“‘外研社杯’全国英语阅读大赛”样题
一、“‘外研社杯’全国英语阅读大赛”比赛容包含四个环节：
PartⅠRead and Know（读以明己）
PartⅡRead and Reason（读以察世）
PartⅢRead and Question（读以启思）
PartⅣRead and Create（读以言志）
二、比赛样题仅为2015年阅读大赛赛题的容和形式样例，并非完整试卷。
三、大赛的模拟赛、复赛和决赛都将包含样题的四个环节，但各环节的赛题容和形式会根据不同阶段比赛有所变化。
四、大赛的初赛由参赛学校参考样题容自行命题，组委会不做硬性规定。
五、“PartⅣRead and Create（读以言志）”部分，组委会将在赛前公布大赛推荐阅读书单。
Part I Read and Know
In this part, you will read some questions about your abilities or personalities. Read as fast as you can and choose the answer that you think best describes yourself.
Are You Charismatic?
Charisma is the magnetic power that attracts people to you. It won’t affect the quality of your work or provide you with wonderful original ideas, but it remains one of the most vital talents if you want to make it big in life. If people who don’t even understand what you’re talking about believe that you are a genius, you will have made it. The following test will decide whether you’ve got what it takes.
1) Do people find themselves attracted to you?
A. Yes, it can be embarrassing sometimes.
B. No, no more than other people.
C. I suppose they do a bit.
2) Do you find that people agree with you regardless of the quality of your arguments?
A. No, never.
B. Not that often.
C. All the time.
3) Would you find it easy to attract followers?
A. No, not at all.
B. Not very easy.
C. Yes, it’s really no problem.
4) Do you find casual acquaintances open up and tell you their life stories in intimate detail?
A. Occasionally.
B. Never.
C. Happens all the time. Sometimes I just can’t get away.
...
Part II Read and Reason
In this part, you will read texts of different forms and genres. Read the instructions carefully and answer the questions based on your comprehension, analysis and inferences of the texts.
1. Among the four statements below, one statement is the main point, and the other three are specific support for the point. Identify the main point with P and the specific support with S.
___A. Hungry bears searching for food often threaten hikers.
___B. Hiking on that mountain trail can be very dangerous.
___C. Severe weather develops quickly, leaving hikers exposed to storms and cold.
___D. When it rains, the trail, which is very steep at some points, becomes slippery.
2. Read the following cartoon. Put a tick by the three statements that are most logically based on the information suggested by the cartoon.
___A. Lucy has just criticized the boy, Linus.
___B. Linus feels Lucy’s criticism is valid.
___C. Lucy feels very guilty that Linus has taken her criticism badly.
___D. Lucy doesn’t seem to realize that people may accept constructive criticism but reject destructive criticism.
___E. The cartoonist believes we should never criticize others.
___F. The cartoonist believes it’s best to criticize others in a constructive way.
3. Read an extract of an advertisement. Choose the answer which you think fits each question best according to the text.
Young Environmental Journalist Competition
How to Enter:
☆If you’re aged 16-25, we’re looking for original articles of 1,000 words (or less) with an environmental or conservation theme. The closing date for entries is 30 December, 2015.
☆Your article should show proof of investigative research, rather than relying solely on information from the Internet and phone interviews. You don’t have to go far. A report on pollution in a local stream would be as valid as a piece about the remotest rain forest.
☆Your article should show you are passionate and knowledgeable about environmental issues. It should also be objective and accurate, while being creative enough to hold the reader’s interest. We are not looking for “think pieces” or opinion columns.
☆Your aim should be to advance understanding and awareness of environmental issues. You should be able to convey complex ideas of readers of this general interest magazine in an engaging and authoritative manner.
☆Facts or information contained in short-listed articles will be checked.
☆Read the rules carefully.
1) Before entering for the competition, young people must have_______.
A.conducted some relevant research in their local area
B.gained a qualification in experimental research
C.uncovered some of the evidence in the research by themselves
D.consulted a number of specialists on the subject under research
2) The articles submitted must_______.
A.focus on straightforward concepts
B.include a range of views
C.be accessible to non-specialist
D.reveal the writer’s standpoint
4.Read the passage below. Then choose the best answer to each question that follows.
(1) Johnny Appleseed, one of the gentlest and most beloved of American folk heroes, was born in 1774 in Leominster, Massachusetts. (2) His real name was John Chapman. (3) Chapman’s early life was full of misfortune. (4) First, his father left home to fight in the Revolutionary War. (5) Then John’s mother and baby brother died before John’s second birthday. (6) However, John’s fortunes improved when his father returned and remarried, and by the time John was in his teens, he had ten brothers and sisters.
(7) As a young man, John began traveling west on foot, stopping to clear land and plant the apple seeds he always carried with him. (8) Settlers who followed John’s path were delighted to find young apple orchards dotting the landscape.
(9) John was a friendly fellow who often stopped to visit with families along his way, entertaining them with stories of his travels. (10) Tales of his exploits followed him through Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. (11) Many of the stories were true. (12) For instance, John really did travel barefoot through the snow, lived on the friendliest of terms with Indian tribes, and refused to shoot any animal. (13) Other tales about John, however, were exaggerations. (14) Settlers said, for example, that he slept in the treetops and talked to the birds or that he had once been carried off by a giant eagle. (15) Johnny Appleseed never stopped traveling until his death in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1845.
1) Sentence 1 is a statement of_______.
A. fact
B. opinion
C. fact and opinion
2) The details in sentences 4 and 5 support the point or points in _______.
A. sentence 1
B. sentence 2
C. sentence 3
D. sentence 6
3) The relationship between sentences 3 and 6 is one of _______.
A. contrast
B. addition
C. cause and effect
D. comparison
4) We can conclude that Johnny Appleseed _______.
A. provided apples for numerous settlers
B. was quickly forgotten by the settlers
C. grew wealthy by selling his apple trees
D. left home because of problems with his family
5) The passage suggests that Johnny Appleseed _______.
A. grew weary of traveling
B. had great respect for other people and animals
C. lived a very short but rich life
D. planted many trees other than apple trees
6) The tone of the passage is _______.
A. pessimistic
B. bitter and impassioned
C. amused and excited
D. straightforward with a touch of admiration
7) Which is the most appropriate title for this selection?
A. The Planting of American Apple Orchards
B. Folk Heroes of America
C. Settlers Recall Johnny Appleseed
D. The Life and Legend of John Chapman
5.Read the passage below. Then choose the best answer to each question that follows.
(1) Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizens’ patterns of response to politics. (2) By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. (3) By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizens’focus on character rather than issues.
(4)Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. (5) The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. (6) The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10-second “sound bite”in broadcast news. (7) Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.
(8) In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. (9) In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. (10) In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.
(11) Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it requires a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech.
(12) Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. (13) Schools teach us to analyze words and print. (14) However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.
(15)Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events, called pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. (16) Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. (17) Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.
1) What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issue because of television coverage.
B. Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person.
C. Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television.
D. Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.
2) The word “disseminated” in sentence 1 is closest in meaning to_______.
A. analyzed
B. discussed
C. spread
D. stored
3) It can be inferred that before the introduction of television, political parties _______.
A. had more influence over the selection of political candidates
B. spent more money to promote their political candidates
C. attracted more members
D. received more money
4) The author mentions the “stump speech” in sentence 6 as an example of _______.
A. an event created by politicians to attract media attention
B. an interactive discussion between two politicians
C. a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century
D. a style of speech common to televised political events
5) The word “that” in sentence 7 refers to _______.
A. audience
B. broadcast news
C. politician
D. advertisement
6) According to the passage, as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discourse was more successful at _______.
A. allowing news coverage of political candidates
B. placing political issues within a historical context
C. making politics seem more intimate to citizens
D. providing detailed information about a candidate’s private behavior
7) The author states that “politicians assert but do not argue” in sentence 9 in order to suggest that politicians _______.
A. make claims without providing reasons for the claims
B. take stronger positions on issues than in the past
C. enjoy explaining the issue to broadcasters
D. dislike having to explain their own positions on issues to citizens
8) The purpose of paragraph 4 is to suggest that_______.
A. politicians will need to learn to become more personal when meeting citizens
B. politicians who are considered very attractive are favored by citizens over politicians who are less attractive
C. citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed the issue over one who did not
D. citizens will need to learn how to evaluate visual political images in order to become better informed
9) Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
A. Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.
B. Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.
C. Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past.
D. Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.
Part III Read and Question
In this part, you will read about related or contradictory views on a variety of issues. You will be required to identify the writer’s position and evaluate the effectiveness of the writer’s arguments.
Read the following two passages and answer the questions.
Passage A
While On the origin of Species created a great stir when it was published in 1859, Darwinian thought was almost completely out of vogue by the turn of the twentieth century. It took Ronald Fisher’s “Great Synthesis” of the 1920s, which combined the genetic work of Gregor Mendel with Darwin’s ideas about natural selection, and Theodosius Dobzhansky’s “Modern Synthesis” of the 1930s, which was built upon Fisher’s work with genetics within a species by focusing on how genetic variation could cause the origin of a new species, to begin to rehabilitate Darwin.
Yet, what is remarkable is how very prescient Darwin, working without knowledge of the mechanisms of heredity, proved to be. As prominent biologist Ernst Mayr notes, what made Darwinian theory so remarkable was his emphasis on “population thinking”. This contrasts to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of evolution, popular throughout the nineteenth century, which posited that individuals changed personal actions and will. Lamarckian theory is often exemplified by a giraffe constantly reaching up to eat leaves off high branches and passing on its lengthened neck to its children.
Such explanations bore a strong resemblance to children’s fables (and indeed Rudyard Kipling’s late-nineteenth-century Just So Stories was built upon Lamarckian theories). Where Darwin differed was his insistence that significant variation was not based within one particular individual, but rather in the breeding population as a whole. Natural selection was not based on the actions or goals of one individual, but variations in the average character of the species.
Passage B
As Peter Bowler points out in his aptly named The Non-Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth, nineteenth-century Darwinism was quite different from the Darwinism of today. Thomas Huxley, “Darwin’s Bulldog”, so called because of his tireless public campaigning for Darwinian thought, exemplifies this difference. As a result of his advocacy, by the end of the nineteenth century Huxley was the vehicle for Darwinian thought. Noted science fiction writer H.
G. Wells, for instance, garnered all of his information about natural selection and evolution through Huxley’s lectures. Yet Huxley’s theory varied significantly from that of Darwin, focusing on the will of humankind.
In the preface to Evolution and Ethics, Huxley wrote that “We cannot do without our inheritance
from the forefathers who were the puppets of the cosmic process; the society which renounces it must be destroyed from without. Still less can we do with too much of it; the society in which it dominates must be destroyed from within.”According to Huxley, humankind has moved past physical evolution to the realm of self-directed moral evolution. Huxley, then, acknowledges that humankind has evolved under the pressure of natural selection and must remain aware of the fact or be “destroyed from without”, but he argues that a society that continues in the path that Nature has placed it will be “destroyed from within” because it will no longer be adapted to itself.
1) Based on the information in the passage, Rudyard Kipling most likely wrote stories ______.
A. dedicated to enlightening humans by using animals as positive examples of proper behavior
B. based on futuristic worlds which were populated by evolved subjects
C. featuring individuals developing variation through the power of their desires
D. seeking to exhibit the effects of population thinking in breeding populations
E. portraying the effects of parental inheritance through examining the lives of children
2) Which of the following best represents Huxley’s beliefs?
A. Focusing on physical evolution leaves man as nothing more than a “puppet”of forces beyond his control; to succeed in life it is necessary to reject physical evolution in favor of moral change.
B. The ideas of Charles Darwin needed to be carefully delineated through lectures so that his ideas about individual variation could be fully understood.
C. By exerting personal will, humankind will be able to enact significant, lasting variation which will be demonstrated through the bodies of the children of those who seek change.
D. While humankind is inescapably linked to its physical past and the material conditions of its evolution, it must be wary of being too attached to the path dictated by natural selection.
E. Certain elements of Darwin’s theory about evolution had to be discarded so that the public would be willing to accept the thrust of the theory as a whole.
3) Which of the following would the authors of Passage A and Passage B mostly likely agree to be
most closely aligned in their thinking?
A. Lamarck and Huxley.
B. Kipling and Wells.
C. Mayr and Bowler.
D. Mendel and Huxley.
E. Dobzhansky and Wells.
4) Which of the following statements about Darwin is supported by both passages?
A. Darwin differed significantly from other theorists of evolution because he focused on breeding populations as a whole.
B. The modern understanding of Darwin varies significantly from nineteenth-century beliefs about his theories.
C. It was not until the early twentieth century that Darwinism as we know it began to emerge.
D. Fiction writers were particularly interested in disseminating ideas about Darwin.
E. Delineating the specific inheritance of the child is crucial to understanding how natural selection proceeds.
5) Which of the following best represents the difference between the two passages?
A. The first passage begins with current understandings of Darwinism and moves back in time, while the second passage begins with older understanding and moves forward in time.
B. While the first passage focuses on the difference between two theories of evolution, the second paragraph traces differences between two individual interpreters of evolution.
C. The first passage introduces a general theory, offers specific evidence, and then considers the ramifications of that theory, while the second passage does not consider the ramifications of the evidence it represents.
D. The first passage is concerned with demonstrating a way in which Darwin is closely linked with modern thinkers, while the second passage is focused on how he differed from one of his contemporaries.
E. The first passage provides a historical retrospective of the primary interpreters of Darwin, and the second passage centers on one particular interpreter.
6) Based on the information in Passage B, which of the following claims in Passage A would Thomas Huxley be most likely to object to?
A. It is impossible to truly understand natural selection without the benefit of modern genetic theory.
B. It is likely that the giraffe developed a long neck due to the fact that it constantly stretched it to gain access to food.
C. There are different ways to understand how evolution functions to change individuals.
D. Variations in the average character of a population are the most crucial factor in the proper evolution of man.
E. Allowing natural selection to dominate our society will lead to the destruction of humankind.
7) Which of the following situations is most closely analogous to the Lamarckian mode of variation?
A. An adult bird tries to change the environment for the benefit of its children.
B. Seeking to morally adapt to its environment, a chimpanzee changes the way it woos its mate.
C. A giraffe’s bodily shape changes because it is unable to fit into the caves it traditionally sleeps in.
D. Because of a change in the environment, a number of chimpanzees die out while others thrive and pass on their genes.
E. Because it hunts for salmon with its mouth wide open, a bear gradually develops a straining mechanism between its teeth.
Part IV
Read and Create
In this part, you will be required to write a short essay on a given topic based on your general reading. You should write with clarity, logic and creativity.
1.Write an essay of about 200 words on one of the following topics.
1) Hamlet is characterized by his melancholic mood and delay in action. Give a character analysis of Hamlet and list the possible reasons for his melancholy and delay.
2) A Tale of Two Cities can be regarded as a historical novel, a moral novel and a novel strongly concerned with themes of resurrection, redemption and patriotism, as well as of guilt, shame and love. What is your understanding of the themes of the novel?
2.Read the essay below. Answer one of the following questions by writing an essay of about 200 words.
Of Studies
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and
breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
1)We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s “Of Studies” to access information”
2)In what sense does reading make a full man?
专题十七阅读理解之阅读新题型 1.【2015·北京卷】第二节（共5 小题；每小题2 分。共10 分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出正确的填入空白处。选项中有两项为多余选项。 This Way to Dreamland Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers hav e a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy._71__They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things. But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. __72__ Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions? So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool? First, understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams.__73_ And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming, try to do it whil e you are involved in another task—preferably something simple, like taking a shower or walking, or even making meaningless drawings. It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate. “Mindfulness”, bei ng focused, is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep.__74__ Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away.____75_ Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds. A. Having interesting things to think about also helps. B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves. C. Without wandering minds, we wouldn’t have relatively, Coke or Post-it notes. D. At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses. E. It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive. F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand. G. Therefore, it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the
全国大学生英语竞赛C类资料整理 Part I听力 特别注意：听力内容均是只播放一遍！ Section A 5段短对话，分别1个小问题。 Section B 2段长对话，分别5个小问题。 前两部分的长短对话难度其实不是很大，主要是尽快让自己进入状态，听力只有一遍，上一题没听到，就赶紧猜一个，千万不要影响后面的题目。 Section C 5段短新闻，分别1个小问题，内容均是摘自BBC或VOA的新闻。 现在只剩下一个月时间，要大家一直对着BBC或是VOA广播听也不是办法，建议大家上沪江英语学习的BBC或VOA小组，里面的内容一般都是筛选过的，每天听一些，熟悉一下英美人士的发音就好。 Section D 1段长文章，共有10个空格，注意要填写的可能是单词也可能是短语。 最后就是关于考听力的一些提示，毕竟英语竞赛的听力考试是播放录音的，各考场分配到的带子质量不一，考场环境有好有坏。假设你实在太倒霉了，带子播放不清晰，环境吵杂（监考老师也很可能帮不了你，因为大多监考老师不是英语老师），也不要心慌，冷静下来尽量听到关键词，加上自己的大胆猜测，蒙对的概率也是很大的。 情景词汇大归纳 在学校：grade 等级；mark 分数；semester 学期；assignment 作业；lecture 演讲，讲稿；scholarship 奖学金；test 测试；vacation 假期；credit学分；quiz小测验；top student 优等生 在医院：medicine 药；injection 注射；diagnose 诊断；prescription 处方；patient 病人；ache 疼痛；stomachache 胃疼，肚子痛；toothache 牙痛；headache 头痛；high fever 发高烧；sore throat 嗓子痛；mumps 腮腺炎；measles 麻疹；lung cancer 肺癌；liver cancer 肝癌；heart attack 心脏病发作；physician 内科医生；surgeon 外科医生；pediatrician 儿科医生；vet 兽医；recovery (from) （病后）痊愈，恢复；operation 手术; doctor 医生；nurse 护士；ward 病房;emergency-ward 急诊病房；cough 咳嗽; temperature 体温；blood pressure 血压； 在宾馆: reception desk 接待处；front desk 前台；vacant room 空房；single room 单人间；double room双人间；reserve/book 预定；check in 登记住入；check out 结帐离开；porter 行李搬运工；tip 小费；full 客满；room service 房间服务部，服务到屋 在商店：bargain 便宜货；receipt 收据；cashier 出纳；shop assistant 售货员；salesclerk 店员；fake commodities 假冒伪劣商品；size 尺寸；color 颜色；style 式样; price 价格；guarantee 保修; expiration period 保质期；after-sale service售后服务；fashion 时髦，时尚；cheap 便宜的；expensive 昂贵的；counter 柜台 在机场：flight 航班；passport 护照；visa 签证；board 登机；reservation 预约；airhostess 空中小姐；pilot 飞行员；duty-free shop 免税店；airport 机场 在餐馆：waiter 服务员；waitress 女服务员；order 点菜；menu 菜单；bill 帐单；drink 饮料；soft drink 不含酒精的饮料；salad 色拉；soup 汤；dessert 甜点；roast beef 烤牛肉；pork 猪肉；mutton 羊肉；lamb 羔羊肉；chicken 鸡肉；fish 鱼肉；steak 牛排；go Dutch 各付各的，AA制；on the house 免费； It is my treat (it’s on me)我请客 在法院：sue 控告；legal 合法的；accuse 控告；the accused /defendant 被告；the plaintiff /accuser 原告；charge 控诉；convict 宣告有罪；client 委托人，当事人；judge 法官；sentence 判刑；imprisonment 关押，监禁；capital punishment 死罪；death penalty 死刑
“互联网+”时代的出租车资源配置 摘要 随着“互联网+”时代的到来，针对当今社会“打车难”的问题，多家公司建立了打车软件服务平台，并推出了多种补贴方案，这无论是对乘客和司机自身需求还是对出租车行业发展都具有一定的现实意义。本文依靠ISM解释结构、AHP-模糊综合评价、价格需求理论、线性规划等模型依次较好的解决了三个问题。 对于问题一求解不同时空出租车资源“供求匹配”程度的问题，本文先将ISM模型里的层级隶属关系进行改进，将影响出租车供求匹配的12个子因素分为时间、空间、经济、其它共四类组合，然后使用经过改进的AHP-模糊综合评价方法建立模型，提出了出租车空载率这一指标作为评价因子的方案，来分析冬季某节假日市南岗区出租车资源“供求匹配”程度。通过代入由1-9标度法确定的各因素相互影响的系数，得出各个影响因素的权重大小，利用无量纲化处理各影响因素，得出最终评判因子为0.3062，根据“供求匹配”标准，得出市南岗区出租车资源“供求匹配”程度处于供需合理状态的结论。同理，也得到了市不同区县、不同时间的供求匹配程度，最后作出市出租车“供求匹配”程度图。 对于问题二我们运用价格需求理论建立模型，以补贴前后打车人数比值与空驶率变化分别对滴滴和快的两个公司的不同补贴方案进行求解，依次得到补贴后对应的打车人数及空驶率的变化，再和无补贴时的状态对比，最后得出结论：当各公司补贴金额大于5元时，打车容易，即补贴方案能够缓解“打车难”的状况；当补贴小于5元时，不能缓解“打车难”的状况。 对于问题三，在问题二的模型下，建立了一个寻找最优补贴金额的优化模型，利用lingo软件[1]进行求解算出最佳补贴金额为8元，然后将这个值带入问题二的模型进行验证，经论证合理后将补贴金额按照4种分配方案分配给司机乘客。关键词：ISM解释结构模型；AHP-模糊综合评价；价格需求理论；线性规划
2018“外研社杯”全国英语写作大赛样题 比赛考查题型说明： 1. 初赛和复赛：比赛题型为议论文写作1篇（500词左右）、说明文/应用文写作1篇（300-500词）， 写作时间共120分钟，满分100分。 2. 决赛：比赛题型为议论文写作1篇（800词左右）、记叙文写作1篇（600-800词），写作时间 共180分钟，满分100分。 注：本样题中，说明文和应用文以初/复赛赛题为例，议论文和记叙文以决赛赛题为例。样题仅供了解题型，不提供参考答案。 类型1 说明文写作（Expository Writing） 比赛内容：选手完成一篇说明文写作（300-500词）。侧重考查选手解说事物、阐明事理的能力，以及运用知识、观察理解、梳理分析、提炼总结、跨文化沟通的综合能力。 评分标准（总分50分）：
Sample task 1 Write a passage based on the chart below. The chart shows the hourly AQI (Air Quality Index) in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou on the same day. In your writing, you should summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 300 words but no more than 500 words. (Suggested completion time: 60 minutes) Note: AQI 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-150 Lightly polluted 151-200 Moderately polluted 201-300 Heavily polluted >300 Severely polluted 类型2 应用文写作（Practical Writing） 比赛内容：选手完成一篇应用文写作（300-500词）。侧重考查选手使用得体的格式、内容和语言实现有效沟通、达到交际目的的能力。
school_____ name_______ mark_______ 阅读短文，判断下列句子正（T）误（F）。 Passage 1 Harbin is a nice place. There are four seasons in a year. In spring the weather is warm and windy. I can fly kites and plant trees. In summer it’s hot. I can swim in the lake and eat ice-creams. In fall it’s always cool and windy. I can go hiking and climb mountains. There are many fruits in fall. I like apples very much. I can eat a lot. In winter it’s very cold. I can make a snowman skate and play with snow. I like spring best. Because the sky is very blue and the leaves are green. And I can row the boat in the river. 1. It’s warm and windy in spring.( ) 2. I can swim and eat ice-cream in summer.( ) 3. There are many fruits in spring and my best fruit is apple.( ) 4. My favourite season is fall.( ) 5. In spring I can fly kites plant trees and row the boat in the river.( ) Passage 2 完型填空。 Tony: What’s the weather 1 in London? Linda: Well in London it is quite cold in spring it often rains 2 summer it’s not hot.It’s quite cool and it usually 3 too. My favorite season is fall it’s quite warm. In winter it’s really cold and wet sometimes it would snow and rain it’s my least favorite 4 as well. Tony: Really? Linda: Yes! What’s the weather like in Beijing? T ony: OK. It’s very cold in winter it rains as 5 .The spring is quite 6 it is quite warm. The summer here is very hot it usually rains really 7 too. Linda: Thanks Tony. I’m coming to Beijing soon. Tony: I’m happy you’re coming. Beijing is rea lly a beautiful 8 . ()1. A. like B. for C. to ()2. A. on B. at C. in ()3. A. raining B. rains C. rained ()4. A. year B. date C. season ()5. A. nice B. well C. good ()6. A. short B. shorter C. shortest ()7. A. heavy B. hard C. big ()8. A. country B. town C. city Passage 3 根据句意填入单词所缺的字母使句子意思完整。 1.What’s your brother l_________ ? He’s tall and strong. 2.Sunday is the first day of a week.M__________ is the second day. 3.I like apple best. Apple is my favourite f__________. 4.It’s 12:00 now. Let’s have l_________ together.
“‘外研社杯’全国英语阅读大赛”样题 一、“‘外研社杯’全国英语阅读大赛”比赛内容包含四个环节： PartⅠRead and Know（读以明己） PartⅡRead and Reason（读以察世） PartⅢ Read and Question（读以启思） PartⅣ Read and Create（读以言志） 二、比赛样题仅为2015年阅读大赛赛题的内容和形式样例，并非完整试卷。 三、大赛的模拟赛、复赛和决赛都将包含样题的四个环节，但各环节的赛题内容和形式会根据不同阶段比赛有所变化。 四、大赛的初赛由参赛学校参考样题内容自行命题，组委会不做硬性规定。 五、“PartⅣ Read and Create（读以言志）”部分，组委会将在赛前公布大赛推荐阅读书单。 Part I Read and Know In this part, you will read some questions about your abilities or personalities. Read as fast as you can and choose the answer that you think best describes yourself. Are You Charismatic? Charisma is the magnetic power that attracts people to you. It won’t affect the quality of your work or provide you with wonderful original ideas, but it remains one of the most vital talents if you want to make it b ig in life. If people who don’t even understand what you’re talking about believe that you are a genius, you will have made it. The following test will decide whether you’ve got what it takes. 1) Do people find themselves attracted to you? A. Yes, it can be embarrassing sometimes. B. No, no more than other people. C. I suppose they do a bit.
2016年全国大学生英语能力竞赛攻略 学长分享英语竞赛技巧： 知己知彼百战不殆”，要想在全国大学生英语竞赛中取得好成绩，平时的积累是基础，而考前对考试的研究和分析以及练习则是升华。近几年来英语竞赛也在不断调整中。对我们来说，最重要的参考资料就是当年的竞赛样题，和官网的考试说明文件，从中我们可以了解到考试的题型、分值、时间分配、难度和新变化。只有这样我们才能对症下药，合理分配考试时间，获得最好的成绩。其实考试，一言以蔽之，就是尽量的规定时间内拿到最高的分数，分数越高，就意味着你越成功。由于每年试题结构、题型等都会有所变化，下面就以2010年的英语竞赛初赛试题为例，分析一下时间安排。今年初赛试题共分为七部分，时间120分钟，满分150分。七部分分别为听力、词汇与语法结构、完形填空、阅读理解、翻译、智力测试和写作。下面就分别进行分析。 第一部分是听力，由四部分组成，第一部分是五篇短对话，然后是两篇长对话，第三部分是五篇短新闻，第四部分是听写式填空。总分是30分，总的来说，听力的难度不算很大，应该是介于四、六级之间，大部分都可以直接从对话中找到原句和答案。但是还是有一定难度的。首先，前20道选择题都只读一遍，这和一般的考试不同，所以对选手就提出了更高的要求，必须从一开始就高度集中注意力，才能不遗漏重要信息。此外，听写式填空也是对基本知识的一个考查，经常有同学听到了却不会写，这需要我们打好自己的基础。这一部分要力争拿到20分以上。 第二部分是词汇与语法结构，这也是对“双基”知识的一个考查，可以说基本上是考查基本功的，当然我们也要注意，这其中对话类的应用题目也呈逐年上升的趋势。总分15分，官方建议完成时间是十分钟。这一部分要力争拿到10分以上。 第三部分是完形填空，也是我认为全卷除了智力测试以外最难的题目，题型包括根据上下文填空、根据给出的首字母填空、根据给出的单词的适当形式填空。分值是十分，官方建议完成时间是10分钟。这题不仅考查你的基本词汇语法知识，也考查你对文章的理解和把握。可以说是阅读+词汇的结合。要拿高分很难，但是其实还是有一些分好拿的，这一部分我们要力争拿到4分以上。 第四部分是阅读理解，总分40分，官方建议完成时间是25分钟。这是全卷分值最大的一道大题，也是时间最紧的。我估计绝大多数同学在25分钟内都没办法全部完成（我也很勉强）。这一部分我觉得最重要的还是把握文章的开头和结尾，了解主旨，然后根据题目去快速定位，因为这里的题目大部分都是在原文可以找到答案的。这一部分阅读量大、题型多样（包括选择题、问答题、是/否/未提及题，摘抄题、填空题等）、也是对同学英语应用能力的有力考查，还是要熟能生巧，在平时多加练习，力争达到又对又快的境界，这一部分要力争拿到25分以上。 第五部分是翻译，包括英译汉和汉译英两部分。共20分，官方建议完成时间是15分钟。这一部分可以说是全卷最简单的题型，考查的内容都没超过四级甚至是平常练习的难度，对英译汉，还是要花点时间看看文章开头和结尾，“磨刀不误砍柴工”，很多翻译都要根据上下文进行，才能更加的到位。有时在翻译中遇到生词，也可以根据上下文进行推断。比如今年的汉译英试题中多次提到“dropout”这个单词，我考试时也忘了这是什么意思，最后还是通过文章最后
做题时间：40分钟 Passage 1 One day an old man is taking a train to his hometown. One of his shoes falls onto the ground, but the train starts .He can not pick it up. Then he takes off the other and throws it near the fallen shoe. A boy beside hi m asks, “Why do you do that?” He says, “If a man picks them up, he may as well get a pair of shoes.” 根据短文内容判断正（T）误（F） （）1.An old woman is taking a train to his hometown. （）2.T he man’s shoes all fall onto the ground. （）3.The old man picks his shoes up. （）4.The old man takes off the other and throws it near the fallen shoe. （）5.The old man is very kind. Passage 2 It is early in the morning. Mr. White is cutting the grass in the yard. Suddenly, his neighbor Mr. Black runs out and helps him. Mr. White i s very happy and he asks Mr. Black, “Do you often help people cut grass?” “No!” “So why do you get up and help me?” Mr. Black says: “ I help you cut the grass so that I can go back to sleep again.” 根据短文选择正确答案 （）6.The story happens in the ____ morning. A. early B. late C. middle D. last （）7. Mr. White is _______ in the yard. A. watering B. drinking C. doing exercises D. cutting the grass （）8. When his neighbour helps Mr. White, he is very ____. A. angry B. happy C. upset D. excited （）9. Mr. Black wants to _______ again. A. sleep B. eat C. drink D. read books （）10.Does Mr. Black often help people cut grass? _______. A. Yes B. No C. Not mentioned D. We don’t know. Passage 3 Today is Sunday. Lynn is very happy. She needn’t clean the classroom, do morning exercise or have classes. She has to do many exercises at school every day. She has no time to play. And only at weekends she can play happily. But she has to do her homework at home. She has to clean her bedroom, wash her clothes and water the flowers at home, she doesn’t like doing these things. And you? 根据短文内容判断正(T)误(F)。 ( )11. Today is Saturday. ( )12. Lynn needs to clean the classroom. ( )13. Lynn has no time to play at school. ( )14. Lynn doesn’t do her homework at home. ( )15. Lynn likes washing clothes and watering the flowers. Passage 4 One day, an elephant is walking to the town. He comes to a river. There is a little bridge over it. He is very glad to run to the bridge. However, when he is on the bridge, it bends down. It’s dangerous. “What could I do?” He thinks hard. An idea comes to him. He makes this bridge upside down. It is strong enough. He stands on the bridge. Oh! He smiles. 根据短文内容填空。
2016“外研社杯”全国英语阅读大赛样题 Part I Read and Know In Part I, you will read short texts of various kinds. Read the instructions carefully and answer the questions. (Time allowed: 22 minutes) Questions 1-3 (Suggested completion time: 5 minutes) Directions: Read the following quotes. Match the quotes on the left with the people on the right. Please note there are two extra options you do not need to use. Questions 4 (Suggested completion time: 2 minutes) Directions: Read the text, and answer the question according to the text. To ensure the high standards of facilities we need to build new wards, laboratories and consulting rooms. In short, we need your help now. Complete the coupon today and rest assured that your donation is going to the best possible cause. 4. Where is the piece of text taken from? A. an advertisement B. an instruction booklet C. a story D. a newspaper Questions 5 (Suggested completion time: 2 minutes) Directions: Read the text, and answer the question according to the text. Few corners of the world remain untainted by intrepid tourists, and their impact is often devastating. Too frequently they trample heedlessly on fragile environments, displacing wildlife and local populations in their insatiable quest for unexplored locations. 5. What is the best title for this text? A. The future of tourism B. The role of tourism C. The price of tourism D. The benefits of tourism Questions 6 (Suggested completion time: 2 minutes) Directions: Read the text, and answer the question according to the text. Buying and selling anything is your forte now. If you visit a jumble or car-boot sale or the like, a romantic encounter is more than probable! News linked to the family is brilliant!
2015年高考英语阅读理解练习：Sensitive When we can see well, we do not think about our eyes very often. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we come to see how important our eyes are. People who are nearsighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes. Many people who do a lot of close work, such as writing, reading and sewing, become nearsighted. Then they have to wear glasses in order to see distant things clearly. People who are farsighted(近视的) suffer from just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away, but they have difficulty reading a book unless they hold it at arm length. If they want to do much reading, they must get glasses too. Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. This, too, can be corrected by glasses. eyes become cloudy because of cataracts(白内Some people’s 障). Long ago these people often became blind. Now, however, it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them. When night falls, colours become fainter to the eye and finally disappear. After your eyes have grown used to the dark, you can see better if you use the sides of your eyes rather than
赛区评阅编号（由赛区组委会填写）： 2015高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛 承诺书 我们仔细阅读了《全国大学生数学建模竞赛章程》和《全国大学生数学建模竞赛参赛规则》（以下简称为“竞赛章程和参赛规则”，可从全国大学生数学建模竞赛网站下载）。 我们完全明白，在竞赛开始后参赛队员不能以任何方式（包括电话、电子邮件、网上咨询等）与队外的任何人（包括指导教师）研究、讨论与赛题有关的问题。 我们知道，抄袭别人的成果是违反竞赛章程和参赛规则的，如果引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料（包括网上查到的资料），必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中明确列出。 我们郑重承诺，严格遵守竞赛章程和参赛规则，以保证竞赛的公正、公平性。如有违反竞赛章程和参赛规则的行为，我们将受到严肃处理。 我们授权全国大学生数学建模竞赛组委会，可将我们的论文以任何形式进行公开展示（包括进行网上公示，在书籍、期刊和其他媒体进行正式或非正式发表等）。 我们参赛选择的题号（从A/B/C/D中选择一项填写）： 我们的报名参赛队号（12位数字全国统一编号）： 参赛学校（完整的学校全称，不含院系名）：
参赛队员 (打印并签名) ：1. 2. 3. 指导教师或指导教师组负责人 (打印并签名)： 日期：年月日 （此承诺书打印签名后作为纸质论文的封面，注意电子版论文中不得出现此页。以上内容请仔细核对，特别是参赛队号，如填写错误，论文可能被取消评奖资格。） 赛区评阅编号（由赛区组委会填写）： 2015高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛 编号专用页 赛区评阅记录（可供赛区评阅时使用）：
送全国评奖统一编号（由赛区组委会填写）： 全国评阅统一编号（由全国组委会填写）： 此编号专用页仅供赛区和全国评阅使用，参赛队打印后装订到纸质论文的第二页上。注意电子版论文中不得出现此页，即电子版论文的第一页为标题和摘要 页。
2016年“外研社杯”全国英语阅读大赛 一、大赛主题 “‘外研社杯’全国英语阅读大赛”于2015年举办，旨在通过比赛的设计，为大学生提供阅读实践的机会和自我挑战的舞台。赛题将以国际化人才要求为标准，融入思辨性、拓展性和创造性等关键要素，增强学生的跨文化交际意识，开拓其国际视野，提升其国际素养。 二、大赛组织 主办单位：外语教学与研究出版社、北京外研在线教育科技有限公司 合办单位：教育部高等学校大学外语教学指导委员会 教育部高等学校英语专业教学指导分委员会 中国外语教育研究中心 三、参赛对象 全国具有高等学历教育招生资格的普通高等学校在校本、专科学生、研究生（不包括在职研究生），35岁以下，中国国籍。曾获得往届“‘外研社杯’全国英语写作大赛”出国及港澳交流奖项的选手不包括在内。 四、参赛方式 初赛：符合参赛资格的高校学生可直接向本校外语院（系）或大学外语教学部咨询、报名和参加初赛。 复赛：初赛结束后，举办初赛的外语院（系）或大学外语教学部向本省（市、自治区）大学外语教学研究会报名参加复赛。每校参赛人数由本省（市、自治区）大学外语教学研究会确定并公布。 决赛：复赛结束后，各省（市、自治区）大学外语教学研究会将获得决赛资格的3名选手向大赛组委会秘书处报名参加全国决赛。 五、参赛注册（报名） 大赛官方网站将于2016年6月27日起开放注册窗口。所有报名参赛的选手必须在大赛官网注册，填写个人信息。参赛选手在大赛网站注册时所用的电子邮箱及手机号将作为参加复赛和决赛时登录大赛写作系统的重要认证信息。没有注册的选手无法参加复赛。参赛选手注册的个人信息须准确、真实。如经组委会查证与真实情况不符，将取消其参赛资格。 六、赛题构成 “‘外研社杯’全国英语阅读大赛”比赛内容包含四个环节：
2015高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛 承诺书 我们仔细阅读了《全国大学生数学建模竞赛章程》和《全国大学生数学建模竞赛参赛规则》（以下简称为“竞赛章程和参赛规则”，可从全国大学生数学建模竞赛下载）。 我们完全明白，在竞赛开始后参赛队员不能以任何方式（包括、电子、网上咨询等）与队外的任何人（包括指导教师）研究、讨论与赛题有关的问题。 我们知道，抄袭别人的成果是违反竞赛章程和参赛规则的，如果引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料（包括网上查到的资料），必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中明确列出。 我们重承诺，严格遵守竞赛章程和参赛规则，以保证竞赛的公正、公平性。如有违反竞赛章程和参赛规则的行为，我们将受到严肃处理。 我们授权全国大学生数学建模竞赛组委会，可将我们的论文以任何形式进行公开展示（包括进行网上公示，在书籍、期刊和其他媒体进行正式或非正式发表等）。 我们参赛选择的题号（从A/B/C/D中选择一项填写）： 我们的报名参赛队号（12位数字全国统一编号）： 参赛学校（完整的学校全称，不含院系名）： 参赛队员(打印并签名) ：1. 2. 3.
指导教师或指导教师组负责人(打印并签名)： 日期：年月日 （此承诺书打印签名后作为纸质论文的封面，注意电子版论文中不得出现此页。以上容请仔细核对，特别是参赛队号，如填写错误，论文可能被取消评奖资格。） 赛区评阅编号（由赛区组委会填写）： 2015高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛 编号专用页 赛区评阅记录（可供赛区评阅时使用）：
送全国评奖统一编号（由赛区组委会填写）： 全国评阅统一编号（由全国组委会填写）： 此编号专用页仅供赛区和全国评阅使用，参赛队打印后装订到纸质论文的第二页上。注意电子版论文中不得出现此页，即电子版论文的第一页为标题和摘要页。 月上柳梢头
2016年浙江省高考数学试卷（文科） 一、选择题 1．（5分）已知全集U={1，2，3，4，5，6}，集合P={1，3，5}，Q={1，2，4}，则（?U P）∪Q=（） A．{1}B．{3，5}C．{1，2，4，6}D．{1，2，3，4，5} 2．（5分）已知互相垂直的平面α，β交于直线l，若直线m，n满足m∥α，n⊥β，则（） A．m∥l B．m∥n C．n⊥l D．m⊥n 3．（5分）函数y=sinx2的图象是（） A．B．C． D． 4．（5分）若平面区域，夹在两条斜率为1的平行直线之间，则这两 条平行直线间的距离的最小值是（） A．B．C．D． 5．（5分）已知a，b＞0且a≠1，b≠1，若log a b＞1，则（） A．（a﹣1）（b﹣1）＜0 B．（a﹣1）（a﹣b）＞0 C．（b﹣1）（b﹣a）＜0 D．（b ﹣1）（b﹣a）＞0 6．（5分）已知函数f（x）=x2+bx，则“b＜0”是“f（f（x））的最小值与f（x）的最小值相等”的（） A．充分不必要条件 B．必要不充分条件
C．充分必要条件D．既不充分也不必要条件 7．（5分）已知函数f（x）满足：f（x）≥|x|且f（x）≥2x，x∈R．（）A．若f（a）≤|b|，则a≤b B．若f（a）≤2b，则a≤b C．若f（a）≥|b|，则a≥b D．若f（a）≥2b，则a≥b 8．（5分）如图，点列{A n}、{B n}分别在某锐角的两边上，且|A n A n+1|=|A n+1A n+2|，A n≠A n+1，n∈N*，|B n B n+1|=|B n+1B n+2|，B n≠B n+1，n∈N*，（P≠Q表示点P与Q不重合）若d n=|A n B n|，S n为△A n B n B n+1的面积，则（） A．{S n}是等差数列B．{S n2}是等差数列 C．{d n}是等差数列 D．{d n2}是等差数列 二、填空题 9．（6分）某几何体的三视图如图所示（单位：cm），则该几何体的表面积是cm2，体积是cm3． 10．（6分）已知a∈R，方程a2x2+（a+2）y2+4x+8y+5a=0表示圆，则圆心坐标是，半径是． 11．（6分）已知2cos2x+sin2x=Asin（ωx+φ）+b（A＞0），则A=，b=．12．（6分）设函数f（x）=x3+3x2+1，已知a≠0，且f（x）﹣f（a）=（x﹣b）（x ﹣a）2，x∈R，则实数a=，b=． 13．（4分）设双曲线x2﹣=1的左、右焦点分别为F1、F2，若点P在双曲线上，