（0091）《英国文学史》复习思考题答案
I. Write out the authors’ names of the following works. (20)
1 William Shakespeare《Romeo and Juliet》
2 Henry Fielding《Tom Jones》
3 Charlotte Bronte《Jane Eyre》
4 Daniel Defoe《Robinson Crusoe》
5 Robert Burns《A Red Red, Rose》
6 Oscar Wilde《The Importance of Being Earnest》
7 George Bernard Shaw 《Mrs. Warren’s Profession》8 Virginia Woolf《To the Lighthouse》
9 Lord Byron《Don Juan》10 John Keats《Ode to the Nightingale》
11 William Shakespeare 《Macbeth》12 Jonathan Swift《Gullive r’s Travels》
13 William Thackery《Vanity Fair 》14 Emily Bronte《Wuthering Heights》
15 Charles Dickens 《A Tale of Two Cities》16 Thomas Hardy《Tess of the D’Urberviles》17 James Joyce《Ulysses》18 George Eliot《Silas Marner》
19 Lord Byron《Don Juan》20 Percy Shelley《Ode to the West Wind》
II. Define the following literary terms. (20)
1、Iambic pentameter is a meter in poetry, consisting of an unrhymed line with five iambs or feet (hence pentameter), felt by many to be the most powerful of all metrical forms in English poetry. Shakespeare excelled in the use of iambic pentameter (as in his famous Sonnet XVIII, beginning "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?”
2、Heroic couplet:a rhyming couplet in iambic pentameter. It is also called riding rhyme, rhymed 5-beat lines, or rhymed decasyllables. It is one of the most popular metrical forms in English poetry. Though its origin is uncertain, heroic couplet is generally assumed to be introduced by Chaucer. Characteristics exhibited by heroic couplet include epigrammatic expression, balanced sentences, parallel construction, concise diction, use of antithesis, and medial pause. Two types of heroic couplets can be distinguished: closed heroic couplet and open heroic couplet. The former is a complete sentence with a full stop at the end of the second rhyme. The latter is one in which a sentence extends from one couplet to another.
3、Courtly love: an idealized love in some medieval literature and chivalric society. It has its origin in the works of Plato, in Ovid’s Ars Amatoria, and in Andreas Capellanus’s De Arte Honeste Amandi. It owes its development to the medieval devotion to the Virgin Mary. Courtly love celebrates the beauty, virtues and ennobling power of women. It adds to the rise of women’s
position and offers a philosophical and religious interpretation of love and its function. Apart from noble passions and persistent pursuit, courtly love aims at the moral perfection of the lover. Love is essentially treated as a motivating power, directing the lover toward moral progress and spiritual development. Other elements of courtly love are humility and courtesy on the part of the lover, adultery between the man and his beloved mistress, and a great respect for the lady. Courtly love was popular first in France among the troubadours of the 12th and 13th centuries. In England, those who wrote in this tradition were Chaucer, Sidney, Spenser and Shakespeare. Examples are Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde and the sonnets written by Shakespeare and Spenser.
4、Literature of the Absurd:a term associated with modern literature, criticism, and philosophy. It is applied to describe the meaninglessness of human existence in a world that is alien and incomprehensible. Deprived of their old beliefs and cut off from their past, human beings are in a state of complete isolation and confusion. Literature of the absurd has Existentialism as its philosophical background and is most fruitful in drama and novel. The idea that man and his existence are absurd is best illustrated in the works of Camus, Beckett, Ionesco, Adamov, Albee, Heller, Pynchon, and V onnegut.
5、Ballad: a narrative poem in short stanzas about heroic or tragic deeds; or a song that tells a romantic or sentimental story. There are mainly two kinds of ballads: the folk ballad and the literary ballad. The folk or popular ballad is without authorship and is of oral tradition. It might be composed by an individual or a community. It is intended to be sung or recited before the public. Ballads of oral tradition are not written down until many years later. And its language is simple and even unliterary. Folk ballad belongs to the Middle Ages. The literary or art ballad is with known authorship and has a definite moral purpose. Ballads of this type are usually imitations of medieval popular ballads. They are written down at the start. Many Romantic poets of the 19th century wrote literary ballads. Both folk and literary ballads share the following similarities: (a) simple and familiar language; (b) having adventure, love or war as the subject matter; (c) telling story through dialogue; (d) little description; (e) strong supernatural elements; (f) frequent use of repetition and parallelism; (g) having rhyme, assonance and the like; (h) impersonal narrator; (I) lyrical, romantic, sentimental or tragic qualities; and (j) the ballad writer getting his inspiration from folklore, local or national history. In England, many ballads are about the border conflicts between English and Scottish people, or about the legends of Robin Hood and his merry men.
Collections of ballads were once made by Bishop Percy who had Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, Walter Scott who wrote Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, and Child who compiled The English and the Scottish Popular Ballads. Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Wilde’s The Ballad of Reading Goal fall in the category of literary ballad. And there were more writers who wrote in the ballad style. They were Scott, Noyes, Macauley and Robert Service. Ballad as a poetic form is still alive today.
6、Blank verse:poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines. Though not originated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely used English verse form. Blank verse is popular because it is closest to the rhythm of daily English speech. Thus most English poems which are dramatic, reflective or narrative are in the form of blank verse. This verse was probably first used in England by Surrey who translated Aeneid, by Sackville and Norton who composed Gorboduc. It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton. In the 18th century, most poets favored heroic couplets. But Young and Thomson were able to write in the tradition of blank verse. The 19th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form. Masters of blank verse included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant. The fact that blank verse is still practiced by writers like T.S. Eliot, Yeats, Frost and Stevens shows how influential and favorable it really is.
7、Comedy: In its literary sense, three meanings may be distinguished: (a) drama that amuses, written in the tradition of Greek and Roman comedy; (b) any work of literature in the Middle Ages and early Renaissance that has a happy ending; (c) by natural extension, works in every literary form that provoke laughter and smiles.
Generally speaking, comedy is thought to be a less important form than tragedy. Thus, dramatic theories concerning comedy are small in number. Aristotle in his Poetics briefly defines comedy as “an imitation of men worse than the average.” It seeks to entertain and deals with “some defect…that is not painful or destructive.” Plato in his “Philebus” explains that “When we laugh at the folly of our friends,” we experience “pleasure.” Our la ughter is provoked by the harmless ignorance and absurdity of the comic character. Philip Sidney in Apologie for Poetrie says “Comedy is an imitation of the common errors of our life.” Walpole of the 18th century wrote: “This world is a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel.” And Byron had a famous statement: “All tragedies are finished by a death, / All comedies are ended by a marriage.” Other
scholars and critics who responded to comedy in one way or another include Henry Fielding, Sigmund Freud and George Meredith.
8、Antihero:a main character in a story, novel, play or film who behaves in a completely different way from what people expect a hero to do. A non-hero is without the qualities and features of a traditional or old-fashioned hero. He is doomed to fail. Antiheroes of early days were Don Quixote, Macbeth, Rip Van Winkle, and Tristram Shandy. Examples of antiheroes in modern literature include Leopold Bloom, Jim Dixon, Jimmy Porter, Herzog, and Yassarian.
III. Give brief answers to the following questions. (20)
1.What is the national epic of the English people? And what was the most famous
medieval romance? (Beowulf; King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table)
2.Who were the Lake Poets? (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey)
3.What is Metaphysical poetry?
The poetry written by John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell, Henry Vaughan, and many other 17th century English poets. Their poetic works were characterized by original images, elaborate conceits, strange paradoxes, far-fetched imagery, wit, ingenuity, dialectical argument, complex themes, elliptical thoughts, flexibility of rhythm and meter, terse expression, and colloquial speech. These poets were similar in their attitude against the established conventions of Elizabethan love poetry. Broadly speaking, the term refers to any poetry that displays these qualities, any poetry that discusses metaphysics or the philosophy of knowledge and existence. Preoccupied with thoughts of death, sexual love and religious devotion, metaphysical poetry is philosophical, intellectual, psychological, analytical and bold.
The term was used by John Dryden in his criticism of Donne’s overuse of philosophy. In Discourse of the Original and Progress of Satire Dryden thus spoke of Donne: “He affects the metaphysics not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign, and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy.” Later Dr Johnson chose the term to designate a peculiar poetic manner that he did not really approve. In Lives of the Poets, he regarded the metaphysical imagery as a sort of discordia concors through which “the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together.” What offended Johnson w as its pretension and lack of spontaneity. Discordia concors is, Johnson remarked, “a combination of dissimilar images or discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently unlike.” Ben Jonson said Donne
“deserved hanging” for not recognizing accent. Th e intentional roughness, obscurity, strain and some other extremes of metaphysical poets had given them a bad reputation.
John Donne was no doubt the leader of the school. But the most metaphysical were Cowley and Crashaw. Other important metaphysical poets included Traherne, Carew, Lovelace, Cleveland, Edward Taylor, Baudelaire, Rilke, T. S. Eliot, J. C. Ransom, Allen Tate, John Hollander, and so on.
4. What are major women writers in English literature?
(Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot, Mrs. Gaskell, Mrs. Browning, Virginia Woolf, and so on)
5. What was Wordsworth’s definition for poetry?
Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin in emotion recollected in tranquility.
6. What is Art for Art’s Sake?
The theory that the fine arts are independent of social-historical reality and have nothing to do with moral or religious purposes. A work of art is free to seek beauty and its values are aesthetic. Aestheticism:a literary movement in the 19th century with “art for art’s sake” as its major doctrine. One of its important advocates was Oscar Wilde, who insisted upon the self-reliance, self-government, self-completeness and self-autonomy of literature. The origin of aestheticism can be traced back to the writers and philosophers of Germanic Romantic period—Goethe, Kant, Schiller, and Schelling. They held it to be true that art should be autonomous and independent of morality, politics, social reality, and other non-aesthetic standards. Kant emphasized the value of pure art and its disinterested existence. The idea that art must be separated from other things was advocated earlier in England by Coleridge, Carlyle, and Pater. In America there were Emerson and Allan Poe. Poe defined poetry as the “rhythmical creation of beauty” and condemned the “heresy of the didactic.” The Pre-Raphaelites such as Tennyson, Morris, Swinburne and Rossetti were closely related to aestheticism. They worked hard for the musical effects of pure poetry. They had a tendency to withdraw, or live i n the “ivory tower.” Gautier has been regarded as the first to experiment with aestheticism in a self-conscious manner. Other aesthetes were Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Dowson, etc. Aestheticism was a reaction against the 19th century English and American capitalism, industrialism, materialism, commercialism and realism.
第三章 三、名词解释 1、问诊：是医师通过对患者或有关人员的系统询问而获取病史资料的过程，又称为病史采集。 2、主诉：为患者感受最主要的痛苦或最明显的症状或体征，也就是本次就诊最主要的原因 3、现病史：是病史的主体部分，它记述患者患病后的全过程，即发生、发展、演变和诊治经过。 四、简答题 1、问诊包括哪些容： 问诊包括一般项目、主诉、现病史、既往史、系统回顾、个人史、婚姻史、月经史、家族史。 2、试述问诊的基本方法和注意事项： ⑴．从礼节性的交谈开始。 ⑵．问诊一般由主诉开始，逐步深入进行有目的、有层次、有顺序的询问。 ⑶．避免暗示性提问和逼问。 ⑷．避免重复提问。 ⑸．避免使用有特定意义的医学术语。 ⑹．注意及时核实患者述中不确切或有疑问的情况。 第二篇体格检查 第一章基本检查法 三、名词解释 1、视诊：是以视觉来观察患者全身或局部表现的诊断方法。 2、触诊：是应用触觉来判断某一器官特征的一种诊法。 3、叩诊:是用手指来叩击身体表面某部表面使之震动而产生音响，经传导至其下的组织器官，然后反射回来，被检查者的触觉和听觉所接收，根据振动和音响的特点可判断被检查部位的脏器有无异常。 4、听诊：是以听觉听取发自机体各部的声音并判断其正常与否的一种诊断技术。 5、嗅诊：是以嗅觉来判断发自患者的异常气味与疾病之间关系的方法。 6、清音：是音响较强，振动持续时间较长的音响。是正常肺部的叩诊音。揭示肺组织的弹性，含气量，致密度正常。 7、过清音：是介于鼓音与清音之间的一种音响、音调较清音低，音响较清音强，极易听及。 8、鼓音：其音响较清音强，振动持续时间亦较长，在叩击含有大量气体的空腔器官时出现。 四、简答题 1、简述触诊的正确方法及临床意义。 触诊分浅部触诊法和深部触诊法，浅部触诊法适用于体表浅在病变、关节、软组织以及浅部的动脉、静脉、神经、阴囊和精索等。深部触诊法用于诊察腹脏器大小和腹部异常包块等病变。
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
古典文献学复习参考题 （仅为名词、问答两种，不含填空、断句标点、文献翻译等） 第一章文献与文献学 文献：原指典籍与贤者，后专指具有历史价值的文物资料。今为记录有知识的一切载体的统称，即用文字、图像、符号、声频、视频等手段记录人类知识的各种载体。 第二章古典文献的载体 甲骨文：甲，龟甲；骨，兽骨。是我国迄今发现最早的古典文献与系统文字。因其最初出土于殷墟，又称“殷墟书契”或“殷墟卜辞”。其内容为殷商时代王室占卜的相关记事。由金石收藏家王懿荣偶然发现，后刘鹗选择其收集甲骨中字迹完好者印成《铁云藏龟》，成为第一部著录甲骨文的专书。 甲骨四堂：罗振玉、王国维、董作宾、郭沫若四位研究甲骨文学者的合称。罗号雪堂，王号观堂，董字彦堂，郭笔名鼎堂，王子展教授评价早期甲骨学家时提出“甲骨四堂，郭董罗王”，后为学界广泛接受。 金石：金，指青铜器。铸于青铜器上的文字即金文，与石刻文字合称金石文字。金文，又称铭文、铭辞、钟鼎文。石刻文字极为丰富，主要分为三种：碣、碑、摩崖。金石研究至宋代形成专门之学“金石学”。有吕大临《考古图》，欧阳修《集古录》，赵明诚《金石录》等。 熹平石经：著名石刻文字。汉灵帝熹平四年（175）蔡邕受命用隶书把《周易》、《尚书》等七部经书写在石版上，立于首都太学门外，作为经书的标准本颁行天下。史称熹平石经、一字石经。 正始石经：曹魏正始年间用古文、篆书、隶书三种字体，刻了《尚书》、《春秋》两部书，称为正始石经，又称三体石经。 简牍：竹简木牍合称简牍，古代的一种文献载体。将竹剖开单支竹片为“简”，连缀后为“策（册）”，多以帛或丝连缀。简牍出现于殷商，主要使用于战国至汉、晋时期。东晋以后，基本为纸张取代。 汗青：制作竹简的工艺。竹简剖开成片后，为防蛀和便于书写，需用火烤干其水分，谓之“杀青”，亦称“汗青” 孔壁书：西汉景帝末年拆毁孔子旧宅发现的一批逃避秦火的古文经典竹简书。包括《尚书》、《礼记》、《论语》和《孝经》等，史称“孔壁书”。 汲冢书：西晋太康年间，河南汲郡人不准盗掘战国魏襄王墓，得竹书数十车，凡书75篇，10万余言。史称“汲冢书”。后整理得《竹书纪年》、《穆天子传》等。 第三章古典文献的积聚与散佚 汲古阁：明末常熟人毛晋私家藏书阁，藏书达48000册，多宋元善本。毛氏既藏书又刻书，汲古阁刻书为古今私家刻书之冠，刻有《十七史》、《十三经》、《六十种曲》等。
名词解释和问答题1
四名词解释： 1.原语：它是由若干条机器指令所构成，用以完成特定功能的一段程序，为保证其操作的正确性，它应当是原子操作，即原语是一个不可分割的操作。 2.设备独立性：指用户设备独立于所使用的具体物理设备。即在用户程序中要执行I/O操作时，只需用逻辑设备名提出I/O请求，而不必局限于某特定的物理设备。 3.文件的逻辑结构：又称为文件逻辑组织，是指从用户观点看到的文件组织形式。它可分为两类：记录式文件结构，由若干相关的记录构成；流式文件结构，由字符流构成。 4.树形结构目录：利用树形结构的形式，描述各目录之间的关系。上级目录与相邻下级目录的关系是1对n。树形结构目录能够较好地满足用户和系统的要求。 5.操作系统：操作系统是控制和管理计算机硬件和软件资源，合理地组织计算机的工作流程，以及方便用户的程序的集合。其主要功能是实现处理机管理、内存管理、I/O设备管理、文件管理和用户接口。 6.位示图：它是利用一个向量来描述自由块使用情况的一张表。表中的每个元素表示一个盘块的使用情况，0表示该块为空闲块，1表示已分配。 7.置换策略：虚拟式存储管理中的一种策略。用于确定应选择内存中的哪一页(段) 换出到磁盘对换区，以便腾出内存。通常采用的置换算法都是基于把那些在最近的将来，最少可能被访问的页(段)从内存换出到盘上。 8.用户接口：操作系统提供给用户和编程人员的界面和接口。包括程序接口、命令行方式和图形用户界面。 9.死锁：指多个进程因竞争资源二造成的一种僵局，若无外力的作用，这些进程将永远不能再向前推进。 10.文件系统:OS中负责管理和存取文件信息的软件机构。负责文件的建立，撤消，存入，续写，修 改和复制，还负责完成对文件的按名存取和进行存取控制。 11.进程:进程是程序在一个数据集合上的运行过程，是系统进行资源分配和调度的一个独立的基本 单位。 12.wait(s)原语 wait(s) ：Begin Lock out interrupts; s = s – 1; If s < 0 then Begin Status(q) = blocked; Insert(WL, q); Unlock interrupts; Scheduler;
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),
中国古代文学史名词解释复习题（附答案） □ 百家争鸣 百家争鸣是指战国时期，知识分子不同学派的涌现及各流派争芳斗艳的局面。战国时期，多政治中心并存的现实，各阶级阶层之间的斗争复杂而激烈。代表各阶级、各阶层、各派政治力量的学者及思想家都企图按照本阶级、本阶层、本集团的立场要求，对宇宙、对社会、对万事万物作出解释或提出主张。著书立说，广收门徒。高谈阔论。他们都思想积极，勇于建功立业，而且敢想敢说，从不隐瞒自己的观点，互相辩难。于是出现了历史上百家争鸣的局面。 □ 《逍遥游》 《逍遥游》出自《庄子》内篇。逍遥游是庄子追求的人生最高境界。在《庄子》作品《逍遥游》中，对其有所描述。逍遥游即所谓“乘天地之气，御六气之辨，无所待而游无穷的人”的绝对自由的境界。庄子的逍遥游，只是心灵的遨游，带有某种神秘色彩，但又并非随心所欲的主观冥想。这篇文章想象丰富，带有很多寓言故事，有浓厚的浪漫色彩。 □ 《九歌》 《九歌》是屈原在楚国民间祭神乐歌的基础上加工创作而成的祭歌，总共包括《东皇太一》、《云中君》、《湘君》、《湘夫人》、《大司命》、《少司命》、《东君》、《河伯》、《山鬼》、《国殇》、
□ 楚歌体 楚歌是中国古代流行于楚地的一种民歌，一般句式长短不齐，中间、句尾带“兮”字，用于歌唱，比较悲凉。战国后期，屈原在“楚歌”基础上，创作出“楚辞”这一文体。西汉项羽、刘邦等人亦用楚歌进行创作，创作出《垓下歌》、《大风歌》等作品，刘彻也有《秋风辞》、《瓠子歌》。东汉用“楚歌”创作的文人有张衡的《四愁诗》和梁鸿的《五噫歌》。 □ 骚体赋 骚体赋是汉赋中的一类，它是从楚辞中发展而成的，形式上属于骚体，所以称为骚体赋。骚体赋的大都是抒发“怀才不遇”的不平，抒发一种“不得帮闲的牢骚”。首倡者是汉初的贾谊，代表作是《吊屈原赋》、《服鸟赋》等。 □ 散体大赋 散体大赋是汉代辞赋的代表，它师承屈原、宋玉及《诗经》的“雅颂”与战国时期的纵横游说之风。它的内容多属为统治者扬威颂圣，思想倾向比较空泛，艺术形式过于简单僵化。散体大赋普遍采用主客问答的形式，作品篇幅巨大，文字排铺堆砌，对事物进行铺陈描写。从形式上来说，它更像散文，直接继承了先秦散文。散体大赋的代表作有枚乘《七发》，司马相如《子虚赋》，《上林赋》，扬雄《长杨赋》、《羽猎赋》，班固《两都赋》，张衡《两京赋》等。
1.兴奋性：机体或组织对刺激发生反应受到刺激时产生动作电位的能力或特性，称为兴奋性。 2.阈强度：在刺激的持续时间以及刺激强度对时间的变化率不变的情况下，刚能引起细胞兴奋或产生动作电位的最小刺激强度，称为阈强度。 3.正反馈:从受控部分发出的信息不是制约控制部分的活动，而是反过来促进与加强控制部分的活动，称为正反馈。 4.体液:人体内的液体总称为体液，在成人，体液约占体重的60%，由细胞内液、细胞外液(组织液.血浆.淋巴液等)组成。 5.负反馈（negative feedback）：负反馈是指受控部分发出的信息反过来减弱控制部分活动的调节方式。 6.内环境:内环境是指体内细胞直接生存的环境，即细胞外液. 7.反馈（feedback）:由受控部分发出的信息反过来影响控制部分的活动过程，称为反馈。 1.阈电位：在一段膜上能够诱发去极化和Na+通道开放之间出现再生性循环的膜内去极化的临界值，称为阈电位；是用膜本身去极化的临界值来描述动作电位产生条件的一个重要概念。 2.等长收缩：肌肉收缩时只有张力的增加而无长度的缩短，称为等长收缩。 3.前负荷(preload):肌肉收缩前所承受的负荷,称为前负荷，它决定收缩前的初长度。 4.终板电位:（在乙酰胆碱作用下，终板膜静息电位绝对值减小，这一去极化的电位变化，称为终板电位) 当ACh分子通过接头间隙到达终板膜表面时，立即与终板膜上的N2型乙酰胆碱受体结合，使通道开放，允许Na+、K+等通过，以Na+的内流为主，引起终板膜静息电位减小，向零值靠近，产生终板膜的去极化，这一电位变化称为终板电位。 5.去极化(depolarization):当静息时膜内外电位差的数值向膜内负值减小的方向变化时，称为膜的去极化或除极化。（静息电位的减少称为去极化） 6.复极化（repolarization ）：细胞先发生去极化，然后再向正常安静时膜内所处的负值恢复，称复极化。（细胞膜去极化后再向静息电位方向的恢复，称为复极化） 7.峰电位（spike potential）:在神经纤维上，其主要部分一般在0.5~2.0ms内完成，（因此，动作电位的曲线呈尖峰状）表现为一次短促而尖锐的脉冲样变化，（故）称为峰电位。 8.电化学驱动力：离子跨膜扩散的驱动力有两个：浓度差和电位差。两个驱动力的代数和称为电化学驱动力。 9.原发性主动转运：原发性主动转运是指离子泵利用分解ATP产生的能量将离子逆浓度梯度和（或）电位梯度进行跨膜转运的过程。 10.微终板电位：在静息状态下，接头前膜也会发生约每秒钟1次的乙酰胆碱（ACH）量子的自发释放，并引起终板膜电位的微小变化。这种由一个ACH量子引起的终板膜电位变化称为微终板电位。 11.运动单位(motor unit)：一个脊髓α-运动神经元或脑干运动神经元和受其支配的全部肌纤维所组成的肌肉收缩的最基本的单位称为运动单位。 1.晶体渗透压（crystal osmotic pressure）：(血浆)晶体渗透压指血浆中的晶体物质（主要是NaCl）形成的渗透压。 2.血沉（erythrocyte sedimentation rate）：红细胞沉降率是指将血液加抗凝剂混匀，静置于一分血计中，红细胞在一小时末下降的距离（mm），简称血沉。 1.血-脑屏障:指血液和脑组织之间的屏障，可限制物质在血液和脑组织之间的自由交换（故对保持脑组织周围稳定的化学环境和防止血液中有害物质进入脑内有重要意义）其形态学基础可能是毛细血管的内皮、基膜和星状胶质细胞的血管周足等结构。 2.正常起搏点（normal pacemaker):P细胞为窦房结中的起搏细胞，是一种特殊分化的心肌细胞，具有很高的自动节律性，是控制心脏兴奋活动的正常起搏点。
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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································
班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
1.《诗经》 《诗经》是中国古代诗歌的开端，也是最早的一部诗歌总集。反映了西周初期到春秋中叶约五百年间的社会面貌。《诗经》最初只称为“诗”或“诗三百”，到西汉时，被尊为儒家经典，才称为《诗经》。全篇按《风》、《雅》、《颂》三类编辑。内容丰富，反映了劳动与爱情、战争与徭役、压迫与反抗、风俗与婚姻、祭祖与宴会，甚至天象、地貌、动物、植物等方方面面，是周代社会生活的一面镜子。对后世影响深远。 2.《楚辞》 楚辞是屈原创作的一种新诗体，也是中国文学史上第一部浪漫主义诗歌总集。“楚辞”的名称，西汉初期已有之，至刘向乃编辑成集。原收战国楚人屈原、宋玉等人辞赋共十六篇。后增入《九思》，成十七篇。全书以屈原作品为主，其余各篇也是承袭屈赋的形式。以其运用楚地的文学样式、方言声韵和风土物产等，具有浓厚的地方色彩，故名《楚辞》，对后世诗歌产生深远影响。 3.古文运动 古文运动是指唐代中期以及宋朝提倡古文、反对骈文为特点的文体改革运动。因涉及文学的思想内容，所以兼有思想运动和社会运动的性质。“古文”这一概念由韩愈最先提出。他把六朝以来讲求声律及辞藻、排偶的骈文视为俗下文字，认为自己的散文继承了两汉文章的传统，所以称“古文”。韩愈提倡古文，目的在于恢复古代的儒学道统，将改革文风与复兴儒学变为相辅相成的运动。在提倡古文时，进一步强调要以文明道。除唐代的韩愈、柳宗元外，宋代的欧阳修、王安石、曾巩、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙等人也是其中的代表。 4.《红楼梦》 中国古典四大名著之首，清代作家曹雪芹创作的章回体长篇小说，共一百二十回，是一部具有世界影响力的人情小说作品，举世公认的中国古典小说巅峰之作，中国封建社会的百科全书，传统文化的集大成者。小说以贾、史、王、薛四大家族的兴衰为背景，贾宝玉、林黛玉、薛宝钗的爱情婚姻故事为主线，通过家族悲剧、女儿悲剧及主人公的人生悲剧，揭示出封建末世的危机。《红楼梦》对宫廷官场的黑暗、封建贵族的腐朽等社会现实及道德观念都进行了深刻的批判，具有极其深远的影响。 5.《呐喊》 鲁迅的第一部小说集，1923年8月首次出版。收1918年4月至1922年10月期间的作品共14篇。包括《狂人日记》、《孔乙己》、《故乡》、《阿Q正传》等著名作品。《呐喊》显示了鲁迅对传统文学和外来文艺的有机结合，成功地塑造了一系列典型形象，具有独特的民族风格和民族特色，代表了鲁迅文学创作的最高成就。它的出版，改变了文学革命初期仅有理论建树而创作不丰的局面，
健康：是指躯体、精神和社会适应上的完好状态。 疾病：是在一定病因作用下，机体稳态发生紊乱而导致的异常生命活动过程。 亚健康：是指非健康、非患病的中间状态。 脑死亡：是指全脑功能（包括大脑、间脑和脑干）不可逆的永久性丧失以及机体作为一个整体功能的永久性停止。详见判断脑死亡的标准。 低钾血症：血清钾浓度小于3.5 mmol/L即为低钾血症。 酸碱平衡：生理情况下，机体依靠体液和细胞的缓冲作用及肺、肾等组织器官的调节功能来自动处理酸碱物质的含量和比例，维持体液酸碱度相对稳定性的能力，即维持pH在恒定范围内的过程称为酸碱平衡。 酸碱平衡紊乱：病理情况下，机体出现酸或碱超量负荷、严重不足或（和）调节机制障碍，而导致机体内环境酸碱度的稳定性被破坏的过程，称为酸碱平衡紊乱或酸碱失衡。 各项酸碱指标的含义、正常值及其意义 pH和H＋浓度：pH 7.35～7.45，相当于H＋＝35～45 nmol/L，pH是反映血液酸碱度的指标。 PaCO 2：是指血浆中程物理溶解状态的CO 2 分子 所产生的张力，是反映呼吸因素的最佳指标。 正常值：33～46mmHg，平均值 40mmHg。AB：是指隔绝空气的血液标本，在实际PaCO 2 、 血氧饱和度及体温条件下，所测得的血浆HCO 3 -含量。AB受代谢、呼吸因素影响。 SB：是指全血在标准条件下（PaCO 2 为40mmHg、血氧饱和度为100％、温度为38℃）所测得的 血浆HCO 3 -含量。反应代谢性因素的指标。 正常人AB = SB，22～27mmol/L，平均值为24 mmol/L 。差值反映了呼吸性因素对酸碱平衡的影响。 AB>SB，说明PaCO 2> 40mmHg，有CO 2 潴留， 见于：呼吸性酸中毒或代偿后的代谢性碱中毒。 AB
名词解释 第一章概论 1心理学：是研究人的行为和心理活动的规律的科学。 2认知：指在获取知识过程中进行的各种心理活动，主要包括知觉、记忆、言语、思维等，即通常所谓的认识过程。 3口语报告法（大声想）：即经过一定的训练后，让被试者在解决某个问题的同时，大声说出头脑内进行的活动，事后由心理学家对之进行分析。 4观察法：指在自然情景中对人的行为进行有目的、有计划的系统观察并记录，然后对所作记录进行分析，以期发现心理活动变化和发展的规律的方法。 5测验法：是指使用特定的量表为工具，对个体的心理特征进行间接了解，并做出量化结论的研究方法。 6实验法：在控制条件下对某种行为或者心理现象进行观察的方法。 7自然实验：也叫现场实验，指在实际生活情景中，由实验者创设或改变某些条件，以引起被试某些心理活动进行研究的方法。 8实验室实验：是指在实验条件严格控制下借助于专门的实验设备，引起和记录被试的心理现象。 9调查法：指就某一问题要求被调查者回答自己的想法或做法，以此来分析、推测群体的态度和心理特征的研究方法。 第二章意识与注意 1、意识：（心理学上的意识有两层含义。一种是把它当作心理的同义词使用。） 第二种含义指的是人类所独有的一种高水平的心理活动，指个人运用感觉、知觉、思维、记忆等心理活动，对自己内在的身心状态和环境中外在的人、事、物变化的觉知（awareness）。具体包括对外部事物的觉知，对内部刺激的觉知，对自身的觉知。 2、注意：注意是心理活动或意识在某一时刻所处状态，表现为对一定对象的指向和集中。它有两个明显的特点，即指向性和集中性。 （1）不随意注意：是指事先没有目的、也不需要意志努力的注意。 （2）随意注意：是指有预定目的、需要一定努力的注意。它是注意的一种积极、主动的形式。是在不随意注意的基础上发展起来的，是人类特有的心理现象。 （3）随意后注意：它和自觉的目的、任务联系在一起，这方面它类似于随意注意；但它不需要意志的努力，在这方面，它又类似于不随意注意。 3、生物节律：生物节律（biological rhythm）指动物和人的行为和心理活动的周期性变化。它们是有机体生理功能周期性变化的结果，它们的存在表明有机体内部存在一个“生物钟”，随时监视着时间的进程。 （1）日节律 4、催眠：催眠（hypnosis）是一种类似睡眠又实非睡眠的意识恍惚状态。这种恍惚的意识状态，是在一种特殊情境下，由催眠师诱导形成的。一个人能否进入催眠状态，取决于其受暗示性（suggestibility）的高低。 5、催眠诱导：催眠师运用暗示性的语言，对受暗示性较高的个体进行诱导，使之进入催眠状态的过程称为催眠诱导（hypnotic induction）。 第三章感觉与知觉 1、感觉：对直接作用于人们感觉器官的事物的个别属性的反映。 2、知觉：对直接作用于人们感觉器官的事物的整体属性的反映，是对感觉信息的整合与解
三、名词解释（每小题3分） 1．经济变量 2．解释变量3．被解释变量4．内生变量 5．外生变量 6．滞后变量 7．前定变量 8．控制变量9．计量经济模型10．函数关系 11．相关关系 12．最小二乘法 13．高斯－马尔可夫定理 14．总变量（总离差平方和）15．回归变差（回归平方和） 16．剩余变差（残差平方和） 17．估计标准误差 18．样本决定系数 19．点预测 20．拟合优度 21．残差 22．显著性检验23.回归变差 24.剩余变差 25.多重决定系数 26.调整后的决定系数 27.偏相关系数 28.异方差性 29.格德菲尔特-匡特检验 30.怀特检验 31.戈里瑟检验和帕克检验 32.序列相关性 33.虚假序列相关 34.差分法 35.广义差分法 36.自回归模型 37.广义最小二乘法38.DW 检验 39.科克伦-奥克特跌代法 40.Durbin 两步法 41.相关系数 42.多重共线性 43.方差膨胀因子 44．虚拟变量 45．模型设定误差 46．工具变量 47．工具变量法 48．变参数模型 49．分段线性回归模型 50．分布滞后模型 51．有限分布滞后模型52．无限分布滞后模型 53．几何分布滞后模型 54．联立方程模型 55．结构式模型 56．简化式模型 57．结构式参数 58．简化式参数 59．识别 60．不可识别 61．识别的阶条件 62．识别的秩条件 63．间接最小二乘法 四、简答题（每小题5分） 1．简述计量经济学与经济学、统计学、数理统计学学科间的关系。2．计量经济模型有哪些应用？ 3．简述建立与应用计量经济模型的主要步骤。 4．对计量经济模型的检验应从几个方面入手？ 5．计量经济学应用的数据是怎样进行分类的？ 6．在计量经济模型中，为什么会存在随机误差项？ 7．古典线性回归模型的基本假定是什么？ 8．总体回归模型与样本回归模型的区别与联系。 9．试述回归分析与相关分析的联系和区别。 10．在满足古典假定条件下，一元线性回归模型的普通最小二乘估计量有哪些统计性质？ 11．简述BLUE 的含义。 12．对于多元线性回归模型，为什么在进行了总体显著性F 检验之后，还要对每个回归系数进行是否为0的t 检验？ 13.给定二元回归模型：01122t t t t y b b x b x u =+++，请叙述模型的古典假定。 14.在多元线性回归分析中，为什么用修正的决定系数衡量估计模型对样本观测值的拟合优度？ 15.修正的决定系数2R 及其作用。 16.常见的非线性回归模型有几种情况？ 17.观察下列方程并判断其变量是否呈线性，系数是否呈线性，或都是或都不是。 ①t t t u x b b y ++=3 10 ②t t t u x b b y ++=log 10 ③ t t t u x b b y ++=log log 10 ④t t t u x b b y +=)/(10 18. 观察下列方程并判断其变量是否呈线性，系数是否呈线性，或都是或都不是。 ①t t t u x b b y ++=log 10 ②t t t u x b b b y ++=)(210 ③ t t t u x b b y +=)/(10 ④t b t t u x b y +-+=)1(110 19.什么是异方差性？试举例说明经济现象中的异方差性。 20.产生异方差性的原因及异方差性对模型的OLS 估计有何影响。 21.检验异方差性的方法有哪些？ 22.异方差性的解决方法有哪些？ 23.什么是加权最小二乘法？它的基本思想是什么？ 24.样本分段法（即戈德菲尔特——匡特检验）检验异方差性的基本原理及其使用条件。 25．简述DW 检验的局限性。 26．序列相关性的后果。 27．简述序列相关性的几种检验方法。 28．广义最小二乘法（GLS ）的基本思想是什么？ 29．解决序列相关性的问题主要有哪几种方法？ 30．差分法的基本思想是什么？ 31．差分法和广义差分法主要区别是什么？ 32．请简述什么是虚假序列相关。 33．序列相关和自相关的概念和范畴是否是一个意思？ 34．DW 值与一阶自相关系数的关系是什么？ 35．什么是多重共线性？产生多重共线性的原因是什么？ 36．什么是完全多重共线性？什么是不完全多重共线性？ 37．完全多重共线性对OLS 估计量的影响有哪些？ 38．不完全多重共线性对OLS 估计量的影响有哪些？ 39．从哪些症状中可以判断可能存在多重共线性？ 40．什么是方差膨胀因子检验法？ 41．模型中引入虚拟变量的作用是什么？ 42．虚拟变量引入的原则是什么？ 43．虚拟变量引入的方式及每种方式的作用是什么？ 44．判断计量经济模型优劣的基本原则是什么？ 45．模型设定误差的类型有那些？