下载文档原格式
中科院自动化所的中英文新闻语料库【引言】随着互联网的迅猛发展和全球化的加速，语言数据在各领域的应用越来越广泛。
作为我国顶级科研机构，中科院自动化所敏锐地捕捉到这一趋势，积极构建中英文新闻语料库，以满足各行业对高质量语言数据的需求。
本文将详细介绍中科院自动化所中英文新闻语料库的特点、应用领域以及在我国的现实意义与价值。
【中英文新闻语料库的特点与优势】1.数据来源与采集方式：中英文新闻语料库主要来源于国内外知名新闻网站、报纸、杂志等，采用自动化爬虫技术与人工筛选相结合的方式进行数据采集。
这保证了数据的权威性和准确性。
2.数据规模与类别：截至目前，中英文新闻语料库已收录千万级规模的新闻文本，涵盖政治、经济、科技、文化等多个领域。
丰富的数据类别为各类研究提供了广泛的素材。
3.实时更新与多样性：为保持数据的时效性，中英文新闻语料库采用实时更新的策略，确保研究人员可以获取最新的新闻文本。
同时，通过多种采集渠道，丰富了数据来源，提高了数据的多样性。
【中英文新闻语料库的应用领域】1.自然语言处理研究：中英文新闻语料库为自然语言处理领域的研究提供了丰富的数据支持。
研究人员可以利用这些数据开展文本分类、情感分析、实体识别等任务，推动我国自然语言处理技术的发展。
2.媒体监测与舆情分析：通过对中英文新闻语料库的分析，企业、政府等相关机构可以实时掌握舆论动态，发现并处置负面舆情，提高品牌形象。
3.智能推荐与信息检索：中英文新闻语料库可以为搜索引擎和推荐系统提供内容支持，实现精准的信息检索与推荐，提高用户体验。
【中英文新闻语料库在我国的现实意义与价值】1.促进我国媒体发展：中英文新闻语料库为媒体行业提供了丰富的素材，有助于提高新闻报道的质量和深度。
2.提高语言智能技术水平：借助中英文新闻语料库，我国科研机构可以开展更多关于自然语言处理技术的研究，推动我国在该领域的竞争力。
3.服务国家战略需求：在中英文新闻语料库的基础上，相关研究成果可应用于国防、外交、经济等国家战略领域，为国家决策提供有力支持。
第 30 卷第 1 期2024 年 2 月Vol. 30 No.1February 2024基于无监督机器学习的抽取式文本摘要与翻译技术研究*颜婷婷，戎慧敏（皖江工学院 机械工程学院，安徽 马鞍山 243000）摘 要：翻译是促进不同语言和文化之间交流和合作的重要手段，文本摘要作为一种有效的信息提取方法，可以帮助翻译者快速准确地把握原文的核心内容和语义信息。
基于此，研究引入了无监督机器学习TextRank 算法应用于文本摘要抽取中，同时结合了双向编码器表示、基于相似度关系的多特征融合计算机制以及改进的最大边界相关算法加以改进。
结果显示，当抽取3条摘要时，改进TextRank 算法的各项Rouge 值分别高达48.01%、31.54%、37.86%。
同时，改进TextRank 算法在Daily⁃Mail 数据集上双语评估研究指标高达69.81%。
说明研究所提的改进TextRank 算法在文本摘要抽取和翻译方面具有显著的性能优势,为现代翻译领域提供了一种有效的文本摘要抽取和翻译方法。
关键词：无监督机器学习；抽取式文本摘要；翻译技术；TextRank 算法中图分类号： TP391.1 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1673-8462（2024）01-0099-060 引言随着全球信息化的快速发展，翻译行业正面临着巨大的挑战。
翻译者需要在海量的文本数据中快速、准确地获取并传达原文的信息和核心内容。
［1-2］然而，传统的翻译方法往往需要大量的人工参与，效率低下且容易出错。
基于无监督机器学习的抽取式文本摘要技术为解决这一问题提供了新的思路。
［3］因此，研究引入了TextRank 算法，同时结合双向编码器表示（Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers ，BERT ）、基于相似度关系的多特征融合计算机制以及改进的最大边界相关算法（Maximal Marginal Relevance ，MMR ）加以改进，以期提升文本摘要的抽取性能及文本的翻译质量。
基于ITD的高压直流输电线路行波故障测距法付华;程诚;曹庆春【摘要】针对行波测距时波头到达母线时间精度提取困难的问题,提出了应用固有时间尺度分解(ITD)原理提取行波时频信息,通过ITD自适应地将故障行波信号分解得到原始信号完整的时频分布,可以准确得到行波波头到达母线的时刻.针对行波速度难以准确确定的问题,利用A型测距法与D型测距法相结合,提出了一种不受行波波速影响的测距法,以克服预设波速与实际波速存在的误差,提高测量精度.仿真实验表明:方法有效,误差精度较D型测距法好,在一定程度上提高了故障测距精度.%Aimed at problem of difficulty in extracting precision of arrival time from wave arrival at bus bar in travelling wave ranging,the intrinsic time-scale decomposition(ITD)principle is proposed to extract the time-frequency information of the travelling wave. The complete time-frequency distribution of the original signal is obtained by utilizing ITD to decompose the fault traveling wave signal adaptively,so that the accurate time for wave arrival at the bus bar can be obtained.Aiming at the problem that the traveling wave velocity is difficult to be accurately determined,a distance measuring method which is not affected by traveling wave velocity is proposed by using the A-type and the D-type distance measuring methods,so as to overcome the error between the presetted wave speed and the actual wave speed to improve the measurement precision. Simulation results show that the combination of these two algorithms is effective,and the error pre-cision is better than D-type method.To some extent,it can improve precision of fault location.【期刊名称】《传感器与微系统》【年(卷),期】2018(037)003【总页数】4页(P68-71)【关键词】故障测距;固有时间尺度分解;行波;波速【作者】付华;程诚;曹庆春【作者单位】辽宁工程技术大学电气与控制工程学院,辽宁葫芦岛125105;辽宁工程技术大学电气与控制工程学院,辽宁葫芦岛125105;辽宁工程技术大学电气与控制工程学院,辽宁葫芦岛125105【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP721.10 引言高压直流输电线路较长、沿途地理环境情况复杂，输电线路故障率较高，故障发生时不易巡线发现和排除[1～3],因此，准确的直流输电线路故障定位对减少因输电线路故障引起的经济损失及耗费的人力物力具有重大意义。
摘要随着互联网的飞快发展，海量的新闻信息充斥着人们的各个方面，人们因此受到了信息过载的困扰，如何将大量而又冗长的新闻信息简明扼要地呈现成为迫切待解决的问题之一。
自动文摘技术是解决上述问题的一种核心手段，它能够帮助人们概括新闻文本冗长的内容，并能够快速并准确地获取重要信息，从而提升人们阅读新闻的速度，有效地减少了浏览信息的精力。
本文对新闻单文档和多文档自动摘要技术进行了深入研究，主要包含以下工作：（1）针对中文新闻单文档自动文摘任务，本文对文本词语的表示进行了优化。
在数据处理的过程中，对Word Embedding融合了额外的特征，分别加入了词语的词性和TF-IDF值，使每个词语的向量表示中具有了多个维度。
该方法可充分利用文本的语言特征信息，以提升生成新闻摘要的连贯性。
（2）提出基于注意力机制和改进的Sequence-to-Sequence的模型来进行中文新闻单文档自动文摘任务。
其中，Encoder采用双向长短时记忆网络和Decoder 采用长短时记忆网络改进的模型结构，同时加入Decoder/Pointer机制来解决出现未登录词的问题。
经实验表明，本文实验模型在News2016zh数据集上表现得优于其他几组对比实验模型，能够解决传统循环神经网络导致的梯度爆炸和梯度消失的问题。
同时，Decoder/Pointer机制能够很好地缓解摘要生成过程中出现未登录词的问题，提升了摘要的可读性。
（3）针对中文新闻多文档自动文摘任务，提出基于语义聚类和局部主题匹配的多文档自动文摘方法。
该方法利用具有语义环境的词向量通过K-Means聚类新闻文档并从局部主题中提取具有最大信息熵的句子，从而实现新闻多文档摘要的抽取。
通过与提取每个新闻文档首句方法Baseline和LDA主题模型下做的多文档摘要对比，证明该方法的有效性。
关键词：自动文摘；新闻摘要；Sequence-to-Sequence模型；语言特征；聚类AbstractWith the rapid development of the Internet, a huge amount of news information is full of all aspects of people, so people suffer from information overload, how to present a large number of lengthy news information concisely has become one of the urgent problems to be solved. Automatic summarization technology is one of the core means to solve the above problems. It can help people summarize the long content of news texts and obtain important information quickly and accurately, so as to improve the speed of reading news and effectively reduce the energy of browsing information. This paper makes an in-depth study of single document and multi-document automatic summary technology, mainly including the following work:(1) Aiming at the task of automatic summarization of Chinese news single document, this paper optimized the expression of text words. In the process of data processing, additional features were integrated into Word Embedding. Part of speech and TF-IDF values of words were added, so that multiple dimensions were embedded in the vector representation of each Word. This method can make full use of the language feature information of the text to improve the coherence of generating news summary.(2) An improved sequence-to-sequence model based on the attention mechanism was proposed to perform the task of automatic summarization of Chinese news single document. Among them, Bi-LSTM is adopted in Encoder and LSTM improved model structure in Decoder, and Decoder/Pointer mechanism is added to solve the problem of unregistered words. The experimental results show that the experimental model presented in this paper is superior to other groups of comparative experimental models on the News2016zh data set, and can solve the problems of gradient explosion and gradient disappearance caused by traditional cyclic neural network. At the same time, Decoder/Pointer mechanism can alleviate the problem of unrecorded words in the process of abstract generation and improve the readability of the abstract.(3) Aiming at the task of multi-document automatic summarization of Chinese news, this paper proposes a multi-document automatic summarization method based on semantic clustering and local topic matching. This method uses word vectors with semantic environment to cluster news documents through k-means and extract sentences with maximum information entropy from local topics, thus realizing the extraction of news multi-document summaries. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by comparing it with the Baseline method for extracting the first sentence of each news document and the multi-document summary done under the LDA topic model.Keywords:automatic summarization; news summaries; Sequence-to-Sequence Model; Linguistic features; clustering目录摘要 (I)Abstract ..................................................................................................................... I I 目录 (IV)1 绪论 (1)1.1 研究背景及意义 (1)1.2 国内外研究现状 (3)1.2.1 基于抽取式方法 (3)1.2.2 基于生成式方法 (5)1.3 研究内容与方法 (6)1.3.1 主要创新点 (6)1.3.2 论文主要内容和结构 (6)2 自动文摘领域相关技术 (8)2.1 机器学习相关技术 (8)2.1.1 隐马尔可夫模型 (8)2.1.2 TF-IDF算法 (9)2.1.3 LDA主题模型 (10)2.2 深度学习相关技术 (12)2.2.1 循环神经网络 (13)2.2.2 双向长短时记忆网络 (14)2.2.3 Sequence-to-Sequence模型 (16)2.2.4 注意力机制 (17)2.3 本章小结 (19)3 针对中文文本数据集处理 (20)3.1 文本预处理 (20)3.1.1 数据清洗 (21)3.1.2 文本分词 (21)3.1.3 去除停止词 (22)3.2 基于Word2Vec的词嵌入 (23)3.3 基于Scrapy爬虫框架的验证集获取 (25)3.4 本章小结 (27)4 基于改进的Encoder-Decoder模型新闻单文档自动文摘方法 (28)4.1 模型的整体流程 (28)4.1.1 数据获取 (29)4.1.2 数据预处理 (29)4.1.3 基于Word2Vec的数据向量化表示 (30)4.2 基于改进的Encoder-Decoder的自动文摘模型 (32)4.2.1 丰富词向量特征维度 (32)4.2.2 Decoder/Pointer机制 (33)4.3 模型算法结构 (34)4.4 摘要的生成 (34)4.5 实验设计与分析 (34)4.5.1 实验环境 (34)4.5.2 模型对比实验 (34)4.5.3 模型评估标准 (35)4.5.4 实验结果分析 (36)4.6 本章小结 (38)5 基于语义聚类和局部主题匹配的新闻多文档自动文摘方法 (39)5.1 基于语义聚类和局部主题匹配方法 (40)5.1.1 实验流程 (40)5.1.2 获取局部主题 (41)5.1.3 生成摘要 (43)5.2 实验设计与分析 (44)5.2.1 数据集 (44)5.2.2 实验结果与分析 (44)6 总结与展望 (48)6.1 总结 (48)6.2 展望 (49)参考文献 (50)作者简历及在学期间所取得的科研成果 (56)致谢 (57)1绪论1.1 研究背景及意义根据8月30日中国互联网络信息中心（China Internet Network Information Center，CNNIC）发布的第44次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》表明：互联网普及率超过六成，移动互联网使用持续深化。
1998年 2月第19卷第1期东北大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)Feb.1998Vol.19,No.1中文信息自动抽取朱靖波① 姚天顺②(东北大学信息科学与工程学院,沈阳 110006)摘 要 论述了信息抽取与信息检索的区别,信息抽取与深入的自然语言处理的区别,中文信息自动抽取的目的、任务和基本模型;然后介绍了一些国外的IE系统;讨论了关于中文信息自动抽取的一些问题和正在开展的中文信息抽取研究工作.关键词 中文信息自动抽取,信息检索,信息处理,自然语言理解.分类号 T P391.2科学技术高速发展的今天,信息高速公路的兴起,每天都有大量的数据文件以电子形式进行交流.如何快速、准确地获得重要信息成为了信息处理研究的一个重要课题.实际上,人们根本无法通过阅读所有的电子资料来获得他们需要的信息,信息检索(Information Retrieval,I R)成为了重要的信息获取手段.为了适应新的发展,信息处理研究者还在不断探索其他信息处理技术,一种新的信息处理技术信息抽取(Information Ex traction,IE)也成为了信息处理的研究热点.至今关于IE工作的报道主要针对英文文本,关于中文信息自动抽取的报道甚少.1 信息抽取信息抽取(IE)与信息检索(IR)的区别,可以作如下比喻,IR系统类似一个收集器,收集大量有用的原材料;而IE系统类似一个加工器,对IR 系统收集的原材料进行加工,提炼.信息检索(IR)的目的在于查找与查询条件相关的文本;信息抽取(IE)的目的在于从文本中抽取出一些特定类型的信息.例如从关于计算机的文本中抽取设备名字,用途,生产产家等特定信息.一个典型的IE任务是从在线文本中抽取相关的信息,填写到预定义好的模版中的属性槽中[1].这种任务的主要优点在于当前文本与特定领域无关信息将被有效地过滤掉,而深入的自然语言处理技术必须对整个文本进行完全分析.正因为这原因,E.Riloff 和W.Lehnert实现的高精度的文本分类系统中采用了信息抽取技术代替深入的自然语言处理技术.特定领域的IE系统任务与通用的自然语言理解任务不同.对于通用的自然语言理解来说,系统必须对输入的句子进行深入分析,产生包含输入句子所有意义(包括隐含意义)的表达.一般来说,理解分为两步:第一步通过句法分析将输入的句子映射到一个句法结构中,如句法树;第二步,通过句法到语义的转换分析实现将句法结构映射到意义表达.而对于特定领域的IE来说,完全句法分析和深入的语义解释是没有必要的.输入的文本只能映射到一些有限数目的事件分类,如关于爆炸事件,凶杀事件等等.还有需要抽取的信息的类型也是预先定义好的,因而在相关的句子中,只有一些携带相关信息的短语单元才能被解释.国外大约在80年代初就开展信息抽取的研究,取得了一些成果,出现了一些IE系统.Gerald dejong实现的FRUMP系统是比较早的IE系统. FRUM P系统把有线新闻网络作为数据源,使用一些新闻故事的简单脚本来对有线新闻网络进行监控.FRUM P系统采用关键字检索,概念句子分析,脚本匹配方法寻找相关的新闻故事.FRUMP 系统是一个面向语义的系统,采用了一个特定领域的事件描述脚本知识库.在1981年,Cow ie研制了一套系统,主要从关于植物和动物的正规结构描述中抽取一些简单信息填入一个具有固定记录格式数据库中.ATRANS是一个商品化产品,主要用于处理国家银行中钱转帐的信息.采用类1996-11-18收到. ①男,23,博士研究生;②男,62,教授,博士生导师.国家自然科学基金资助项目(编号:69675019).似于FRUM P系统的概念句子分析技术. ATRANS系统描述了利用一些简单的语言处理技术能够完成限制在小规模,特定领域的信息抽取任务,具有一定的实用性.SCISOR系统采用文本部分分析技术,对所有关于公司信息进行信息过滤,然后从文本中抽取关于公司名字等条目存入数据库中,供查询使用.Message Under-standing Conference(M UC)是一个ARPA资助的系列工程,有许多大学、研究所参加.1987年的M UCK1和1989年的M UCK2主要集中在从小规模的海军信息文本中抽取相关信息.M UC-3和M UC-4采用的文本主题和类型发生变化,采用关于拉丁美洲国家恐怖事件通用主题的报纸和有线新闻文本作为数据源,系统包括预定义好的信息模版和辅助抽取规则,基本任务是从在线文本中抽取相关信息填入预定义的模版中的属性槽中.目前大多数IE系统采用基于知识的方法.例如专家系统驱动技术,模版驱动技术,基于脚本等等.虽然基于知识的方法在特定领域内被证明是十分有效,但最主要的问题是在于大规模知识库的构造,由人工来构造大规模知识库是不可行的.为了解决这个问题,必须引入其他NLP技术,加强有力的机器学习技术等等.90年代的IE技术发展与80年代的IE技术主要区别在于从小规模系统转向大规模系统,用于收集相关文档和创造模版集合的时间和精力大大增加,同时还引入一些句子分析技术,文本部分分析技术等NLP技术.2 中文信息自动抽取的层次模型下面给出一个中文信息自动抽取的层次模型:第五层模版层输出生成第四层语段层相关分析第三层句子层句子分析第二层名词短语层短语分析第一层过滤层信息过滤图1 一个中文信息自动抽取的层次模型第一层:过滤层这一步是IE的开始,目的在于滤掉一些不相关的文档,收集相关的文档进一步加工,叫做信息过滤.常用技术采用特征词频率统计和特定模式匹配来判定该文本或局部文本是否相关.第二层:名词短语层完成对文本中实体的识别,同时构造实体模版,填写实体属性,主要分为两步:(1)主要采用基于语料库技术或其他分词技术实现分词与词性标注.(2)对当前文本中包含的特定领域的主要名词短语单元(实体)的分析(识别),同时对它们标注语义信息(实体属性).第三层:句子层实现事件模版的构造,建立实体之间的联系.通常采用基于知识的句子分析技术,将名词短语层所识别的短语单元(实体)映射到一个结构(事件模版)中,同时标注它们的角色.第四层:语段层语段中通常存在的指代和省略现象,采用语段分析技术实现句子相关分析,对句子层获得的结构实现重载和合并,解决语段的指代和省略问题,构造一个完整的实体-事件网络.第五层:模块层格式化分析结果(实体-事件网络),输出到预定义好的模版中,叫做输出生成层.下面是系统的一个抽取结果:输入:东北大学计算机科学研究所关于语言工程集成系统的研制技术报告输出:%%Name=“testfile.txt”Title=“东北大学计算机科学研究所关于语言工程集成系统的研制技术报告”Date=1/10/96Time=14:05:36%%＄＄〈Event-01〉Action-Object:研制Sub-Object:〈Entity-01〉Obj-Object:〈Entity-03〉Goal-Object:〈Entity-02〉〈Event-02〉Action-Object:促进Sub-Object:〈Entity-01〉Obj-Object:〈Entity-02〉＄＄&&〈Entity-01〉=Name:东北大学计算机科学研究所Class:研究所〈Entity-02〉=53第1期 朱靖波等:中文信息自动抽取Name:中文信息处理研究Class:〈Entity-03〉=Name:语言工程集成系统Class:系统Including:机器翻译,信息检索,信息过滤,信息抽取,文本分类,计算机辅助阅读,语音识别等等3 关于中文信息自动抽取的一些问题评估IE系统主要有两个指标:召回率和精确率.召回率等于系统产生的正确答案的数目除以文本中所有可能正确的答案的数目.召回率主要测试系统的理解程度.精确率等于系统产生的正确答案的数目除以系统产生的所有答案的数目.精确率主要测试系统的准确程度.然而,目前上述的IE系统只能处理特定类型的文本和只能获得部分精确.在M UC4系统中,17个参加单位的平均指标为35%召回率和33%精确率.目前中文信息自动抽取还存在许多困难:(1)实际上定义好的包含从文本中抽取的重要的信息的模版是一个十分困难和复杂的问题.(2)传统的基于关键字检索和统计技术的信息检索存在同义词问题,多义词问题,短语问题,局部性问题和全局性问题等局限性.(3)分词与词性标注过程中存在歧义问题.(4)短语边界确定,短语语义标注也是一个需要进一步研究的课题.(5)基于知识的句子分析方法最主要的问题是在于大规模知识库的构造.(6)语段中的指代和省略问题的解决需要引入语境分析技术.4 结 论虽然中文信息自动抽取目前还存在许多困难,它不断引起了NLP研究者的兴趣,研究工作不断深入下去.但是IE还是一个长期的研究目标.至今关于IE工作的报道主要针对英文文本,关于中文信息自动抽取的报道甚少.作者在进行中文信息自动抽取研究中取得了一些进展.(1)提出了一种基于浏览的信息过滤技术,构造了一个关于台湾问题的信息自动过滤系统,达到83%召回率和85%精确率[2].(2)为了解决词汇歧义问题,采用基于规则的分词技术[3].(3)提出了一种基于优化图操作的高效分析算法-SOC算法[4].(4)提出了一种主题选取算法(CDT)来解决语段中的指代和省略问题,构造了初步实验模型[5].(5)初步构造了一个从关于计算机的文本中抽取设备名字、用途、生产产家等信息的中文信息自动抽取的模型系统.参考文献1Kim Jun-Tae,M oldovan Dan L.Acquisition of linguistic patterns for k now ledge-based information extraction.In:Eradie.IEEE Transactions on Know ledge and Data Engineering.Cal if:Reine Press,1995,7(5):1342张庆侠.中文信息自动过滤系统的研究与实现:[学位论文].沈阳:东北大学,19963姚天顺,张桂平,吴映明.基于规则的汉语自动分词系统.中文信息学报,1990,4(1):764朱靖波,王宝库,侯正茂.一种基于优化图操作的自然语言分析算法-SOC算法.见:赖金定主编.中文电脑国际会议论文集.新加坡:东方语言基金会,1994.1205张桂平,蔡东风.汉语分析系统中省略的一种解决方法-主题选取法.见:赖金定主编.中文电脑国际会议论文集.新加坡:东方语言基金会,1996.208Chinese Information Automatic ExtractionZhu Jingb o,Y ao T ianshunABSTRAC T Firstly differences between I E and I R,differences between I E and in-depth natural languag e processing,the goal, the task and the basic model of IE are discussed,then intro duces some IE stly this paper discusses some difficult problems of I E,and introduces our research on Chinese information ex traction.KEY WORDS chinese information automatic extraction,information retrieval,infor mation processing,natural language processing.(Received November18,1996) 54东北大学学报(自然科学版) 第19卷。
2021年下半年教师资格考试《英语学科（初中）》真题1. 【单项选择题】______ Thames is famous throughout the world for its history, its culture,etc.B. anC. /D. The正确答案 D【答案解析】题干意为：泰晤士河因为其历史、文化等因素闻名于世。
泰晤士河为专有名词，特指泰晤士河the Thames，因此前面要加定冠词the。
A项，为不定冠词a，表泛指。
B项，为不定冠词an，表泛指。
C项，为零冠词用法。
2. 【单项选择题】The dancer and ______ has already arrived at the concert hall.A. singerB. a singerC. the singerD. singers正确答案 A【答案解析】由has可知是同一个人，故选A。
题干意为：这位舞蹈演员兼歌手已经到达了音乐厅。
根据空格后的has 可知：主语为单数，表示一个人的双重身份，所以and后的singer无需添加冠词。
故选A项。
B项，一名歌手，此时主语为复数。
C项，这名歌手，此时主语为复数。
D项，歌手们，此时主语为复数。
3. 【单项选择题】The reason why she didn't show up at the party is ______ she got stuck in a traffic jam.A. asB. becauseC. forD. that正确答案 D【答案解析】本题主要考查表语从句连接词的用法。
题干意为：她没有在聚会上露面的原因是她遇上了交通堵塞。
首先分析句子结构，整句话的谓语动词由is充当，构成主系表结构。
The reason why she didn't show up at the party是主语，其中why引导了定语从句修饰the reason，去掉从句部分，主语为the reason，所以符合表语从句常见结构：The reason is that，that后引导表语从句。
Abstract 提取LEF详细说明以我实际项目PLL_TOP_RAD_V2为例：需要提取LEF所需要的GDS (PLL_TOP_RAD_V2.gds) , gds相对应的的map ）, 以及tf (HL55LP_HS_RVT_V1p2d.tech.lef) 1.第一步，启动软件，终端窗口输入abstrct 启动软件，点击菜单File->New，新建一个名为PLL_TOP_RAD_V2的库，点击“OK”完成。
2.导入提取所需要的工艺LEF 和gds文件。
LEF导入：点击File->LEF ，在Import LEF窗口中输入所需要的tech.lef文件名及正确的路径。
确认View : abstract ，勾选上Overwrite ，点击“OK”完成导入LEF文件。
如果这步有警告或者错误请务必排查出问题所在，不然后面的步骤很难顺利完成。
GDS以及MAP导入：在GDSII 中输入framview gds 文件的路径及文件名。
Layer Map Table 一栏中输入工艺对应的map 文件，点击“OK”完成。
4.选中导入进来的Core中的CELL 点菜单Cells -> Move.. , Move Selected Cells 到Block, 点击OK 完成。
把PLL_TOP_RAD_V2 单元从Core移到了Block。
5.接下来的步骤进入到FLOW的流程，一步一步的完成。
首先是Flow -> Pin ,Map 一栏，详细情况如下图：在Map 栏中，Map text labels to pins 中(M3 M3) 说明，第一个M3指版图中我用的M3层打的pin，第二个M3就是金属三那一层，意思是我M3的pin 我用的M3 去打的label 。
（可明白？）其它工艺有可能是(M3txt M3)的表述，具体取决于你map 和lvs rule里面所有定义层的pin 在做LVS能够识别到的label 所打的层。
cvpr文献引用格式在计算机视觉和模式识别（Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition，简称CVPR）领域，文献引用格式通常遵循国际通用的学术引用规范。
以下是一种常见的CVPR文献引用格式示例：[1] 作者姓名, "文章标题," 会议或期刊名称, 年份.具体来说，以下是一些常见的引用格式细节：1. 作者姓名，列出所有作者的姓和名，用逗号分隔。
如果有多个作者，可以使用"et al."来表示其他作者。
例如，Smith, John et al.2. 文章标题，将文章标题放在引号中，首字母大写。
例如，"A Novel Approach for Object Detection."3. 会议或期刊名称，列出会议或期刊的全名，首字母大写。
例如，Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 或者 IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.4. 年份，引用的文献的出版年份。
下面是一个具体的CVPR文献引用格式示例：[1] He, Kaiming, et al. "Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016.这是对于CVPR会议论文的引用示例。
对于期刊论文，引用格式类似，只是会议名称换成期刊名称，例如：[2] Ren, Shaoqing, et al. "Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2017.需要注意的是，不同的期刊和会议可能会有略微不同的引用格式要求，因此在引用时最好参考具体的期刊或会议的官方指南。
英文前缀后缀总结Common Prefixes and Suffixes in English:I。
Common Prefixes1.Negative Prefixesa) Pure Negative Prefixesa-。
an-。
asymmetry。
XXXdis- dishonest。
dislikein-。
ig-。
il。
im。
ir。
incapable。
inability。
ignoble。
impossible。
immoral。
illegal。
irregularne-。
n-。
none。
neither。
nevernon-。
nonsenseneg-。
neglectun- unable。
XXXb) Prefixes Indicating Errormale-。
mal-。
n。
XXXmis-。
XXX。
misleadpseudo-。
pseudonym。
pseudosciencec) XXXde-。
XXX。
XXXdis-。
disarm。
disconnectun-。
unload。
uncoveranti-。
ant-。
antiknock。
antiforeigncontra-。
contre-。
contro-。
n。
counterflow。
n。
counterbalanceob-。
oc-。
of-。
op-。
object。
oppose。
occupywith-。
withdraw。
withstand2.Prefixes XXXa) a- indicating "on top of" or "toward"aboard。
asideb) by- indicating "nearby" or "beside"XXX。
bypassc) circum-。
circu- indicating "around" or "revolving"circumstance。
Meta分析SCI写作指南——abstract今天我们来介绍Abstract的写作技巧。
很多小伙伴可能会说Abstract谁不会写，文章都写完了还不会写Abstract吗？就是因为不重视Abstract，很多人的摘要没抓住文章的重心。
下面我们讲一下如何写好一个精简又全面的Abstract。
首先，对于初学者来讲，结构式摘要是最好不过了。
结构式的摘要主要包括Background，Objective，Methods，Results和Conclusion。
这些部分也要分清主次，Background可以用一两句话概括研究的背景，一般为了字数要求Background 可以省略；objective指的文章的目的，用一句话概括就行；Methods主要介绍文章中为了研究XX都用到了XX方法，用最精简的话描述；Results要求与methods 对应，文中用了什么方法就要得到什么结果；最后用一句话概括得到的结论，需要注意的是，结论是根据结果得到的，千万不要将结果再叙述一遍。
举个例子，吸烟与糖尿病风险关联的OR=1.8（95%CI=1.3-2.6），结果有统计学意义，这表示的是一个结果，根据这个结果我们可以得到吸烟可能增加糖尿病风险的结论。
另外，有些杂志要求不能用结构式摘要，你依然可以先用结构式摘要写好，然后将这些小标题去掉就可以。
但是为了每一部分能够更好的衔接，我们需要加一些衔接词，如Therefore，meanwhile等。
Abstract在文章的开始，是编辑和审稿人最初看到的一部分，所以更要精雕细琢，尤其要避免语法错误。
语言问题是一个很头疼的问题，自己解决不了的话，可以先给有经验的人看看，让别人提一下意见。
最后，Abstract一般不超过200字哦，投稿之前一定要看清杂志的要求，一般的杂志对Abstract有字数要求。
关于一篇文献与待检索的技术方案标题：一篇关于社交媒体数据挖掘与待检索的技术方案近年来，随着社交媒体的普及和发展，大量的社交媒体数据被生成和共享。
这些数据包含了用户的个人信息、社交关系、兴趣爱好、情感倾向等丰富的信息，对于社会舆情分析、个性化推荐、市场营销等领域具有重要的价值。
然而，由于数据量庞大且非结构化，如何高效地进行社交媒体数据挖掘和检索成为了一个具有挑战性的问题。
针对这一问题，学术界和工业界提出了大量的技术方案。
其中，一种常用的方法是基于关键词的检索。
该方法通过对社交媒体数据进行关键词匹配，从中筛选出与关键词相关的文档。
这种方法简单直接，易于实现，但是存在关键词匹配不准确、漏掉与关键词相关的文档等问题。
为了解决这些问题，研究者们提出了基于语义的检索方法。
基于语义的检索方法主要利用自然语言处理和机器学习技术，对社交媒体数据进行语义分析和语义表示。
其中，一种常用的方法是基于词嵌入的语义表示。
该方法通过将词语映射到低维向量空间，利用词语之间的相似度来衡量文档与关键词的匹配程度。
此外，还有一些基于图模型的语义表示方法，如基于知识图谱的表示和基于社交网络的表示等。
除了语义表示，社交媒体数据挖掘和检索还需要解决实体链接和情感分析等问题。
实体链接是指将社交媒体数据中的实体（如人物、地点、组织等）与现实世界中的实体进行关联。
情感分析是指对社交媒体数据中的情感倾向进行分析和判断，如判断用户对某个事件的喜好或厌恶程度。
这些问题通常需要借助实体链接和情感分析的技术来解决。
在实际应用中，社交媒体数据挖掘和检索的技术方案通常是综合多种方法和技术的。
例如，可以先利用基于关键词的检索方法进行初步筛选，然后再利用基于语义的检索方法对候选文档进行深入分析。
此外，还可以结合实体链接和情感分析等技术，进一步提高检索的准确性和效果。
社交媒体数据挖掘与待检索的技术方案涉及到关键词检索、基于语义的检索、实体链接和情感分析等技术。
这些技术在解决社交媒体数据挖掘和检索问题上发挥着重要作用。
文献筛选流程英文综述Literature review is an essential step in any research process as it helps identify, evaluate, and select relevant studies that contribute to the research topic or question. Below is a comprehensive overview of the literature review process, including key steps and considerations:1. Defining the Research Objective: Clearly articulate the research question or objective to guide the literature review process. This will help focus the search on specific areas of interest.2. Search Strategy Development: Develop a search strategy using a combination of keywords, subject terms, and Boolean operators to effectively search electronic databases, academic journals, conference proceedings, and reputable sources.3. Database Search: Conduct searches in relevant research databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and others to obtain a wide range of articles related to the research topic.4. Initial Screening: Scan the titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles to identify potentially relevant studies. Exclude articles that do not align with the research objective.5. Full-text Assessment: Obtain the full-text articles of potentially relevant studies and assess them based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Evaluate the methodology, research design, quality, and relevance to the research question.6. Data Extraction: Extract pertinent data from selected articles using a standardized form. This may include study characteristics, sample size, methodology, results, and key findings.7. Critical Appraisal: Assess the quality and bias of the included studies. Consider factors such as study design, sample size, data collection methods, and statisticalanalysis to determine the credibility and reliability of the evidence.8. Data Synthesis: Analyze and synthesize the extracted data to identify patterns, trends, and gaps in the literature. Group similar studies together and explore the relationships between findings.9. Report Writing: Summarize the literature review findings, highlighting the key contributions, limitations,and implications for further research. Structure the reviewin a coherent and logical manner.10. Continuous Iteration: The literature review processis iterative, and it may be necessary to revisit some stepsas new insights are gained. This ensures that the review remains thorough and up-to-date.Remember, the literature review process requires careful attention to detail, critical analysis, and unbiased evaluation. It is crucial to select studies that directly contribute to the research objective and provide a solid foundation for the subsequent research steps.。
3rd International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control (MEICI 2015)Web-based Automobile Sales Management SystemHuabo XiaoCollege of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Jiangxi NanchangKeywords: Sales management system; Logic management; Tomcat; PracticabilityAbstract. The purpose of designing the system is to make the users manage their own sales network only through the internet, change traditional business model and achieve online sales management. The system adopted JSP to write online car sales management system, used Tomcat as the JSP server, connected the system by database SQLServer2000, compiled JavaBean for the logic management of back-office business, which meant to complete the entire design work by JSP + JavaBean + SQLServer2000, and achieved the vehicle management, vehicle classification, car type queries, trading, users order processing, and the administrator system. Practice has proved that this system has strong practicability and value of practical application.OverviewWith the rapid development of economy in our country, the car has gradually appeared in the family, and the ratio of private car ownership is becoming bigger. The rapid development of auto industry has brought new requirements to the sales management, and a new kind of advanced management mode is urgently needed. Increasingly fierce market competition requires enterprises to improve information processing speed, timely and accurately grasp business situation, and make quick business decisions. At present, most of the auto sales management mode is old, and there are many problems in the sales management, which restrict the development and take-off of auto industry. In the traditional auto industry management model, the paper documents and manual management are the mainstream; the problems of this model is poor data reliability, low operation efficiency, difficult for statistical analysis, and remote possibility of extracting useful information for the enterprise. Clearly, how can these shortcomings bring capital and ability to compete with foreign auto industry? The traditional management pattern cannot adapt to the development trend of present auto industry; especially with the arrival of information age, it is practical and important for auto industry members to strengthen their ability, adopt advanced management mode and meet the information revolution.The system adopted JSP to write web-based car sales management system, connected the system by database SQLServer2000, and compiled JavaBean for the logic management of back-office business, which meant to complete the entire design work by JSP + JavaBean + SQLServer2000. Based on Internet, this system developed the website by JSP language, and paid attention to the interaction ability of users and website. Under such background, web-based auto sales management system has become the preferred architecture in applied software in view of the current development trend of internet.System analysisFeasibility research. Technical feasibility analysisThe development of online auto management system is complicated system engineering. In order to guarantee the successful development of this system, engineered system development method must be adopted, and some development methods in accord with engineered standards must be studied. These methods are to guide developers for engineered system development so as to accelerate the system development, ensure the quality and reduce development costs. Engineered system development methods have obtained a good result in the practice of development. In the development, JSP was adopted as the development language; Servlet technology was adopted and Tomcat5.0 was the Web server.Analysis on operation feasibility:With the popularization and promotion of computer knowledge, more and more people have mastered the basic usage and skills of computer. Along with the development of the Internet, users are familiar with the use of software under the environment of internet and Windows, and show great interest and enthusiasm in new things.Analysis on economic feasibility:Online auto system has brought convenience to people, and becomes the brand new business model. Therefore, the new fashion of online home shopping has arrived, and it is completely feasible to construct one online auto management system economically.According to the above analysis, it’s completely feasible to develop online auto management system.Demand analysis. The task of demand analysis is to make detailed investigation into the objects to be processed in the real world, fully understand the overview of system, clarify various requirements of users, and determine the functions of new system on the basis. The new system must consider the possible extension and changes in future.Demand analysis on users:1. User registration2. User log in3. Vehicle model browse4. Vehicle model query5. Password settings6. Personal information settings7. Comment content8. AdministratorAnalysis on system performance:The requirement of data security and integrity: confidentiality on user information, which can be seen or searched by administrator, but not be arbitrarily changed. Make sure the security of online payment, and integrity of commodity information and user information; prevent malicious corrections and deletions.1. High accuracy and reliability2. Friendly page, complete functions and can be used3. The system is easy to be maintained and upgraded.4. High efficiency of access to databaseFunction analysis. from the aspect of users:Through online registration, users can have the following functions: auto model browse, password retrieval, personal information modification, auto overview. After successful registration, users can leave a message on the message board.From the aspect of website:1. Website should contain commodity search function: inquire according to the auto fuzzily.2. Administrator management:Check user information, and send commodity according to user information and user order.3. Auto model browsea).automobile b).manufacturer c).model d). price e).specification f).unit g).quantityh).explanation4. Vote for good autoCheck the vote information and score from users.3.5 Overall structure diagram of systemSeparate the manager and client, and make the function more clearThe function of the system is divided into client and manager; the advantages of this division are that the thought is clear and it is convenient for development.2. three-layer structureSend requests to business logic layer through uniform interface by adopting three-layer structure user interface layer; business logic layer makes database operation according to its logic rules after processing the requirement, and returns the data returned by database in the form of encapsulating into class to the user interface. User interface only interacts with middle-business logic layer; the database needs no direct operation, and it only needs to maintain the interface with middle-business logic layer. This way improves the database security and maintainability to some extent, and reduces the demand to the developers in the user interface layer.The division of specific overall system structure diagram is shown in Fig. 1:System designWhether to establish enterprise internal website to provide service for staffs, commercial website to provide products and service to partners or suppliers, retailing website to sell products or provide service for consumers, or to establish media and entertainment website to release news and other multimedia information, the successful program design should possess good expandability, high-efficiency concurrent processing ability, powerful management tools, integration of existing enterprise information, guarantee of 24-hour service, good fault-tolerance performance, support to a variety of client terminal and safe operation environment.Design objective. The theoretical design objectives of system function are as follows：1. Strong practicality: try to make the system be in accordance with the habit of practical operation process,reduce the input of users, make the user interface friendly and easy to learn and use, satisfy the demand of use for each layer;2. Advanced program structure: the application of contemporary advanced software programming can extend the life cycle, be easy to maintain and management;3. High security and reliability: complete functions for background maintenance; according to the service condition of the platform in different stages, manager can set corresponding operating authorization, add system registration, distribute the administration privilege of each column, achieve the system maintenance, and guarantee the safety and reliability of the system;4. The method of using modular design: make the system have good expandability in order to adapt to the development demand of different stages, and be convenient for later analysis and maintenance;5. Simple operation and convenient maintenance: every sub-system has relatively independent system maintenance function for changeable project;6. Strong query function: query the basic information on auto and user; query the auto comment information, and make the manager timely and accurately master the basic information of users and commodities.Module division. According to the demand analysis and design objective of system function and combining with the reality, the function module design of the system can be divided into:1. Homepage: the main functions and information of the system are shown2. User registration: register the basic information, in which the phone number and email are important as we process the information for users’ payment and mail-order service.3. User log in: in order to make it convenient for users’payment, mail-order service and management, we can consume only after becoming the member.4. Auto model browse: after successful log in, users can achieve tabbed browsing of auto model, and submit the satisfied auto into the order page. If the users enter pages directly when they haven’t registered or logged in successfully, they will be linked to the “user log in page”.5. Auto model query: users can query the auto they need on the page after successful log-in. If the users enter pages directly when they haven’t registered or logged in successfully, they will be linked to the “user log in page”.6. Password retrieval: users can change their password on the page after successful log-in. If the users enter pages directly when they haven’t registered or logged in successfully, they will be linked to the “user log in page”.7. Personal information modification: users can modify the original registration information after successful log-in. If the users enter pages directly when they haven’t registered or logged in successfully, they will be linked to the “user log in page”.8. Administrator: check user information and send the commodity according to the us ers’ information.Database designConceptual structure design of database. Conceptual structure is abstract of real world, namely the artificial process to the real people, object, things and concept; extract the common character concerned by people, neglect the non-essential details and describe accurately these characteristics with various concepts.According to the above design, the entities include administrator, auto information, and users.Each entity is the abstract of real objects in reality, and there might be certain relationship among every two or more entities.The database of the system includes auto model Figure, administrator Figure, guide Figure, comment Figure, individual member Figure. See the details in the following database Figure.The cross structure of database in JSP. There is standard database access interface similar to the one formulated by Microsoft in JSP; it uses the database access method of Java, which is JDBC, short for Java DataBase Connectivity. JDBC is the platform-independent and standard API of database provided by Sun; it encapsulates the database access into the few methods, and makes the users very convenient to query the database, insert new data and even call stored procedures. In fact, JDBC is a kind of specification; most database vendors provide JDBC driver at present, and the micro-database like Microsoft SQLServer2000 also has several JDBC drivers for choice, which makes the Java application can independently operate in various database. Using the JDBC-ODBC driver developed by Sun, Java can also access the database by ODBC.The main interfaces provided by JDBC are:1. java.sql.DriverManager and Drivermanager are similar to the call-in of processing the driver and provide support to new database link.2. java.sql.Connection means the connection between applications and specific database.3. java.sql.Statement is used for common SQL statement execution; SQL statement can query statement, update statement, even create database and execute stored procedures.4. java.sql.ResultSet queries the returned results and stores in the object, by which the record in the database can be browsed and stored.If users directly access database in the JSP, java.sql.* has to be introduced before the access. For example, %@page import="java.sql.*"%, in this way, JSP can find corresponding SQL interface function.Establish connection with database. Establish connection with DBMS, the two things must be done: load driver and establish connection.Load driver:The code is needed to load driver. If driven by JDBC driver bridge, the code is as follows: Class.forName（“jdbc.driver_class_name”）；When call the Class.forName, it has been automatically loaded. After loading driver, it can be connected with DBMS.Establish connection:The second step is to establish connection with DBMS. See the following codes:Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(url，“user”，“Password”)If use JDBC bridge driver, the URL of JDBC should be jdbc, then the name of data source or database. If the name of database accessed by ODBC is qcgl, the URL of JDBC should be written as jdbc:xjgl. The user name of logging in DBMS should be typed in “myLogin”, the latter “myPassword” is the password. The codes are as follows:Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");conn=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/xjgl","root","123");System implementationModule analysis. Make program design according to the previous demand analysis and overall system design content. The system is developed based on Java language. The module is mainly developed and achieved by adopting JSP technology+JavaBeans+ SQLServer2000. All are designed and achieved by the object-oriented means.In the program design, the following definitions are used and the explanations are as follows:Page is to define some properties and the value of these properties in the whole JSP page.The function of Page import is to introduce the class in the JAVA core package and use the class in the program slices part, variable and function declaration part and expression part. The property can be assigned with many values, and the value of the property can be all the classes or one specific class of certain package in JAVA.Include file means to statically insert one file.Module division of each function. The home page moduleThe upside of the home page includes1. Enterprise member login and registration as well as individual member login and registration2. Password recovery of enterprise member and individual member3. Sales information.4. Buying guide.5. Website introduction.6. Auto type and price query.7. Browse the latest auto type and price.User registration moduleUser registration is designed for the users who log in the website for the first time. Users can access other pages of the website only after registration, which includes enterprise member registration and individual member registration.1. Enterprise member registration includes: login name, password setting, cooperate name, business scope, contact number, etc.2. Individual member registration includes: login name, password setting, sex, age, etc.3. Upon successful registration, users can access other pages of the website.User login module1. User login includes: login name, password.2. Administrator check if the name and password are correct after the users log in; if they are correct, users can directly access other pages of the website.Auto information release moduleBrowse the auto type: upon successful login, users can receive the latest auto model and price through tabbed browsing.Shopping help pageDon’t worry about having no idea on shopping. The Shopping help page will give you a hand.Functions module diagram.Fig. 2 Figure of system function module of interfaceAcknowledgementsThis work was financially supported by project of Jiangxi University of Technology [No.XJXT1403] and Nature of Jiangxi University of Technology [No. ZR14YB03].The project of Technology Department of Jiangxi Province [No 20143BBM26048] also give us a lot of help.References[1] Wu Yue, Weng Jingnong. Build Web application development strategy with JSP+JavaBean. Volume 42. Year of 2004. The 7th issue. 1181～1193[2] Zhang Yueping. JSP practical course. Tsinghua University press, March of 2001, 167～182[3] Liu Yongbo, Liu Xuemei, Zhao Changhai. JSP application development technology. Posts and Telecom Press, Sep, 2005. 21～33[4] FECIT Technological Product Research Center. JSP application development explained in detail. Electronic Industry Press, May of 2005. 32～36[5] Liu Yabing, Yang Hong. Be proficient in Eclipse. Electronic Industry Press, June of 2005. 1～13[6] Sun Yong. <Modern software engineering>. Beijing Hope Electronic Press, August of 2003. 12～15[7] Sa Shixuan, Wang Shan. <Introduction to database system>. Higher Education Press, February of 2002. 112～215[8] Su Zhizhong. Practical guide to DreamweaverMX2004. China Railway Press, May of 2004. 1～10[9] Ji Chengqiang. Dreamweaver is so easy. China Machine Press, April of 2002. 23～30[10]Yuen, Andy W.K. A Struts Tool for Previewing Forms and Generating Beans. Dr.Dobb's Journal,March, 2004, v 29 ,n 3.59～63。
《心理学报》参考文献著录格式（著者-出版年制）详细要求本刊参照文献要求基本参照了Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) 第6版的相关规定，中文文献有细节上的特殊要求。
总体要求1 正文中引用的文献与文后的文献列表要完全一致。
⏹文中引用的文献可以在正文后的文献列表中找到；文献列表的文献必须在正文中引用。
2 文献列表中的文献著录必须准确和完备。
3 文献列表的顺序⏹文献列表按著者姓氏字母（或汉语拼音）顺序排列；姓相同，按名的字母顺序排列；著者姓和名相同，按出版年排列。
⏹相同著者，相同出版年的不同文献，需在出版年后面加a、b、c、d……来区分，按文题的字母顺序排列。
如：Wang, M. Y. (2008a). Emotional……Wang, M. Y. (2008b). Monitor……Wang, M. Y. (2008c). Weakness……4 缩写chap. chapter 章ed. edition 版Rev. ed. revised edition 修订版2nd ed. second edition 第2版Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) 编Trans. Translator(s) 译n.d. No date 无日期p. (pp.) page (pages) 页卷Vol. Volume (as in Vol.4)vols. volumes (as in 4卷vols.)No. Number 第Pt. Part 部分Tech. Rep. Technical Report 技术报告Suppl. Supplement 增刊5 元分析报告中的文献引用⏹元分析中用到的研究报告直接放在文献列表中，但要在文献前面加星号*。
并在文献列表的开头就注明*表示元分析用到的的文献。
6 中文文献应给出相应的英文。
2021年下半年教师资格证考试《英语学科知识与教学能力》（高级中学）真题及答案（回忆版）第1题单项选择题（每题2分，共30题，共60分）下列每小题的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。
1、Fred took a picture of you, ***_____（）。
A、Susan of meB、选项缺C、Susan took of meD、Susan too a picture【答案】A【解析】2、_____female lions guard and feed their *** cubs. （）。
A、That male ** helpB、Male lions which helpC、Although male lions helpD、It is male lions that help【答案】D【解析】3、Not ****** is known ____the migration patterns of grizzly bears.（）。
A、选项缺B、thatC、forD、about【答案】D【解析】4、The fire ****.can____beckon the firefighters to come to immediate action in case ofa fire.（）。
A、approvinglyB、significantlyC、symbolicallyD、选项缺【答案】D【解析】5、Which of the ***** words is NOT a hyp .onym of flower?（）。
A、carnationB、chrysanthemumC、carrotD、选项缺【答案】C【解析】6、Which of the following *** is an antonymof lengthen?（）。
A、选项缺B、prolongC、abbreviateD、sustain【答案】A【解析】7、Which of the following**** consonants hares the phonetic features [-voiced, +palatal, +affiicative]?（）。
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
