华东师范大学考博英语-试卷1
(总分：148.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：30，分数：60.00)
1.Research shows heavy coffee drinking is ______ a small increase in blood pressure, but not enough to increase the risk for high blood pressure.（分数：
2.00）
A.associated with
pared with
C.attributed to
D.referred to
2.A large______of the sunlight never reaches the earth while infra-red heat given off by the earth is allowed to escape freely.（分数：2.00）
A.proportion
B.ratio
C.rate
D.fraction
3.It is amusing that she______her father's bad temper as well as her mother's good looks.（分数：2.00）
A.retained
B.inherited
C.preserved
D.maintained
4.______the few who have failed in their examination, all the other students in the hall are in very high spirits.（分数：2.00）
A.In spite that
B.But for
C.For the sake of
D.Apart from
5.The decline in moral standards, which has long concerned social analysts, has at last______the attention of average Americans.（分数：2.00）
A.clarified
B.cultivated
C.captured
D.characterized
6.That he brought the company big profits wouldn't______putting the company's money into his own pockets.（分数：2.00）
A.justify
B.clarify
C.testify
D.amplify
7.We're______50 new staff this year as business grows.（分数：2.00）
A.taking over
B.taking in
C.taking on
D.taking up
8.Is the theory of evolution in direct ______with religious teachings, or does it leave room for debate?（分数：2.00）
parison
B.distinction
C.disturbance
D.contradiction
9.Libraries are an investment for the future and should not be allowed to fall into______.（分数：2.00）
A.dissolution
B.decay
C.decline
D.depression
10.A transplant operation is successful only if doctors can prevent the body from rejecting the ______organ.（分数：2.00）
A.borrowed
B.strange
C.novel
D.foreign
11.Then in June 1967 the country______diplomatic relations with Israel after the outbreak of the Six Day War.（分数：2.00）
A.broke away
B.broke off
C.cut out
D.cut down
12.Everyone has faced the embarrassing______of deciding how much extra to give a waiter or taxi-driver.（分数：2.00）
A.incident
B.event
C.dilemma
D.menace
13.The school arranged road trip appears to______the spring break.（分数：2.00）
A.conform to
B.coincide with
C.consist in
D.collide with
14.The new airport terminal is sure to______the development of tourism.（分数：2.00）
A.imitate
B.fascinate
C.impose
D.facilitate
15.The Huntington Library has an______collection of rare books and manuscripts of British and American history and literature.（分数：2.00）
A.intensive
B.intentional
C.extensive
D.extensional
16.Inflation will reach its highest in a decade across most of Asia this year, threatening to______ recent productivity gains.（分数：2.00）
A.reverse
B.reserve
C.retrieve
D.revise
17.Those governments will provide big food and fuel______according to the Asian Development Bank.（分数：2.00）
A.substitutes
B.substances
C.subsequences
D.subsidies
18.In mild winters apple buds began to break soon after Christmas, leaving them______to frost damage.（分数：2.00）
A.reluctant
B.tough
C.hostile
D.vulnerable
19.What is happening is a survival-of-the-fittest struggle affecting ______ smaller factories in relatively low-tech, labor-intensive industries.（分数：2.00）
A.primarily
B.rationally
C.primitively
D.respectively
20.A traditional critic has the advantage of being able to______standards and values inherited from the past.（分数：2.00）
A.turn up
B.turn over
C.turn to
D.turn in
21.Susan never took any cookery courses; she learned cooking by ______ useful tips from TV cookery programs.（分数：2.00）
A.bringing up
B.picking up
C.putting up
D.pulling up
22.The President______his deputy to act for him while he was abroad.（分数：2.00）
A.promoted
B.substituted
C.displaced
D.authorized
23.It______without saying that consumers would be happier if prices were lower.（分数：2.00）
A.takes
B.appears
C.goes
D.makes
24.The world economic recession put an______end to the steel market upturn that began in 2002.（分数：2.00）
A.irregular
B.illegal
C.absurd
D.abrupt
25.I'm______about how you discovered my website, and I'm very glad if you enjoy it.（分数：2.00）
A.mysterious
B.furious
C.curious
D.serious
26.The Labor Party's electoral strategy, based on an______with other smaller parties, has proved successful.（分数：2.00）
A.acquaintance
B.integration
C.intimacy
D.alliance
27.The new aircraft will be______to a test of temperatures of -65℃ and 120℃.（分数：2.00）
A.suspended
B.suppressed
C.subjected
D.summoned
28.The money I got from teaching on the side was a useful______to my ordinary income.（分数：
2.00）
A.supplement
B.profit
C.subsidy
D.replacement
29.Chinese people are now enjoying better dental heath, as shown by the declining______ of tooth decay.（分数：2.00）
A.incidence
B.treatment
C.consequence
D.misfortune
30.Many countries have conservation programs to prevent certain ______ of fish from becoming extinct.（分数：2.00）
A.sources
B.species
C.numbers
D.members
二、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：40.00)
Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically【C1】______, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been【C2】______for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very【C3】______of money itself," only to【C4】______itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so【C5】______in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work【C6】______the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very【C7】______to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the【C8】______form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they【C9】______receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to【C10】______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" — it takes several days【C11】______a check is cashed and funds are【C12】______from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.【C13】______electronic payments are immediate; they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may【C14】______security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information【C15】
______there. The fact that this is not an【C16】______occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and【C17】______from someone else's accounts. The【C18】______of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to【C19】______security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic【C20】______that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.（分数：40.00）
(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）
A.However
B.Moreover
C.Therefore
D.Otherwise
(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）
A.off
B.back
C.over
D.around
(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）
A.power
B.concept
C.history
D.role
(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）
A.reward
B.resist
C.resume
D.reverse
(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）
A.silent
B.sudden
C.slow
D.steady
(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）
A.for
B.against
C.with
D.on
(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）
A.imaginative
B.expensive
C.sensitive
D.productive
(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）
A.similar
B.original
C.temporary
D.dominant
(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）
A.collect
C.copy
D.print
(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）
A.give up
B.take over
C.bring back
D.pass down
(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）
A.before
B.after
C.since
D.when
(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）
A.kept
B.borrowed
C.released
D.withdrawn
(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）
A.Unless
B.Until
C.Because
D.Though
(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）
A.hide
B.express
C.raise
D.ease
(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）
A.analyzed
B.shared
C.stored
D.displayed
(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）
A.unsafe
B.unnatural
C.uncommon
D.unclear
(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）
A.steal
B.choose
C.benefit
D.return
(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）
A.consideration
B.prevention
C.manipulation
D.justification
(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）
B.fight against
C.adapt to
D.call for
(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）
A.chunk
B.chip
C.path
D.trail
三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：42.00)
A particular area in which assumptions and values differ between cultures is that of friendship. Friendships among Americans tend to be shorter and less intense than those among people from many other cultures. At least many observers from abroad have this impression. Because Americans are taught to be self-reliant, because they live in a very mobile society, and for many other reasons as well, they tend to avoid deep involvement with other people. Furthermore, Americans tend to "compartmentalize" their friendships, having their "friends at work" , "friends at school" , a "tennis friend" , and so on. Americans often seem very friendly, even when you first meet them. This friendliness does not usually mean that the American is looking for a deeper relationship. The result of these attitudes and behaviors is sometimes viewed by foreigner as an "inability to be friends". Other times it is seen as a normal way to retain personal happiness in a mobile, ever-changing society. People normally have in their minds stereotypes about people who are different from themselves. Stereotypes are based on limited and incomplete experience and information, but they shape people's thoughts and expectations. Americans have many stereotypes about foreign students in general(for example, that they are very hard working, intelligent, and rich; that they do not speak English well)and about particular categories of foreign students(Chinese are polite and good at mathematics, for example, or Italians are emotional). And foreign students have their own stereotypes of Americans, for example, that they are arrogant, rude, and generous. There are two stereotypes that often effect male-female relationships involving U. S. and foreign students. The first is the idea, held by some foreign males, that American females are invariably willing, if not anxious, to have sex. The second common stereotype, held by some American females, is that male foreign students have no interest in American females other than having sex with them. The existence of these and other stereotypes can give rise to considerable misunderstanding and can block the development of a mutually satisfactory relationship between particular individuals. Stereotypes seem unavoidable, given the way the human mind seeks to categorize and classify information, so it is not realistic to suppose people can "forget their stereotypes". But they can be aware of their stereotypes, and be ready to find exceptions to them.（分数：10.00）
(1).Concerning friendship, Americans______.（分数：2.00）
A.look for a deeper relationship in a close circle
B.avoid deep relationship with other people
C.are friendly at first but do not remain so later on
D.do not make good friends
(2).The word "compartmentalize" in the first paragraph means " ______".（分数：2.00）
A.separate in categories
B.treat differently
C.evaluate accordingly
D.judge fairly
(3).The author's attitude toward the American type of friendship seems to be______.（分数：2.00）
A.approving
B.critical
C.biased
D.objective
(4).According to the author, stereotypes concerning male-female relationships involving U. S. and foreign students are______.（分数：2.00）
A.helpful
B.meaning less
C.harmful
eless
(5).According to the author, stereotypes seem unavoidable because______.（分数：2.00）
A.it is natural to have them
B.it is easy to find exceptions
C.they provide better understanding
D.they contribute to friendship
You may have wondered why the supermarkets are all the same. It is not because the companies that operate them lack imagination. It is because they all aim at persuading people to buy things. In the supermarket, it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance is known as the " decompression zone". People need to slow down and look around, even if they are regulars. In sales terms this area is bit of a loss, so it tends to be used more for promotion. Immediately inside the first thing shoppers may come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. For shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But what is at work here? It turns out that selecting good fresh food is a way to start shopping, and it makes people feel less guilty about reaching for the unhealthy stuff later on. Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariably placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunities to tempt customers. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost "dwell time" : the length of time people spend in a store. Traditionally retailers measure "football" , as the number of people entering a store is known, but those numbers say nothing about where people go and how long they spend there. But nowadays, a piece of technology can fill the gap: the mobile phone. Path Intelligence, a British company tracked people's phones at Gunwharf Quays, a large retailer centre in Portsmouth —not by monitoring calls, but by plotting the positions of handsets as they transmit automatically to cellular networks. It found that when dwell time rose 1 $ sales rose 1. 3% . Such techniques are increasingly popular because of a deepening understanding about how shoppers make choices. People tell market researchers that they make rational decisions about what to buy, considering things like price, selection or convenience. But subconscious forces, involving emotion and memories, are clearly also at work.（分数：10.00）
(1).In Paragraph 2, "decompression zone" is the area meant to______.（分数：2.00）
A.prepare shoppers for the mood of buying
B.offer shoppers a place to have a rest
C.encourage shoppers to try new products
D.provide shoppers with discount information
(2).Putting fruit-and-vegetable section near the entrance takes advantage of shoppers' ______.（分数：2.00）
mon sense
B.shopping habits
C.shopping psychology
D.concerns with time
(3).Path intelligence uses a technology to______.（分数：2.00）
A.measure how long people stay at a store
B.count how many people enter a store
C.find out what people buy in a store
D.monitor what people say and do in a store
(4).The author argues that shoppers______.（分数：2.00）
A.exert more influence on stores than they imagine
B.are more likely to make rational choices than they know
C.have more control over what they buy than they assume
D.tend to make more emotional decisions than they think
(5).The best title for the passage is______.（分数：2.00）
A.New Technology Boosts Stores' Sales
B.How Shoppers Make Choices in Stores
C.The Science behind Stores' Arrangements
D.Rational and Irrational Ways of Shopping
31.In the past, degrees were very unusual in my family. I remember the day my uncle graduated. We had a huge party, and for many years my mother called him "the genius" and listened to his opinion. Today in comparison, five of my brothers and sisters have degrees, and two are studying for their masters'. However, some people think that this increased access to education is devaluing degrees. People have several arguments against the need for degrees. They say that having so many graduates devalues a degree. People lose respect for the degree holder. It is also claimed that education has become a rat race. Graduates have to compete for jobs even after years of studying. Another point is that studying for such a long time leads to learners becoming inflexible. They know a lot about one narrow subject, but are unable to apply their skills. Employers prefer more flexible and adaptable workers. However, I feel strongly that this move to having more qualifications is a positive development. In the past education was only for the rich and powerful. Now it is available to everyone, and this will have many advantages for the country and the individual. First of all, it is impossible to be overeducated. The more people are exchanging ideas. A further point is that people with degrees have many more opportunities. They can take a wider variety of jobs and do what they enjoy doing, instead of being forced to take a job they dislike. Finally, a highly educated workforce is good for the economy of the country. It attracts foreign investment. In conclusion, although there are undoubtedly some problems with increased levels of education, I feel strongly that the country can only progress if all its people are educated to the maximum of their ability.What can we learn about the author's family?（分数：
2.00）
A.They used to disregard education.
B.They are overeducated now.
C.Few members were allowed to go to school in the past.
D.There are now more educated members than in the past.
I have a vegetable garden and every summer I enjoy eating my own vegetables. One day last summer I picked a dozen carrots. Usually, as soon as I have picked the carrots, I clean the dirt off them by washing them in a bucket of water. But this day, as I was getting up from the ground with my twelve carrots, I tripped(绊)and fell over the bucket. The water spilled out of the bucket, so I decided to wash the carrots quickly in the kitchen sink. I put the carrots in the sink, washed them with water, and watched all the dirt washed away down the drain. The next day, when I was washing dishes, I noticed that the water drained out of the sink much more slowly than usual. It drained so slowly that I called a plumber(水管工)to come and fix my drain. The plumber tried a lot of different cleaners and equipment, but nothing worked. He had to cut a hole in the floor where the drain pipe was in order to try to find the problem. While he was cutting the small hole,
he accidentally cut the hot-water pipe. Hot water sprayed over the plumber, onto the floor, under the refrigerator; water went everywhere. My refrigerator stopped working because the water had affected the electrical wires. I called an electrician to come and fix the refrigerator. The electrician had to move the refrigerator to work on the wires. As she was balancing it, she tripped over the plumber's tools. She fell down and the refrigerator tipped over. It crashed into the wall, resulting in a huge hole in the wall. I called a carpenter to come and fix the wall. In order to repair the hole in the wall, the carpenter had to tear down half of the entire wall. Meanwhile, the plumber was still looking for the source of the drain problem. Since the kitchen was in a terrible mess anyway, the plumber decided to remove part of the floor to look at the pipe there. In the middle of the floor, he found the problem: the dirt from the carrots was stuck in the pipe and nothing could go through. Now I had a sink that did not drain, a refrigerator that did not work, a wall that was half gone, and part of a floor that was missing. I looked at this disaster and decided that what I really needed was a new kitchen. Finally, I called a house builder to come and fix my kitchen. Three weeks later I had a new sink, a new refrigerator, new cupboards on a new wall, new tiles on a new floor, and $ 10, 000 less in my bank.（分数：10.00）
(1).The carrots were washed in the sink instead of the bucket because______.（分数：2.00）
A.the water bucket fell over
B.dinner needed to be made soon
C.carrots were always washed in it
D.they could be washed more cleanly
(2).The plumber did all the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）
A.cut a hole in the floor
B.cut the hot-water pipe
C.try different cleaners
D.tear down part of the wall
(3).Which of the following caused the hole in the wall?（分数：2.00）
A.Water that sprayed on it.
B.The electrician who worked on the wires.
C.The refrigerator that crashed into it.
D.The plumber who used a wrong tool.
(4).Which of the following items was NOT damaged?（分数：2.00）
A.The wall
B.The ceiling
C.The hot water pipe.
D.The floor.
(5).The best title of the passage would be "______".（分数：2.00）
A.How a dozen carrots cost $ 10, 000
B.What the dirt from carrots could do
C.Carrots can be very expensive
D.A careless homeowner
More boys than girls are born all over the world, but a new study has found that the closer people live to the equator(赤道), the smaller the difference becomes. No one knows why. The imbalanced sex ratio at birth has been known for more than a hundred years, and researchers have found a large variety of social, economic and biological factors that relate to the sex ratio at birth-war, economic stress, age, diet, selective abortion and more. But latitude(纬度)is a natural phenomenon, unaffected by cultural or economic factors. To look at the effect of latitude, Kristen J. Navara of the University of Georgia used the latitude of the capital city in 202 countries, as well as 10 years of data on sex ratio at birth and annual variations in day length and temperature. Dr. Navara performed a statistical analysis which showed that there was a significant relation between
sex ratios in favor of boys and latitude. African countries produced the lowest sex ratios—50. 7 percent boys—and European and Asian countries had the highest with 51. 4 percent. There are some possible explanations, but none entirely satisfactory. It could be that there is some survival value in producing more girls in warmer regions, but it is unclear what this might be. There may be genetic or racial differences that could explain it, but the connection persists over so many varied populations that this seems unlikely. Mice also produce more male offspring during shorter days or colder weather, but the reasons in these animals are just as mysterious as they are in humans. " There's a possibility that humans might be responding to factors they were programmed to respond to a long time ago-not cultural or socioeconomic, but climate and things like latitude," Dr. Navara said. " What's interesting is that we may be seeing something that connects us with our animal ancestry. "（分数：10.00）
(1).What can be learned from the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）
A.The closer to the equator, the more boys are born.
B.Boys are more used to colder places.
C.Girls have a higher birth rate than boys near the equator.
D.In warmer places the birth ratio between boys and girls is lower.
(2).Out of all the influencing factors of birth ratio, Dr. Navara focuses on______.（分数：2.00）
A.culture
B.economy
titude
D.stress
(3).Dr. Navara reached her conclusion through______.（分数：2.00）
paring data
B.field study
C.conducting a survey
D.map reading
(4).According to Navara, which of the following probably explains the imbalanced sex ratio?（分数：2.00）
A.There is cultural preference for boys.
B.Humans are designed that way by nature.
C.Different races have different birth ratios.
D.Humans are different from animals in birth ratio.
(5).What is the purpose of the passage?（分数：2.00）
A.To tell a mysterious story.
B.To report a scientific experiment.
C.To explain an interesting phenomenon.
D.To argue for a viewpoint.
四、English-Chinese Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)
32.I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have an ordeal of the most grievous kind before us. We have many, many months of struggle and suffering before us. You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim?
I can answer in one word, It is victory. Victory at all costs; victory in spite of all terrors; victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 五、Chinese-English Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)
33.都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。
拥有一个小小花园的希望，对寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。
我想，其实谁都有一个小小花园，这便是我们的内心世界。
人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的。
人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界。
心不过是人的一个重要脏器．而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。
每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的渐损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。
但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的阴晴。
（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
六、Writing(总题数：1，分数：2.00)
34.Please write an argumentation based on the following topic and elaborate your point of view in about 200 words. Remember to write your composition neatly and clearly on ANSWER SHEET II. Mandarin, or putonghua, is the standard service sector language in our country. But recently, employees at a big city's subway station have been busy learning dialects of other parts of the country. Proponents say that using dialects in the subway is a way to provide better service. But opponents think that encouraging the use of dialects in public counters the national policy to promote putonghua. What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 200 words on the following topic: Are Dialects Just as Acceptable in Public Places?（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________。
