现在分词和过去分词
的区别
现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上。
1)语态上不同：现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。试比较：
surprising 使人感到惊讶的(主动)
surprised 自己感到惊讶的(被动，即被惊讶的)
an exciting story 一个令人兴奋的故事(主动)
excited spectators 激动的观众(被动，即被引起激动的)
a moving film 一部感动人的影片。
A moved audience 受感动的观众
A tiring journey 累人的旅行
A tired football player 累了的足球运动员
He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告诉我们许多有趣的事情。
She is interested in astronomy. 她对天文学有兴趣。
也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，它们只表示一个动作已完成，没有被动的意味。如：
the risen sun 升起的太阳
fallen leaves 落叶
the exploded bomb 已爆炸了的炸弹
a retired miner 退休矿工
returned students 归国留学生
2)时间关系上不同：一般说来，现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往已经完成。试比较：
the changing world 正在变化着的世界
the changed world 已经起了变化的世界
boiling water 正在开的水
boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水)
developing countries 发展中国家
developed countries 发达国家
分词和分词短语的用法
1) 作定语作定语用的分词如果是单词，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：
I’m reading a very interesting book.我在读一本很有趣的书。
He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜欢喝凉开水。
分词短语作定语用时，一般皆放在它所修饰的名词的后面。它的功用相当于定语从句。如：China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家，属于第三世界。
(= which belongs to the Third World)
The man sitting in the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那个人是我的兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer)
Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀请参加晚会的人多数没有来。(= who were invited to the party.)
2)作表语
The opera is very moving and instructive. 这个歌剧很动人，且有教育意义。
The cups are broken. 这些杯子是破的。
He is married.他已经结婚了。
[注] 分词作表语用时，相当于形容词，不可与进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来。它们的形式相似，但可以从意义上加以辨别。试比较：
Lei Feng’s spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. 雷锋的精神鼓舞着全国人民。(现在进行时)
His report is inspiring. 他的报告令人鼓舞。(现在分词作表语)
The road was completed by the PLA men.这条路是解放军战士修成的。(被动语态)
The road is completed.这条路已经筑成。(过去分词作表语)
3)作状语：分词在意义上也可用作状语，表示时间、原因、方式和伴随情况等。
a)表示时间(在意义上往往相当于表示时间的状语从句)。如：
Looking out of the window，I saw groups of children passing by the house.我从窗口望出去，看见成群的孩子们从房子前面走过。(= When I looked out of the window)
Heated，the metal expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀。(= When it is healed)
Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.他打开抽屉，拿出一本词典。(= He opened the drawer and took...这两个动作是一个接着一个)
[注]如果要强调分词短语与谓语动词所表示的时间关系，分词短语之前可用when或while等连词。如：
While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory)，I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工厂工作期间，从工人那里学到了很多东西。
When heated，the metal expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀。
现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上。
1)语态上不同：现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。试比较：
surprising 使人感到惊讶的(主动)
surprised 自己感到惊讶的(被动，即被惊讶的)
an exciting story 一个令人兴奋的故事(主动)
excited spectators 激动的观众(被动，即被引起激动的)
a moving film 一部感动人的影片。
A moved audience 受感动的观众
A tiring journey 累人的旅行
A tired football player 累了的足球运动员
He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告诉我们许多有趣的事情。
She is interested in astronomy. 她对天文学有兴趣。
也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，它们只表示一个动作已完成，没有被动的意味。如：
the risen sun 升起的太阳
fallen leaves 落叶
the exploded bomb 已爆炸了的炸弹
a retired miner 退休矿工
returned students 归国留学生
2)时间关系上不同：一般说来，现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往已经完成。试比较：
the changing world 正在变化着的世界
the changed world 已经起了变化的世界
boiling water 正在开的水
boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水)
developing countries 发展中国家
developed countries 发达国家
分词和分词短语的用法
1) 作定语作定语用的分词如果是单词，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：
I’m reading a very interesting book.我在读一本很有趣的书。
He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜欢喝凉开水。
分词短语作定语用时，一般皆放在它所修饰的名词的后面。它的功用相当于定语从句。如：China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家，属于第三世界。
(= which belongs to the Third World)
The man sitting it the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那个人是我的兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer)
Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀请参加晚会的人多数没有来。(= who were invited to the party.)
2)作表语
The opera is very moving and instructive. 这个歌剧很动人，且有教育意义。
The cups are broken. 这些杯子是破的。
He is married.他已经结婚了。
[注] 分词作表语用时，相当于形容词，不可与进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来。它们的形式相似，但可以从意义上加以辨别。试比较：
Lei Feng’s spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. 雷锋的精神鼓舞着全国人民。(现在进行时)
His report is inspiring. 他的报告令人鼓舞。(现在分词作表语)
The road was completed by the PLA men.这条路是解放军战士修成的。(被动语态)
The road is completed.这条路已经筑成。(过去分词作表语)
3)作状语分词在意义上也可用作状语，表示时间、原因、方式和伴随情况等。
a)表示时间(在意义上往往相当于表示时间的状语从句)。如：
Looking out of the window，I saw groups of children passing by the house.我从窗口望出去，看见成群的孩子们从房子前面走过。(= When I locked out of the window)
Heated，the metal expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀。(= When it is healed)
Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.他打开抽屉，拿出一本词典。(= He opened the drawer and took...这两个动作是一个接着一个)
[注]如果要强调分词短语与谓语动词所表示的时间关系，分词短语之前可用when或while等连词。如：
While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory)，I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工厂工作期间，从工人那里学到了很多东西。
When heated，the metal expands.这种金属加热后即膨胀。
b)表示原因(在意义上相当于表示原因的状语从句)。如：
Feeling tired, I telephoned and said I couldn’t come to a hospital of Chinese medicine.我感到
累，打电话说我不能去。(= Since I felt tired)
Thinking that Chinese medicine might help，he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中医也许有效，于是到一家中医医院去治病。(= As he thought that...)
Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder.在太好形势的鼓舞下，他们更加努力工作。(= Since they are inspired by...)
c)表示方式、伴随情况及结果(这种用法没有相当的状语从句可以代替)。如：
He came running back to tell us the news.他跑着回来告诉我们这个消息。(方式)
She stood there waiting for the bus.她站在那儿等公共汽车。(伴随情况或方式)
The child fell，striking head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰破了。(结果)
He went out slamming the door.他走出去砰地一声把门关上。(伴随情况)
The lichens came borne by storms.这些地衣是由暴风雨带来的。(方式)
分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定式由not后加现在分词构成。如：
Not knowing what to do，she went to the teacher for help.她不知道该怎么办，就去请老师帮助。
I left at noon，not staying for lunch.我是中午走的，没有留下来吃午饭。
过去分词表否定时，常借助un-等前缀表示。如：
The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管。
含有分词的复合宾语
分词可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。可有这种复合宾语的动词有see，watch，hear，set，keep，find，have，get等等。如：
We saw them walking across the road.我们看见他们穿过那条马路。
We heard the children singing “I Love Beijing’s Tian An Men”我们听见孩子们唱《我爱北京天安门》。
I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.我发现故乡几乎全部改建过了。
在have或get后面的复合宾语中，宾语补足语多是过去分词，而它所表示的动作又往往由别人所完成。如：
We must get the television set repaired.我们必须把电视机修好。(请别人修)
I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。(叫别人修的)
If we have shortcomings，we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized.我们如果有缺点，就不怕别人批评指出。(请别人指出)
但have的复合宾语中的过去分词的动作有时不一定由别人来完成，而是表自己的经验。如：He had his arm broken.他把手臂折断了。(不是别人给弄折的，而是自己弄折的)
[注一]上述句子结构变为被动语态时，除主语和宾语互换位置外，分词不动。如上面的第一、二例句即可变为：
They were seen walking across the road.
The children were heard singing “I Love Beijing Tian An Men”。
[注二]现在分词在复合宾语中和动词不定式在复合宾语中的意义稍有不同。后者指事情的全过程，目的在于仅仅说明发生了这件事；前者指正在继续的动作的一部分，目的在于将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前，其含义相当于进行时态。如：
I saw him go upstairs.我看见他上楼去了。(看见他上楼整个过程，只说明他上楼这件事) I saw him going upstairs.我看见他走上楼的。(只看见他上楼这个动作的一部分，说明他上楼的情景)
I was working in the room all morning" I heard somebody knock at the next door.我整个上午在房间工作，听见有人敲隔壁房间的门。(听见敲门整个过程)
When I went back to the room，I heard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房间时听见她在隔壁房间练歌。(只听见一部分，回房间前她已开始唱了)
现在分词的时态
过去分词没有时态形式的变化，所以这里只讲现在分词的时态形式。
1)现在分词的时态形式
一般式writing
完成式having written
2)现在分词一般式其所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或后发生。如：
Working together with Dr. Bethune，we learnt a lot from him.
我们在和白求恩大夫一起工作期间，向他学到很多东西。
(working与leamt同时发生)
Knowing that they were going abroad next week ，they began to make preparations.他们知道他们下星期要出国，所以都开始作准备。(knowing发生在began之前)
He came up to me，saying “Glad to see you again.”他来到我跟前说道，“很高兴又见到你。”(saying发生在came之后)
3)现在分词完成式其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常常用作状语，表示时间或原因。如：
Having done his homework，the schoolboy began to write his diary.这个小学生做完作业后，开始写日记。(having done his homework发生在began之前，表示时间。)
Not having done it right, I tried again.没有做对，我就又试。
(not having done发生在 tried之前，表示原因。)
现在分词的被动语态
一般式being written
完成式having been written
如：
This is one of the many dams being built along the river.这是沿河修筑的许多水坝之一。
Being surrounded，the enemy troops were forced to surrender.敌军被包围了，被迫投降。
Having been asked to stay，I couldn’t very well leave.人家请我留下，我就不好离开了。
独立结构(absolute construction)
分词短语所表示的动作在逻辑上有主语，这种主语皆可在同一句中找到。如：
The young woman standing over there is our new English teacher.站在那边的年轻妇女是我们新的英语老师。(分词短语standing over there的逻辑主语是 the young woman) Having finished his work，he went out to play volleyball.他做完工作后，出去打排球。(having finished his work的逻辑主语是he)但有时分词短语有它自己的独立的主语，这种主语常常是名词或代词(主格)，放在分词短语之前，这种结构叫做独立结构。独立结构常用作状语，多用在书面语中。如：
The dark clouds having dispersed，the sun shone again.乌云已散去，太阳又普照大地了。(时间状语)
We shall thresh the wheat，weather permitting.天气好的话，我们就打麦。(条件状语) Their room was on the first floor，its broad window overlooking the park.他们的房间在二层楼上，房间里的宽大的窗户俯视着公园。(伴随情况状语，the first floor在英国指第二层楼，在美国指第一层，其余可类推。)
We redoubled our efforts，each man working like two.我们加倍努力工作，一人干两人的活。(方式)
Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，银是最好的导体。(伴随情况)
The meeting over，we all left the room.会议结束以后，我们就都离开了房间。(时间状语，注意over之前省去了being)
This done，we went home.做完此事，我们就回家了。(时间状语)
She gazed，her hands clasped to her breast.她双手捂在胸前凝视着。
[注一]有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句中没有逻辑上的主语。它们往往已经变成习惯用语，必须熟记。如：
Thinking that Chinese medicine might help，he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中医也许有效，于是到一家中医医院去治病。(= As he thought that...)
Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder.在太好形势的鼓舞下，他们更加努力工作。(= Since they are inspired by...)
c)表示方式、伴随情况及结果(这种用法没有相当的状语从句可以代替)。如：
He came running back to tell us the news.他跑着回来告诉我们这个消息。(方式)
She stood there waiting for the bus.她站在那儿等公共汽车。(伴随情况或方式)
The child fell，striking head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰破了。(结果) He went out slamming the door.他走出去砰地一声把门关上。(伴随情况)
The lichens came borne by storms.这些地衣是由暴风雨带来的。(方式)
分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定式由not后加现在分词构成。如：
Not knowing what to do，she went to the teacher for help.她不知道该怎么办，就去请老师帮助。
I left at noon，not staying for lunch.我是中午走的，没有留下来吃午饭。
过去分词表否定时，常借助un-等前缀表示。如：
The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管。
含有分词的复合宾语
分词可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。可有这种复合宾语的动词有see，watch，hear，set，keep，find，have，get等等。如：
We saw them walking across the road.我们看见他们穿过那条马路。
We heard the children singing “I Love Beijing’s Tian An Men”我们听见孩子们唱《我爱北京天安门》。
I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.我发现故乡几乎全部改建过了。
在have或get后面的复合宾语中，宾语补足语多是过去分词，而它所表示的动作又往往由别人所完成。如：
We must get the television set repaired.我们必须把电视机修好。(请别人修)
I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。(叫别人修的)
If we have shortcomings，we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized.我们如果有缺点，就不怕别人批评指出。(请别人指出)
但have的复合宾语中的过去分词的动作有时不一定由别人来完成，而是表自己的经验。如：He had his arm broken.他把手臂折断了。(不是别人给弄折的，而是自己弄折的)
[注一]上述句子结构变为被动语态时，除主语和宾语互换位置外，分词不动。如上面的第一、二例句即可变为：
They were seen walking across the road.
The children were heard singing“I Love Beijing Tian An Men”。
[注二]现在分词在复合宾语中和动词不定式在复合宾语中的意义稍有不同。后者指事情的全过程，目的在于仅仅说明发生了这件事；前者指正在继续的动作的一部分，目的在于将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前，其含义相当于进行时态。如：
I saw him go upstairs.我看见他上楼去了。(看见他上楼整个过程，只说明他上楼这件事)
I saw him going upstairs.我看见他走上楼的。(只看见他上楼这个动作的一部分，说明他上楼的情景)
I was working in the room all morning" I heard somebody All knock at the next door.我整个上午在房间工作，听见有人敲隔壁房间的门。(听见敲门整个过程)
When I went back to the room，I heard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房间时听见她在隔壁房间练歌。(只听见一部分，回房间前她已开始唱了)
现在分词的时态
过去分词没有时态形式的变化，所以这里只讲现在分词的时态形式。
1)现在分词的时态形式
一般式writing
完成式having written
2)现在分词一般式其所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或后发生。如：
Working together with Dr. Bethune，we learnt a lot from him.
我们在和白求恩大夫一起工作期间，向他学到很多东西。
(working与leamt同时发生)
Knowing that they were going abroad next week ，they began to make preparations.他们知道他们下星期要出国，所以都开始作准备。(knowing发生在began之前)
He came up to me，saying“Glad to see you again.”他来到我跟前说道，“很高兴又见到你。”(saying 发生在came之后)
3)现在分词完成式其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常常用作状语，表示时间或原因。如：
Having done his homework，the schoolboy began to write his diary.这个小学生做完作业后，开始写日记。(having done his homework发生在began之前，表示时间。)
Not haying done it right, I tried again.没有做对，我就又试。
(not having done发生在 tried之前，表示原因。)
现在分词的被动语态
一般式being written
完成式having been written
如：
This is one of the many dams being built the river.这是沿河修筑的许多水坝之一。
Being surrounded，the enemy troops were forced to surrender.敌军被包围了，被迫投降。
Having been asked to stay，I couldn’t very well leave.人家请我留下，我就不好离开了。
独立结构(absolute construction)
分词短语所表示的动作在逻辑上有主语，这种主语皆可在同一句中找到。如：
The young woman standing over there is our new English teacher.站在那边的年轻妇女是我们新的英语老师。(分词短语standing over there的逻辑主语是 the young woman)
Having finished his work，he went out to play volleyball.他做完工作后，出去打排球。(having finished his work的逻辑主语是he)但有时分词短语有它自己的独立的主语，这种主语常常是名词或代词(主格)，放在分词短语之前，这种结构叫做独立结构。独立结构常用作状语，多用在书面语中。如：
The dark clouds having dispersed，the sun shone again.乌云已散去，太阳又普照大地了。(时间状语)
We shall thresh the wheat，weather permitting.天气好的话，我们就打麦。(条件状语)
Their room was on the first floor，its broad window overlooking the park.他们的房间在二层楼上，房间里的宽大的窗户俯视着公园。(伴随情况状语，the first floor在英国指第二层楼，在美国指第一层，其余可类推。)
We redoubled our efforts，each man working like two.我们加倍努力工作，一人干两人的活。(方式)
Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，银是最好的导体。(伴随情况)
The meeting over，we all left the room.会议结束以后，我们就都离开了房间。(时间状语，注意over之前省去了being)
This done，we went home.做完此事，我们就回家了。(时间状语)
She gazed，her hands clasped to her breast.她双手*在胸前凝视着。
[注一]有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句中没有逻辑上的主语。它们往往已经变成习惯用语，必须熟记。如：
Generally speaking，this book is not very difficult.总的说来，这本书并不很难。
Judging from what you say，he has done a very good job.从你的话看来，他的工作做得很不错。Considering that he has been in China for only a year，he speaks Chinese well.考虑到他到中国才一年，他的中国话讲得很不错了。
类似的习惯用语尚有talking of (谈起)，speaking of (谈到)等引导的分词短语。
[注二]英语里还有一种较口语化的“with + 名词或代词宾格 + 分词 (或形容词、介词短语)”结构，也往往作状语用，表示伴随情况。如：
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没有熄灯就睡着了。
She gazed with her hands clasped to her breast.她双手*在胸前凝视着。
上述结构中的分词亦可用形容词或介词短语代替。如：
He sleeps with the windows open even in winter.他即使在冬天也开着窗户睡觉。
A girl came in with a book in her hand.一位姑娘手里拿着一本书走了进来。(在笔语中，也可说：A girl came in，book in hand.)
过去分词的用法 现在分词的七种用法 （一）作定语 1. 动词现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。例如： The sleep ing boy is Tom. 2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多。例如： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are play ing outside not to make too much no ise. 3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。例如： Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. 4. 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。例如： This is an En glish-speak ing coun try. （二）作表语 现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。女口amus ing, discourag ing, puzzli ng, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如：
The story is movi ng. （三）现在分词在句中作宾语补足语，这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的 “主表”关系或“主谓”关系。例如： We all found his equipment interesting.（主表关系） I saw Mary going upstairs then.（主谓关系） （四）作状语 现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语，如果不是，需在V-ing形式 前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。例如： Bei ng ill, Mary did n't come to school yesterday. 2?作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。例如： Seeing their teacher coming, the stude nts stopped talk ing. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when 或while。例如： While wait ing for the pla ne, I had a long talk with Sim on. 3. 作条件状语。 V-ing形式作条件状语时，相当于一个条件状语从句。例如： Work ing harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。例如： Weighi ng almost two hun dred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作结果状语。例如： He died, leav ing no thi ng but debts. 6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。例如：
现在分词 Form: ?doing ?having done（先后关系） 现在分词表示主动含义或动作正在进行。 Exercise: 划出句中的现在分词，并指出它在句中做何成分。 1. The three contestants were sitting at their desks on the stage, waiting. 2. Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 3. Having finished his homework, he went out. 4. People living in the cities used to regard farming as boring and backward. 5. The changes in Sunqiao is very amazing. 现在分词做定语： Exercise: Combine each pair of sentences 1. The men are required to come to the headmaster’s office. They had some overseas working experience. 2. The people take part in a variety of exercise They can keep healthy. 3. The research at Sunqiao produces seeds. The seeds help farmers grow better crops. 4. People used to regard farming as boring and backward. These people live in cities. 5.Do you know the boy? He is standing under the tree. 6. The spiders store the mice for later. The mice serve as a source of food. Exercise: compare The swimming pool is clean and big. The swimming boy is his brother. The big writing desk is very expensive. The writing student is Tom’s classmate. 现在分词作状语：时间，条件，伴随方式，原因，结果 Exercise: rewrite the sentences 1. Kitty heard the news. She jumped with joy. 2. Tom put on his swim-suit. He dived into the swimming pool. 3. While she was cooking, she burned her right hand. 4. After he had finished his homework, he went out to play football. 以上改写后的三个句子中的现在分词短语做______状语。 现在分词作状语：相当于状语从句，但从句和主句的____语必须一致. 时间状语： 1. Working in the factory, he learned a lot from the workers.(分词一般式） 2. Having read the letter, she got very excited（完成式） 3. ________hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. 4. = as soon as _________________________________________. 5. Be careful when crossing the street. 条件状语： 1.If you walk hard, you will succeed. 2. = _______________________________ 伴随方式状语 1. She came _______(run) towards me. 2. The children ran out of the room, __________(laugh) and _______(talk) merrily. 3. ____________(travel) by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 4. ____________(follow) the guide, they started to climb. 5. _____________(follow) by the students, the teacher entered the office. 原因状语 1. Because I was sick, I stayed at home.
现在分词和过去分词的用法及实例分析 现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。 1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。 【例如】 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness. 分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。 【例如】 Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help. (We don't have enough hands). Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6) A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed 本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B. No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6) A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed 本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.
过去分词的用法讲解 过去分词的用法在英语语法中很是普遍。那么，如何正确的使用过去分词呢?我们来看看过去分词的用法解析，只有了解了过去分词的用法，才能正确的运用和使用它。 一、基本概念 1. 分词的定义 动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。 2. 过去分词的语法作用： 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。 1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如： Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。 He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。 2) 过去分词做定语： 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如： The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。 We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。 过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如： Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗? The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。 过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如： The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。
英语时态八种基本时态讲解及练习 一．概念：英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，需用不同的动词形式表示，这种不同的动词形式称为时态。 二．种类：（基本时态） 一般现在时一般过去时 现在进行时过去进行时 一般将来时过去将来时 现在完成时过去完成时 三．用法： 1）一般现在时表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态及客观现实和普遍真理。 一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，动词词尾加-s或-es。2）句型结构：主语＋Ｖ.（包括be动词）＋宾语＋… She is an engineer. He has breakfast at 6:00every day. 3）注意： a)一般现在时通常与always , often , usually , every day , sometimes , once a week等时间状 语连用。 I always watch TV at 8: 00 in the evening . They go home once a week . We usually do our homework at home . b)表客观现实或普遍真理。 The sun always rises in the east . The light travels faster than the sound . c)表永远性的动作或状态。 He lives in the country .
4）第三人称单数变化形式。 a)一般情况动词在词尾加-s . come---comes speak---speaks work---works live---lives b)以o, s, x, ch, sh结尾的单词在词后加-es. do---does go---goes finish---finishes brush---brushes fix---fixes pass---passes watch---watches c)以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的单词变y为i加-es. Study---studies carry-carries cry---cries d)以“元音字母＋y”结尾的单词直接加-s. play---plays stay---stays 例句：我们每天晚上九点做作业。 我在早上七点半起床。 他每天七点去上班。 我们经常下午打篮球。 他喜欢音乐。 地球围绕太阳转。 火车六点出发。 5）否定句和疑问句。 a)-----He is an engineer. -----He isn’t an engineer. -----Is he an engineer? -----Yes, he is ./ No, he isn’t. b)----We get up at 7:30 in the morning . -----We don’t get up at 7:30 in the morning . -----Do you get up at 7:30 in the morning ?
现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上。 1)语态上不同：现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。试比较： surprising 使人感到惊讶的(主动) surprised 自己感到惊讶的(被动，即被惊讶的) an exciting story 一个令人兴奋的故事(主动) excited spectators 激动的观众(被动，即被引起激动的) a moving film 一部感动人的影片。 A moved audience 受感动的观众 A tiring journey 累人的旅行 A tired football player 累了的足球运动员 He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告诉我们许多有趣的事情。 She is interested in astronomy. 她对天文学有兴趣。 也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，它们只表示一个动作已完成，没有被动的意味。如：the risen sun 升起的太阳 fallen leaves 落叶 the exploded bomb 已爆炸了的炸弹 a retired miner 退休矿工 returned students 归国留学生 2)时间关系上不同：一般说来，现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往已经完成。试比较： the changing world 正在变化着的世界 the changed world 已经起了变化的世界 boiling water 正在开的水 boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水) developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 分词和分词短语的用法 1) 作定语作定语用的分词如果是单词，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前。如： I’m reading a very interesting book.我在读一本很有趣的书。 He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜欢喝凉开水。 分词短语作定语用时，一般皆放在它所修饰的名词的后面。它的功用相当于定语从句。如：China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家，属于第三世界。 (= which belongs to the Third World) The man sitting in the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那个人是我的兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer) Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀请参加晚会的人多数没有来。(= who were invited to the party.) 2)作表语 The opera is very moving and instructive. 这个歌剧很动人，且有教育意义。 The cups are broken. 这些杯子是破的。 He is married.他已经结婚了。 [注] 分词作表语用时，相当于形容词，不可与进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来。它们的
过去分词的用法 一、构成：规则动词的过去分词是有动词原形+ed构成的，不规则动词则有各自构成。 二、基本特点：过去分词在句子中的基本用法有两点：1.与逻辑主语之间是被动关系 2.表示完成的动作 三、过去分词的用法： 1.作表语：过去分词作表语时，一般同时具备被动与完成的含义 例如：（1）The cup is broken.（2）He is retired. （3）After running,he is tired. 【注意】过去分词作表语时，已经变成形容词性质，主要表示主语的状态（被动完成）,而被动语态则表示动作. 例如：(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) （2）The cup is now broken. 茶杯碎了.(过去分词作表语,表示状态) 【注意】有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,表示“感到……” 用-ing 形式来修饰物，表示“令人……” 例如：The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 2.做定语 作定语用的过去分词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。 例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。 例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. 例如：The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 4）用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam. 3.作状语 作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。 1）时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。 例如：Faced with difficulties,we shouldn’t withdraw for any excuse. B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。 例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting. 2）原因状语：过去分词所表示的动作多有被动和完成两重含义。 例如：Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. Welcomed by all the students,we expressed own true thanks to them.被全体同学欢迎，我们表达真挚的感激【注意】有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 等，这种结构可以改写成一个because引导的主系表结构句子。 例如：Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.因厌倦了噪音，他决定搬到农村去。 Dressed in an orange dress,she looked more beautiful than before.穿上橘红色连衣裙，她看起来比以前更美3）条件状语：作条件状语时，一般只表被动含义。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。 例如：Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快. 4）伴随情况：表示伴随谓语动词发生的另外动作，位于主语之后，用逗号隔开，可以同时表示被动与完成， 例如：The mother ran across the street,followed by her little son. 5）结果状语：表示发生在谓语动词后的动作，位于主句后用都逗号分开，也可以同时表示被动与完成。 例如：He listened to the hero’s story,moved to tears. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语. 例如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
“be +过去分词”能构成被动结构，其实在现代英语口语或非正式文体中还常用另一种被动结构“get + 过去分词”。和“be + 过去分词”一样，“get + 过去分词”也能用于被动结构和系表结构，用于被动结构时，它强调动作的发生；用于系表结构时，它强调状态的变化。其用法及两者的区别从以下两个方面分述如下： 一、get被用来代替助动词be和过去分词连用，构成被动结构，表示某一事件或事故的发生，着重强调动作。 1．常见于以下两种情况： ①谈论某人或某物的客观遭遇，往往表示一种突然的、未曾料到的偶发事件或事故，如：Some glasses got broken when we were moving. 我们搬家的时候有些玻璃杯被打碎了。He got killed when he was crossing the road. 过马路时他被车撞死了。 ②谈论设法做到自己称心的事。当主语是人时，常可在get和过去分词之间插入一个反身代词，表示主语对动作的结果负有一定的责任，此时既含有被动意义，同时又含有主动意义，如： Our car gets cleaned about once every two months. 我们的车每两个月大约清洗一次。She got (herself) paid before she went on a holiday. 她在休假前（设法）领到了工资。 2．“get + 过去分词”与“be + 过去分词”在构成被动结构时的区别： ①前者多用于口语和非正式文体，而后者则可用于更多的场合。 ②前者侧重表示动作，而后者既可表动作又可表状态，有时有歧义，如： The chair got broken yesterday. 昨天这把椅子被弄坏了。（表动作） The chair was broken yesterday. 昨天这把椅子被弄坏了。（表动作）或??昨天这把椅子是坏的。（表状态） ③前者偶尔带表示动作执行者的by短语，而后者则有时带有时不带，如： My brother got hit by a stone. 我哥哥被一块石头击中了。 She got caught by the police. 她让警察给抓住了。 ④前者在表示强调，否定和疑问时需借助助动词do/does/did，而后者则不需，如： He didn’t get beaten yesterday evening. 他昨天晚上没挨打。 Did your letter get answered ? 你收到回信了吗？ ⑤前者有时既可表示被动意义，又可表示主动意义；后者则只表示单纯的被动意义，如： I got (myself) invited to lots of parties last holidays. 上次休假期间，我（设法）让人邀请参加了许多社交聚会。 I was invited to lots of parties last holidays. 上次休假期间，我应邀参加了许多社交聚会。 ⑥与助动词be相比，和get连用的过去分词仅限于少数，其中多数含有“不顺利；不愉快”之意，如： He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。 I got rained on as I was coming to work. 我来上班时遭到淋雨。 二、get作始动性连系动词，与多数都已形容词化了的过去分词连用，构成系表结构，表示状 的变化（即动作的结果），其中get表示一种状态向另一种状态过渡、变化的动作，其含义等于become； begin to be或come to be，如 1．常见于以下五种情况： ①表示使自己进入或变为某种状态，如： We don’t want any of you to get lost. 我们不想你们当中任何人迷路。
现在分词和过去分词的用法区别 （一）分词的作用 ·现在分词可用于： ·①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English. ·②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing. ·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。 ·e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air. ·I saw many birds flying along the river. ·The story is very moving. ·过去分词可用于： ·①构成完成时。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there. ·②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world. ·③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful. ·④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。 ·e.g. a boy named Tom ·I saw the girl killed with my own eyes. ·I’m interested in English. （二）现在分词与过去分词的两大差别 1.在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。 2.在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。 （三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤 （1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分 （2）找准逻辑主语 （3）判断主、被动关系 （4）选定现在或过去分词 1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing 3. What’s the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
现在分词专项训练 1.The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ________ the desert. A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cove 2.The flowers________sweet in the botanical garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 3. Will those________the children from abroad come to the headmaster ’s office? A. teaching B. teach C. who teaches D. who teaching 4. There are hundreds of visitors________in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh ’s paintings. A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait 5.________the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A. The president will attend B. The president to attend C. The president attended D. The president ’s attending 6. —Why did you go back to the shop? —I left my friend ________ there. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits 7. Don ’t leave the water ________wlehiyou brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 8. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found________in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked 9. I found the game ________, and my dad explained for the rules. A. excited B.to excite C. excite D. exciting 10. When________different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared 11. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ________advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken 12. Daddy didn ’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, ________fun. A. had B. have C. to have D. having 13. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, ________a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching 14. He glanced over at her, ________that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted 15. Having been attacked by terrorists,______. A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists 16. Alice returned from the manager ’s office, ________me t h a w t t a h n e t e b d o s t o s s e e me at once. A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling 17. “We can’t go out in this weather, ”said Bob, ________out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 1.答案是A 。a soft orange blanket 与cover 存在主谓关系，因此要用现在分词作谓语，它相当于定语从句which
动词 一、五种基本形式： 英语中实义动词和系动词有五种基本形式，原形、现在式（用于第三人称单数）、过去式（用于过去时态）、过去分词（用于各种完成时态）和现在分词（用于各种进行时态）。
二、动词时态 定义：时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。 四类：一般时态、进行时态、完成时态和完成进行时态。每一类时态都对应四种时间：过去、现在、将来、过去将来。常用8种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时和过去将来时。 1、一般现在时 常见频度副词有：always（总是，一直）,often, usually, never, sometimes等 地球围绕着太阳转：The earth moves around the sun.表客观存在的真理或科学事实。 公交车来了：Here comes the bus.以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。
2、一般过去时 有确定的时间状语，如：yesterday, two days ago, last+年/月/星期,the other day, just now, in the old days, the day before yesterday（前天），this morning/afternoon, at the age of+过去年龄段，when引导的状语从句（过去），at+过去时间点，in+过去的年份等。 3、一般将来时 常用时间副词：tomorrow, soon，(today, tonight)时间状语短语：next year/week/month, in a few days, in the future等。 构成：will/shall+动词原形，be going to+动词原形，表示打算和预测。 特殊情形： be to+动词原形，表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作；有时也表示命令、禁止或可能性。如：She is to practice the piano tomorrow. 她明天将练习钢琴。 用现在进行时表示按计划或安排将要发生的事。 用一般现在时表示按规定或时间表预计要发生的事。 be about to+动词原形，表示即将要发生的事。 4、现在进行时 常与look, listen, now连用 5、过去进行时 the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等标志性词语，主要表示过去某一时刻或表示过去某一阶段正在发生或进行的动作。 6、现在完成时： 常见时间状语：always, yet, just, ever, before，these days, recently, in the past/few时间段，since+时间点，for+时间段等。 构成：have/has+动词的过去分词 7、过去完成时 8、过去将来时 Would+动词原形
现在分词专项练习题 I .单项选择 1. ____ the house on fire, he dialed 119. A. To see B. Seeing C. Having seen D. Being seen 2. ___a post office, I stopped____ some stamps. A. Passed, buying B. Passing, to buy C. Having passed, buy D. Pass, to buy 3. ____a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp. A. To save B. Saving C. Saved D. Having saved 4. The result of the test was rather _____. A. disappointed B. disappointing C. being disappointed D. disappoint 5. _____how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help. A. Not to know B. Not knowing C. Knowing not D. Not known 6. ____the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building. A. Having shown B. Showing C. Has shown D. Having been shown 7. He went from door to door, ____waste papers and magazines. A. gathering B. gathered C. gather D. being gathered 8. The student corrected his paper car efully, ____the professor’s suggestions. A. follow B. following C. followed D. being followed 9. People ____in the city do not know the pleasure of country life. A. live B. to live C. lived D. living 10. A person _____a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language, ______all about his own. A. to learn, to forget B. learning, to forget C. to learn, forgetting D. learning, forgetting 11. ___different kinds of pianos, the worker’s farther improved their quality. A. To produce B. Being produced C. Produced D. Having produced 12. ___many times, he still couldn’t understand. A. Having been told B. Having told C. He having been told D. Telling 13. China is one of the largest countries in the world, _____9. 6 million square kilometres. A. to cover B. covered C. covers D. covering 14. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,____ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added 15. _____ the composition, John handed it to the teacher and went out of the room. A. Writing B. Having written C. Written D. Being written 16. He walked down the hills, ____softly to himself. A. sing B. singing C. sung D. to sing 17. When I came in, I saw Dr. Li _____a patient. A. examine B. examining C. to examine D. examined 18. ____a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly. A. Having been given B. Having given C. Giving D. Being given 19. The next morning she found the man ______ in bed , dead .A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 20 . _______ a reply , he decided to write again . A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received II.用动词正确形式填空 1.______ more attention, the trees could have grown better.(give) 2.The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river. (play)