1.Surface engineering is the subdiscipline of materials science which deal with the surface of solid matter.It has applications to chemistry mechanical engineering ,and electrical engineering (particularly in relation to semiconductor manufacturing).
表面工程学是处理固体物质表面材料科学的学科分支。它在化工，机械工程和电机工程（特别是与半导体制造业相关的）方面都有很多的应用。
2.Solids are composed of a bulk material covered by a surface. The surface which bounds the bulk material is called the Surface phase .It acts as an interface to the surrounding environment. The bulk material in a solid is called the Bulk phase.
固体是由被大量的物质覆盖的表面组成。这个限制这些大量物质的表面被称作表面相。它表现为与周围环境接触的界面。这些在固体内部的大量的物质被称作体相。
3.The surface phase of a solid interacts with the surrounding environment. This interaction can degrade the surface over time .Environmental degradation of the surface phase over time can be caused by wear, corrosion,fatigue and creep.
固体的表面相会同周围环境相互作用。这种相互作用会随着时间逐渐退化固体的表面。固体表面相随时间而发生的环境退化会由磨损，腐蚀，疲劳和蠕变引发。
4.Surface engineering involves altering the properties of the Surface Phase in order to reduce the degradation over time.This is accomplished by making the surface robust to the environment in which it will be used.A spectrum of topics that represent the diverse nature of the field of surface engineering includes Plating technologies, Nano and emerging technologies and Surface engineering, characterization and testing.
表面工程学涉及到改变表面相的特性，这是为了延缓它随时间的退化。这个是通过使应用于环境中的表面得到加强来实现的。一系列的论题呈现出了这个包含了电镀技术、纳米和新兴科技和表面工艺以及鉴定和测试的表面工程学不同性质的领域。
5.Applications:Surface engineering techniques are being used in the automotive , aerospace, missile, power, electronic, biomedical, textile, petroleum, petrochemical, steel,power,cement,machine tools and construction industries including road surfacing.Surface engineering techniques can be used to develop a wide range of functional properties ,including physical, chemical , electrical ,electronic , magnetic , mechanical, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant properties at the required substrate surfaces. Almost all types of materials ,including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites can be coated on similar or dissimilar materials .It is also possible to form coating of newer materials(e.g.,met-glass.beta-C3N4 ), graded deposits, multicomponent deposits etc.
应用：表面工程技术正被应用在汽车、航空、导弹、能源、电子、生物、纺织、石油、石化、钢铁、陶瓷、机床和包含了路面铺设的建筑行业。表面工程技术能被用于开发大范围的功能特性，包括物理性能、化学性能、电工、电子、磁学、机械以及基板表面所必须的抗磨损和耐腐蚀特性。几乎所有种类的材料，包括金属、陶瓷、聚合物和复合材料都能被涂覆相似或不相似的材料。它也能形成现代材料涂层（如金属玻璃和β-C3N4）、梯度镀层和多组分沉淀物等。
6.In 1995, surface engineering was a ￡10 billion market in the United Kingdom. Coatings, to make surface life robust from wear and corrosion ,was approximately half the market.
在1995年，表面工程学在大不列颠联合王国的市场价值达到100亿英镑。使表面寿命强韧以抗磨损和耐腐蚀的涂层也一时占有这个市场的近乎一半。
7.In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in surface engineering from age-old electroplating to processes such as vapor phase deposition ,diffusion, thermal spray & welding using advanced heat sources like plasma, laser ,ion ,electron ,microwave, solar beams, pulsed combustion ,spark, friction and induction.
近年来，表面工程领域一直有从陈旧的电镀向新的工序如蒸汽镀、扩散、热喷雾熔接转变的范例，这是通过先进的热源像等离子体、激光、离子、微波、太阳能光束、脉冲燃烧、、电火花、摩擦和电磁感应来实现的。
8.It’s estimated that loss due to wear and corrosion in the US is approximately $500 billion . In the US, there are around 9524 establishments (including automotive, aircraft ,power and construction industries) who depend on engineered surfaces with support from 23,466 industries.
据估计，在美国由于磨损和腐蚀的损失接近5000亿美元。在美国，将近9524家企业（包括汽车、航空、能源和建筑工业）依靠着23,466家表面工程产业的支持。
9.There are around 65 academic institutions world-wide engaged in surface engineering research and education.
世界范围内大概有65家大学机构参与了表面工程的研究和教育。
10.Surface Cleaning Techniques: Surface cleaning, synonymously referred to as dry cleaning, is a mechanical cleaning technique used to reduce superficial soil , dust, grime, insect droppings, accretions or other surface deposits.(Dry cleaning ,as the term is used in paper conservation , does not employ the use of organic solvents.)
表面清洁技术：表面清洁，大义上也是指干洗，是一种被用来减少表面的泥土、灰尘、污垢、昆虫粪便、积垢或其它表面沉积物的机械清洁技术。（干洗，是被用在纸张环境保护方面，而不是利用有机溶剂）
11.Surface cleaning may be used as an independent cleaning technique ,as one step (usually the first) in a more comprehensive treatment ,or as a prelude to further treatments ( e.g. ,aqueous immersion ) which may cause dirt to set irreversibly in paper fibers.
表面清洁可能被当做一种独立的清洁技术来使用，作为更加综合的治理方式中的一步（通常是第一步），或者作为更深层次治理方式的前奏（像水洗）将导致纸纤维中不可逆的脏渍。
12.Purpose: The purpose of surface cleaning is to reduce the potential for damage to paper artifacts by removing foreign material which can be abrasive , acidic , hygroscopic , or degradative, The decision to remove surface dirt is also for aesthetic reasons when it interferes with the visibility of the imagery or information. A decision must be made balancing the probable care of each object against the possible problems related to surface cleaning.
目的：表面清洁的目的是通过移除那些有腐蚀作用的、酸性的、潮湿的或降解作用的外来异物来降低纸质文物的潜在损坏。这个移除表面脏渍的决议也是为了美学原因考虑的，当脏渍干预到画像或是信息的清晰度的时候。为了平衡每一种可能与表面清洁相关的合理的问题相矛盾的顾虑，必须要生成一个决定。
13.Surface modification is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing
physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the ones originally found on the surface of a material.
表面改性是一种通过促使物理、化学或是生物特性与在本身基础上发现的表面物质不同的修饰方式。
14.This modification is usually made to solid materials, but it is possible to find examples of the modification to the surface of specific liquids.
这种改性通常被制成固体材料，但是它也可能发现一些表面特有的液体改性的例子。
15.Materials science has assumed a key position for new technological developments , and is therefore strongly supported by industry and government.
材料科学在新的技术革新发展道路上呈现出了一种枢纽的作用，也是因此得到了工业和政府的强力支持。
16.Nowadays it occupies a bridging position between physics ,chemistry and engineering and extends from basic science in physics and chemistry on the atomic scale to large-scale applications in industry.
当今材料科学占有了物理学、化学和工程学的连接点，同时从物理和化学原子层面的科学基本知识延伸到工业的大规模应用。
17.The increasing number of materials science study courses at universities underlines the present and future importance of understanding and developing materials for the future.
大学里不断增加的材料研究课程为今后增强了在现在和未来延伸并发展的材料学重要性。
18.How to create a surface?
To create a surface atoms have to be brought from the bulk to the surface of a substance.The substance has to change its shape if inside atoms are brought to the surface .For a fluid or liquid ,the shape change is readily accomplished .For a solid ,however, it is not . One way of bringing atoms from the bulk to the surface of a solid is to divide the solid bulk.
怎样创造一个表面呢？
为了创造一个表面，材料内部原子必须被移至材料表面。这个材料也不得不改变它的形状如果它内部的原子被移至表面的话。对于流体或是液体，这种形状的改变会轻易完成。对于固体而言，无论如何，这是不可能的。一种将原子从体内移至表面的方法就是分离这个固体。
19.What is the definition of friction?
■A force that resists motion between two objects that are in contact with each other. Smoother surfaces exhibit more friction.
摩擦的定义是什么?
一种相互接触的物体相对运动时产生的阻力。
■Friction plays an important role in manufacturing processes because of the relative motion and the forces that always are present on tools , dies, and workpieces. Friction (a) dissipates energy (that generating heat, which can have detrimental effects on an operation) and (b) impedes free movement at interfaces (thus friction can affect significantly the flow and deformation of materials in metalworking processes). On the other hand, friction is not always undesirable. For example, without friction, it
would be impossible to roll metals, clamp workpieces on machines, or hold drill bits in chucks.
摩擦力在工业制造的工序中扮演着一个重要的角色，因为相对运动和一直呈现在工具、专用模具和工作部件上不同的力。摩擦力一方面（a）消耗能量（像可能在工序操作中会产生有害影响的热能）（b）它阻碍界面上的自由运动（因此摩擦力能深远地影响材料在加工工序中的移动和变形），另一方面，摩擦力也不是经常不合需要的。例如，若没有摩擦力，像滚动金属、在机器上夹住工件或者在卡盘夹头中握住钻头这些都是不可能做到的。
20.Corrosion may be defined as the deterioration of a material resulting from chemical attack by its environment. Since corrosion is caused by chemical reaction, the rate at which the corrosion takes place will depend to some extent on the temperature and the concentration of the reactants and products. Other factors such as mechanical stress and erosion may also contribute to corrosion.
腐蚀被定义为来自环境中化学反应侵蚀导致的材料变坏。既然腐蚀是由化学反应导致的，腐蚀作用的程度就多少有点决定于温度和反应物及生成物的浓度。其它如机械应力和侵蚀等因素也可能导致腐蚀。
21.When we speak of corrosion, we are usually referring to an electrochemical attack process on metals. Metals are susceptible to this attack because they possess free electrons and can set up electrochemical cells within their structure. Most metals are corroded to some extent by water and the atmosphere. Metals can also be corroded by direct chemical attack from chemical solutions and even liquid metals.
当我们谈论腐蚀时，我们经常是指金属上的电化学侵蚀过程。金属对于电化学侵蚀很敏感，因为它们本身拥有自由电子，同时也能在内部结构里产生电化学电池。大多数金属一定程度上也会因为水和大气发生腐蚀。金属也能直接被来自化学溶液甚至是液态金属的化学侵蚀而发生腐蚀。
22.For example, iron oxides exist commonly in nature and are reduced by thermal energy to iron, which is in a higher energy state. There is ,therefore, a tendency for the metallic iron to spontaneously return to iron oxide by corroding (rusting) so that it can exist in a lower energy state.
例如，铁氧化物通常存在于自然界，当它处于高能量状态时会通过对铁加以热能而被还原。因此，精炼铁有通过腐蚀（生锈）自发地变回为铁的氧化物的一种倾向，所以它也会以更低的能量态存在。
23.Nonmetallic materials such as ceramics and polymers do not suffer electrochemical attack but can be deteriorated by direct chemical attack. For example, ceramic refractory materials can be chemically attacked at high temperatures by molten salts. Organic polymers can be deteriorated by the chemical attack of organic solvents.Water is absorbed by some organic polymers, which causes changes in dimensions or property changes. The combined action of oxygen and ultraviolet radiation will deteriorate some polymers even at room temperature.
非金属材料，如陶瓷和聚合物就不会承受电化学的侵蚀，但是能被直接的化学反应侵蚀而变坏。例如，陶瓷耐火材料在高温时能被熔融盐类造成化学侵蚀。有机聚合物能被有机溶剂造成的化学侵蚀而变坏。水能被一些有机聚合物吸收，这将导致尺寸或是特性的改变。室温下，氧气和紫外线辐射的共同作用就能造成一些聚合物的破坏。
24.Corrosion ,therefore, is a destructive process as far as the engineer is concerned and represents an enormous economic loss.Thus, it is not surprising that the engineer working in industry must be concerned about corrosion control and prevention. The purpose of this chapter is to serve as an introduction to this important subject.
腐蚀，对于工程师它所呈现出的巨大的经济损失而言，因此是破坏性的。所以，对于工程师在工业生产中必须去关注腐蚀控制和预防是不必大惊小怪的。这一章的目的是充当这个重要论题的引言。
25.Cleaning of Surfaces 表面清洁
■We have stressed the importance of surfaces in manufacturing and the effects of deposited or adsorbed layers of various elements and contaminants on surface characteristics. A clear surface can have both beneficial and detrimental effects.
我们已经强调了表面在制造业中的重要性以及沉积物或吸附多层各种各样元素和污染物对表面特性的影响。清洁的表面兼具有利及有害的效果。
■Although a surface that is not clean may reduce the tendency for adhesion and galling, cleanliness generally is essential for a more effective application of coating, painting, adhesive bonding, welding, brazing, and soldering, as well as for the reliable functioning of manufactured parts in machinery, assembly operations, and food and beverage containers.
尽管不清洁的表面会延缓粘结和摩擦的倾向，清洁对于在涂层、喷涂、附着粘合、焊接、黄铜镀和焊合，一般情况下发挥着更有效的应用，除此之外在人造机器、装配操作、饮食和饮料容器方面也有着可靠的功用。
■Clearing involves the removal of solid , semisolid, or liquid contaminants from a surface, and it is an important part of manufacturing operations and the economics of production. The word clean or the degree of cleanliness of a surface is somewhat difficult to define. Two simple and common tests are as follows:
1.Wiping with a clean cloth the surface of ,say, a dinner plate and observing any residues on the cloth.
2.Observing whether water continually coats the surface of the plate (water-break test). If water collects as individual droplets, the surface is not clean.(You can test this phenomenon by wetting dinner plates that have been cleaned to different degrees.)
清洁包含了从表面去除固态、半固态或液态污染物，同时，它也是制造业工序和经济产值中重要的一部分。如何鉴定一个表面的清洁或是清洁程度有一点儿困难。以下是两个简单常用的测试：
1.用一块清洁的布料擦除一个餐盘的表面并观察这个布料上的残余物。
2.观察是否连续覆盖在这个餐盘上（水膜测试）。如果水以独立的水珠聚集，那么这个表面就不是清洁的。（你能通过润湿已经被不同程度清洁过的餐盘来测试这个现象。）
■The type of cleaning process required depends on the type of metalworking-fluid residues and contaminants to be removed.For example ,water-based fluids are easier and less expensive to remove than oil-based fluids.
这种类型的清洁过程要求决定于金属加工液残渣和污染物必须被清除。例如，水基流体在清除方面不仅比油基流体较容易也不像它那么昂贵。
■Contaminants (also called soils) may consist of rust, scale, chips (and other metallic and nonmetallic debris), metalworking fluids, solid lubricants, pigments, polishing
and lapping compounds, and general environment elements.
污染物（也被称作脏物）由铁锈、脱落物、碎片（和其它金属和非金属碎片）、金属加工流体、固体润滑剂、颜料、打磨和研磨产生的混合物以及一般情况下的环境因素。
■Basically, there are three types of cleaning methods, as described here.
1.Mechanical cleaning. This operation consists of physically disturbing the contaminants ,often with wire or fiber brushing, abrasive blasting (jets), tumbling, or steam jets. Many of these processes are effective particularly in removing rust ,scale, and other solid contaminants. Ultrasonic cleaning also is placed in this category.
2.Electrolytic cleaning. In this process, a charge is applied the part to be cleaned in an aqueous ( often alkaline) cleaning solution. This charge results in bubbles of hydrogen or oxygen (depending on polarity) being released at the part’s surface. The bubbles are abrasive and aid in the removal of contaminants.
3.Chemical cleaning. Chemical cleaning usually involves the removal of oil and grease from surface.The operation consists of one or more of the following processes: ·Solution ·Saponification(Saponify) ·Emulsification ·Dispersion ·Aggregation 总的说来，有三种清洗方式，描述如下：
1.机械清洗。这种操作由物理方法干扰污染物组成，经常用金属丝或是纤维擦拭、喷砂法（喷嘴）、抛光或是蒸汽喷雾。这些工序中大多数部分是很高效的，尤其是在除去铁锈、脱落物和其它固体污染物。超声波清洗液是在这个范畴之内。
2.电化学清洗。在这个工序中，一块电池被应用于用水洗（经常呈碱性）部分澄清液当中。这块电池导致在这部分表面被释放出氢气泡或是氧气泡（这依赖于电极）。这些气泡有磨蚀作用同时帮助去除一些污染物。
3.化学清洗。化学清洗经常涉及到从表面清除油脂。这个操作由一个或是更多的过程，如下：
·溶解·皂化（使之皂化）·乳化·分散·聚集
?Solution: The soil dissolves in the cleaning solution.
?Saponification: A chemical reaction that converts animal or vegetable oils into a
soap that is soluble in water.
?Emulsification: The cleaning solution reacts with the soil or lubricant deposits
and forms an emulsion; the soil and the emulsifier then become suspended in the emulsion.
?Dispersion: The concentration of soil on the surface is decreased by
surface-active elements in the cleaning solution.
?Aggregation: Lubricants are removed from the surface by various agents in the
cleanser and are collected as large dirt particles.
?溶解：脏物溶解在清洗溶液当中。
?皂化：一种能使动植物油转变成能溶于水的皂类。
?乳化：清洗溶液同脏物或是润滑剂残存物反应并形成乳化液；这脏物和乳化
剂之后就会变成乳化液中的悬浮液。
?分散：表面脏物浓度将被清洗液中表面活性元素减少。
?聚集：润滑剂将通过清洁剂中的各种药剂从表面被清除，同时将以巨大的脏
物微利聚集。
26.Cleaning fluids. Common cleaning fluids used in conjunction with electrochemical
processes for more effective cleaning include the following:
·Alkaline solutions·Emulsions·Solvents·Hot vapors ·Acids, Salts, and Organic compound mixtures
?Alkaline solutions: A complex combination of water-soluble chemicals. They are
the least expensive and most widely used in manufacturing operations. Small parts may be cleaned in rotating drums or barrels. Most parts are cleaned on continuous conveyors by spraying them with the solution and rinsing them with water.
?Emulsions: Generally consist of kerosene and oil in water and various types of
emulsifiers.
?Solvents: Typically petroleum solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and mineral
spirits. They generally are used for short runs. Fire and toxicity are major hazards.
?Hot vapors: Chlorinated solvents can be used to remove oil, grease, and wax. The
solvent is boiled in a container and then condensed. This hot-vapor process is simple, and the cleaned parts are dry.
?Acids , Salts, and Organic compound mixtures: These are effective in cleaning
parts covered with heavy paste or oily deposits and rust.
清洁液：通常的清洁液都是同电化学协同作用以便发挥更有效的清洁作用，这些清洁液包括：
·碱性溶液·乳剂·溶剂·高温蒸气·酸、盐和有机化合物的混合物
?碱性溶液：一种由可溶于水的化学药剂组成的复杂混合物。它们是最便宜也
在制造业工序中被广泛使用。小部分的脏物可以在旋转鼓或桶中被清洗。大部分脏物都是通过喷涂溶剂和用水漂洗的循环带上被清洗。
?乳剂：一般在水中由煤油和汽油组成，因此存在很多类型的乳剂：
?溶剂：代表性的有石油溶剂、绿色碳氢化合物、溶剂油。它们一般很少使用。
火和毒物是主要阻碍他们被广泛使用的原因。
?高温蒸气：绿色溶剂能够被用来清除石油、动物油脂和蜡状物。溶剂将在容
器中被煮沸然后变得浓稠。这种高温蒸气过程很简单，被清洁的部分也是干燥的。
?酸、盐和有机化合物的混合物：这些物质在清洗被稠物或是油性沉积物和铁
锈覆盖的部分是很有效。
27.Design guidelines for cleaning.Cleaning discrete parts with complex shapes can be difficult. Some design guidelines are as follows:
·Avoid deep, blind holes.
·Make several smaller components instead of one large component, which may be difficult to clean.
·Provide appropriate drain holes in the parts to be cleaned.
The treatment and disposal of cleaning fluids, as well as of various fluids and waste materials from the processes described in this chapter, are among the most important considerations for environmentally safe manufacturing operations.
清洗液的设计指导原则。清洗液分离清洗那些复杂形状的部分会使困难的。一些设计指导原则如下：
·避免深层而且有视野盲区的坑。
·制作一些较小的零部件取代一块难以被清洗的大块部件。
·在将被清洗的部分提供适当的排水孔。
清洗液此外还有各种各样液体和本章描述的来自工序中浪费的材料的处理处置都是在制造业操作工程最重要考虑的因素。
28.SUMMARY
?Surface treatments are an important aspect of all manufacturing processes. They
are used to impart specific physical and mechanical properties, such as appearance ,and corrosion ,friction ,wear, and fatigue resistance. Several techniques are available for modifying surfaces.
?The processes used include mechanical working and surface treatments, such as
heat treatment,deposition, and plating and additional surface coatings, such as enamels, nonmetallic materials, and paints.
?Clean surfaces can be important in the further processing and use of the product
(e.g., coating, painting, or welding).Cleaning can have a significant economic
impact on manufacturing operations. Various mechanical and chemical cleaning methods may be utilized.
摘要
?表面处理在所有的制造业工序中是重要的方面。他们被用来赋予特别的物理
和机械物理性能，像外观和耐腐蚀性、耐摩擦性、耐磨损和抗疲劳性。一些技术在表面改性方面是有效的。
?被使用的工序包括机械加工和表面处理，像热处理、沉积作用、电镀以及表
面附加的如搪瓷、非金属材料和涂料等涂层。
?清洁表面在更进一步的处理和产品的使用（例如：涂层、喷涂或是焊接）中
很重要。表面清洁在制造业操作中有着深远的经济影响。各式各样的机械和化学清洗方法也将得到使用。
29.Mechanical Surface Treatment
?Several techniques are used to mechanically improve the surface properties of
manufactured components. The more common methods are described here.
?Shot peening Laser shot peening Water-jet peening Ultrasonic peening
?Roller burnishing Explosive hardening
机械表面处理
?一些技术被用来机械性的提高制造部件的表面特性。较为通常的一些方法描
述如下。
?喷丸硬化激光喷射硬化水力喷射硬化超声波硬化
?滚筒抛光爆炸硬化
30.Shot peening
?In shot peening, the workpiece surface is impacted repeatedly with a large
number of cast steel, glass, or ceramic shot (small balls), which make overlapping indentations on the surface. This action causes plastic surface deformation at depth up to 1.25mm using shot sizes that range from 0.125 to 5 mm in diameter. 喷丸硬化
?在喷丸硬化操作过程中，工件表面被大量的铸钢、玻璃或是陶瓷球丸（小球）
反复冲击在表面上造成重叠缺口。通过使用直径从0.125到5mm的不同钢球尺寸，这种操作会导致塑性表面深达1.25mm的变形。
31.Because the plastic deformation is not uniform throughout the part’s thickness, shot peening causes compressive residual stresses on the surface, thus improving the fatigue life of the component by delaying fatigue crack initiation.
因为这种塑性变形在贯穿深度方向上是不规整的，喷丸硬化导致表面产生残余压缩应力，所以要通过延缓疲劳开裂来提高部件的疲劳寿命。
?Unless the process parameters are controlled properly, the plastic deformation of
the surface can be so severe that it can damage the surface. The extent of deformation can be reduced by gravity peening, which involves larger shot sizes but with fewer impacts on the workpiece surface.
?如果不对过程参数进行合理控制，表面的塑性变形会十分严重以致损坏表
面。变形程度可以通过尺寸更大但对工件表面影响更小的球丸冲击来降低。
?Shot peening is used extensively on shafts, gears, springs, oil-well drilling
equipment, and jet-engine parts (such as turbine and compressor blades).
However, it should be noted that (if these parts are subjected to high temperatures) the residual stress will begin to relax (thermal relaxation) and their beneficial effects will be diminished greatly. An example is gas-turbine blades at their operating temperatures.
?喷丸硬化被广泛应用在轴具、齿轮、弹簧、油井钻头设备以及喷气发动机零
件（像涡轮机和压缩机叶片）。然而，应该注意到（如果这些部分承受高温的话）残余应力将会变得松弛（热弛豫），而且它们的有益的功用也将会被严重减弱。工作温度下的燃气涡轮叶片就是一个例子。
32.Case Hardening
?The heat-treatment processes described thus far involve microstructural
alterations and property changes in the bulk of the material or component by means of through hardening. It is not desirable to through harden parts because a hard part lacks the necessary toughness for these application; a small surface crack could propagate rapidly through such a part and cause total failure.
?热处理工艺迄今为止一直被描述为包括微结构变化和通过穿透淬火使得材
料或零件内部大部分性质的改变。零件的淬透是不可取的，因为对于这些应用来讲硬的部分缺乏必需的韧性；一小部分表面裂纹会穿透这个部分快速扩散导致整体完全失效。
?In many cases, however , alteration of only the surface properties of a part (hence,
the term case hardening) is desirable. This method is useful particularly for improving resistance to surface indentation, fatigue, and wear. Typical application for case hardening are gear teeth, cams，shafts, bearings, fasteners, pins, automotive clutch plates, tools ,and dies.
?一些案例中，不管怎样，表面一部分的变性（因此，这就是表面硬化）是可
取的。这个方法是有用的特别是在提高表面压痕阻力、抗疲劳性及耐磨损性。
表面硬化的经典应用有齿轮齿、凸轮、轴承座、紧固件、钉子、汽车离合器踏板、工具以及专用模具。
33.Several surface-hardening processes are available:
? A.Carburizing（gas, liquid, and pack carburizing) B.Carbonitriding C. Cyaniding ? D.Nitriding E.Boronzing F. Flame hardening
?G.Introduction hardening H. Laser hardening
一些常见的表面硬化工序：
? A.渗碳（气体、液体和固体渗碳） B.碳氮共渗 C. 氰化
? D.渗氮 E.镀青铜 F.火焰淬火G.感应淬火H.激光硬化
34.Ion implantation and diffusion coating 离子注入和扩散涂层
?In ion implantation, ions (charged atoms) are introduced into the surface of the
workpiece material. The ions are accelerated in a vacuum to such an extent that they penetrate the substrate to a depth of a few μm. Ion implantation (not to be confused with ion plating) modifies surface properties by increasing surface hardness and improving resistance to friction, wear, and corrosion. This process can be controlled accurately, and the surface can be masked to prevent ion implantation in unwanted location.
?在离子注入方面，离子（充满了原子）被注入工件材料的表面。离子在真空
中被加速到它们能够穿透基片达些许微米的程度。离子注入（不要同离子电镀混淆）通过表面硬度及耐摩擦、耐磨损及耐腐蚀性达到表面改性的目的。
这个过程可以被精确地控制，同时表面也可以被隐蔽起来以防止离子注入到不需要的位置。
?Ion implantation is effective particularly on materials such as aluminum, titanium,
stainless steels, tool and die steels, carbides, and chromium coating. This process typically is used on cutting and forming tools, dies and molds, and metal prostheses, such as artificial hips and knees. When used in some specific applications, such as semiconductors, this process is called doping-meaning alloying with small amounts of various elements.
?离子注入法特别在譬如铝、钛、不锈钢、工具和专用模具钢、硬质合金和铬
镀层这些材料商是很有效的。这个工序经常性地被用在工具、专用模具和模子的切割和成型以及像人造臀股和膝盖的金属假肢上。当被用在像半导体一些特别的应用上时，这个工序被称为半导体掺杂——意即用少量的各种各样元素炼制合金。
?Diffusion coating. This is a process in which an alloying element is diffused into
the surface of the substrate (usually steels), altering its surface properties. The alloying elements can be supplied in solid, liquid, or gaseous states . This process has acquired different names (depending on the diffused element), as was seen in Table 4.1, which included diffusion processes such as carburizing, nitriding, and boronizing.
?扩散法涂层。这是一种掺杂元素被扩散到基体（通常是钢）表面能时改变了
表面特性的工艺。这些掺杂元素能在固态、液态或是气态得到补充。这个工艺拥有了一些不同的命名（取决于扩散元素），正如上面包含了像渗碳、渗氮和渗硼的扩散过程的表格4.1所列。
表面工程学试题2带答案 《表面工程学》期末考试试卷适用班级：( 卷) 考试时间：小时 三、判断题 1．喷涂材料在热源中被加热过程和颗粒与基材表面结合过程是热喷涂制备涂层的关键环节 2．等离子喷涂中，等离子气体流量直接影响焰流的温度，所以应选择高工作电压和高的工作电流。 一、填空题 1. 当θ90°时，称为；当θ =180时，称为完全不润湿。 2. 热喷涂技术可应用于喷涂耐腐蚀涂层、涂层和耐涂层。 3. 金属的电沉积包括液相传质、和电结晶步骤。 4. 表面清理中常用的清理工艺过程为：脱脂→水洗→→水洗→→水洗。 5. 金属腐蚀的基本原理是形成，其中极腐蚀。 6. 真空蒸镀薄膜的形成机理有核生长型、型和混合生长型。二、选择题 1．化学镀的关键是____B___的选择和使用，从本质上讲，化学镀是一个无外加电场的___过程。 A 氧化剂氧化－还原 B 还原剂电化学 C 氧化剂氧化 D 还原剂还原 2．下面说法正确的是__A___
A 电刷镀需要直流电，并在一定电压下才能工作 B 电刷镀被消耗的那个电极要不断补充，电刷镀才能继续进行 C 刷镀工艺中的电净过程和活化过程都不需要接电源 D 一般活化液呈碱性，电净液呈酸性 3．哪一个不是激光表面合金化的主要优点___D__ A 可控制加热深度 B 能局部合金化 C 快速处理中能有效利用能量 D 比用其他方法得到的镀层更耐腐蚀 4．热浸镀中助镀剂的主要作用是__A___ A 防止钢铁腐蚀，降低熔融金属的表面张力 B 除去金属表面的氧化物和锈 C 除去金属表面的油污和杂质 D 钝化金属 5．大气腐蚀的速度的受到多种因素的影响，但主要的影响因素不包括：_D__ A 大气的成分 B 大气的湿度 C 大气的温度 D 大气的流动速度 第 1 页共 4页 3．在正式电刷镀前要对基体表面进行预处理，主要有用电净液电解刻蚀和活化液除油。 4.真空蒸镀时要把材料加热熔化使其蒸发或升华，有些合金或化合物会因此分解产生新的物质，所以真空蒸镀属于化学气相沉积。5. 保护大气还原法热浸镀不需要对工件进行碱洗、酸洗和水洗。四、名词解释 1．吸附作用：物体表面上的原子或分子力场不饱和，有吸引周围其它物质(主要是气体、液体)分子
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
Study on Project Cost Control of Construction Enterprises By: R. Max Wideman Abstract With the increasing maturity of construction market, the competition between construction enterprises is becoming fierce. The project profit is gradually decreasing. It demands that all construction enterprises enhance their cost control, lower costs, improve management efficiency and gain maximal profits. This paper analyses the existing problems on project cost control of Chinese construction enterprises, and proposes some suggestions to improve project cost control system. Key Words ：Construction enterprises, Project management, Cost control After joining the WTO, with Chinese construction market becoming integrated, the competition among architectural enterprises is turning more intense. Construction enterprises must continually enhance the overall competitiveness if they want to develop further at home and abroad construction market. Construction Enterprises basically adopt the "project management-centered" model, therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen project cost control. 1.The Current Domestic Project Cost Classification and Control Methods Cost refers to the consumption from producing and selling of certain products, with the performance of various monetary standing for materialized labor and labor-consuming. Direct and indirect costs constitute the total cost, also known as production cost or manufacturing cost. Enterprise product cost is the comprehensive indicator to measure enterprise quality of all aspects. It is not only the fund compensation scale, but also the basis to examine the implementation of cost plan. Besides, it can provide reference for product pricing According to the above-mentioned definition and current domestic cost classification, construction project cost can be divided into direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs include material cost, personnel cost, construction machinery cost, material transportation cost, temporarily facility cost, engineering cost and other direct cost. Indirect costs mainly result from project management and company's cost-sharing, covering project operating costs (covering the commission of foreign projects), project's management costs (including exchange losses of
《表面工程学》期末考试试卷（B） 适用班级： ( 卷) 考试时间： 1.5小时 一、填空题（每题2分共20分） 1.当θ<90°时，称为润湿；当（θ=0°）时，称为完全润湿；当θ>90°时，称为（不润湿）；当θ =180时，称为完全不润湿。 2.热喷涂技术可应用于喷涂耐腐蚀涂层、（耐磨）涂层和耐（热障）涂层。 3.金属的电沉积包括液相传质、（电化学还原）和电结晶步骤。 4.表面清理中常用的清理工艺过程为：脱脂→水洗→（化学浸蚀）→水洗→（中和）→水洗。 5.金属腐蚀的基本原理是形成（原电池），其中（阳）极腐蚀。 6.真空蒸镀薄膜的形成机理有核生长型、（单层生长）型和混合生长型。 二、选择题（每题2分共10分） 1．化学镀的关键是____B___的选择和使用，从本质上讲，化学镀是一个无外加电场的___过程。 A 氧化剂氧化－还原 B 还原剂电化学 C 氧化剂氧化 D 还原剂还原 2．下面说法正确的是__A___ A 电刷镀需要直流电，并在一定电压下才能工作 B 电刷镀被消耗的那个电极要不断补充，电刷镀才能继续进行 C 刷镀工艺中的电净过程和活化过程都不需要接电源 D 一般活化液呈碱性，电净液呈酸性 3．哪一个不是激光表面合金化的主要优点___D__ A 可控制加热深度 B 能局部合金化 C 快速处理中能有效利用能量 D 比用其他方法得到的镀层更耐腐蚀 4．热浸镀中助镀剂的主要作用是__A___ A 防止钢铁腐蚀，降低熔融金属的表面张力 B 除去金属表面的氧化物和锈 C 除去金属表面的油污和杂质 D 钝化金属 5．大气腐蚀的速度的受到多种因素的影响，但主要的影响因素不包括：_D__ A 大气的成分 B 大气的湿度 C 大气的温度 D 大气的流动速度 三、判断题（每题2分共10分） 1．喷涂材料在热源中被加热过程和颗粒与基材表面结合过程是热喷涂制备涂层的关键环节（√）2．等离子喷涂中，等离子气体流量直接影响焰流的温度，所以应选择高工作电压和高的工作电流。 （×）3．在正式电刷镀前要对基体表面进行预处理，主要有用电净液电解刻蚀和活化液除油。（×）4.真空蒸镀时要把材料加热熔化使其蒸发或升华，有些合金或化合物会因此分解产生新的物质，所以真空蒸镀属于化学气相沉积。（×） 5. 保护大气还原法热浸镀不需要对工件进行碱洗、酸洗和水洗。（√） 四、名词解释（每题5分共25分） 1．吸附作用：物体表面上的原子或分子力场不饱和，有吸引周围其它物质(主要是气体、液体)分子的能力。 2．极化：腐蚀电池工作时，阴、阳极之间有电流通过，使阴、阳极之间的电位差(实际电极电位)比初始电位差要小得多的现象。 3．热扩渗：将工件放在特殊介质中加热，使介质中某一种或几种元素渗入工件表面，形成合金层(或掺杂层)的工艺。(化学热处理技术) 4. 电镀：在含有欲镀金属的盐类溶液中，在直流电的作用下，以被镀基体金属为阴极，以欲镀金属或其它惰性导体为阳极，通过电解作用，在基体表面上获得结合牢固的金属膜的表面工程技术。 5.溅射镀膜：用高能粒子轰击固体表面，通过能量传递，使固体的原子或分子逸出表面并沉积在基片或工件表面形成薄膜的方法。 五、简答题（每题7分，共35分） 1、表面工程技术的特点与意义； 答：表面工程技术具有一般整体材料加工技术不具备的优点。 1）主要作用在基材表面，对远离表面的基材内部组织与性能影响不大。因此，可以制备表面性能与基材性能相差很大的复合材料。 2）采用表面涂(镀)、表面合金化技术取代整体合金化，使普通、廉价的材料表面具有特殊的性能，不仅可以节约大量贵重金属，而且可以大幅度提高零部件的耐磨性和耐蚀性，提高劳动生产率，降低生产成本。 3）可以兼有装饰和防护功能，有力推动了产品的更新换代。 4）表面薄膜技术和表面微细加工技术具有微细加工功能，是制作大规模集成电路、光导纤维和集成光路、太阳能薄膜电池等元器件的基础技术。 5）二维的表面处理技术已发展成为三维零件制造技术（生长型制造法），不仅大幅度降低了零部件的制造成本，亦使设计与生产速度成倍提高。 第 1 页共4页第2 页共 4 页
毕业设计英文资料翻译 Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n 课题名称_____________________________________ 院< 系）_____________________________________ 专业 _____________________________________ 姓名 _____________________________________ 学号 _____________________________________ 起讫日期 _____________________________________ 指导教师 _____________________________________ 2018 年2月25日 原文: Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the con
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
第一章绪论 1．表面工程技术：为满足特定的工程需求，使材料或零部件表面具有特殊的成分、结构和性能的化学、物理方法与工艺。 2．表面工程技术内涵： （1）表面改性技术。能够提高零部件表面的耐磨性、耐蚀性、抗高温氧化性能，或使材料表面具有特殊功能（磁性能、光电性能）的有关技术。 （2）表面加工技术。能在单晶硅表面制作大规模集成电路的光刻技术、离子刻蚀技术。 （3）表面合成技术。借助各种手段在材料表面合成新材料的技术，离子注入制备或合成新材料。 （4）表面加工三维合成技术将二维表面加工累积成三维零件的快速原型制造技术。 （5）上述几个要点的组合或综合 3．表面工程技术的分类： （1）表面改性技术：表面组织转换技术、表面涂镀技术、表面合金化和掺杂技术（2）表面微细加工技术 （3）表面加工三维成型技术——快速原型制造 ⑷表面合成新材料技术 4.表面工程技术功能： ①提高耐腐蚀、耐磨性、耐疲劳、耐辐射性能，表面自润滑性； ②实现表面自修复性（自适应、自补偿、自愈合），生物相容性。 第二章表面工程技术的物理化学基础 1.理想表面：无限晶体中插进一个平面，将其分成两部分后所形成的表面，并认为半 无限晶体中的原子位置和电子密度都和原来的无限晶体一样。 2.洁净表面：尽管材料表层原子结构的周期性不同于体内，但如果其化学成分仍与体 内相同，这种表面就成为洁净表面。 3.清洁表面：指零件经过清洗（脱脂、浸蚀等）以后的表面，与洁净表面必须用特殊 的方法才能得到不同。 4.典型固体界面分类： （1）基于固相晶粒尺寸和微观结构差异形成的界面 （2）基于固相组织或晶体结构差异形成的界面 （3）基于固相宏观差异形成的界面：冶金结合界面、扩散结合界面、外延生长界面、化学键结合界面、分子键结合界面、机械结合界面 5.物理吸附和化学吸附的区别：P12 表2-1 6.摩擦分类（实际工作条件差别） 干摩擦，边界润滑摩擦、流体润滑摩擦、滚动摩擦 7.固体润滑覆膜分类： （1）粘结固体润滑膜 （2）化学反应法固体润滑膜
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have
学号： 10447425 X X 大学 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 （2014届） 外文题目 Developments in excavation bracing systems 译文题目开挖工程支撑体系的发展 外文出处 Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 31 (2012) 107–116 学生 XXX 学院 XXXX 专业班级 XXXXX 校内指导教师 XXX 专业技术职务 XXXXX 校外指导老师专业技术职务 二○一三年十二月
开挖工程支撑体系的发展 1.引言 几乎所有土木工程建设项目（如建筑物，道路，隧道，桥梁，污水处理厂，管道，下水道）都涉及泥土挖掘的一些工程量。往往由于由相邻的结构，特性线，或使用权空间的限制，必须要一个土地固定系统，以允许土壤被挖掘到所需的深度。历史上，许多挖掘支撑系统已经开发出来。其中，现在比较常见的几种方法是：板桩，钻孔桩墙，泥浆墙。 土地固定系统的选择是由技术性能要求和施工可行性（例如手段，方法）决定的，包括执行的可靠性，而成本考虑了这些之后，其他问题也得到解决。通常环境后果（用于处理废泥浆和钻井液如监管要求）也非常被关注（邱阳、1998）。 土地固定系统通常是建设项目的较大的一个组成部分。如果不能按时完成项目，将极大地影响总成本。通常首先建造支撑，在许多情况下，临时支撑系统是用于支持在挖掘以允许进行不断施工，直到永久系统被构造。临时系统可以被去除或留在原处。 打桩时，因撞击或振动它们可能会被赶入到位。在一般情况下，振动是最昂贵的方法，但只适合于松散颗粒材料，土壤中具有较高电阻（例如，通过鹅卵石）的不能使用。采用打入桩系统通常是中间的成本和适合于软沉积物（包括粘性和非粘性），只要该矿床是免费的鹅卵石或更大的岩石。 通常，垂直元素（例如桩）的前安装挖掘工程和水平元件（如内部支撑或绑回）被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，从而限制了跨距长度，以便减少在垂直开发弯矩元素。在填充情况下，桩可先设置，从在斜坡的底部其嵌入悬挑起来，安装作为填充进步水平元素（如搭背或土钉）。如果滞后是用来保持垂直元素之间的土壤中，它被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，或之前以填补位置。 吉尔- 马丁等人（2010）提供了一个数值计算程序，以获取圆形桩承受轴向载荷和统一标志（如悬臂桩）的单轴弯矩的最佳纵筋。他们开发的两种优化流程：用一个或两个直径为纵向钢筋。优化增强模式允许大量减少的设计要求钢筋的用量，这些减少纵向钢筋可达到50％相对传统的，均匀分布的加固方案。 加固桩集中纵向钢筋最佳的位置在受拉区。除了节约钢筋，所述非对称加强钢筋图案提高抗弯刚度，通过增加转动惯量的转化部分的时刻。这种增加的刚性可能会在一段时间内增加的变形与蠕变相关的费用。评估相对于传统的非对称加强桩的优点，对称，钢筋桩被服务的条件下全面测试来完成的，这种试验是为了验证结构的可行性和取得的变形的原位测量。 基于现场试验中，用于优化的加强图案的优点浇铸钻出孔（CIDH）在巴塞罗那的几个非对称加强桩的施工过程中观察到混凝土桩沿与测得的变形的结果在常规和描述优化桩。实验证据表明，非对称地增强桩变形比观察到在常规增强那些小。两桩类型（对称和非对称）具有相同的直径，并设计为抵抗基于极限强度设计相同的弯曲力矩;离散杆的尺寸和使用的条全数字的，导致类似的名义抗弯强度。
材料表面工程技术练习题（答案） 一、解释名词 1.喷丸强化技术:利用高速喷射的细小弹丸在室温下撞击受喷工件的表面，使表层材料在再结晶温度下产生弹、塑性变形，并呈现较大的残余压应力，从而提高工件表面强度、疲劳强度和抗压力腐蚀能力的表面工程技术。 2.干法热浸渗:先将经常规方法脱脂除锈清洗后的清洁工件或钢材进行溶剂处理，干燥后再将工件浸入欲渗金属溶液中，保温数分钟后抽出，水冷。 3.粘结底层:某些材料能够在很宽的条件下喷涂并粘结在清洁、光滑的表面上，而且这类涂层表面粗糙度适中，对随后喷涂的其它涂层有良好的粘结作用。 4.溅射镀膜:用高能粒子轰击固体表面，通过能量传递，使固体的原子或分子逸出表面并沉积在基片或工件表面形成薄膜的方法。(在真空室中，利用荷能粒子轰击材料表面，使其原子获得足够的能量而溅出进入气相，然后在工件表面沉积的过程。) 5.分子束外延:在超高真空环境中，将薄膜诸组分元素的分子束流，直接喷到温度适宜的衬底表面上，在合适的条件下就能沉积出所需要的外延层。 6.激光合金化技术:激光合金化就是利用激光束将一种或多种合金元素快速熔入基体表面，从而使基体表层具有特定的合金成分的技术。换言之，它是一种利用激光改变金属或合金表面化学成分的技术。 7.物理气相沉积:在真空条件下，利用各种物理方法，将镀料气化成原子、分子或使其粒子化为离子，直接沉积到基体表面上的方法。 8.真空蒸镀:在真空条件下，用加热蒸发的方法使镀料转化为气相，然后凝聚在基体表面的方法。
9.热喷涂工艺:热喷涂是用专用设备把某种固体材料熔化并使其雾化,加速喷射到机件表面,形成一特制薄层,以提高机件耐蚀、耐磨、耐高温等性能的一种工艺方法。 10.气相沉积:气相沉积技术也是一种在基体上形成一层功能膜的技术，它是利用气相之间的反应，在各种材料或制品表面沉积单层或多层薄膜，从而使材料或制品获得所需的各种优异性能。 气相沉积技术一般可分为两大类:物理气相沉积(pvd)和化学气相沉积(cvd)。 11.合金电镀:在一个镀槽中，同时沉积含有两种或两种以上金属元素镀层称为合金电镀。 12.腐蚀:材料与环境介质作用而引起的恶化变质或破坏。 13.电镀:在含有欲镀金属的盐类溶液中，在直流电的作用下，以被镀基体金属为阴极，以欲镀金属或其它惰性导体为阳极，通过电解作用，在基体表面上获得结合牢固的金属膜的表面工程技术。 14.堆焊:在零件表面熔敷上一层耐磨、耐蚀、耐热等具有特殊性能合金层的技术。 15.离子镀膜:真空蒸发镀膜:在真空室内，加热蒸发容器中待形成薄膜的原材料，使其原子或分子从表面气化逸出，形成蒸气流，入射到固体(基片/基板/衬底、工件)表面，凝结形成固态薄膜的方法。 16.化学转化膜:通过化学或电化学方法，使金属表面形成稳定的化合物膜层而不改变其金属外观(形状及几何尺寸)的一类技术。 17.表面工程技术:为满足特定的工程需求，使材料或零部件表面具有特殊的成分、结构和性能(或功能)的化学、物理方法与工艺。 18.表面能:严格意义上指材料表面的内能，包括原子的动能、原子间的势能以及原子中原子核和电子的动能和势能等。
名词解释： 1、表面工程学：为满足特定的工程要求，使材料或零部件表面具有特殊的成分、结构和性能的化学、物理方法与工艺。 2、理想表面:是一种想象的平面，在无限晶体中插进一个平面，将其分为两部分后所形成的平面，并认为半无限晶体中的原子位置和电子密度都和原来的无线晶体一样。 3、洁净表面：虽然材料表层原子结构的周期性不同于体内，但其化学成分仍与体内相同。 4、清洁表面：一般指零件经过清洗（脱脂、浸蚀等）以后的表面。 5、TLK模型：基本思想是在温度相当于0K时，表面原子结构呈静态。表面原子层可以认为是理想的平面，其中的原子作完整二维周期性排列，且不存在缺陷和杂质。当温度从0K升到T时，由于原子的热运动，晶体表面将产生低晶面指数的平台、一定密度的单分子或原子高度的台阶、单分子或原子尺度的扭折以及表面吸附的单原子及表面空位等。 6、固体表面的吸附包括物理吸附和化学吸附。吸附是固体表面最重要的性质之一。 7、莱宾杰尔效应：因环境介质的影响及表面自由能减少导致固体强度、塑性降低的现象。 8、润湿：液体在固体表面铺展的现象。 9、脱脂的方法：化学脱脂、有机溶剂脱脂、水剂脱脂、电化学脱脂。 10、表面淬火技术：采用特定的热源将钢铁材料表面快速加热到AC3（对亚共析钢）或者AC1（对过共析钢）之上，然后使其快速冷却并发生马氏体变化，形成表面强化层的工艺过程。 11、受控喷丸：是利用高速喷射的细小弹丸在室温下撞击受喷工件的表面，使表层材料在再结晶温度下产生弹、塑性变形，并呈现较大的残余压应力，从而提高工件表面强度、疲劳强度和抗应力腐蚀能力的表面工程技术。 12、热扩渗：将工件放在特殊介质中加热，使介质中某一种或几种元素渗入工件表面，形成合金层（或掺杂层）的工艺。 13、电镀：是指在含有欲镀金属的盐类溶液中，在直流电的作用下，以被镀基体金属为阴极，以欲镀金属或其他惰性导体为阳极，通过电解作用，在基体表面上获得结合牢固的金属膜的表面工程技术。 14、化学镀：在无外加电流的状态下，借助合适的还原剂，使镀液中的金属离子还原成金属，并沉积到零件表面的一种镀覆方法。 15、钝化：金属由于介质的作用生成的腐蚀产物如果具有致密的结构，形成了一层薄膜（往往是看不见的），紧密覆盖在金属的表面，则改变了金属的表面状态，使金属的电极电位大大向正方向跃变，而成为耐蚀的钝态。 16、磷化：金属表面与锰、锌等磷酸盐溶液发生化学反应，在其表面形成一层难容磷化膜的工艺。 17、发蓝处理：钢铁的化学氧化。 18、涂料主要是由成膜物质、颜料、溶剂、助剂四部分构成。 19、热喷涂：采用各种热源使涂层材料加热熔化或半熔化，然后用高速气体使涂层材料分散细化并高速撞击到基体表面形成涂层的工艺过程。 20、热喷焊：采用热源使涂层材料在基体表面重新熔化或部分熔化，实现涂层与基体之间、涂层内颗粒之间的冶金结合，消除空隙的技术。 简答题; 1、转化膜区别于电镀层、化学镀层或有机镀层的是什么？ 基体金属发生溶解、参与反应；形成的是难溶的化合物膜层；不改变金属外观。 2、电镀和化学镀的区别。 原理上区别就是电镀需要外加的电源和阳极，而化学镀是依靠在金属表面所发生的自催
1，摩擦磨损与腐蚀 摩擦：相互接触的物体相对运动时产生的阻力，称为摩擦。 按实际工作的条件的差别，可以将摩擦分为四类，即干摩擦，边界润滑摩擦，流体润滑摩擦和滚动摩擦。 磨损：指相对运动的物质摩擦过程中不断产生损失或残余变形的现象。 按照磨损机理的不同，可将磨损分为粘着磨损，磨粒磨损，疲劳磨损，腐蚀磨损，微动磨损，冲蚀磨损和高温磨损。最基本的是粘着磨损，磨粒磨损，疲劳磨损和腐蚀磨损。 腐蚀：就是材料与环境介质作用而硬气的恶化变质或破坏。 按照材料腐蚀原理的不同，可分为化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀。化学腐蚀是金属在干燥的气体介质中或不导电的液体介质中发生的腐蚀，腐蚀过程无电流产生。电化学腐蚀是指金属在导电的液态介质中因电化学作用导致的腐蚀，在腐蚀过程中有电流产生。 金属腐蚀的主要形式有三种，即局部腐蚀，全面腐蚀和机械力作用下的腐蚀。 局部腐蚀主要分为：点蚀，缝隙腐蚀，晶间腐蚀，电偶腐蚀。 2，热扩渗 形成热扩渗的基本条件有三个：1，渗入元素必须能够与基体金属形成固溶体或金属件化合物。2，欲渗元素与基材之间必须有直接接触。3，被渗元素在基体金属中要有一定的渗入速度。 渗层形成机理：1，产生渗剂元素的活性原子并提供给基体金属表面。2，渗剂元素的活性原子吸附在基体金属表面上随后被基体金属所吸收，形成最初的表面固溶体或金属间化合物，建立热扩渗所必须的浓度梯度。3，渗剂元素原子向基体金属内部扩散，基体金属原子也同时向渗层中扩散，使扩散层增厚，即扩散层成长过程，简称扩散过程。 3，热喷涂 热喷涂是采用各种热源使涂层材料加热熔化或半熔化，然后用高速气体使涂层材料分散细化并高速撞击到基体表面形成涂层的工艺过程。 涂层形成的大致过程是：涂层材料经加热熔化和加速撞击基体冷却凝固形成涂层 涂层材料的喷涂速度主要由焰流速度决定，同时也与材料的粒径有关。调整喷嘴与工件的距离到最佳位置非常重要。 热喷涂工艺流程包括基体表面预处理，热喷涂，后处理，精加工等过程。 涂层的结合质量直接与基体表面的清洁度和粗糙度有关。 粗化表面可使涂层与基体之间，涂层颗粒之间的结合得到强化，原因是：1，提供表面压应力；2，提供涂层颗粒互锁的结构；3，增大结合面积；4，净化表面。 火焰喷涂是对线材火焰喷涂和粉末火焰喷涂的统称。 喷焊的基本特点：1，热喷焊层组织致密，冶金缺陷很少，与基材结合强度高。2，热喷焊材料必须与基材相匹配，喷焊材料和基材范围比热喷涂窄的多3，热喷焊工艺中基材的变形比热喷涂大的多4，热喷焊层的成分与喷焊材料的原始成分会有一定差别。 基材的熔点应高于喷焊材料的熔点，否则容易导致基材塌陷或者工件损坏。 热喷涂属机械结合，喷焊属冶金结合。 喷焊工艺过程主要按焊前预处理，喷焊以及后处理三步进行。