2019年中国人民大学英语语言学与英语教学初试经验

各大学英研方向，考试科目及参考书目中国人民大学外国语学院英语语言文2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：01英美文学 02英语语言学与英语教学03翻译理论与实践04英语国家文化03翻译理论与实践科目一政治 101 科目二 226二外俄语或227二外日语或228二外德语或229二外法语科目三基础英语 618 科目四翻译理论与实践 8221 《当代西方翻译理论探索》廖七一译林出版社 20002 《跨文化交际》金惠康中国对外翻译出版公司 20033 《英汉翻译手册》倜西、董乐山商务印书馆 20024 二外法语：《新大学法语》李志清高等教育出版社 20035 二外德语：《新求精德语》初级1、2；中级1 王晓明同济大学出版社 20036 二外日语：中日交流《标准日本语》初级上下、中级上人民教育出版社7 二外俄语：《大学俄语简明教程》张宝钤钱晓蕙高等教育出版社北京航空航天大学外语语言系英语语言文学2009年研究生入学专业目录研究方向： 01 英美文学 02 比较文学初试科目：①101政治②222俄语二外或223日语二外或224德语二外或225法语二外③721基础英语④822英美文学北京航空航天大学外语语言系英语语言文学2009年研究生入学参考书目822 英美文学《英国文学简史》河南人民出版社〔1993年4月〕刘炳善《英国文学选读》上海译文出版社〔1981年〕杨岂深《美国文学简史》南开大学出版社〔2004年3月第二版〕常耀信《美国文学选读》南开大学出版社(2002年9月) 常耀信721 基础英语不根据某一种教科书命题北京交通大学人文与社会科学学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：01英美文学研究02翻译理论与实践03西方文论研究04 浪漫主义文学研究初试科目：①101政治②211德语〔二外〕或212俄语〔二外〕或213法语〔二外〕或214 日语〔二外〕③610语言学与英美文学④851专业综合考试复试备注：复试科目：笔试部分：高级词汇、文论评述、散文翻译、论文〔提供材料，写出一篇小论文〕口试部分：语言学、文学专业知识面试、〔二外〕听力和口语北京交通大学人文与社会科学学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目610语言学与英美文学《语言学教程》〔修订版〕北京大学出版社胡壮麟主编《美国文学简史》南开大学出版社常耀信《英国文学简读教程》清华大学出版社宫玉波851专业综合考试《英美文化基础教程》北京外研社朱永涛《实用翻译教程》高教出版社冯庆华北京理工大学外国语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向： 01 英语文体学 02 英美文学 03 翻译理论与实践初试科目：①101政治②212俄语或213日语或214德语③616基础英语④854英语专业综合(语言学、英美文学、英美概况)复试备注：笔试科目北京理工大学外国语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目616基础英语无参考书目854英语专业综合(语言学、英美文学、英美概况)《语言学教程》北京大学出版社胡壮麟《英国文学史及选读》1、2册外语教学与研究出版社吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》1、2册外语教学与研究出版社吴伟仁《英语国家社会与文化入门》上、下册高等教育出版社朱永涛北京科技大学外国语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向： 01英汉语言比照分析02心理语言学03应用语言学与外语教学04社会语言学05系统功能语言学06语用学07翻译理论与实践研究初试科目：①101政治理论②213日语(二外)或214俄语(二外)或215德语(二外)或216法语(二外)③618基础英语④874综合英语北京科技大学外国语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目874综合英语《英语国家概况》(第二版) 外语教学研究出版社余志远主编;《美国文学简史》(第二版) 南开大学出版社常耀信主编;《语言学教程》(2001版) 北京大学出版社胡壮麟主编;《新编英国文学选读》(修订版) 北京大学出版社罗经国主编618基础英语《本课程为水平考试》不依据任何一教科书命题北京邮电大学语言学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：01英美文学 02翻译初试科目：①101统考政治②212日语二外或213法语二外或214俄语二外③614英语语言基础④817英语语言学与文学基础北京邮电大学语言学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目212日语二外《中日交流标准日本语》〔初级1、2册，中级1、2册〕人民教育出版社中日合作编写213法语二外《大学法语简明教程》外语教学与研究出版社〔近年版〕薛建成《法语TEF考试冲刺教程》〔上、下〕外语教学与研究出版社2003年1月童佩智《研究生法语》〔第二外语〕下册北京大学出版社王庭荣614英语语言基础《高级英语》〔修订本〕外语教学与研究出版社〔第一版〕张汉熙，王立礼《Reader’817英语语言学与文学基础《语言学教程》〔修订版〕北京大学出版社2001年第一版胡壮麟《美国文学选读》高等教育出版社〔2001年〕陶洁《英国文学选读》高等教育出版社〔2001年〕王守仁对外经济贸易大学英语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向： 01语言学 02英美文学 03英语国家研究初试科目：①101政治理论②272二外俄语或273二外法语或274二外德语或275二外日语或277二外西语③761基础英语④861综合英语对外经济贸易大学英语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目《高级英语》〔1-2册〕外语教学与研究出版社张汉熙《商务英语阅读》高等教育出版社2002 王关富《英语国家社会与文化入门》高等教育出版社1998 朱永涛《大学英汉翻译教程》〔第二版〕对外经济贸易大学出版社2004 王恩冕等《简明法语教程》〔上、下册〕商务印书馆1996 孙辉标准日本语〔初级上下册、中级上册〕人民教育出版社1990北京外国语大学英语学院英语语言文学2009年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：翻译理论与实践〔笔译〕1、Bassnett, Susan. 《翻译研究》Translation Studies. 上海外语教育出版社.2004.2、Gentzler, Edwin .《当代翻译理论〔第二版修订本〕》Contemporary Translation Theories (Revised Second Edition). 上海外语教育出版社.2004.北京第二外国语大学英语系英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：01英美社会文化 02理论语言学及应用语言学 03英美文学 04翻译理论与实践初试科目： 212日 213法 214德 215俄 216西〔任选〕611 基础英语 811 综合考试〔英1〕复试备注： 1. 611基础英语：语法、词汇30分、完形填空30分、阅读理解30分、段落翻译30分、命题作文30分。

2020-2021年中国人民大学英语语言文学考研择校、参考书、报录比、考研经验分享中国人民大学英语语言文学专业于1987获得硕士学位授予权，2012年开始招收博士研究生（英美文学及文论研究、英语国家文化研究、普通语言学及应用语言学、翻译学）。

本专业学术队伍实力雄厚、结构合理、国际化程度高，具有充足的科研经费和优越的科研条件。

本专业教师在国内外重点期刊发表了大量研究成果，承担多个高级别的研究项目并获得多项教学科研成果奖。

学术带头人都已具备多年博士生培养经验。

本专业丰富的学术资源、宽广的学术平台和优秀的教师队伍，为高水平的教学、科研和人才培养以及今后的持续发展提供了可靠的保障。

2019年中国人民大学英语语言文学考研专业目录以及考试科目考试方向英美文学（815英美文学）、英语语言学与英语教学（816英语语言学与英语教学）、翻译理论与实践（817翻译理论与实践）、英语语言文学（818英语国家文化）考试科目（1）101思想政治理论（2）243二外俄语或244二外日语或245二外德语或246二外法语或247二西班牙语（3）627基础英语（4）817翻译理论与实践/815英美文学/816英语语言学与英语教学/817翻译理论与实践/818英语国家文化注意：如果拿出2018年及以前的考试科目对比，大家发现二外竟然多了西班牙语！看来人民大学的英语语言文学专业又将开始一场激烈的竞争。

二外为西班牙语的同学们，大家可以注意中国人民大学啦！方向：这一科目因为考试的方向不同，考试题目就不同。

提醒大家，一旦决定报考人民大学，一定要写明研究方向，这样复习会更有针对性。

人大专业课的真题虽然不公布，但是无论哪个方向，大家都要认真复习。

语言学和文学最容易考名词解释、简答题和论述题。

翻译理论与实践方向还会考英汉互译，但翻译理论大家也要熟练掌握，并辅以一定的实力增强简答题的说服力。

英美文化部分知识点比较细碎，同学要好好利用本科学过的英美文化概况的教材整理好知识点。

2013年中国人民大学英语语言文学考研经验关于复习中国人民大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业招收以下四个方向的研究生，分别是：01-英美文学，02-英语语言学与英语教学，03-翻译理论与实践，04-英语国家文化。

我选择的是语言学，感觉语言学有趣，有时候看刘润清教授的那本《新编语言学教程》竟然能笑出来，仅此而已，于是毅然选择语言学。

考研科目：政治，日语，基础英语，语言学。

考试时间共两天，2013年是在1月5号和6号这两天，天寒地冻，幸亏阳光还算好。

上午8：30~11:30，下午2:00~5:00。

定好学校接下来就是定方向了，因为那个时候大三寒假的时候对方向也很迷茫，就上网搜集材料或者打听前辈老师，把RUC的四个方向仔细思忖了一遍，所以对各个方向有一些了解。

专业课（英美文学，英语语言学与英语教学，翻译理论与实践，英美文化）人大所招收的四个不同方向的基础英语科目对于四个方向都是一致的，但是专业科目二所考察的内容根据各自方向而不同。

第一，英美文学所考察的是以英美文学为主的内容，具体题目包括名词解释，作品的年代/作者辩识，经典段落或篇章往往是考察的重点。

作品分析往往需要回答相关的问答题目，不象选择题那样直中要害，需要加以论述并进行作答，因为人大的特色是考专业课各方向考各方向的，所以这就意味着考生要对自己的方向的专业知识的掌握要达到一种深刻的境界。

建议选文学方向的同学疯狂掌握以下几本书的内容：1） A Survey of American Literature (2nd edition) 南开大学常耀信2）英国文学史及选读第一、第二册外语教学与研究吴伟仁3）英国文学选读高等教育王守仁4）漫话英美文学南开大学常耀信5）英国文学简史河南人民刘炳善6）美国文学作品选读南开大学常耀信7）美国文学史及选读外研社吴伟仁提示：以上参考书中有些书目内容基本一致，但是多浏览有利于加深印象。

大家可以针对自己的情况选择其中一至两种作为精读，其他作为泛读内容即可。

2019年中央民大少语系语言学及应用语言学初试经验帖2019年2月16日下午7点整，中央民大考研成绩公布。

我报考的专业是语言学及应用语言学，考试成绩如下：政治72，英语75，专业一135，专业二126，总分408。

本来官网通知说18—20号出成绩的，在整个中国都在讨论考研成绩的时候，我等得已经耗尽了耐心。

在朋友通知我能查成绩的时候，我正在玩儿游戏（哈哈哈哈哈），知道能查成绩的时候，我没有立即退出游戏，我不敢查。

一边打游戏一边做心理建设，最终游戏输了。

简单分享一下这一年走过的路，算是对自己有个交代，文笔粗糙，仅供参考（嘿嘿嘿）先说说我的情况吧。

我是二战考生，本科学校是一个不那么厉害的211，本科专业是汉语国际教育。

第一年考研，我报考的是华东师范大学的汉语国际教育硕士，在考场上拿到卷子的我傻眼了，突然大改题型，我猝不及防，第一年考研宣布落败。

静下心想想，还是自己实力不够，无话可说。

那一段时间很难过，看着同学们都有自己的前程，工作、读研、出国，我只能麻木地准备毕业论文和答辩。

每一个考研的人都知道，一旦动了这个念头，就想要一个结果，否则不能真的释怀。

失败后我也看了些调剂信息，但是我本身分数不高又是专硕，调剂很困难，最终决定二战。

决定二战之后，最艰难的是选学校和专业，因为第一年的失败让我清楚地领略到了选择比努力更重要！考虑了良久，最终决定换专业，考学硕，语言学及应用语言学。

虽然招生名额少，难度也比专硕大，但是面儿比专硕广。

在确定了专业后，又开始纠结学校，最终选中央民大的原因是我的同学给了我很多指导和鼓励，而且中央民大综合实力也不错。

六月份学校毕业之后，和舍友在外面租了房子，到现在我都清晰地记得顶着炎炎夏日，看房子的那个下午，我不断地问自己，为什么是这个结果？为什么最后的毕业这么凄惨？租了房子之后，断断续续地收拾心情，回家，等到完全安定下来开始学习应该到了八月份。

之后开始了复制粘贴的生活，每天除了吃饭睡觉就是学习。

目　录2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2005年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2004年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2002年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (10 points). 1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ______ it is associated with. 2. ______ s a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example，the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or. 3.Some morphemes like –ish,-ness，-ly，-dis，trans-.un- are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 4. ______ an be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The lager is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 6. H.P.Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie. 7. ______ proposes that every speaker knows a set of principals which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits. 8. ______ refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers，with peculiarities of pronunciation，grammar and vocabulary. In fact，no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. 9.According to ______ period hypothesis，in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological development.10. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.答案：I. 1. meaning2.Back-formation3.bound4.Pragmaticsngue6.quality7. Generative Grammar8.Idiolect9.Critical10.CohesionII. Give short answer to the following questions (10 points)I. Explain criterion-referenced and norm-referenced language tests.答案：Tests can be categorized into two major groups: norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests. These two tests differ in their intended purposes, the way in which content is selected, and the scoring process which defines how the test results must be interpreted.A test that measures student knowledge and understanding in relation to specific standards or performance objectives is called criterion-referenced testing (CRT). It measures students’ performance in relation to standards, not in relation to other students; all students may earn the highest grade if all meet the established performance criteria. CRTs report how well students are doing relative to a pre-determined performance level on a specified set of educational goals or outcomes included in the school, district, or state curriculum.A test designed to measure and compare individual students’performances or text results to those of an appropriate peer group (that is,norm group) at the classroom, local or, national level is called norm-referenced testing (NRT). Students with the best performance on a given assessment receive the highest grades. It is generally used to help teachers select students for different ability level reading or mathematics instructional groups.2. Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.答案：The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively illustrated as follows:(1) Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. It overlaps to a large extent to the concept of reference, but Leech also uses the short form “sense” for the same indication. So Leech’s conceptual meaning contains two parts: sense and reference.(2) Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.(3) Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.(4) Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.(5) Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.(6) Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.The five types of meanings from (2) to (6) are collectively known as Associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.(7) Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.III. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. (10 points) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is it that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics.答案：Language is essential to human beings; it plays a central role in our lives as individual and social beings. We have to be fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, or we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. Therefore, there is every necessity to study language. And Linguistics serves as a way for us to learn more about language, and to explain some phenomena which we have taken granted for but which in fact is quite interesting or puzzling. For example, with the help of linguistics, people could explain why we call the thing we sit on a “chair”but not a “cat” or “dog”, or why we can talk about yesterday and even tomorrow while animals can not. These two kinds of phenomena are all attributed to the design features of language which make it unique from and advantageous over animal languages. The linguists have found that human language is arbitrary because there is no “natural” connection between a linguistic and its meaning. What’s more, human language has also the property of displacement which enables the language users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.Linguistics does not only try to explain the phenomena of language itself, but also try to study the interrelation between it and other aspects of the whole human society. Thus, we have sociolinguistics, which studies the relation of language with society, and which tries to clear out the relationship of language to the society and culture; psycholinguistics, which aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how we memorize, and how we process the information we receive in the course of communication; applied linguistics, which relates some findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability, foreignlanguage teachings.Of course, the present linguistic studies can not explain adequately all the phenomena concerned with language, for example, whether it is language determines culture or that culture determines language. Even with the theories which seem to work well on certain aspects of language we should not stay satisfied; for the theory is now accepted as true only because it haven’t been proved wrong.2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (22 points).1. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as (1) and (2) . The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.2. (3) grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while (4) grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.3. (5) studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and (6) studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.4. Words which have different meanings but are written differently and sound alike are called (7) .5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is (8) and performance.6. There are two fields of morphology: the study of (9) and the study of (10) .7. “The world is like a stage” is an example of (11) , and “All theworld is a stage” is an example o-f (12) . They are often used in analyzing features of literary language.8. (13) studies meaning in language, (14) s about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences, and (15) is concerned with the internal organization of words. They are all among the main branches of linguistics.9. (16) is the study of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language; (17) , on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics.10. The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called (18) . It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.11. Children frequently say tooths and mouses, instead of teeth and mice. These are examples of (19) .12. (20) is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word.For example, the English word smog is made from (21) and (22) .答案：(1) langue (2) parole (3) descriptive (4) prescriptive (5) phonetics(6) phonology (7) homophones (8) competence (9) inflectional　(10) lexical/derivational (11) simile (12) metaphor (13) semantics(14) syntax(15) morphology (16) psycholinguistics (17) sociolinguistics (18) stylistics(19) overgeneralization (20) blending (21) smoke (22) fogII. Give brief definitions of the following terms (18 points).1. Phoneme2. CALL3. IC analysis4. Linguistic relativity5. Silent period6. Gradable antonym答案：1. Phoneme. It refers to the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.2. CALL. It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.3. IC analysis. IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis) refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(orphrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.4. Linguistic relativity. This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of “blue”.5. Silent period. It refers to a period in the initial phase of the language acquisition process, during which children acquiring a new language in natural settings are silent and concentrate on comprehension. And they may respond, if necessary, only in a non-verbal way or by making use of a set of memorized phrases. This phenomenon is also observed when we see how children acquire their mother tongue.6. Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.III. Give Short answers to the following questions (40 points):1. In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called “cooperativeprinciple”: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs，by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.2. How is the illocutionary act different from the perlocutionary act?答案：An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Thus, if someone says “Morning”, we can ask questions like “What did he mean?” and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.”A perlocutionary act, however, is the effect of the utterance. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, and so on. Therefore, the perlocutionary act of the saying “Morning” could be to keep friendly relations with the hearer.3. Why did Chomsky make the distinction between deep and Surface structures?答案：In generative grammar, deep structure is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. On the other hand, surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.According to Chomsky, it is necessary to make the distinction, since it ishelpful to differentiate and analyze syntactic structures such as “John is easy to please” and “John is eager to please”, and also to disambiguate structures like “the shooting of the hunters”. More importantly, it reflects two of the stages of how the language is processed through the generative grammar: the deep structure, which an underlying structure, has to be transformed to the surface structure via a set of transformational rules.4.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.5. For the system of transitivity, Halliday identified six kinds of process, each with different types of participants. List four of the processes and comment on the effectiveness of such classification.答案：For the system of transitivity, Halliday has identified six kinds of process, and four of them are material process, relational process, behavioral process, and mental process.Such a classification has a lot to do with the systemic-functional approach of grammar interpretation. The classification of the system of transitivity helps reveal the functions of the components in relation to the whole clause; it is an interpretation of grammar in terms of ideationalfunction. These six types of process have divided up the semantic system of ideational function, by showing the various ways of language to react on the material world around us, and make sense of their experience of what goes on around them and inside them, or in other words, to perform the ideational function.IV. Answer the following questions, citing examples to support your ideas (40 points).1. What are the seven functions of human language?答案：According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions, and they are illustrated as follows:1) Informative function. It means that language is the instrument of thought and language serves an informational function when used to tell something. It is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. The declarative sentences such as “This is a book.” are the typical illustration of this function.2) Interpersonal function. The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. It is the most important sociological use of language. In the framework of functional grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves (such as Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.3) Performative function. The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.4) Emotive function. The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is a means of getting rid of the nervous energy when people are under stress, for example, swear words, obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, for example. God, My, Damn it, Wow, Ugh, Ow, etc.5) Phatic communion. The phatic communion refers to the social interaction of language. People always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.6) Recreational function. The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.7) Metalingual function. The metalingual function refers to the fact that people can use language to talk about itself. For example, I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.2. What are the major types of semantic Changes?答案：There are mainly three kinds of semantic changes, namely, broadening, narrowing, and meaning shift. Class shift and folk etymology also contribute to change in meaning　(1) BroadeningBroadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one．For instance，the word holiday used to mean“holy day”in religious English. Today it means“a day for rest”regardless of its religious nature.(2) NarrowingContrary to broadening，the original meaning of a word can be narrowed or restricted to a specific sense．A typical example is the word meat which originally meant "food". In the course of time, the range of meaning was narrowed to mean specifically "the flesh of animals used as food".(3) Meaning shiftAll semantic changes involve meaning shift．Yet, in its narrow sense, meaning shift refers to the change of meaning, which has nothing to do with generalization or restriction. What makes the meaning of a word different isits departure from its original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. For instance，the word bead originally means “prayer”, but later it refers to “the prayer bead”, the visible manifestation of a prayer, finally “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood”.(4) Class shiftBy shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. The word engineer as a noun means “a person trained in a branch of engineering”, but it means “to act as an engineer” or “to plan, to maneuver” when used as a verb.(5) Folk etymologyIt refers to a change in form of a word or phrase resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous. As a result of this modification，the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus; the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach．V. Translate the following into Chinese (30 points). Suppose that John Smith, happily married to Mary Smith, addresses his wife as “Mary, Smith, how many times have I asked you not to flip through the TV channels?” There would be reason to took beyond the words for the “meaning” of this unusual form of address. Mr. Smith may address his wife as “Mary Smith” to show his exasperation, as in this example. By addressing her as “Mary Smith” instead of the usual “Mary”, he conveys frustration and annoyance. His choice of name thus “means” that he is exasperated. Contrast the tone of that Sentence With a similar one in whichJohn Smith addressed Mary Smith as “dear”. The level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feelings, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is Called affective meaning or emotive meaning. It is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions we depend on the mediation of other categories of meaning as conceptual, connotative or social. For example, nigger, originally a word denoting a certain race, has virtually become a term of abuse or contempt; and a similar development has occurred with part of the political vocabulary, such as fascist.【参考译文】假设约翰·史密斯开心地娶了玛丽小姐后却这样称呼他的妻子：“玛丽·史密斯，我告诉过你多少次了，换台时不要老那么快！”撇开字面意思，这不寻常的称呼的出现是有理由的。

希望回忆的内容能对大家有所帮助基础英语单选1*20 没有太长的难词或偏词，会涉及到搭配完型1*20 总体来说不是特别难，比平时黄皮基础英语上的要简单一些阅读10*3 阅读今年应该是换题型了，不是两篇长文章，各有十道选择题，两篇各有五道，但分值三分，难度适中。

第一篇是二语习得当面的，第二篇说的是青少年期出现的焦虑（记不太清了）翻译25*2 汉译英，我觉得很难，偏古文那种？英译汉，也不容易，说的是霍金，有一些电影词，不太会，多关注一下时事有帮助作文30 至少350词，改革开放对你的生活有什么影响二外法语单选30*1 考的具体内容记不太清了。

时态搭配这些阅读15*2 总体难度应该还好吧，虽然个人觉得不容易篇幅也不太长汉译法5*2 翻译一定要背单词，不然简单的也翻译不出来，而且个人觉得并不是孙辉简法课后题的翻译。

只记得有一个是北京的春天天气很好，因为冬天太冷，夏天太热。

法翻汉1*10 一点也不记得了。

作文20 我的大学生活。

考试之前看到了，因为之前考过没看，结果又考了。

150-180词语言学填空15*2 Metalingual,Creole,transitivity,stress,construal 个人觉得填空很难，好多说法没见过，有的说基本都是胡书上的。

问答题10*4 1. 举例解释coarticulation和assimilation区别2. 举例解释Cohesion和coherence区别3. 举例英式英语和美式英语差别并分析原因4.用例子解释认知的三种范畴（基本，上位，下位）论述40 没有太明白意思。

就不瞎说了翻译40 跨文化交际相关内容，不难，但篇幅不短语言学以为语音学和认知不是重点，基本上没看。

希望如果能看到这篇贴子的学弟学妹们，千万不要自己以为哪章是重点就看哪章。

整本书都是重点啊！！！。

人大考研辅导班-英语语言文学考研经验_启道启道考研分享中国人民大学，简称“人大”，由教育部直属，教育部与北京市共建，中央直管副部级建制，位列“双一流”、“211工程”、“985工程”，入选“111计划”、“2011计划”、“卓越法律人才教育培养计划”、“卓越农林人才教育培养计划”、“海外高层次人才引进计划”、“中国政府奖学金来华留学生接收院校”，为世界大学联盟、亚太国际教育协会、京港大学联盟成员，是一所以人文社会科学为主的综合性研究型全国重点大学。

中国人民大学早已形成以本科教育为基础、研究生教育为重点、继续教育为辅助的全方位、多层次的办学格局，形成了“主干的文科、精干的理工科”的学科发展体系。

学校是我国首批设立研究生院的高校之一，现有27个教学单位、25个跨学院研究机构，另设有体育部、继续教育学院、苏州校区、深圳研究院等。

学校设有学士学位专业81个，硕士学位学科点189个，博士学位学科点129个。

学校拥有硕士学位一级学科授权点37个，博士学位一级学科授权点21个，博士后流动站19个。

人大英语语言文学专业隶属于外国语学院，专业代码为：050201，研究方向4个；考研经验——考研疑问汇总考研就好比在一个黑乎乎的房子里洗衣服，我们因为看不见，不知道有没有干净，就只能一直低头洗，直到考试的时候才有光亮来告诉你答案。

这段话可以说是准确表达了考研时的心情和我们或多或少身处迷雾的状态里。

启道小编为了帮助考研学子学会从困惑中走出来，整理如下考研疑问汇总，以供参考：一、怎样保持良好心理状态？1、自己简单说，在考研路上一定要调整好自己的心态，信念足够坚韧，付出必要努力，你便能获得你想要的一切。

从今天开始，请拒绝谈论一个词：心理崩溃之类的。

我们允许犯小错误，但这种自找的麻烦还不如去找好玩的事情放松一下吧~当然，相信各位都能做三观正直，善良可爱的人，那么你也许能发现这一法则可以用在人生各个方面。

如果能感受到一点其中的涵义，那么你的部分疑问应该都不再是疑问了吧2、与他人的相处父母、亲人作为二战的考生，我选择在家复习了一年，父母给我的压力，或者说我所认为的父母给我的压力相当大，但是我终究要与父母和解。

2019年中国人民大学英语语言文学817翻译理论与实践考研真题回忆专业：英语语言文学研究方向：翻译理论与实践考试科目：817翻译理论与实践初试二外法语1.选择题30道 30分选择题都是语法题知识点，但是也要注意积累词汇，词汇很重要！因为好多语法也涉及到一些词汇的用法，很重要！！刷题的书推荐考研法语必备橙色的那本，涉及的知识点都有练习。

还有法语800题400道语法400道词汇，语法学好刷起来很容易，也可以做题遇到问题再查漏补缺，最好还是先学好语法慢慢积累词汇。

2.阅读三篇A自我介绍一个人各方面都是怎么样的B 具体记不起来了C讲的是将小说变成现实有关科学的一篇法语阅读我没怎么练过，因为法语和英语差不多，大部分还是老的懂的，当然人大的法语题不是很难，我室友考复旦完全看不懂，也不排除会变的可能，多多积累词汇不是坏事，橙色考研法语必备中有阅读可以练练。

3.法译汉一段话应该是讲了一个冷笑话，说的是一个喜剧演员的女儿出有关菜谱的书的事情，大部分一般都认识，有个别词语不认识，总之还是平常多积累词汇和用法吧，很重要。

4.汉译法五句话 10分（1）这个字很少见，你在任何一本词典里都找不到它。

（2）北京的秋天是最美丽的季节，夏天太热，冬天太冷。

（3）Pascal今年19岁，比他的弟弟大三岁。

（4）他们每天工作十二个小时，很疲惫。

（5）你看起来不高兴，你在想什么？感觉不是很难而且试卷前面阅读啥的里面有类似的表达，可以直接用。

之前看经验帖的话说汉译法一般都是简明法语教程的原文，不过我没有看，我看的是北外的教材马晓宏那个，主要在积累。

5.法语作文 20分之前说10分.15分不等。

今年20分，还是占的比重比较大。

我的大学生活大学生活是什么样的，你有没有什么进步的地方，有没有发生什么有趣的事情。

今年考的不是很难的作文，记得有一年考的是中国的变化哪些好哪些不好，感觉这种会有难度，所以很害怕，拿到卷子算是松了一口气。

还算比较好写。