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托福语法指导及真题要点解析

托福语法指导及真题要点解析
托福语法指导及真题要点解析

分词及真题要点解析

分词是TOEEL必考内容,在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时,即使分词不是题目焦点,但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在(1)分词的形容词特性、(2)分词短语作后置定语、(3)现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。

分词常考题型及解题要点:

1. 分词具有形容词特征,可单独作定语或表语。

全真例题分析

(1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930*s (93.1)

[答案] B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist,故应改用分词respected形式,其作用相当于形容词作定语。

(2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1) [答] C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式,即fixed。

(3) Characteristics of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5)

[答案] A 修饰名词hues,应用分词形式arranged。

(4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5)

[答案] B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语,作用相当于一个形空词。

2. 分词短语作定语,放置于中心名词后面

解题要点分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而,考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上,分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。

全真例题分析

(1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant -------

(A) the uses for livestock feed

(B) for using livestock feed

(C) used for livestock feed

(D) they are used for livestock feed (93.1)

[答案] C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant,作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed

(2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks ------- numbers and their logarithms.

(A) representing

(B) represented

(C) are represented

(D) they are representing (92.10)

[答案] A 分词短语作名词marks的后置定语,作用相当于一个定语从句:which represent numbers and their logarithms。

(3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties ------- s feeling ,intellect and will

(A) to know

(B) known

(C) knowing

(D) knew them (94.1)

[答案] B分词短语known as…说明前面的名词three faculties。此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are known as…

(4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America.

(91.1)

[答案] A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语,修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for。

(5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)

[答案] D 修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written。

3. 分词短语作状语

解题要点在句了意义非常清楚明确时,状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语,但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物,此类分词短语通常置于句首。

全真例题分析

(1) ------- as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.

(A) Known

(B) Knowing

(C) To known

(D) Knowledge (92.5)

[答案] A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon.

(2) ------- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States .

(A) Founded

(B) Founding

(C) To found

(D) Having founded (92.1)

[答案] A 分词短语表示时间,其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School.

(3) ------- the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.

(A) In 1827 they drafted

(B) The draft in 1827

(C) In 1872 was drafted

(D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5)

[答案] D分词短语作状语,表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句;where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of representatives.

4. 现在分词表达主动的概念;过去分词表达被动的概念

全真例题分析

(1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1)

[答案] A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系(Sugar was judged to be…) 故应用过去词Tudped to be.

(2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)

[答案] B通常我们说to be based on ,这个短语表示被动概念(基于,以…为基础),所以应改用过去分词based。

(3) Per capita income is a nation*s entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation.

(90.10)

[答案] B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by,可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念,因此,应用过去分词divided by。

(4) Clementine Hunter*s primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)

[答案] D 分词included与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系,不应用过去分词,应改为惯用现在分词短语including + 名词宾语的结构

词性变化及真题要点解析

词性混淆误用一直是TOEEL考题中最重要的命题形式。它与“基本句子结构”(本书要点之1)和“平行结构”(本书要点之4)组成TOEEL命题的三大焦点。有关词性混淆的试题主要集中在written Expression (16-40题)中,命题范围包括(1)并列结构中词性一致、(2)形容词与副词混淆、(3)形容词与名词混淆、(4)名词与动词混淆。其中,形容词用错的题型占此类命题的最大比例。

词性混淆常考题型及解题要点

1. 并列连词and but or结构要求词性统一

全真例题分析

(1) Bigness. Boastful. And strong. Frontiersman Mike Fink was the subject of many folk tales.

(93.3)

[答案] A 并列连词and连接三个形容词,故(A)Bigness应改为Big。

(2) The success of a naval ship is determined by its seaworthiness, speedy ,and maneuverability.

(92.10)

[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个名词,而speed是形容词,故应改为speed。

(3) Regulation of public utilities in the United States is carried out by locally state and federal governments. (92.5)

[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个形容词性质的词,共同修饰后面的中心词governnenrfs 。而locally是副词,应改为local。

(4) In Middle Ages. Books called bestiaries were prepared in an attempt to describe animals, real or imagine, that exemplified human traits. (92.5)

[答案] B 并列连词or前面是形容词real。之后亦应是形容词imaginary。

2. 形容词错用为副词

解题要点形容词用来修饰说明名词或名词性成分的,而副词则可修饰除名词以外的所有词性及句子成分。

全真例题分析

(1) Animal life on Prince Edward island is confined large to ducks. Pheasants. And rabbits (93.5) [答案]C 修饰限定介词短语to ducks pheasants and rabbits 应用副词largely。

(2) The General Sherman tree a giant sequoia in California, has grown to be the world*s largest plant at approximate 272 feet tall.

[答案] D 修饰说明数词(272)应用副词approximately。

(3) Because its body is supported by water, the blue whale can grow to a size considerable larger than any land mammal alive today. (93.8)

[答案] 修饰形容词短语larger than…应用副词形式considerably。

(4) Once an important port of entry for immigrants to the United States. Island recent reopened its great hall s a museum of immigration. (92.8)

[答案] C 修饰整个句耶Ellis ls land reopened its great hall as a museum of immigration 应用副词recently,表示时间。

(5) Because their properties differ from those of their constituents. Proper alloys can great increase the corrosion resistance of a metal.

[答案] C 修饰动increase 应用副词greatly。

3. 以副词后缀-ly组成的副词错用为形容词

解题要点A、B、C、D四个选择答案中如果有以-ly形式构成的副词,应首先考虑它的词性是否正确,是否错用为形容词。

全真例题分析

(1) Parrots have heavily bodies and exceedingly strong legs. (93.8)

[答案] A 修饰名词应用形从词。Heavily 应改为heavy。

(2) The katydid a type of grasshopper is actively at night and rests motionless amid foliage during the day. (93.8)

[答案] B 改为形容词active,作表语。

(3) Although the unified states experienced rapidly growth in the first half of the nineteenth century ,it was still predominately concerned with agriculture and forestry (93.10)

[答案] A 修饰名词应用形容词rapid growth。

(4) Although they are in different countries, Windsor. Ontario and Detroit, Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest. (91.5)

[答案] D 改为mutual interest。

4. 以名词后缀- tion ,- sion 组成的名词错用为动词

解题要点A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现以-tion, -sion形式构成的名词,应首先考虑它的词性是否正确,是否错用为动词。

全真例题分析

(1) The work *saga* is often application to any narration of events of the past, whether mythical or historical in character. (92.10)

[答案] A application应改为applied,作谓语动词的被动语态。

(2) Administrative assistants are often expected to make decisions, supervision staff, delegate responsibility, and work harmoniously with managers and fellow cmployces. (92.100

[答案] B supervision 改为动词原形supervise与后面名词组成动宾结构。

(3) Fascination by the promise of the internal engine and its application to a self-propelled vehicle, Henly Ford constructed a one-cylinder gasoline motor in 1892. (93.10)

[答案] A Fascination 改为Fascinated, 与后面的by 组成过去分词短语作状语。

(4) From 1872 to, Alice Elvira Freeman was Dean of Women at the newly foundation University of Chicago. (93.8)

[答案] D foundation 改为founded 过去分词作定语,修饰University of Chicago

5. 由表示词性的后缀- fur ,-tie -enc., -ent,-tive都很可能是此题的考试焦点

全真例题分析

(1) Few theories are originality enough to be called unique. (92.10)

[答案] C 名词originality应改为形容词original 作表语。

(2) Height, powerful and speed are attributes that coaches often look for in basketball players.

(93.8)

[答案] A 形容词powerful应改为名词power,与height和speed并列。

(3) A major purpose of scientific analysts is to idenufy and examine causal connections between independent and dependence variables. (93.1)

[答案] D 名词dependence 应改为形容词dependent, 用来修饰后面的名词variables。

(4) A deficient of folic acid is rarely found in humans because the vitamin is contained in a wide variety of foods. (92.8)

[答案]A 形容词deficient改为名词deficiency。作主语。

(5) In nature, the distributive of plants is obviously related to climate. (90.8)

[答案] B 形容词distributive 改为名词distribution ,用主语。

(6) A foreign exchange rate is a price that reflects the relative supply and demand of difference currencies. (93.5)

[答案] D 名词difference改为形容词different,修饰后面的名词。

平行结构及真题要点解析

含并列连词and but or的平行结构

解题要点当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时,这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上(含三项)的并列成分,多是考试焦点。

全真例题分析

(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5) [答案] A 并列连词or连接三项,其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque,故(A)应用形容词transparent与之并列。

(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)

[答案] A 并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词,故(A)动名词应改为actress。

(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)

[答案] C 并列连词or连接四项名词结构,其中cell 和organ皆为单数形式,故(C)亦应改为单数tissue。

(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)

[答案] C 并列连词and连接三项动宾结构,前两项均为动词原形,故(C)动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.

(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the legendary Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10) [答案] D 并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词,故(D)不应出现句子结构,而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。

(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.

[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词,故(D)亦应改为动名词swallowing。

2. 比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等,比较范围相当。

全真列题分析

(1) Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.

(A) as was

(B) than was

(C) than did

(D) as did (92.8)

[答案] C 比较句型more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had,故选(C)than did与之平行。

(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------

(A) there are most other states

(B) most other states which have

(C) most other states have

(D) having most other states (93.10)

[答案] C 这是标准的more…than比较句型。只有(C)的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。

(3) The annual worth of Utah*s manufacturing is greater than-------

(A) that of its mining and farming combined

(B) mining and farming combination

(C) that mining and farming combined

(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)

[答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值(the annual worth) (A)中that即代替了the annual worth,故前后比较的范围,内容一致。

(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------

(A) the domestic marketer has

(B) the domestic marketer does

(C) those of the domestic marketer

(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)

[答案] C 此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动(the activities) 为避免同词重复,用(C)those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。

(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------

(A) than cane sugar does

(B) does cane sugar

(C) cane sugar

(D) than cane sugar (90.5)

[答案] D 此比较句型前半部分主系表结构,后半部不可出现助动词does(答案A及B),但可省略系词,如(D)。

3. 以副词后缀-ly组成的副词错用为形容词

解题要点A、B、C、D四个选择答案中如果有以-ly形式构成的副词,应首先考虑它的词性是否正确,是否错用为形容词。

全真例题分析

(1) Parrots have heavily bodies and exceedingly strong legs. (93.8)

[答案] A 修饰名词应用形从词。Heavily 应改为heavy。

(2) The katydid a type of grasshopper is actively at night and rests motionless amid foliage during the day. (93.8)

[答案] B 改为形容词active,作表语。

(3) Although the unified states experienced rapidly growth in the first half of the nineteenth century ,it was still predominately concerned with agriculture and forestry (93.10)

[答案] A 修饰名词应用形容词rapid growth。

(4) Although they are in different countries, Windsor. Ontario and Detroit, Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest. (91.5)

[答案] D 改为mutual interest。

4. 以名词后缀- tion ,- sion 组成的名词错用为动词

解题要点A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现以-tion, -sion形式构成的名词,应首先考虑它的词性是否正确,是否错用为动词。

全真例题分析

(1) The work *saga* is often application to any narration of events of the past, whether mythical or historical in character. (92.10)

[答案] A application应改为applied,作谓语动词的被动语态。

(2) Administrative assistants are often expected to make decisions, supervision staff, delegate responsibility, and work harmoniously with managers and fellow cmployces. (92.100

[答案] B supervision 改为动词原形supervise与后面名词组成动宾结构。

(3) Fascination by the promise of the internal engine and its application to a self-propelled vehicle, Henly Ford constructed a one-cylinder gasoline motor in 1892. (93.10)

[答案] A Fascination 改为Fascinated, 与后面的by 组成过去分词短语作状语。

(4) From 1872 to, Alice Elvira Freeman was Dean of Women at the newly foundation University of Chicago. (93.8)

[答案] D foundation 改为founded 过去分词作定语,修饰University of Chicago

5. 由表示词性的后缀- fur ,-tie -enc., -ent,-tive都很可能是此题的考试焦点

全真例题分析

(1) Few theories are originality enough to be called unique. (92.10)

[答案] C 名词originality应改为形容词original 作表语。

(2) Height, powerful and speed are attributes that coaches often look for in basketball players.

(93.8)

[答案] A 形容词powerful应改为名词power,与height和speed并列。

(3) A major purpose of scientific analysts is to idenufy and examine causal connections between independent and dependence variables. (93.1)

[答案] D 名词dependence 应改为形容词dependent, 用来修饰后面的名词variables。

(4) A deficient of folic acid is rarely found in humans because the vitamin is contained in a wide variety of foods. (92.8)

[答案]A 形容词deficient改为名词deficiency。作主语。

(5) In nature, the distributive of plants is obviously related to climate. (90.8)

[答案] B 形容词distributive 改为名词distribution ,用主语。

(6) A foreign exchange rate is a price that reflects the relative supply and demand of difference currencies. (93.5)

[答案] D 名词difference改为形容词different,修饰后面的名词。

动词不定式及动名词要点解析

动词不定式和动名词在TOEEL测试中不算活跃的考题,但出题频率比较稳定,即不频繁,亦无间断。命题焦占主要集中在动词不定式和动名词的基本功能及正确形式,即(1)不定式to后面接原形动词,(2)动名词具有动词和名词两重功能,介词后面的动词必须以动名

词形式出现。不定式和动名词常考题型

1. 不定型工to后面接原形动词

全真例题分析

(1) Astronauts circling the Earth may get to seen sixteen sunrises and sixteen sunsets every day.

(93.8)

[答案] C 动词不定型式的标志to后面应接动词原形see。

(2) Using their bills as needles, tailorbirds sew large leaves together with plant fiber to forming their nests. (90.10)

[答案] D to forming应改为to form正确的不定式形式。

(3) The poetry of e.e cummings illustrates the way in which some poets bend graminastical rules as they strive to expression their insights. (91.10)

[答案] D动词不定式to后面只能接原形动词,不能接名词。

(4) The dromedary camel is raised especially to racing. (91.1)

[答案] D这是一个非常简单的动词不定式错误形式的考题。Recing应改为race,与to组成不定式。

2. 动词不定式作目的状语

解题要点不定式结构在句中可以作多种成分,目的状语则是TOEEL常考到的形式。动词不定型式作目的状语的命题主要分布在structure (1-15题)中。

全真例题分析

(1) A fuel is a substance used ------- light, heat .or energy .

(A) generating

(B) generates

(C) to generate

(D) it is generating

[答案] C 根据句意及结构,此句固选择动词不定式作目的状语。

(2) ------ stereophonic phonograph records, two recordings are made of the same musical performance.

(A) Creates

(B) Created

(C) The creating of

(D) To create (92.10)

[答案] D 这是典型的不定式作目的状语的句子。目的状语放在句首是表示强调。

(3) ------- time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only three fingers and a thumb.

(A) Saved

(B) Saves

(C) To save

(D) The saving (91.5)

[答案] C 此句与上面例题结构相同。不定式作目的状语,且放在句首表示强调。

3. 动名词的正确用法

解题要点有关名词的考题并不很多,但有一个常出现的题型;介词后面的动词一定要用动名词形式,作介词的宾语。

全真例题分析

(1) Microwave cooking can be accurately described as the first absolutely new method of prepare food since the discovery of fire (94.1)

[答案] C 介词of后面应接动名词形式,即of preparing。

(2) Most crickets have two pairs of fully developed wings, and muscular hind legs for jump. (94.1) [答案] D 动名原形jump位于介词for后面,故应改为动句词jumping。

(3) Because it is a healthful way to exercise aerobic dancing is considered an excellent method for release tension. (93.1)

[答案] D 动名词原形release位于介词for后面,故应改为动名词releasing。

(4) The Cubist movement in art was reaction against traditional methods of portray reality. (90.5) [答案] C 动词原形portray应改为动名词portraying即作前面介词of的宾语,自身又带宾语reality。

介词用法口诀

上午、晚上要用in,at黎明、午夜、点与分。

年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。

将来时态in...以后,小处at大处in。

有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in。

特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in。

介词at和to表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。

日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,

收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、著论。

着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。

特定时日和"一……就",on后常接动名词。

年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。

步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage则用in。

at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。

工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。

就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。

海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类know to man。this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。

接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。

over、under正上下,above、below则不然,

若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。

beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。

同类比较except,加for异类记心间。

原状because of,、owing to、due to表语形容词

under后接修、建中,of、from物、化分。

before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。

before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。

since以来during间,since时态多变换。

与之相比beside,除了last but one。

复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。

快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。but for否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。

ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。

之后、关于、在......方面,有关介词须记全。

in内to外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。

早、午、晚要用in

例:in the morning 在早上

in the afternoon 在下午

in the evening 在晚上

in the day 在白天

at黎明、午、夜、点与分

例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候

at noon 在中午

at night 在夜间

at midnight 在午夜

以上短语都不用冠词

at six o'clock 在6点钟

at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半

at half past eleven 在11点半

at nine fifteen 在9点15分

at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分

也可以写成

seven to five 5点差7分(半小时以上)

five minutes after two 2点过5分

at a quarter to two 1点45分

at the weekend 在周末

年、月、年月、季节、周

即在"来年",在"某月",在"某年某月" (但在某年某月某日则用on),在四季,在第几周等都要用in。

例:in 1986 在1986年

in 1927 在1927年

in April 在四月

in March 在三月

in December 1986 1986年12月

in July l983 1983年7月

in spring 在春季in summer 在夏季

in autumn 在秋季in winter 在冬季

in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周

in the third week 在第三周

阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in,

即在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。

例:Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。

They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。

They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。

a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯

He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。

The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛.

以及:in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下

a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人

the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女

in uniform 穿着制服

in mourning 穿着丧服

in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋

in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫

将来时态in...以后

例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。

I'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。

We'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。

Come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)

after... (从过去开始)

小处at大处in

例:Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don't worry. 李和我平安地到达黑山县,一切很好,勿念。

I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一个小城镇

并列连词及真题要点解析

有关并列连词的命题在TOEEL考试中占有极重要的地位。并列连接词不仅自身是命题的焦点,它还涉及到一些其它的题型,如平行结构,词类、及一致等TOEEL考试要点。一般说来,有关并列连词的题目并不深涩,因为连接词无论在语意上还是结构功能上都并非孤立使用。而且,细察并列连词的题目,还可寻见其中的命题规律并列连词常考题型及解题要点

1. 并列连词and but or混淆

解题要点这类题型主要分面布在written Expression (16-40题中) 当A、B、C、D四项选择中出现单独的and或but 或or 时,它通常就是此题的焦点,应根据句意判断此连词是否用错。

全真例题要分析

(1) Harvesting of grains is affected by annual changes in temperature or in the amount of moisture, but both. (90.1)

[答案] D 根据句意,这里并无转折关系。因此but 应改为or。

(2) Porcelain is not a single clay, and a compound of kaolin. Ball clay, feldspar. And silica. (91.1) [答案] C 此句表达的是一个取舍关系,and应改为but. “not…but”是表达转折,到舍含义的固定并列连词搭配。

3. The structure or behavior of many protozoans are amazingly comples for single-celled artimals. [答案] A 根据句中复数谓语动词are 来判断,连词or是错误,它表述的概含是两项之一,应用单数第三人称动词。固而or应改为and。

(4) Cayenne popper comes from the seedpot of the pepper plant which is dried or then ground. [答案] D 根据提示词then,我们可以判断dried 和ground (grind 的过去分词,碾碎)是顺序先后的两个动作,并非取舍选择关系。固此or应改为and。

2. 并列连接词词组

both…and as…as

not only …but also not so…as

either…or the same…as

neither…nor 比较级(more-re) …than

so…that to…to常与so…that

whether…or 混淆搭配

解题要点;上述并列连词词组和短语必须搭配使用,不能承意更换或省略。考题中如出现上述词组的任何一部分,则注意另一部分是否正确。

全真例题分析

(1) In meteorology. Either formation of clouds and the oreciporddidon of dew rain and snow are known as condensation (93.1)

[答案] A either改为both,组成both…and词组

(2) The survival of a forest depends not only on amount of annual rainfall it receives. And also on the seasonal distribution of the rain.

[答案] C and改为but,组成not only…but also 词组

(3) Lucretia Mott*s influence was too significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United State. (91.1)

[答案] A too改为so,组成so…that结构。

(4) The gorilla, not as curious than the chimpanzee, shows more persistence and memory retention in solving a problem. (90.5)

[答案] B than改为as,组成not as…as 结构。

(5) Some linguious believe that the earliest languages were no less complex as modern languages (94.5)

[答案] D as 改为than,组成“比较级…than”的句型。

(6) Whether as statesman, scientist, and philosopher, Benjamin Franklin was destined to gain lasting honor throughout much of the world. (92.5)

[答案] A and改为or,组成whether…or的结构。

(7) Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, they have heavier bodies, shorter tails, and longer bills. (89.5)

[答案] B than改为as,组成the same…as的结构。

(8) Nature not only gave the Middle Atlantic fine harbors, however endowed it with a first-class system of inland waterways. (91.1)

[答案] C however 改为but also,组成not only…b ut also结构。

托福写作教案精选版

托福写作教案 Document serial number【KKGB-LBS98YT-BS8CB-BSUT-BST108】

1.解决基本语法问题,练习写长难句,把名词短语和句子的区别掌握;掌握三种基本句型结构,并且会加定语和状语 2.大作文基本构架熟悉,以及怎样选择side 框架不规则(可以整篇写一个故事的都有)可以不写对方的观点(让步段) 3.确定选材“写什么”:内容要直接简单明了,最重要是考语言和逻辑,不是考内容的新颖度和深度;内容为语言服务,语法准确、内容合理即可有的时候,想写的内容,即使用中 文说,都会很晦涩,那就更别用英 文了;不要把自己的想法硬套到文 章里,会造成中式英语;写自己会 写的,不要写自己想写 的!!!!! 中式思维的理由不要写:放之四海 皆准的才可以

1,检查作业,纠正错误,总结错误基本类型和原因 2,复习上次内容 3.解决中式英语:构句的时候要抛开中文的影响,切忌先想中文,然后逐字逐句翻译 避免直译,要explain而不是

translatewordbyword;不要去想中 文的对等,而是找英文的相似 有些表达,是必须经过提炼的,因 为中文没有对等的意思 不会造复杂句怎么办? 原始中文——简单中文(核心意思 提炼)——简单英文(句子主干) ——地道英文(修饰成分,句式多 样化) 想表达的内容太难,句子无从下手 怎么办:先找主干,在写其他部分 怎样摆脱中文限制,来扩展思路呢 (搭配也知道挺多,但是自己想不 起来用:中文只想一个大概的意 思,然后用英文思考,在已知的英 文表达中,搜索最地道,和自己表 达的意思最相近的搭配——故意用 搭配提分的意识 尤其是套模板的时候,句子一定要 精简,要动起来,避免冗长 1,检查作业,纠正错误,总结错误基本类型和原因 2,复习上次内容 3.在上了一定量的阅读和听力课之后,开小作文 阅读 第一段倒着读,剩下三段正着读 找句号法,快速抓住核心内容 段中不需要逐句读懂,学会找关键 词,两三个即可;时刻看首段的中 心思想,联系着猜 笔记越简单越好,可以用汉语;看 懂了再下笔,需要把多次出现的名 词记下来,猜一下发音 信息整合,逻辑重排 听力 首先听出是AorB类型还是 yesorno类型 根据阅读,边猜边听 以听为主,记为辅,记关键词就可 以了,而不是记整句话 笔记是画出来的,别人看不懂 听力结束后,先不要马上看阅读,

TOEFL语法讲解

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2005年01月老托福语法全真题及答案

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清华大学社会科学学院社会学考博书目考试重点考博试题解析分析

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