following coordinate transformation

t=(1?η2)?1/2 t,r=(1?η2)1/2 r,(14) and de?ning two new parameters

m=(1?η2)3/2 m,q=(1?η2) q,(15) then we can rewrite the line element(1)as

ds2=? f( r)d t2+ h( r)?1d r2+(1?η2) r2(dθ2+sin2θd?2),(16)

A= q r+ q2

1?η2for the line element(1)in order to be consistent with the above coordinate transformation.This means that we shall use the Killing vector lμ=(1?η2)?1/2(?t)μ=(?e t)μto compute the mass M,the surface gravityκ,and the electric potentialΦfor the line elements(1)and(16).They are given by

1?η2

=(1?η2) m,(18)

κ=(1?η2)r+?m

1?η2r2+

= r+? m

r+.(20)

The horizon area and the electric charge can be similarly evaluated as

A=4πr2+=4π(1?η2) r2+,(21)

Q=q=(1?η2) q,(22) where r+=(1?η2)?1[m+ m2? q2.It is easily to check that they satisfy the Bekenstein-Smarr’s relationship(13).

It should be emphasized that the space-time(1)is not asymptotically?at due to the presence of a global monopole;while the metric(16)is‘quasi’-asymptotically?at

if regardless of the de?cit solid angle.In addition,there is also one another slight

di?erence in the expression of the surface gravity.The surface gravity of the metric f,r(r+),which corresponds to the normalized time-like Killing vector (1)isκ=1

1?η2

=(1?η2)?1/2(?t)μ(when C=

lμ

(t)

2 f,e r( r+)with respect to the time-like Killing vector?e t.This means that in each case one must use the normalized time-like Killing vector to obtain the correct physical quantities.If,however,one prefers to choose?t for the time-like Killing vector for the space-time metric(1)where C=1,then the temperature,the

mass,and the electric potential di?er from the ones given in Eqs.(18-20)by a multiplier

?g=1is clearly too limited,and almost all of the previously related studies[3,4,5,6,7,8]are limited to this case.[Nevertheless,there is a freedom to choose an appropriate dilaton factor to rescale the desired metric so as to meet with the assertion√

?g=1is more natural,and this is especially needed for studies of dilatonic black holes in string theory and Klein-Kaluza theory(see,for example,the?rst two references in[7]).Thus it is physically important to do such an extension.

3.1.Dimensional reduction

The metric and gauge potential of a most general,static and spherically symmetric non-extremal black hole space-time are given by

ds2=?f(r)dt2+h(r)?1dr2+P(r)2d?2,(23)

A=A t dt=

where d ?2=dθ2+sin 2θd?2is the line element on the unit 2-sphere.We assume

that the functions f (r )and h (r )vanish at the horizon r =r +of the black hole,that is,f (r )→f ,r (r +)(r ?r +)and h (r )→h ,r (r +)(r ?r +)as r →r +.At the horizon r =r +,the surface gravity is given by κ=1f ,r h ,r |r +.

Consider now the dimensional reduction from d =4to d =2.For simplicity,let’s consider the action for a massless scalar ?eld in the black hole background (23).After performing a partial wave decomposition φ=

lm φlm (t,r )Y lm (θ,?),and only keeping the dominant terms near the horizon,the action becomes

S [φ]=?

1?g (4)g μν?μφ?νφ=1?g (4)φ φ=1?gφ ?

12f

+2h P 2?? φ=1

?gφlm ?

12f +

2h P 2 φlm ?1

?gφlm ?12f ?r φlm ,(25)

where ??is the angular Laplace operator,here and hereafter √f/h .Upon transforming to the tortoise coordinate de?ned by r ?= dr/√r ,(27)

?At the ?rst sight,the second one of this assumption is stronger than the previous one (f (r +)=h (r +)=0)and seems to exclude the extremal black hole.Nevertheless,the analysis done in this section is still applicable to the extremal black hole case.The result we obtained is a zero Hawking temperature,which means that there is no Hawking radiation,so there is no anomaly needed to be cancelled at the horizon.This is in accordance with the fact that an extremal black hole is supersymmetric.For this reason,we shall concentrate ourself to the non-extremal case only.

with the dilaton ?eld Ψ=P (r )2.It should be pointed out that we have implicitly used the regular behavior of the dilaton ?eld at the horizon in the above dimensional reduction process.

Apparently,a scalar ?eld in the original (3+1)-dimensional background can be e?ectively described by an in?nite collection of massless ?elds in the (1+1)-dimensional background space-time with the e?ective metric and the gauge potential given by Eq.(26),together with the dilaton ?eld Ψ=P (r )2.Now apply the above analysis to the metric (16),we will arrive at (26)with a dilaton ?eld Ψ=(1?η2)r 2.On the other hand,if we start with the metric (1),the same e?ective metric yields but with a di?erent dilaton factor Ψ=r 2.In each case,f (r )=h (r )?nds its corresponding expression given in Eq.(16)or (1).

At this stage,it should be noted that when reducing to d =2,the Lagrangian contains a factor Ψ=P (r )2,which can be interpreted as a dilaton background coupled to the charged ?elds [14].Since we are considering a static background,the contribution from the dilaton ?eld can be neglected.In addition,the e?ective two dimensional current is given by integrating the 4-dimensional ones over a 2-sphere,J μ=

√?gP 2J μ(4)(r ).For later use,we include here the non-vanishing Christo?el symbols and the Ricci scalar for the e?ective metric (26)

Γt tr =Γt rt =f ,r

,Γr rr =?h ,r f

?f ,r h ,r

2f 2.(29)

3.2.Gauge anomaly As is well known,Hawking e?ect takes place in the region near the horizon.Since the horizon is a one-way membrane,modes interior to the horizon can not a?ect physics outside the horizon,classically.Therefore one can only consider the physics outside the horizon,and de?ne the e?ective theory in the outer region [r +,+∞].The exterior region can be divided into two parts:the near-horizon region [r +,r ++ε],and the other region

[r ++ε,+∞].In the latter region,which is far away from the horizon,the theory is not chiral,the current of energy momentum tensor and the charged current are conserved.On the contrary,in the near-horizon region where there are only outgoing modes,if we formally neglect quantum e?ects of the ingoing modes since such modes never come out once they fall into black holes,the e?ective theory becomes chiral there and contains gauge and gravitational anomalies associated with gauge invariance and di?eomorphism invariance,respectively.But because the underlying theory is invariant under gauge and di?eomorphism symmetries,these anomalies must be cancelled by quantum e?ects of the modes that are classically irrelevant.In what follows,we reveal that the conditions for cancellation of these anomalies at the horizon are,in turn,met by the Hawking ?ux of charge and energy momentum,with the Hawking temperature exactly being that for the considered space-time.

First we investigate the charged current and gauge anomaly at the horizon.We localize the physics outside the horizon since the e?ective theory is de?ned in the exterior region[r+,+∞],and focus on the gauge anomaly in the region[r+,r++ε].If we?rst omit the classically irrelevant ingoing modes in the near-horizon region[r+,r++?],the gauge current exhibits an anomaly there.The consistent form of d=2Abelian anomaly is given by[15]

?μJμ=?e2?g?μν?μAν,(30) while the covariant current is de?ned by[15]

?μ Jμ=?e2?g?μνFμν,(31) where a minus sign(?)corresponds to right-handed?elds andεμνis an antisymmetric tensor with notationεtr= 1.The consistent anomaly satis?es the Wess-Zumino condition but the current Jμtransforms non-covariantly.The coe?cient of the covariant anomaly is twice as large as that of the consistent anomaly.The covariant current is related to the consistent one by

Jμ=Jμ+e2?g Aλ?λμ.(32) For the non-vanishing component of the charged currents,we have

J r=J r+e2?g A t(r)H(r).(33) In the other region[r++ε,+∞],where the theory is not chiral and there is no

anomaly,the current Jμ

(O)is conserved.On the other hand,in the near-horizon region

[r+,r++ε],since there are only outgoing(right handed)?elds,the e?ective quantum ?eld theory is chiral and exhibits a gauge anomaly with respect to gauge symmetry,

the current Jμ

(H)satis?es the anomalous equation.Obviously,these currents must obey,

respectively,the following equations

?μJμ(O)=0,(34)

?μJμ(H)=?e2?g?μν?μAν.(35) Hence we can write them out explicitly with respect to the metric ans¨a tz(26)

?r[

√

?gJ r(H)]=e2

?gJ r(O)=c O,(38)

√

4π A t(r)?A t(r+) ,(39) where c O and c H are integration constants.

The total current outside the horizon is written as a sum of two regions Jμ=

Jμ(O)Θ(r)+Jμ

(H)

H(r),whereΘ(r)=Θ(r?r+?ε)is a scalar step function,H(r)=1?Θ(r)

is a scalar top hat function.By using the anomaly equation,the variation of the e?ective action(without the omitted ingoing modes near the horizon)under gauge transformations becomes

?δλW= dtdr√

4π

A t H + e2

?g(J r(O)?J r(H)) δ(r?r+??) ,(40) whereλis a gauge parameter.

The total e?ective action must be gauge invariant and the?rst term should be cancelled by quantum e?ects of the classically irrelevant ingoing modes.The quantum e?ect to cancel this term is the Wess-Zumino term induced by the ingoing modes near the horizon.In order to keep the gauge invariance,the variation of the e?ective action should vanish,δλW=0.The coe?cient of the delta-function should also vanish at the horizon,namely

√

4π

A t(r+)=0,(41) which relates the coe?cient of the current in two regions:

c O=c H?e2

?g),the condition J r(H)=0determines the value of the charge?ux to be

c H=?

2πA t(r+)=?

e2q

in the e?ective theory exhibits a gravitational anomaly with respect to di?eomorphism invariance in the region [r +,r ++ε].The consistent anomaly arising in the (1+1)-dimensional chiral theory reads [15]

?μT μν=1?g ?βδ?δ?αΓανβ≡A ν=1?g

?μN μν,(44)for right-handed ?elds.The covariant anomaly in 1+1dimensions,on the other hand,takes the form [15]?μ T μν=?1?g ?μν?μR ≡ A ν=1?g ?μ N μν.(45)Since we are considering a static background,the contribution to the anomaly from the dilaton background can be dropped.Let’s ?rst ignore the electro-magnetic interaction and only concentrate on the pure gravitational anomaly.In the far-away-horizon region [r ++ε,+∞],the energy momentum tensor T μ(O )νis conserved;but in the near-horizon region [r +,r ++ε],the energy momentum tensor T μ(H )νobey the anomalous equation.Obviously these equations are

?μT μ(O )ν=0,

(46)?μT μ(H )ν≡A ν=1?g ?μN μν.(47)

For a metric of the form (26),N μν=A ν=0in the region [r ++ε,+∞].But in the near-horizon region [r +,r ++ε],the components of N μνare N r t =1192π(f ,r h ,r +hf ,rr ),N r r =0,(48)N t r =?1192πh 2(h ,r 2?hh ,rr ),N t t =0.(49)The consistent and covariant anomalies are purely time-like (A r = A

r =0),and can be written as √?gT r t ]=1

192π?r (hf ,rr +f ,r h ,r ),

(50)√?g T r t

]=?196π

?r hf ,rr +f ,r h ,r f .(51)

Making use of N r t =(hf ,rr +h ,r f ,r )/(192π)and N r t =[hf ,rr +f ,r h ,r /2?hf 2,r

/f ]/(96π),we relate the covariant energy momentum tensor to the consistent one by

√?gT r t +h

Under di?eomorphism transformations δx μ=?ξμ,metric and gauge ?eld transform as δg μν=?(?μξν+?νξμ)and δA μ=ξν?νA μ+A ν?μξν.Since the action for matter ?elds S [g μν,A μ]should be invariant (we neglect the contribution of the dilaton ?eld),hence,if there were no gravitational anomaly,the Ward identity becomes

?μT μν=F μνJ μ+A ν?μJ μ.(53)

Here we have kept the term proportional to the gauge anomaly.Adding the gravitational anomaly,the Ward identity becomes

?μT μν=F μνJ μ+A ν?μJ μ+A ν=F μν J μ+A ν.(54)In the other region [r ++ε,+∞],the energy momentum tensor T μ(O )νand the charged current J μ(O )are conserved;but in the near-horizon region [r +,r ++ε],the charged current

J μ(H )obeys the anomaly equation,and the energy momentum tensor T μ(H )νsatis?es a

modi?ed anomalous equation in each region,the energy momentum tensors must be subjected to

?μT μ(O )ν=F μνJ μ(O ),(55)?μT μ(H )ν=F μνJ μ(H )+A ν?μJ μ(H )+A ν=F μν J μ(H )+A ν.(56)

We now solve the above identities for the ν=t component.In the exterior region without anomalies,the identity is ?r [

√?gF rt J r (O )=c O ?r A t ,(57)where we have utilized F rt =?r A t and T r t =?fhT t r .By using

√?gT r (O )t =a O +c O A t (r )=a O ?e 2

?gT r (H )t ]=√

?gF rt J r (H )+?r N r t ,(59)

where the ?rst and the second term has been combined to become √

?g J r (H )=c O +e 2A t (r )/(2π)into this equation,we can solve T r (H )t via ?r [√?gJ r (H )?r A t +A t ?r [√?g J r (H )?r A t +?r N r t ,

(60)explicitly as √4π

A 2t +N r t r r +.

(61)The total energy momentum tensor outside the horizon combines contributions from

these two regions:T μν=T μ(O )νΘ(r )+T μ(H )νH (r ),in which T μ(O )νis covariantly conserved

and Tμ

(H)νobeys the anomalous Eq.(47).Under the in?nitesimal general coordinate

transformations,the e?ective action changes as

?δξW= dtdr√

4π

A2t+N r t H

+ √4πA2t δ(r?r+??)

+ dtdrξr√

?g[T r(O)t?T r(H)t](r+)+N r t(r+)+e2

4πA2t(r+)?N r t(r+)=

e2 96π r=r+=κ2

4πr2++N r t(r+)=

e2q2

48π

.(66)

3.4.Blackbody radiation

In the uncharged case[9],we have shown that√

e2π(ω±ω0)/κ?1,J(±)(ω)=

for bosons and fermions,respectively.I (?)and J (?)correspond to the distributions for particles with charge ?e .To keep things simple,we only consider the fermion case.With these distributions,the ?uxes of charged current and energy momentum become

√2π[J (?)(ω)?J (+)(ω)]=?e 2q ?gT r t =

∞

0ω

dω4

πr 2++κ22π= 4π

r =r +.(70)Specialize to the present case where f (r )=h (r ),we get the Hawking temperature T =f ,r (r +)/(4π).Apply this formula to the metric (16),we can obtain the consistent temperature T = f ,e r ( r +)/(4π)=f ,r (r +)/(4π 1?η2).On the other hand,if we straight-forwardly apply it to the line element

(1),we will get a di?erent result T =f ,r (r +)/(4π)with respect to the Killing vector ?t (when C =1is adopted).So it is unadvisable to apply directly the original anomaly cancellation method to the space-time (1),otherwise one must divide the pure energy momentum ?ux by a factor 1?η2.Nevertheless,we can do the same analysis in another

di?erent way.By re-scaling t→

,h(r)=1?η2?2m r2,(72) 1?η2

and immediately derive the expected result for the Hawking temperature T= f,r(r+)/(4π

fh,the generic two-dimensional metric(26)can be written in a conformal form

ds2=f(r)(?dt2+dr2?).(73) Near the horizon r→r+,the radial coordinate r has the asymptotic behavior

r?≈1

(?t+ieA t)2+ f?r(

The ingoing wave solution and the outgoing wave solution are,respectively, R in=e?iωt?i(ω?ω0)r?,(78)

R out=e?iωt+i(ω?ω0)r?=R in e2i(ω?ω0)r?.(79) The ingoing wave solution R in is analytic at the horizon,but the outgoing wave solution R out≈R in(r?r+)i(ω?ω0)/κ,(r>r+),(80)

has a logarithmic singularity at the horizon r=r+,it can be analytically continued from the outside of the hole into the inside of the hole along the lower complex r-plane (r?r+)→(r+?r)e?iπ(81) to

R out=R in(r+?r)i(ω?ω0)/κeπ(ω?ω0)/κ,(r

The relative scattering probability at the event horizon is

R out

e2π(ω?ω0)/κ?1.(84) Similarly,the fermionic spectrum of Hawking radiation of Dirac particles from the black hole can also be deduced

N(ω) =1

conditions for anomaly cancellation at the horizon are met by the Hawking?ux of energy

momentum and charged current?ux.These?uxes have the forms precisely equivalent to

black body radiation with the Hawking temperature.To obtain a consistent expression

of the Hawking temperature,it is not suitable to directly use as a starting point the

space-time metric(1)which is not asymptotically?at due to the presence of a global

monopole.

It should be pointed out that our general analysis presented here is suitable for

studying Hawking radiation of wider classes of non-extremal black hole space-times

where we have only assumed that f(r+)=h(r+)=0,thus previous researches are

included as special cases of the metric considered here.Especially,it can be directly

applied to the case of a Reissner-Nordstr¨o m-anti-de Sitter black hole with a global

monopole where f(r)=h(r)=1?η2?2m/r+q2/r2+r2/l2,except a modi?cation in the calculation[18]of the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner mass of the black hole.

A special point on the choice of the time-like Killing vector to calculate the surface

gravity should be emphasized here a little more.The space-time considered in this

paper is not asymptotically?at but asymptotically bounded due to the presence of

a global monopole.In general,one prefers to choose the normalized time-like Killing

vector lμ=(1?η2)?1δμt so that the normalized condition lim

r→∞lμlμ=?1is satis?ed.

However,this kind of normalized choice will fail in the case when the black hole has a nonzero cosmological constant.Alternatively,if one chooses lμ=δμt as the time-like

Killing vector(lim

r→∞lμlμ=?1+η2),then he obtains a di?erent result for the surface

gravity.Thus a di?erent choice of the time-like Killing vector will lead to a di?erent expression for the Hawking temperature,which may di?er by a multiplier

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词汇学的基本知识

词汇学的基本知识词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学（语法、语音、词汇）的一个分支。词汇学的主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同义、反义等）。一、什么是词词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言，许多虚词和量词是不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是词（意义不能变）。比如：钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变，可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入，“鸡蛋”可以插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入，但两个语素的组合是固定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立运用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从）两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、）两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜）两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。二、现代汉语词汇的构成词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。词可以从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛运用。它来源于古代的典故，有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。

词汇学学习心得

现代汉语词汇学学习心得本篇文章分为二个部分，第一部分主要来谈谈学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获，第二部分阐述我在学习了这门课程后对于如何进行对外汉语词汇教学的一些思考。一．学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获对于现代汉语词汇我们不是第一次接触了，早在大一的现代汉语课上就已经有所涉及。但那都是很笼统的讲到，并没有做具体的分析研究,到了大三下学期才单独开设了现代汉语词汇学这门课程。在上这门课程前，就听学姐学长讲过词汇学很难，在学了这门课之后深有体会。记得在一开始的练习中就碰到了困难，如分析哪些是词自己就有点糊涂了，原因是自己还没有弄清楚词的具体该概念，即确定词的的一般方法，尤其是在扩展法上会出现问题。但后来经过讨论，老师讲解，自己终于有所领悟。虽然在学习的当中会碰到很多难题，但通过一学期的学习，自己也有很多收获。首先来谈谈教材，我们词汇学选符准青的《现代汉语词汇》增订本就是一本很好的教材。它的编订很合理，内容很详细，每章后都附有练习，有助于我们巩固我们所学的知识。除了解决词汇学中的一般问题，另外还提出了很多疑难问题让我们注意，这是其他教材很难做到的。例如第一章节疑难问题就提出具有争议的问题，如何确定述补结构（吃饱打倒）等是不是词的问题，这些疑难问题对于我们真正把握词的概念，拓展我们的思维有很大帮助。其次，我也非常庆幸遇到一位优秀的老师来教授我们这么课程。老师

有着扎实的专业基础知识和丰富的对外汉语教学经验，所以知道怎样使我们很好的接受那些词汇学知识，更重要的是我们能够将学到的知识理论应用于实际。在学习的过程，老师并没有像填鸭子似地把知识抛给我们，而是时不时的给我们提一个问题，让我们去思考，虽然最后我们的答案并不尽人意，但至少给了我们一个锻炼思考能力及分析问题的机会。在学习过程中老师一直强调我们不要读死书，要学会思考，这本书固然有它的优点，也存在一定的缺点，我们要取其精华，剔其糟粕。例如在学习第七章词汇划分问题上，老师就告诉我们书上的词汇划分不科学，对于基本词汇和一般词汇的定义模糊，但在基本词汇的特点上有可取之处，基本词汇具有普遍性，稳固性和构成新词的基础，这一点很可取。再者，学习这门课程后我认识到词汇学的重要性，词汇学最为一门单独的专业课程开设是很有必要的。现代汉语词汇是不断丰富发展变化着的。社会生活的发展，包括新事物的出现，旧事物消灭，阶级斗争的发展；人的思想意识的发展；语言内部各个因素的相互作用等等。现代汉语词汇是历代积累传承下来的大量词语和和不断产生的大量词语组合起来的整体。学习现代汉语词汇有着十分重要的意义，它让我们意识到词汇的重要性，提高我们的表达能力、语言能力，而且有助于语文教学，词汇教学在语文教学中占有重要位置。要引导学习者掌握丰富的词语，正确理解词语的意义，正确运用词语，就要利用现代汉语词汇学所学的各种知识。因此，一定要通过自身的努力学好掌握好这门学问。最后，通过这门课程的学习，我对怎样才能学好现代汉语词汇学有了一些体会。虽然这门课程即将结束，但学问是无穷无尽的，这门课程只是为我们打开了学习词汇学的一个窗口，在平时我们还应当坚持课后自主学习，因此掌握一些学习词汇学的方法尤为重要。

关于我喜欢的作文

关于我喜欢的作文精选作文:我喜欢(450字)作文我喜欢春天的景物，我喜欢看小花儿重新崭开笑脸，小草又恢复了往日的生机，就算树梢冒出的一点儿小牙儿，人们也惊喜万分。我喜欢夏日的骄阳。虽然那阳光狠狠地打在人们身上很热，可这展示出了它的固执，倔强。我喜欢秋天的田野。我喜欢红彤彤的高梁，粉楚楚的荞麦，白生生的棉花，黑黝黝的绿豆荚，绿莹莹的白菜&&我喜欢看农民伯伯脸上的笑容，这说明今年又是个大丰收。我喜欢冬天的雪。尤其喜欢在下着鹅毛大雪时，我和伙伴们堆雪人，打雪仗，滑雪&&我喜欢在雪地里听到伙伴们的嬉戏声，叫喊声，在这个冰天雪地的世界里，仿佛充满了柔和的阳光的温暖。我也喜欢在课堂上看到同学们争先恐后地举手发言。这说明他们在上课时一定把老师讲的每一个字，每一句话都听得清清楚楚，我真为他们而感到高兴。我还喜欢看书，不管是什么类型的。我喜欢看关于教育的书，关于科普的书，关于自信的书，关于亲情的书，以及有趣的漫画书，幽默，搞笑，恐怖，我认为它们能丰富我的童年生活。我喜欢生活，而且深深地喜欢能在我心里充着这样的多的喜欢。我喜欢！五年级:pink王翘楚篇一：我喜欢作文800字我喜欢作文800字幸福，或许很简单，更或许很复杂；生活，或许很简单，更或许很复杂；自己，或许很简单，更或许很复杂；喜欢，或许很简单，更或许很复杂。———题记我喜欢在课间十分钟一边哼哼曲调，一边

沐浴漫无目的反射在我肩头上的太阳光，一边欣赏粉笔灰在空中肆意跳跃的舞步。听，窗外树枝上的鸟儿伴随我唱和；瞧，微风拂过，两鬓发丝妖娆可爱的舞动着；看，窗外的榕树在当伴舞，树叶在伴奏——“沙沙沙”。随着铃声，又进入了课堂。等待下一个十分钟。我喜欢音乐，一个人，静静地。我喜欢流行歌曲，吉他的狂野激情，小提琴的温柔婉转，钢琴的意味深长，都令我神往，我好似被带进了一个神奇的世界，在那小提琴也疯狂，吉他也轻悠，钢琴也变得雄伟，这是音乐奇侠世界，在这个世界里，找不到一丝杂念。不知何时，我也成为了音乐奇侠?? 我喜欢看书，独自坐在家里的书桌前，翻动着手中的页码，任春风吹拂，任阳光灿烂，任时间匆匆从我身旁流去。独自得读着自己喜欢的书，徜徉在书的海洋里，闻着书香的气息，看着哲人的事迹，这是对心灵的浇灌。我喜欢在忙绿了一天后，贪婪的趴在桌上，拿起一支笔，在那夹着香气的淡蓝色本子上，记载这一天中的趣事和收获。不管是快乐的还是不快乐，不管是否忧愁都毫无顾忌，毫无保留的倒叙在本子上，当窗外得灯红酒绿隐设于黑暗，我坐在转椅上，忘我的写下去，我写下的那一行行凌乱无序的文字，将会成为长大后的回忆。我喜欢雨后的彩虹，我喜欢看七色中最外层的那一色，淡淡的，很优雅。彩虹在天上呆腻了，便来到了地面上，调皮的我，在水面上跳跃，溅起一丝水花，捣乱了七色的顺序。我跑到桥头，站在顶端，我想抓住彩虹飞到那天上去，它却与我一起疯狂，跑到了湖面。周边

词汇学1

总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。第一章 1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. ―woman‖ means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound. 3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. （At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language 4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin 1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj. 2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow. e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane —— now 3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes. e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer 4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous. e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove 5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of gold Non-basic vocabulary —— 1. terminology – technical terms photoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus 2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions. Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid 3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasions dough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays， Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage. 4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groups can-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population. 5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialect beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog 6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech. 7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor 2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions. Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences. a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous. Functional words are in a small number.

词汇学名词解释(部分)

Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.

我喜欢的什么作文

我喜欢的什么作文我喜欢下象棋，因为以前看见有几个男生在玩象棋，引起了我的注意力，从此我很喜欢下象棋。以下是为您整理的我喜欢的什么作文，欢迎阅读。篇一：我喜欢的事我喜欢下象棋，因为以前看见有几个男生在玩象棋，引起了我的注意力，从此我很喜欢下象棋。因我觉得下棋像纸上大战，所以我下象棋很用心。我一开始学下棋的时候，总是乱走步子，爸爸耐心的教我，我的水平有很大进步，记的有一次我把妈妈打败了，我高兴的跳起来，从此我下棋很有进步。我和爸爸的棋艺不在一个层次。有一天，我把爸爸打败了，是因为爸爸粗心大意，所以我赢了爸爸，我的心里甜蜜蜜的。以后，爸爸也不是我的对手。有一天我喜欢上了国际象棋，我现在正在学习怎么下国际象棋，我把国际象棋的棋盘打开，我把小兵放在E1--E7格，把象、马、车、王、后放在G7--G1的位置，英文A--G 是指横方位，1--7表示纵方位。我和妈妈一边切磋琢磨，一边学习，我想把国际象棋也学会，好跟小朋友一起玩。我很喜欢下棋，不仅是象棋和国际象棋，还有其他的各类棋我都喜欢，因为下棋可以给我带来快乐！篇二：我喜欢的书橱

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词汇学知识点总结

Language Language is a system of symbol based on physiology, psychology, and physics. It’s a special social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. The relationship between Language, Society, and Thought: 1. any language reflects the culture of the society in a particular period. Therefore language is the mirror reflecting the culture of a society. 2. Language is a product of society. Language is inseparable from human society. 3. Language is used as a means of communication in a society. Outside society there is no language. 4. Society depends upon language for its existence. For example, there are many words connected with carriage. Buggy, a light one-horse carriage with two wheels. Coach, a large closed four-wheel horse-drawn carriage. 5. moreover, man’s thought is indispensable to language just as language is indispensable from society. We know that language is used to express man’s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. That is to say, without thinking, there would be no human language. 6. language serves society as a means of intercourse between people. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The scope of linguistics include phonology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, philology, lexicology, stylistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics…… Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning, and application. Aim of English Lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. It offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. The significance of English Lexicology: help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use the words. Two approaches to the study of English Lexicology: synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one period of time. Diachronic means concerned with the historical development of a language. For example: January, February, march, synchronically, they are the words of the months of one year. Diachronically, they are all borrowed words. Synchronically, we consider words like eventful, talkative as derivatives. Diachronically, they are hybrids, that is, words that are made of two parts, each from a different language. Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Significance: 1.to provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language. 2. To increase the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spelling and pronunciation to that of meanings. English is classified as a Teutonic language, that is, a Germanic language. English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Division of the history of the English language: 1. the period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It’s described as the period of full inflection. 2. The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period, also as the period of leveled inflections. 3. The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period, also as the period of lost inflection. There are two classes of language in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of word in a sentence largely by means of inflection. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, preposition or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflection. Old English the a synthetic language, while Modern English is an analytic language. Modern English can be divided into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. Dean Swift was a conservative and he opposed the tendency to shorten words, such as ad

词汇学

lexicology 题型： 1.填空（30*1=30） 2.解释（10*1=10） 3.主观题（2*10=20） 4.分析词汇学现象（10） 5.翻译（15*2=30）考点： Chapter 2 Language proper 1.Genetic classification p15: English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. 2.Structural classification: synthetic language & analytic language p22 A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections(变音，转调). An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections. Old English (OE 450-1100)synthetic language The history of English begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD. Characteristics of Old English: 1)They had complex inflectional systems for nouns, pronouns, articles, verbs, and adverbs. 2)They had great flexibility in sentence word order made possible by the extensive sets of inflections. Middle English (ME 1100-1500) The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is know as Middle English (ME 1100-1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066. Middle English developed rapidly toward becoming an analytic language. Modern English analytic language The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. Characteristics of Modern English 1)Great Vowel Shift ※ 2)Inflections continued to disappear, making Modern English an analytic language. 3)The word order of English sentences became more and more firmly fixed.

《词汇学》名词解释总汇

《词汇学》名词解释总汇 1.Conversion（转换）is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. 2.Neologisms（新词用法）are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. 3.Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. 4.the elevation of meaning（词义的升格）refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 5.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 6.Hyponymy(上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). 7.Analogy（类比）is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language. 8.Motivation（理据）deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as. 10.Antonymy(反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 11.Suffix（后缀）: an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) 12. synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part. 13. prefix（前缀）: an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem) 14. initialism（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms. 16.the degradation of meaning（词义的降格）: is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。 18. back-formation（逆成法）: is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. 19. derivation（派生）: the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words. 20. compounding（复合）: the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently.

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