Language and culture-跨文化交际

跨⽂化交际上课内容unit5Homework:1. What is the relationship between language and culture according to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?2. Translate the following terms:housewarming, disinterested, m ind one’s p’s and q’s, a nine days wonder 红糖, 红茶, 眼红, 青天Unit Five Culture and Verbal CommunicationI.Warm UpPlease read the story on page 156. What can we learn from the story?Supplement: Additional materials about Verbal Communication⾔语交际(i) Verbal communicationVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.In intercultural communication, we use words tocommunicate with the outside world.share the past.exercise some control over the present.form images of the future.(ii) Cross-Cultural Verbal Communication Styles (p179-183)1. Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction StylesIn the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’sintentions.Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward直⽩的form of request.In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout迂回的and implicit含蓄的way.2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement谦逊Verbal StylesThe self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ⾃夸one’s accomplishments and abilities. Eg. In the classified ads分类⼴告, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner…”The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints限制禁⽌, hesitations and modest talk.Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not very good-looking, I’m willing to try my best.”Compare the following ways to serve tea:Japanese: This is not very delicious, but …American: This is the best I can offer.3. Elaborate精⼼制作, Exacting严格的and Succinct简洁StylesAn elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished美化language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab阿拉伯, Middle Eastern, and Afro-American美国⿊⼈cultures.An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans.A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements,understatements, and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some Native American cultures Compare the followings:Arab: @#%&$%)(_$$``^%#@... …American: Just the facts!Chinese: Silence is Golden.4. Personal and Contextual StyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker.Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you.The contextual style highlights one’s role identity and status.Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous).5. Instrumental and Affective StyleAn instrumental verbal⼯具性语⾔style is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communicationto achieve some goal or outcome. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker.An affective communication 情感传达style is receiver and process oriented调整. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with在于both the speaker and the listener.II.Reading1.Read the article of “Understanding the Culture of Conversation”. Whatare the different cultures of conversation among people from different countries?1)Conversation is a rich point (a rich point is something in one culturethat makes it difficult to be connected with another culture). It isn’t any particular word or grammatical construction that produces the rich point; it is something about the way things are going, something about people’s ideas about how to do a conversation. To handle the rich points, old unconscious ways of doing things are dusted off抹掉, new ways are built up. To converse交谈in the new ways, you have to experience culture and manufacture some frames. If you don’t figure out the frames, you might speak grammatically correct English, but what you communicate will differ from what you intended.Now let’s go to see the different conversation cultures of different countries.2)Mexican:The conversation may start with one topic, and if another interesting topic seeps in渗⼊you ride it around for a while. Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting conversation.3)American:①The conversation usually has a topic, and the speaker wants totake a straight line through it from the beginning to end.②The Americans expect an answer to the orienting 定向question,that is to lance their conversation with self-promotion ⾃我推销-- here’s who I am, here’s why I’m good at it, here’s why you should pay attention to me.4)Swedish:The Swedish conversational ideal is to respond in a concise简明的manner without elaborating specific details, esp. those for self-promotion.5)Thus, what causes miscommunication 错误传达is often the wayideas are put together into an argument, the way some ideas are selected for special emphasis, or the way emotional information about the ideas is presented.6)Different conversation cultures between Anglos and Athabaskans:①Who speaks first (who opens the conversation);②Who controls the talk;③When it’s time for a new person to take a turn, such as the lengthof a pause; (who talks next)④How long one should talk;⑤How a conversation should close; (who closes the conversation)2.Apart from differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation,what other differences can you find between Chinese and English? Read the article of “The Way People Speak”.1)From the example of the conversation between an Italian and anAmerican, we can see the different conversation patterns in these two cultures. The Americans do not enjoy verbal conflicts over politics or anything else while the Italians welcome them.2)High involvement ⾼度介⼊conversation patterns and highconsiderateness patterns (Deborah Tannen):High involvement patterns: talk more; interrupt more; expect to be interrupted; talk more loudly at times and talk more quickly. Many enjoy arguments.High considerateness体谅⼈的patterns: speak one at a time; use polite listening sounds; refrain from克制抑制interrupting and give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners.3)Cultures involved:High involvement patterns: Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, and African.High considerateness patterns: Asian Cultures like Chinese and Japanese, mainstream Americans.4)There are also significant differences between the various culturesof the same conversation pattern. Even within the United States there are important regional地区and ethnic differences种族差异in conversation styles.5)Cultural beliefs ⽂化信仰differ as to whether directness orindirectness is considered positive. In the mainstream American culture, the ideal form of communication includes being direct rather than indirect. Latin Americans and many Asians value indirectness.6)Ping-Pong conversational style and Bowling styleIn an American “Ping-Pong” conversation, one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back and the game continues. Each part of the conversation follows this pattern: the greeting and the opening, the discussion of a topic, and the closing and farewell告别. However, in a Japanese “Bowling”conversation, each participant waits politely for a turn and knows exactly when the time is right to speak. That is, they know their place inline. In Japanese conversation, long silences are tolerated. For Americans, even two or three seconds of silence can become uncomfortable.3.So far, we can see that there are the Cultural Relativity⽂化相对性ofCommunication -- when to talk, what to say and how to say differ from culture to culture.(i) When to talk (the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans)(ii) How to talk①Pacing and pausing (the example of the conversation between Anglosand Athabaskans)Meaning: How fast do you speak? How long do you wait following another speaker’s utterance表达说话, before concluding the other has no more to say?②Listenership (the example of the conversation between Anglos andAthabaskans)③IndirectnessMeaning: Only a part of meaning resides in存在于the words spoken; the largest part is communicated by hints暗⽰, assumptions, and listeners filling-in from context and prior experience.e.g. A Greek wife (or daughter): Can I go to the marketplace?Husband or father: (never say no) If you want, you can go. –meaning No.Yes, of course, go. – meaning Yes. (iii) What to say -- topics (See the exercises on p164)Which topics are regarded as the appropriate ones in conversations? Weather, Pet, Work, Hobby, Sex, Family, Age, Income, Property, Marital status, Politics, Religious belief, Disease, Death, DisabilityHomework: read the three dialogues on page 170-172, then try to find out the problems and ways to avoid such problems ininterculturalcommunication.III.Topics for presentation: compliment (p162-163), telephone calls (p172-173), how to say “No” (p133-136), introduction, Disagreeing agreeably (American way & Chinese way:)--What does Japanese “Hai”mean? How does an American understand it? (p133)-- How to express “no” across cultures? (p134-136)Supplement: Making Good IntroductionSuppose an important client is visiting your corporate headquarters企业总部. You’re having a conversation when the president of your company walks into the room. It’s up to you to make the introductions. But whom do you introduce to who m? Which person’s name do you state first?Your client is important to you and your company, but certainly the company president is also important. Do you have a dilemma? Not if you understand the background of making introductions, which is basically, “The person with greater importance takes precedence优先.”(i) Sequence顺序of introduction -- a useful format:1.Always state the name of the most important person first;/doc/a701accd53e79b89680203d8ce2f0066f533649a.html e words like “May I” or “I would like to” or “It is a pleasure to”;3.Follow with words like “Introduce” or “Present” (“Present” is moreformal);4.Then state the name of the Lower ranking person;5.And always add a brief sentence about the lower ranking person,such as a job title or project he or she is working on, a recent success, or a common interest with the senior. This provides the senior with information to begin a comfortable conversation. (Example)Erica: Professor Honda, may I introduce my classmate Steven Jacobs.Steven, this is my professor of literature.Prof: Nice to meet you, Steven.Steven: Thank you. It’s a pleasure to meet you, Professor Honda. Etica has talked a lot about you.Porf: All good, I hope.(ii) Suitable topics of conversation(iii) Taboos:IV.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。

跨文化交际课程教学大纲一、课程的基本信息适应对象：英语专业本科四年级学生课程代码：07007926学时分配：30赋予学分：2先修课程：《普通语言学》、《英美概况》、《英美文学史》、《欧洲文化入门》后续课程：二、课程性质与任务当今世界发生的翻天覆地的变化使社会对外语人才的需求也相应提高。

近年来对交际能力的要求除听、说、读、写四种语言运用能力外，还需要具备社会文化能力，即文化素养。

《跨文化交际学》是外语专业本科四年级的任意选修课程。

它以促进学生整体素质发展为根本，注重学生在技能、知识、情感、策略和文化素质等各方面的综合发展。

作为一门新兴学科，《跨文化交际学》集社会语言学、文化语言学、语用学、翻译学、传播学、人类学、外语教学等领域的研究成果于一体，着重文化与交际过程以及文化对交际过程的影响，从而提高外语学习者对文化的敏感和跨文化交际的能力。

《跨文化交际学》除研究文化的定义与特点、交际的定义与特征以及文化与交际的关系外，着重讨论干扰交际的文化因素。

这些因素包括语言、非语言手段、社会准则、社会组织、价值观等。

其中，语言包括词语的文化内涵、篇章结构、逻辑思维以及翻译等值等方面；非语言手段包括手势、身势、服饰、音调高低、微笑、沉默、对时间与空间的不同观念等；社交准则泛指人们交往中必须遵循的各种规则以及某些风俗习惯；社会组织指家庭中各成员的关系、同事朋友关系、上下级关系等；价值观念包括人与自然的关系、宗教观念、道德标准以及人生观、世界观等。

语言是文化的载体，不同文化背景的人们从事交际势必会遇到文化差异的问题。

因此，研究跨文化交际、深入了解语言、文化与交际之间的关系，不仅对于语言研究者，而且对于将要从事外语教学、翻译和外事工作的外语专业的学生是十分必要和大有裨益的。

三、教学目的与要求同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交际是学习英语的重要目的之一。

然而有效的交际不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到许多文化因素。

本课程要求学生掌握文化的定义和特征，交际的定义和特征，影响跨文化交际活动的各种因素、跨文化交际的途径以及跨文化交际学的研究方法等。

Analysis
One possible interpretation is that we are
usually ethnocentric(种族优越感) and judge the behavior of people from other cultures against the background of our own cultural and language rules. One more interpretation may be that language not only gives us freedom to express ourselves, but also tends to confine our thoughts to a certain area. Out of what our language provides us ,we feel confused.
Significance of Verbal Communication
We use words to communicate with the outside world. share the past. exercise some control over the present. form imageguage and Culture
1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Read the following factious story and see what you can infer about the relationship between language, culture and thought. Discuss in small groups; the ideas of others may inspire you.

《跨文化交际》教学大纲一、课程名称：跨文化交际/Cross-culture Communication二、课程编码：三、学时与学分：34/2四、考核方式：考查，包括平时与期末，分别占30% 和70%五、先修课程：综合英语、英语语法、英语泛读、英语口语、英美国家社会与文化等六、适用学科专业：英语七、教学目的：同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交流是学习英语的重要目的之一。

然而有效的交流不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到文化因素。

本课程的主旨是帮助学生解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种困惑，促进学生对英语国家概况和英美文化有教为深入的了解，对中国文化与西方文化之间的异同有较为敏锐的感知。

逐步提高学生跨文化交际的实际能力，使学生能够用文化的眼光，认识自己，包容他人。

八、基本教学内容：本课程选用顾曰国主编的《跨文化交际》（Cross-cultural Communication）为教材。

本课程共八个单元。

主要学习方法包括：典型实例分析，模拟交流练习，听公开讲座，交际失误分析，英汉双向翻译练习等。

九、教学内容、基本要求及学时分配1. Part One: Language and Culture in Communication教学内容：介绍语言、文化和交际之间的关系，跨文化交流模式，交流中的各种意义等。

本单元介绍了交际的5个类型 (types of communication)：human communication; animal communication;human-animal communication; human-machine communication; machine-to-machine communication；交际的基本模式：同文化交际(mono-cultural language communication)；跨文化交际(cross-cultural language communication)；介绍各种交际方式中的“意思”的传达。

跨文化交际(英文版)Cross –cultural communicationThesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries.Outline:Chapter 1: Language and culture in communicationChapter2: Culture shockChapter3: What’s in a name?Chapter4: Social interactionChapter 5: Roles and relationsChapter6: Non-verbal communicationChapter 7: In other words.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageConclusionChapter 1: Language and culture in communicationThere is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance.What is communication?In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication andnon-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beingsThere are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other.For human beings, how can we communicate with each other?Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message.What is social situation?When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone cannot constitute a social sA social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community,and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in social situation.Chapter2: Culture shockWe should not only know what communication is but we should know what culture shock is.In contemporary society, as our country is developing faster and faster, more and more foreigners will come to our country. Communicating with foreigners is an interesting thing. However, there is no doubt that it can easily cause misunderstanding which is called culture shock. There are several kinds of culture shock.Hospitality: First of all, in Britain, hospitality can not be judged bywhether hosts put the food into your dishes, in there, everyone has own dishes, everyone helps themselves. By contrast, in our country, when we have guests, hosts may put the food into guest’s dishes to show their hospitality, so this is different.Politeness: When it comes to this word, in many case, foreigners weredescribed as being polite than Chinese. For example, when we finish work, foreigners may say thank you to us, although it is out duties. However, for Chinese, they seldom say thank you because they think someone who serves them are their duties.What’s more, when we get alon g with foreigners, we should avoid asking their salaries, jobs and religious and so on. For the young, it’s all right to ask their ages, for the adults, this question is not allowed, especially for the females. But in china, these questions are allowed.In conclusion, when we face these culture shocks, it is better to keep a cool head, and then make an adjustment toward it, finally, we can cope with it. As time goes by, we can adapt it. For example, American Jewish and Israel, thetwo groups are equal and integration. Both groups havepositive attitudes toward one another. So I am sure that after learning this unit, we can know a lot about culture shock and can easily communicate with foreigners.Chapter 3: What’s in a name?The topic of unit three is “what’s in a name?” As is known to all, the English name is different from the Chinese name .The Chinese name consists offamily name and given name ,with family name put first. But in contrast, the family name of English name is coming last. Most English people have three names. The last name , or surname is the family name .This is the family nameof the father and is given to all his children. And the first name is given to the child at birth, which is called “given name”. And another name used to refer to them is Christian name.However, Chinese name can give all sorts of information about a Chinesepeople .they may give the address, the birthday ,and also tell us about the family relationship, ethic groups, sex and the parents’ expectation for their children. At the same time, in Chinese the use of kin terms is closely related to age politeness, such as that children are expected to call an old lady, Granny and call a male adult who is older than their fathers, elder uncle. The appropriate and extend use of kin term according to age is taken as reflecting good manners.Chapter4: Social interactionWhat is “social interaction”. It is the topic of unit four. Socialinteraction is an important way of human existence, and it is different from other animals’communication. And it’s meaningful. Different countries have different social interactions. Many Chinese people tend to ask age, marital status, and even salary when they meet each other first. To the Chinese people, these are open conversational topic. and Chinese people pay much attention to family life. So in their spare time, they will talk about the family member features as a common topic. It is so natural. And the salary is not asecret .and when a Chinese offers refreshments or drinks to his colleague, his colleague often declines the offer politely, because he don’t want to trouble the person who offers. And it also shows his politeness. But in western countries, if you ask the person who meet you first about these, they willfeel so bad. They think it is not polite.Do you know how English native negotiate a time to meet .from the text I know that you may find their way of settling on a time is quite similar to our own, that is , normally one gives or suggests a time, then the other may find it is not suitable and suggest another time, and finally a time is fixed which suits both.Consequently, you can know from above, different countries have different habits.Chapter 7: In other words.Different languages cause some misunderstandingsThere are many countries that their language is the same. such as America , British, Canada, Australia，and so on, they all speak English, people fromAmerica and British speak different varieties of English. They usually find little difficulty in understanding each other. However, there are some differences which may cause some misunderstanding, because of profusion of synonyms that they use different words to refer to the same thing. But for other countries which do not speak English they hardlyunderstand the idioms, for examp le “face the music” in America it means to accept the criticisms, unpleasant consequences, etc . it probably comes from the custom in some Western armies of punishing soldiers to the sound of beating drums, if a person who is come from China may comprehend that enjoy himself by listening to music. on the contrary，they can not understand the meaning of Chinese idioms.There are some similar in languagesWith the exception, both English and Chinese have many such idioms that refer to animals, and some animals have similar associations in both cultures: deer, for example , are bloodthirsty and cruel, ect . But some other animals have rather different associations, like dogs, in the eyes of English-speaking people，dog is loyal ,but in the eyes of Chinese it aways contains derogatory sense are seen rather differently from the way appear to us. About proverb, since human experiences and observations of the world are in many respect similar. in spit of the dissimilar cultural backgrounds of the Chinese and the English-speaking peoples, the number of proverbs or saying in two languagethat are equivalent or closely approximate is rather surprising.Swearwords is the taboo for every countriesEvery language contains a special group of taboo words which people avoid using because they find them embarrassing or offensive. In many languages, swearwords are taboo, this is generally true of both English and Chinese. In English, certain swearwords seem to be more offensive than others and consequently the social prohibition against their use is stricter.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageAnimals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotions and feelings. This unit takes us back in to history, inviting us to reflect upon how man has extended his limbs and senses by using new technologies. Nowadays, the technologies are so advanced that communication over long distance can be done in a split of a second. People all over the world are living, quite literally, in a global village. In the textbook, we have learned that animals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotions and feelings. The way different kinds of animals behave, have fascinated great minds since Plato and Aristotle Communication is covering everywhereOne point that is beyond doubt is that our ancestors were extremelyhandicapped --- in comparison with us now --- in communication. From the Stone Age, to the present day, over 2,000,000 years, man has done his best to extend himself in order to improve his way of communication. Writing, printing technology, postal services, telegraph, telephone, radio, picture communication, television, computer and laser technology, internet --- these have extended man’smouth, eyes, ears, hands, legs, in short the whole body beyond a house, a village, a county, a province, a country, an ocean, a continent, and even beyond the mother earth to the moon and the Mars. Going global is great, but an entirely different tone was heard: Globalization is a menace to mankind. Globalization will make the powers more powerful but the weak is weaker and the poor is poorer.ConclusionDifferent countries have their own cultures, so it causes the different cultures .Consequently, sometimes the people come from different places may cause some misunderstandings. After learning this textbook we can get along well with people all over the world.Finally, through this paper, we can learn more knowledge.Welcome To Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。

跨文化交际一、课程基本信息1、课程中、英文名称：跨化交文际、Cross-cultural Communication2、课程类别：专业专选课程3、课程学时：18学时4、学分：2分二、课程的目的与任务：跨文化交际作为一门学科涉及到文化和交际的各个层面，包括语言交际、非语言交际、人们之间的相互交往，以及不同文化之间的观念和信仰等。

该课程的目的在于通过不同文化差异的比较研究，分析跨文化交际案例，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性，提高不同文化语境中语言交际的能力，从而更好地适应不同文化环境。

使学生了解其他文化的社会文化习俗和价值观念；在语言学习的同时，更多关注相关国家的文化，特别是通过与本族文化的对比，提高跨文化交际能力，以适应社会发展和国际交流的需要,增加跨文化交际意识，并最终形成跨文化交际能力。

三、课程的重点和基本要求：（一）课程的重点本课程教学的重点是增强学生对跨文化交际中文化差异的敏感性，帮助学员解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。

通过典型实力分析，模拟交流联系，交际失误分析，英汉双向练习等多种形式，使学生认识语言，文化和交际三者之间的关系，加深对对象国文化的了解，掌握在处理跨文化交际中一些微妙问题时所需要的基本知识和技巧，提高跨文化交流的质量。

（二）．基本要求：1、了解跨文化交际研究的范围和目前发展的动向。

2、掌握跨文化交际研究的基本方法，并运用来解决一些实际问题。

3、奠定向该学科研究纵深发展的理论基础。

四、教学内容及要求本课程以语言学习为前提，强调在语言学习的过程中提高利用外语进行跨文化交际的能力，通过对交际与语言，语言与文化，文化与价值观的学习和讨论，提高跨文化交际意识；通过对文化现象的思考和讨论，反思语言学习过程，增加对文化差异的敏感性；通过课堂活动和案例学习，提高跨文化交际意识和能力，达到有效交流的目的。

1．通过学习，学生能够了解语言及非语言交际在跨文化交际中的重要作用及应用规则。

2.1 Understanding Communication
2.1 Understanding Communication
2.1.1 The Process of Communication Components of the communication process: 1. behavioural resource: in communication, the behavioral source normally originates from the need and desire of the person to communicate. 2. encoding: encoding is an individual's mental activity in selecting verbal and nonverbal behaviours to create a message for the expression of a certain need or desire. 3. message: a message is a set of verbal and/or nonverbal symbols representing a person„ s particular state of being at a particular moment in time and space, which is intended to be shared with others.
2.1 Understanding Communication
Questions: 2.1.1 The Process Байду номын сангаасf Communication
1.What is a message and what are its roles in communication? 2.What constitute the major components of the intentional communication process?

Unit 1 An introduction to Intercultural Communication
celiadan22@

1. Warm-up Exercises
1) Proverbs and sayings 2) Questions 3) A Comparative study
c. How: How should the communicators deal with the differences so as to communicate with each other effectively or successfully?



影响跨文化交际的三个变项： 一是观察事物过程：其中包括信念、价值观念、态度、 世界观及社会组织。 二是语言过程：其中包括语言及思维模式。
?从人类活动范围看可专门研究不同文化中家庭成员的关系的关系师生关系雇主与雇员的关系顾客与店主师生关系雇主与雇员的关系顾客与店主的关系熟人朋友之间陌生人之间的交际方式等等
Intercultural Communications
2012-2013
Contents

Unit 1 An introduction to Intercultural Communication Unit 2 Culture and Communication Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication Unit 4 Verbal Communication Unit 5 Language and Culture Unit 6 Nonverbal Communication Unit 7 Cultural Differences Unit 8 Intercultural Adaptation

cricket
initial flatten
1. an open-air game played on a large grass field with ball, bats, and two wickets, between teams of eleven players, the object of the game being to score more runs than the opposition.
Watch video clip 1 and fill-in the blanks based on what you’ve heard.
Puro: Your first trip to India? Todd: Yes. Puro: Some foreigners who come here do not experience it
Watch video clip 2 again, and figure out the answer to each of the following questions.
2. Why does Asha say that they are native speakers of English?
3) What does Asha suggest Todd to do after he told the Indian employees that Americans burnt cow brands into baby cows with a hot red iron?
4) Why did Todd call Dave?
cattle brand 4. an identifying mark burned on livestock with a branding iron.

Unit 1Language and Culture in Communication1.Fill in blanksa. There are here-------- Chinese equivalents to communication in Mainland.交际（）交流（）沟通（）传播（）通信（）交通（）传理（）b. There must be ___________conditions for communication to take place.c. There are _______ kinds of communication.d. The two kinds of cross-cultural communication are _______ and ______.e. In any forms of communication, mono-cultural, unilateral and bilateral cross-cultural alike, ______ is the essence.f. Y ou complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone is a________ example of communication.g. Y ou send an e-mail message to an American friend is an instance of communication but______.h. An Arabic traveler talks to you in Arabic that is Greek to you is an instance of_________.i. The community definition of a social situation is a sort of ______ definition,or ______ interpretation of the situation.j. In cross-cultural communication, private goals are difficult to detect and are likely to cause ______.k. A social situation may receive two definitions. They are____________________ and ______________.l. The verbal message of shrug is a non-verbal signal of_________________.m. The verbal message of thank is a non-verbal signal of________________.n. The goal of Dick’s going to the library is likely to _______________________________________.Ⅱ. Key Termsa. languageb. non-verbal communicationc. cross-cultural communicationd. situational schemae. signalf. cultureg. communicationh.. mutual monitoringi. valuej. competenceⅢ. Short Answer1. Give some best and not good instances of communication.2. How to understand a mutual monitoring?a. Types of communication.b. Cultural influencing factors of cross-cultural communication.c. b. collectivist culturec. hospitalityⅣ. Case studyUse the communication theory to analyze the following case:Xiao Huang meets Evelyn at the airport and says to h er:"Long time n o see!"1）The source of information is: ______.2）The encoder is: ______.3）The code is: ______.4）The message is: "______!"5）The channel is: ______.6）The medium is: ______.7）The noise is: ______.8）The decoder is: ______.9）The retrieval of information is: ______.Keys To Unit OneⅠ.Fill in the blanks.a.6b.4c.5d. unilateral cross-cultural communication, bilateral cross-cultural communicatione. meaning exchangef. bestg. Y es, but not very good.h. non-communicationi. official，officialj. misunderstandingk. one of the community and one of the participants.l. raising one’s shoulders up and down.m. holding one’s hands in a fist in frontn. borrow booksII. Key Termsa. language. a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols ("He taught foreign languages")b. While we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies. Inaddition to the words we use we convey a whole variety of information to others with our bodies. This is non-verbal communication.c.It refers to the communication between the people with different cultural backgrounds.d. It refers to the rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed.e. It means an element of the behavior, appearance, etc., of one organism that is received by the sense organs of a second organism and affects its behavior.f. Culture means:1.The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.2.The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.g. communication: the exchange of information between people, e.g. by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or behaviors. There are source of information, encoder, code, channel, decoder, retriev al of information.III. Short answers.Best examples：Y ou complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone. Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille. Not so good examples; An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. Y ou send an email message to an American friend.when you are alone with no one else being present , you can do anything you like, because you are not in a social situation. Once another person joins you, or even comes close enough that you two can see each other, your behavior is affected by his or her presence. That is mutual monitoring.a. human communicationb. animal communicationc. human-animal communicationd. human-machine communicatione. machine-to-machine communication4. they are of history, tradition, religion, value, social organization, customs, social development and systems.5. collectivist culture places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as ‘we’ cultures because the basic unit is the in-group or collective.IV. Case study1）Xiao Huang2）Xiao Huang3）English;4）Long time no see!;5）face to face;6）air;7）the disturbance of the passing airplanes;8）Evelyn;9）Evelyn。

《跨文化交际-2014》课程网上考试题库Unit 1 Language and Culture in CommunicationI Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.1.What does “It’s all Greek to me” mean?A.It’s something I don’t understand!B.I don’t speak Greek!C.I don’t understand: Do you speak Greek?D.I understand: Why are you speaking Greek?Key：A2.All of the following is a necessary factor of communication except .A.there is only one peopleB.there must be some contact between communicatorsC.there must be a language shared by communicatorsD.an exchange of information has taken placeKey：A3.An artificial language is such kind of a language that .A.is computer designed by humansB.is created for blind people by computerC.is impossible for humans to understandD.is created by humans for special purposesKey：D4.When two people coming from the same culture are communicating with each other, we cansay this is a .A.multi-cultural communicationB.bi-cultural communicationC.mono-cultural communicationD.cultural communicationKey：C5.When we are writing an E-Mail, we are using a .A.human & artificial languageB.human oral & non-verbal languageC.human verbal & artificial languageD.human oral & body languageKey：C6.It is considered as a ritual in many English speaking countries for students .A.to ignore their professors.B.to address their professors by the title “Mr.”C.to ignore any form of address for their professors.D.to address their professors by their first name.Key：D7.Which of the following is not a sign of communication?A.There are at least two or more people.B.There is no contact between communicators.C.There must be a language shared by communicators.D.An exchange of information has taken place.Key: B8.Which of the following is not the three kinds of meanings involved when a speaker sayssomething to a hearer.A.utterance meaningB.speaker's meaningC.hearer's meaningD.prediction meaningKey: D9.Which the following is not the four models of communication?rmation modelB.mono-cultural modelC.multi-lateral modelD.bilateral modelKey: CII Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1.Two-way contact means: communicators can see each other and monitor each other's behavior- indirect communication.Key: F2.One-way contact: communicators cannot see each other, and hence cannot monitor eachother's behavior - direct communication.Key: F3.Machine language is known as artificial language.Key: T4.When you complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone, you usetwo languages: natural language used between you and your instructor and artificial language used by the telephoneKey: T5.There will be no communication if no exchange of information has occurred.Key: T6.Mono-cultural language communication ('mono-' meaning one or single) is a model ofcommunication between people speaking two different languages in different cultural environment.Key: Fmunication models help people to be able to have a better understanding of cross-culturalcommunication.Key: T8.When we talk about meanings, these are actually interpretations made by human beings.Words, signs, and symbols alike never mean anything without human interpretation.Key: T9. A social situation may receive two definitions. One is given by the community, and the otherby the participants.Key: T10.In face-to-face communication non-verbal signals are not important at all.Key: FUnit 2 Culture ShockI Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.1.What is a sinologist?A. a specialist in languagesB. a student of Chinese languages.C. a specialist in Chinese studiesD. a Chinese language studentKey：C2.An “utterance meaning” is .A.what a speaker saysB.what is heard by someoneC.what is meant by someoneD.how someone says somethingKey：A3.The two types of typical English tea areA.Green and White.B.Red and White.C.Black and White.D.Red and Green.Key：C4.When two people coming from different cultures are communicating with each other, we cansay this is a .A.multi-cultural communicationB.bi-cultural communicationC.mono-cultural communicationD.cultural communicationKey：B5.Social distance refers to the degree of similarity or dissimilarity between .A.two classes of peopleB.two people of different sexC.two culturesD.two peopleKey：C6.When people have just arrived in a new cultural environment, they are enjoying a honeymoon period. This is referred to as a stage of .A.euphoriaB.euphoricC.euphemismD.optimismKey：A7.Individualists tend to believe in .A.deferenceB.hierarchyC.equalityD.anti-societyKey：C8.Foreigners usually come into the habit of .A.respecting important peopleB.respecting young peopleC.respecting all peopleD.respecting elderly peopleKey：C9.What constitutes a ‘Western’ meal in most cases?A.going to McDonalds or KFCB.three or four coursesC. a main course plus coffee/teaD.eating as much as you canKey：B10.“Westerners” will feel uneasy talking about .A.religionB.relativesC.weatherD.economicsKey：D11.In a cross-cultural communication context, one often finds the other person’s behavior .A.very excitingB.difficult because of languageC.easy to understandD.odd and sometimes distastefulKey：D12.Collectivist theory is attributed to culture.A.AmericanB.WesternC.EasternD.ChineseKey：D13.Which one can be considered as the origin of “Western” culture?A.liberalismB.independenceC.LincolnismD.Confucianism.Key：A14.What is the normal way to measure hospitality in Britain?A.the number of dishes you are givenB.the number of drinks you are givenC.freedom to look at whatever you wantD.freedom to choose what you eat or drinkKey：C15.You say someone is 'as bold as brass', you mean to say that .A.they do things without worry or fearB.they do things happilyC.they do things unhappilyD.they do things as they likeKey: A16.The following topics are taboos which should be avoided in Western culture, which is anexception?A.How old are you?B.What is your salary?C.Are you married?D.How is the weather?Key: DII Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1.For Westerners compliments should be accepted and appreciated, but we Chinese oftennegate compliments in order to appear modest.Key: T2.To be 'full of pep' is to be inactive and short of energy.Key: F3. A person who has 'cheek' is afraid of doing things that annoy or embarrass people.Key: F4.To 'keel over' means to fall over.Key: T5.The American children are nurtured to be independent to do whatever they could bythemselves.Key: T6.Because Methuselah is said in the Bible to have lived to be 969 years old, so it is polite to saya young people is as old as Methuselah.Key: F7.During old Chinese days fatness is a compliment, associated with health and prosperity butnowadays Westerners tend to admire slimness.Key: T8.People are sensitive about their personal appearance. So even if something appears to youto be wrong, it's not polite to mention it unless you know the person very well.Key: T9.Salary not is considered a private matter in English speaking societies.Key: F10.In individualist cultures, children are brought up to draw attention to themselves.Key: TUnit 3 What's in a Name?I Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.pared to Chinese people, English native speakers .A.do not use kin terms so extensivelye kin terms just as extensivelye them about half as muchD.do not use them at allKey：A2.Most English people have .A.one nameB.two namesC.three namesD.four namesKey：C3.Which given name is usually used by English people?A.The first of the given nameB.The second of the given nameC.The last of the given nameD.The middle of the surnameKey：A4.One can assume from Margaret Thatcher’s family name that her ancestors .A.sold candlesB.made clothesC.made barrelsD.made roofsKey：D5.In China, the term “comrade” is.A.still widely usedB.becoming more and more popularmon in written ChineseD.widespread but diminishing in useKey：D6.“Guys” in America is a collective informal term for .A.addressing a group of friendsB.addressing a group of girlsC.addressing a group of menD.addressing a group of ladiesKey：A7.Today, in England, people usually call each other by their first names in .A.formal meetings at workrmal situations outside workC.formal situations outside workrmal meetings with bossesKey：B8.Today, many Chinese people .A.pay a lot of attention to origins of surnamesB.are very aware of the meaning of given namesC.are mostly unaware of the meaning of given namesD.search for the origins of surnamesKey：B9.The family name McAdam indicates .A.Irish ethnicityB.English ethnicityC.Scottish ethnicityD.no ethnicityKey：C10.What use is generally made of initials for serious purposes?A.indicate changes to a documentB.indicate you have gone to a meetingC.indicate the time you went homeD.indicate you made a telephone callKey：A11.The term “man in the street” means .A.the man walking pastB.the person walking pastC.casual peopleD.ordinary peopleKey：D12.A Christian name is also called a .A.given nameB.surnameC.family namest nameKey：A13.The appropriate use of kin terms may reflect a person's .A.PolitenessB.CarefulnessC.RespectfulnessD.FriendlinessKey: AII Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1.Chinese names consist of family name and given name, with given name put first.Key: F2.The term 'Christian names' originates from people's belief in Christianity and the traditionalpractice of giving babies their names at a special ceremony in church known as a 'christening'. Key: T3.Chinese names can give all sorts of information about a person. They may, for example, giveclues about where and when the person was born.Key: T4.Shortened forms of names are commonly used among friends and colleagues.Key: T5.Nowadays, however, all people no longer pay much attention to the origin of their surnames,and they are much more aware of the meaning of their given names.Key: F6.In Chinese culture, Master is still quite commonly used which is traditionally used as a titlefor a skilled worker, now often used to any unknown ordinary person of both sexes, usuallymiddle-aged or older persons especially those who provide services.Key: T7.Nowadays in England people usually call each other by their family name.Key: F8.In Britain members of the aristocracy inherit not only their family names, but their titles aswell.Key: T9.The Queen can only honour people with titles which are not inherited .Key: F10.As you know, here in China kin terms are not only used within one's own family but also toother peopleKey: TUnit 4 Social InteractionI Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.1.At English dinners hosts often inquire the guests’ favors .A.just before they serve a mealB.before they come to the dinnerC.as they are serving the mealD.is a totally untrue statementKey：B2. A “white lie” is .A. a lie told with the intention of causing troubleB.the intention to lie and not be caughtC. a good lie told with bad intentionsD. a lie told with good intentionsKey：D3.When we are “Going Dutch”, we mean that .A.pay the cost of some mealsB.go out for a mealC.pay for your own mealD.pay for everyone’s mealKey：C4.The phrase ‘footing the bill’ means .A.paying the cost of all mealsB.paying the cost of your meal onlyC.paying the cost of some mealsD.refusing to pay for any mealKey：A5. A typical “Western” style meetings .A.always start with prayersB.are always informal and friendlyck any formal organizational structureually are organized well in advanceKey：D6.The broad sense of “social interaction” is .A.relationships between peopleB.making friends easilyC.forming a social clubD.speaking to peopleKey：A7.Married foreigners in China understand invitations to banquets by Chinese to mean .A.they will get drunkB.their spouse is also invitedC.their spouse is not invitedD.they have to pay for dinnerKey：B8.The term RSVP stands for .A.please come earlyB.please bring a friendC.please replyD.please write an answerKey：C9.What is a “roast” ?A.thin slice of meatrge piece of meatC.burnt piece of meatD.place where chickens sleepKey：B10.At first, foreigners coming to China will feel when they are addressed as “lao wai”.A.quaintB.respectfulC.helpfulD.annoyingKey：D11.What does the idiom “pool their money” mean?A.Put together the right amount of money to pay the bill.B.Put together the right amount of money to give to a friend.C.Put away large sum of money for important use.D.To ask someone to lend large sum of money.Key: A12.What does the word “tab” in the idiom “pick up the tab” mean?A.MoneyB.BearC.CupD.BillKey: D13.What does the idiom “buy his round” mean?A.Ask everyone what dresses they would like and then go to the shop to buy.B.Ask everyone what they would like and then go to the bar to get the drinks.C.Ask everyone what snacks they would like and then go to the grocery store to buy foreveryone.D.Ask everyone who would like to go to the grocery store to buy snacks for everyone.Key: B14.We needn't be too worried about cultural differences because of the following characteristicsfrom different cultures except .A.SimilaritiesB.mutual adjustmentC.punishmentD.toleranceKey: C15.Chinese may be very familiar with this kind of indirect ways of refusing requests, becausewhen confronted with a problem or when refusing a request .A.they tend to avoid direct conflicts and losing faceB.they tend to get direct complimentC.they tend to lose moneyD.they tend to be angryKey: AII Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1.When we Chinese suggests going for a meal at a restaurant, the person who invites should pay;this is always true in English- speaking countries.Key: F2.“Buy his round” means that ask everyone what they would like and then go to the bar to getthe drinks.Key: T3.It’s a suitable way for Chinese to show respect for westerners to unwrap their presents and putthem away in a corner.Key: F4.Traditionally gifts of fruit are thought of as only appropriate for visits to people who are ill inwestern culture.Key: T5.Guests invited to dinner in the West frequently bring only one bottle of wine, bringing twomight even give the impression that the giver is a heavy drinker.Key: T6.Western culture asks people to behave very modestly when paying a visit to someone.Nevertheless, when they decline the host’s offer they hope the host would ask again or bring out a cup of coffee or a mug of tea anyway.Key: F7.We Chinese usually say 'no' when somebody offers something, because sometimes an offer isnot a real offer but a polite remark.Key: T8.After the westerners say 'no', they usually wait for the second or third offer before they acceptit, but that never happens in a Chinese home.Key: F9.Westerners respond to compliment by saying 'thank you'.Key: T10.Different cultures may have different ways to respond to compliments, Chinese pays moreattention to the values of modesty and humility.Key: TUnit 5 Roles and RelationsI Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.1.In a traditional Chinese family, in a quarrel between his wife and his mother, a man would besupposed to support before he makes clear why his wife and his mother quarrel.A.his wifeB.his motherC.his own opinionD.nobodyKey：B2.Women are believed to speak and hear .A. a language of connection and intimacyB. a language of intimacy and reflectionC. a language of connection and reflectionD. a language of connection, reflection and intimacyKey：A3.Between parents and children, Chinese people seem to place high value .A.strong obligationsB.obliging peopleC.bodily ablutionsD.bodily strengthKey：C4.What does “Australians have different perspectives to Chinese” mean?A.they have different ways of talkingB.they have different ways of thinkingC.they have different ways of drinkingD.they have different ways of eatingKey：B5.For Chinese children, married life sometimes begins with a shock because .A.they have to clean and cookB.they have to have a babyC.they have to live with someone elseD.they have to wash dishesKey：A6.In China, who will make the decisions for children?A.MotherB.FatherC.GrandfatherD.ChildrenKey：B7.In Australia, from a young age, children began to be given the concept of .A.DependenceB.DependabilityC.InterdependenceD.IndependenceKey：D8.Regarding patterns of friendship, which statement is NOT true?A.Friendship differs between sectors of societyB.The British may sound cold and distant when they feel perfectly friendly.C.The Chinese may sound rude and demanding when they intend to sound friendly.D.The British cease to use polite forms such as “could you” and “would you” when they becomefriends with you.Key：D9.When will British people may sound cold and distant?A.when they really get bad weatherB.when they really are very upsetC.when they really are very friendlyD.when they really want to go homeKey：C10.Men are believed to speak and hear .A. a language of static independenceB. a language of independent statusC. a language of status and dependenceD. a language of status and independenceKey：D11.What is the primary relationship in a Chinese family?A.husband-and-wife relationshipB.parent-and-children relationshipC.brother-and sisterD.grandparent-grandchildrenKey: B12.Which of the following statement is NOT correct?A.Observations are things you see, hear and know to be trueB.Judgments are reactions or feelings about what you observeC.Misjudgment can lead to cross-cultural miscommunication.D.When you observe things about another culture, it is easy to make correct judgments.Key: D13.There are social differences of asking for permission between male or female, which of thefollowing is INCORRECT?A.Women feel it natural to confer with their partners at every turn.B.Women prefer to have discussions before decisions are arrived at.C.Women find lengthy discussions about what they consider minor matters a waste of time.D.Many men feel free to make decisions without such consultation.Key: C14.The following are differences between man and woman, which is NOT correct?A.It appears that men and women look on decision-making in the same way.B.Men don't like discussing their problems with anyone.C.Girls fear rejection by their peers if they appear too successful and boys don't.D.Women are more likely to use indirectness as to them it has a double benefit.Key: A15.English writing pays a lot of attention to unity and coherence. Which of the following is NOTcorrect?A.Unity of a paragraph means that it deals with one topic or one aspect of a topic.B.Coherence is achieved when the ideas around the topic or all aspects of a topic are clearlyrelated to each other in orderly sequence.C.The central idea is often made clear to the readers by guessing.D.Each sentence in such a paragraph should naturally grow out of each previous sentence indeveloping the central idea.Key: C16.When talk about friend or friendship, which is NOT true?A.Chinese students, for example will be surprised at the frequency with which English friendsapologize to one another over relatively trivial things.B.Chinese requests are generally directed to friends using more direct forms.C.The higher up the social scale you go the greater the number of friends you will see in thecourse of the week.D.Chinese requests are generally directed to friends using more indirect forms.Key: DII Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1.Husband-and-wife relationship is the primary relationship in Australian families.Key: T2.Chinese unmarried children always leave home and live independently of their parents longbefore marriage.Key: F3.British apologize to their friends over things like asking for help in some small matter ortelephoning late at night.Key: T4.Chinese families usually expect to get repayment if parents give financial support to theirchildren at university.Key: F5.Fostering independence in children from an early age is considered to be the true expressionof real family feeling in Chinese families.Key: F6.Chinese may sound rude and demanding when they intend to sound friendly..Key: T7.Chinese children are not expected to work during their school years or even to help withhousehold chores.Key: T8.Chinese tend to emphasize the independence of the individuals. Australians tend to valuestrong obligations between parents and children.Key: F9.What the family means to your grandparents or even your parents may be quite different fromwhat it means to you, and the expectations towards family members may also vary.Key: T10.American parents are supposed to be responsible for their sons' education, marriage andsupport.Key: FUnit 6 Non-verbal communicationI Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.1.If someone is “stand-offish” they are .A.IntimateB.StandingC.ReservedD.OutstandingKey: C2.Gestures vary in meaning from .A.country to countryB.culture to cultureC.group to groupD.person to personKey：B3.Facial expression can be deemed as an example of .A. a non-verbal channelB. a verbal channelC.an emotional channelD. a means to hide emotionsKey：A4.In “western” countries, hugging and kissing will be .A.rarely seen in publicB.often seen in publicC.never seen in publicD.not allowed in publicKey：B5.When people are communicating through non-verbal communication, they .A.convert feelings into conversationB.converse by using their feelingsC.converse with their whole bodiesD.have a bodily conversationKey：C6.As for a “foreigner”, one of the most embarrassing things in China is .A. a Chinese person saying “hello” and bowing to himB. a Chinese person asking if he likes Chinese foodC. a Chinese person wanting to practice speaking EnglishD. a Chinese person asking if he can use chop-sticksKey：A7.In order to enhance your cross-cultural communication competence, you have to be ableto .A.speak some of the language and master some non-verbal behaviorB.speak some of the language and master all non-verbal behaviorC.speak the language and master all non-verbal behaviorD.speak the language and master some non-verbal behaviorKey：D8.The origin of the custom of shaking hands is associated with .A.giving a gift to someoneB.reassuring strangersC.preparing for warD.congratulating peopleKey：B9.Which one of the following can make cultural communication easier and more effective?A.good body languageB.washing your handsC.taking off your shoesD.wearing nice clothesKey：A10.When showing affection to a child in “western” countries, people usually would .A.smile sweetlyB.pat the headC.kiss the cheekD.hold handsKey：B11.The most common form of behavior on being introduced to someone in China is .A.shaking handsB.clasping one's hands togetherC.bowingD.kissingKey: A12.Which of the following can explain why a Chinese will usually stop what he is saying ordoing for a moment and clap together with the audience when he is being applauded?A.The speaker expresses his thanks to the audience.B.The speaker or performer is applauding himself.C.The speaker is 'shy' or 'unnatural'.D.The speaker is made to join the audience.Key: A13.In Japanese culture when speak to someone who is superior people is required not to look himstraight in the eye to .A.show kindnessB.show respectC.show happinessD.show unhappinessKey: B14.Scanning is a type of fast reading which is used .A.when the reader wants to locate a particular piece of information without necessarilyunderstanding the rest of the text or passageB.when the reader wants to locate a particular piece of information with totally understandingthe rest text or passageC.when the reader wants to get the main ideaD.when the reader wants to locate a particular piece of information with partial understanding ofthe rest of the text or passageKey: A15.“Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it” is a saying from Shakespearewhich implies that .A.people can put on different gestures to hide their true feelingsB.people can say untrue words to hide their true feelingsC.people can put on different facial expressions to hide their true feelingsD.people can say wrong words to hide their true feelingsKey: C16.The emotion governing norms are quite different, which of the following is NOT correct?A.Displaying anger is much less acceptable among the Japanese than among Americans.B.There is greater emphasis on restraining the expression of emotions in Japanese culture, andpeople tend to control their feelings.C.Men are expected to control their emotions while women are expected to express theiremotions more freely in Britain.D.Men begin to learn to control their emotions when they grow up.Key: D17.One of the reasons people in group-centred societies seldom display their joy or sadnessopenly is that they don't want to .A.impose their feelings on othersB.find the mind's constructionC.give off signalsD.conceal the mind's constructionKey: A18.The Chinese saying “hiding a dagger in a smile” means that some people are so skillful atcontrolling their appearance .A.that they can hide their smileB.that they can hide their evil intentions behind a smileC.that they are kind to hide their angerD.that they can hide good evil intentions behind a smileKey: B19.It is generally accepted that speaking in public is also a kind of two-way communication,which of the following is a correct way of eye contact?A.eye contact from both the speaker and the audienceB.eye contact from the speakerC.eye contact from the audienceD.no eye contact at allKey: AII Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1.The most common form of behavior on being introduced to someone in China is bowing.Key: F2.We pass by the foreigners in the street who are strangers to us. Some people stare long andhard at foreigners. This staring may simply reflect curiosity, but often causes the foreigner to feel uncomfortable.Key: Tually when we have a face-to-face talk we look at each other while we speak or listen, nomatter what the relationship is.Key: T4.We express our emotions not only verbally but also through non-verbal channels, and one ofthe main non-verbal channels is facial expression.Key: T5.The Chinese are affectionate to their friends and relatives, but perhaps they show theiraffection in public less than other peoples.Key: T6.Skimming is a type of fast reading which is used when the reader wants to get detailedinformation.Key: F7.While we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole body, this sentence meanswe convey a whole variety of information to others with our bodies.Key: T8.Spoken language varies from culture to culture but the language of the hands is always thesame from place to place.Key: F9.Thumbs-up gesture in Greece means that you're praising something or somebody.Key: F10.Since gestures can cause so many cultural misunderstandings, the safe thing to do when youtravel abroad is to keep your hands in your pockets and make as few gestures as possible. Key: F。

Chapter 9
Language and Culture
Main Tasks




What is culture? The relationship between language and culture Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (SWH) Linguistic evidence of cultural differences Cultural contact, cultural overlap and diffusion The significance of cultural teaching and learning Intercultural communication
Three kinds of meanings in a linguistic sign (P129)
denotative meaning (指示意义) connotative meaning (暗涵意义) iconic meaning (图像意义)

Color words (P132)




Black: blacklist, black market, blackhearted, … In the black (盈利) in the red (亏损) Blue (low in spirit; sentimental): in a blue mood; Blues (布鲁斯) White (purity, innocence): a white lie Green (envy, jealousy): green with envy
Words and cultural-specific connotations

American Hippies in the 1960s
Other examples?
English to Chinese
Chinese to English
Loan words
沙发 夹克衫 咖啡 柏拉图 乌托邦
toufu wonton Chow mein Feng shui Brainwashing
孔雀 and Peacock
汉文化：孔雀开屏 → 美 “孔雀舞” 西方：虚荣、自傲 As proud as a peacock 骄傲自满 A peacock in his pride 炫耀一时的人 Play the peacock 妄自尊大 He attempted to peacock his way through the world. 他想名扬世界。
英语动物词汇的象征意义
与汉语动物象征意义相同/接近的例子 Bee Bull Camel Hen Pig Ox(犁地） Rabbit Swan 母爱 优雅 勤劳 耐心、力量和自尊 多产，生殖力强 力量和直来直去 顽固、肮脏和好吃 驯服
与汉语动物象征意义相异的例子 Crow Duck Fly Seagull Serpent Magpie Spider Tortoise
symbol of beauty
symbol of renascence symbol of wisdom
symbol of
arrogance
b. Words without counterparts in another language

cultural diversity leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence or the counterparts in another language American Motel

跨文化交际英文版 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】C r o s s–c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o nThesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries.Outline:Chapter 1: Language and culture in communicationChapter2: Culture shockChapter3: What’s in a name?Chapter4: Social interactionChapter 5: Roles and relationsChapter6: Non-verbal communicationChapter 7: In other words.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageConclusionChapter 1: Language and culture in communicationThere is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance.What is communication?In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himse lf.Communication not just exist in human-beingsThere are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other.For human beings, how can we communicate with each other?Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message.What is social situationWhen there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social sA social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in social situation.Chapter2: Culture shockWe should not only know what communication is but we should know what culture shock is.In contemporary society, as our country is developing faster and faster, more and more foreigners will come to our country. Communicating with foreigners is an interesting thing. However, there is no doubt that it can easily cause misunderstanding which is called culture shock. There are several kinds of culture shock.Hospitality: First of all, in Britain, hospitality can not be judged by whether hosts put the food into your dishes, in there, everyone has own dishes, everyone helps themselves. By contrast, in our country, when we have guests, hosts may put the food into guest’s dishes to show their hospitality, so this is different.Politeness: When it comes to this word, in many case, foreigners were described as being polite than Chinese. For example, when we finish work, foreigners may say thank you to us, although it is out duties. However, for Chinese, they seldom say thank you because they think someone who serves them are their duties.What’s more, when we get along with foreigners, we should avoid asking their salaries, jobs and religious and so on. For the young, it’s all right to ask their ages, for the adults, this question is not allowed, especially for the females. But in china, these questions are allowed.In conclusion, when we face these culture shocks, it is better to keep a cool head, and then make an adjustment toward it, finally, we can cope with it. As time goes by, we can adapt it. For example, American Jewish and Israel, the two groups are equal and integration. Both groups have positive attitudes toward one another. So I am sure that after learning this unit, we can know a lot about culture shock and can easily communicate with foreigners.Chapter 3: What’s in a name?The topic of unit three is “what’s in a name?” As is known to all, the English name is different from the Chinese name .The Chinese name consists of family name and given name ,with family name put first. But in contrast, the family name of English name is coming last. Most English people have three names. The last name , or surname is the family name .This is the family name of the father and is given to all his children. And the first name is given to the child at birth, which is called “given name”. And another name used to refer to them is Christian name.However, Chinese name can give all sorts of information about a Chinese people .they may give the address, the birthday ,and also tell us about the family relationship, ethic groups, sex and the parents’ expectation for their children. At the same time, in Chinese the use of kin terms is closely related to age politeness, such as that children are expected to call an old lady, Granny and call a male adult who is older than their fathers, elder uncle. The appropriate and extend use of kin term according to age is taken as reflecting good manners.Chapter4: Social interactionWhat is “social interaction”. It is the topic of unit four. Social interaction is an important way of human existence, and it is different from other animals’ communication. And it’s meaningful. Different countries have different social interactions. Many Chinese people tend to ask age, marital status, and even salary when they meet each other first. To the Chinese people, these are open conversational topic. and Chinese people pay much attention to family life. So in their spare time, they will talk about the family member features as a common topic. It is so natural. And the salary is not a secret .and when a Chinese offers refreshments or drinks to his colleague, his colleague often declines the offer politely, because he don’t want to trouble the person who offers. And it also shows his politeness. But in western countries, if you ask the person who meet you first about these, they will feel so bad. They think it is not polite.Do you know how English native negotiate a time to meet .from the text I know that you may find their way of settling on a time is quite similar to our own, that is , normally one gives or suggests a time, then the other may find it is not suitable and suggest another time, and finally a time is fixed which suits both.Consequently, you can know from above, different countries have different habits.Chapter 7: In other words.Different languages cause some misunderstandingsThere are many countries that their language is the same. such as America , British, Canada, Australia，and so on, they all speak English, people from America and British speak different varieties of English. They usually find little difficulty in understanding each other.However, there are some differences which may cause some misunderstanding, because of profusion of synonyms that they use different words to refer to the same thing. But for other countries which do not speak English they hardly understand the idioms, for example “face the music” in America it means to accept the criticisms, unpleasant consequences, etc . it probably comes from the custom in some Western armies of punishing soldiers to the sound of beating drums, if a person who is come from China may comprehend that enjoy himself by listening to music. on the contrary，they can not understand the meaning of Chinese idioms.There are some similar in languagesWith the exception, both English and Chinese have many such idioms that refer to animals, and some animals have similar associations in both cultures: deer, for example , are bloodthirsty and cruel, ect . But some other animals have rather different associations, like dogs, in the eyes of English-speaking people，dog is loyal ,but in the eyes of Chinese it aways contains derogatory sense are seen rather differently from the way appear to us. About proverb, since human experiences and observations of the world are in many respect similar. in spit of the dissimilar cultural backgrounds of the Chinese and the English-speaking peoples, the number of proverbs or saying in two language that are equivalent or closely approximate is rather surprising.Swearwords is the taboo for every countriesEvery language contains a special group of taboo words which people avoid using because they find them embarrassing or offensive. In many languages, swearwords are taboo, this is generally true of both English and Chinese. In English, certain swearwords seem to be more offensive than others and consequently the social prohibition against their use is stricter.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageAnimals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotions andfeelings.This unit takes us back in to history, inviting us to reflect upon how man has extended his limbs and senses by using new technologies. Nowadays, the technologies are so advanced that communication over long distance can be done in a split of a second. People all over the world are living, quite literally, in a global village. In the textbook, we have learned that animals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotions and feelings. The way different kinds of animals behave, have fascinated great minds since Plato and AristotleCommunication is covering everywhereOne point that is beyond doubt is that our ancestors were extremely handicapped --- in comparison with us now --- in communication. From the Stone Age, to the present day, over2,000,000 years, man has done his best to extend himself in order to improve his way of communication. Writing, printing technology, postal services, telegraph, telephone, radio, picture communication, television, computer and laser technology, internet --- these have extended man’s mouth, eyes, ears, hands, legs, in short the whole body beyond a house, a village, a county, a province, a country, an ocean, a continent, and even beyond the mother earth to the moon and the Mars. Going global is great, but an entirely different tone was heard: Globalization is a menace to mankind. Globalization will make the powers more powerful but the weak is weaker and the poor is poorer.ConclusionDifferent countries have their own cultures, so it causes the different cultures .Consequently, sometimes the people come from different places may cause some misunderstandings. After learning this textbook we can get along well with people all over the world.Finally, through this paper, we can learn more knowledge.。

Culture and Communication - The Relationship Between Communication and Culture, Characteristics of Culture, Glimpses of Culturecultures cultural individuals time relationships organizations societies customsThe term “culture” refers to the complex colle ction of knowledge, folklore, language, rules, rituals, habits, lifestyles, attitudes, beliefs, and customs that link and give a common identity to a particular group of people at a specific point in time.All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships, a culture develops over time. In friendship and romantic relationships, for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, rituals, habits, and customs that give that relationship a special character—a character that differentiates it in various ways from other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a unique and important symbolic meaning for two individuals.Groups also develop cultures, composed of the collection of rules, rituals, customs, and other characteristics that give an identity to the social unit. Where a group traditionally meets, whether meetings begin on time or not, what topics are discussed, how decisions are made, and how the group socializes are all elements of what, over time, become defining and differentiating elements of its culture.Organizations also have cultures, often apparent in particular patterns of dress, layout of workspaces, meeting styles and functions, ways of thinking about and talking about the nature and directions of the organization, leadership styles, and so on.The most rich and complex cultures are those that are associated with a society or a nation, and the term “culture” is most commonly used to refer to these characteristics, including language and language-usage patterns, rituals, rules, and customs. A societal or national culture also includes such elements as significant historical events and characters, philosophies of government,social customs, family practices, religion, economic philosophies and practices, belief and value systems, and concepts and systems of law.Thus, any social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, or society—develops a culture over time. While the defining characteristics—or combination of characteristics—of each culture are unique, all cultures share certain common functions. Three such functions that are particularly important from a communication perspective are (1) linking individuals to one another, (2) providing the basis for a common identity, and (3) creating a context for interaction and negotiation among members.The Relationship Between Communication and CultureThe relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. First, cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction through which cultural characteristics— whether customs, roles, rules, rituals, laws, or other patterns—are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction. In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to preserve and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another. One can say, therefore, that culture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication. The reverse is also the case; that is, communication practices are largely created, shaped, and transmitted by culture.To understand the implications of this communication-culture relationship, it is necessary to think in terms of ongoing communication processes rather than a single communication event. For example, when a three-person group first meets, the members bring with them individual thought and behavioral patterns from previous communication experiences and from other cultures of which they are, or have been, a part. As individuals start to engage in communication with the other members of this new group, they begin to create a set of shared experiences and ways of talking about them. If the group continues to interact, a set of distinguishing history, patterns, customs, and rituals will evolve. Some of these cultural characteristics would be quite obvious and tangible, such that a new person joining the group would encounter ongoing cultural “rules” to which they would learn to conform through communication. New members would in turn influence the group culture in small, and sometimes large, ways as they become a part of it. In areciprocal fashion, this reshaped culture shapes the communication practices of current and future group members. This is true with any culture; communication shapes culture, and culture shapes communication. Characteristics of CultureCultures are complex and multifaceted. As is apparent from the above discussions, cultures are complex “structures” that consist of a wide ar ray of characteristics. The cultures of relationships or groups are relatively simple compared to those of organizations and, especially, societies. Edward Hall (1959, 1979) is one of the most significant contributors to the general understanding of the complexity of culture and the importance of communication to understanding and dealing with cultural differences at the societal level.Ads by GoogleFons TrompenaarsTrompenaars Hampden-TurnerIntercultural Managment ConsultingGlobal Team CollaborationIncrease team performance throughe-learning and teamwork training/virtual_world.cfmManagement of complexityThe leading tool to master complexprojects, processes, developments..www.consideo-modeler.deSolution for Cable TVIncrease revenue level withMulti-level convergence platformCultures are subjective. There is a tendency to assume that the elements of one’s own cultures are logical and make good sense. It follows that if other cultures—whether of relationships, groups, organizations, or societies—look different, those differences are often considered to be negative, illogical, and sometimes nonsensical. If, for example, an individual happens to be in a romantic relationship that is characterized by public displays of affection, that person might think that the behaviors of other people who have more reservedrelational cultures may seem strange, even inappropriate. The person might wonder why a romantic couple would not be more open in displaying affection to one another in public. The individual might even be tempted to conclude that the “reserved” relationship lacks depth and intensity. This phenomenon is true in a variety of situations. People who are used to informal meetings of a group might think that adherence to formal meeting rules is strange and stilted. Employees in an organization where suits are worn every day may react with cynicism and questioning when they enter an organization where casual attire is standard practice. Someone from a culture that permits one man to have only one wife may find it quite inappropriate that another culture allows one man to have multiple wives. With regard to culture, the tendency for many people is to equate “different” with “wrong,” even though all cultural elements come about through essentially identical communication processes. Cultures change over time. In fact, cultures are ever changing—though the change is sometimes very slow and imperceptible. Many forces influence cultural change. As indicated above, cultures are created through communication, and it is also through communication between individuals that cultures change over time. Each person involved in a communication encounter brings the sum of his or her own experiences from other (past or present) culture memberships. In one sense, any encounter between individuals in new relationships, groups, organizations, or societies is an intercultural communication event, and these varying cultural encounters influence the individual and the cultures over time. Travel and communication technologies greatly accelerate the movement of messages from one cultural context to another, and in small and large ways, cultures come to influence one another through communication. Phrases such as “melting pot,” “world community,” and “global village” speak to the inevitability of intercultural influence and change.Cultures are largely invisible. Much of what characterizes cultures of relationships, groups, organizations, or societies is invisible to its members, much as the air is invisible to those who breathe it. Language, of course, is visible, as are greeting conventions, special symbols, places, and spaces. However, the special and defining meanings that these symbols, greetings, places, and spaces have for individuals in a culture are far less visible. For example, one can observe individuals kissing when they greet, but unless one has a good deal more cultural knowledge, it is difficult to determine what the behavior means in the context of the culture of their relationship, group, organization, or society. In other words, it is difficult to tell, without more cultural knowledge, if the kiss is a customary greeting among casual acquaintances or if such a greeting would be reserved for family members or lovers. As another example, beefsteak is thought of as an excellent food in some cultures. However, if one were a vegetarian or a member of a culturewhere the cow is sacred, that same steak would have an entirely different cultural meaning.Glimpses of CultureFor the reasons noted above, opportunities to “see” culture and the dynamic relationship that exists between culture and communication are few. Two such opportunities do occur when there are violations of cultural conventions or when there is cross-cultural contact.When someone violates an accepted cultural convention, ritual, or custom—for example, by speaking in a foreign language, standing closer than usual while conversing, or discussing topics that are typically not discussed openly—the other members of the culture become aware that something inappropriate is occurring. When “normal” cultural practices are occurring, members of the culture think little of it, but when violations occur, the members are reminded—if only momentarily—of the pervasive role that culture has on daily life.When visiting other groups, organizations, and, especially, other societies, people are often confronted by—and therefore become aware of— different customs, rituals, and conventions. These situations often are associated with some awkwardness, as the people strive to understand and sometimes to adapt to the characteristics of the new culture. In these circumstances, again, one gains a glimpse of “culture” and the processes by which people create and adapt to culture.The Role of Technology and MediaAll institutions within society facilitate communication, and in that way, they all contribute to the creation, spread, and evolution of culture. However, communication media such as television, film, radio, newspapers, compact discs, magazines, computers, and the Internet play a particularly important role. Because media extend human capacities for creating, duplicating, transmitting, and storing messages, they also extend and amplifyculture-building activities. By means of such communication technology, messages are transmitted across time and space, stored, and later retrieved and used. Television programs, films, websites, video games, and compact discs are created through human activity—and therefore reflect and further extend the cultural perspectives of their creators. They come to take on a life of their own, quite distinct and separate from their creators, as they are transmitted and shared around the increasingly global community.Issues and Areas of StudyUnderstanding the nature of culture in relationship to communication is helpful in a number of ways. First, it helps to explain the origin of differences between the practices, beliefs, values, and customs of various groups and societies, and it provides a reminder of the communication process by which these differences came into being. This knowledge can and should heighten people’s tolerance for cultural differences. Second, it helps to explain the process that individuals go through in adapting to new relationships, groups, organizations, and societies and the cultures of each. Third, it underscores the importance of communication as a bridge between cultures and as a force behind cultural change.A number of questions also concern researchers and policymakers in this area. As communication increases between individuals, groups, and countries, does this mean that cultural differences and traditions will inevitably erode altogether? Will the cultures of individuals from groups, organizations, and societies that have great access to and control of communication media overpower those in cultures that have fewer resources and less access and control? Can knowledge be used to help individuals more comfortably and effectively adapt to new relationships, groups, organizations, and societies? The importance of these issues makes this area an important one for continued examination by scholars and practitioners.Read more: Culture and Communication - The Relationship Between Communication and Culture, Characteristics of Culture, Glimpses of Culture /articles/pages/6491/Culture-and-Communicati on.html#ixzz0yXnwZKMZ。

Unit 4 词汇与意义⏹教学内容：⏹（1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。

⏹（2）中英词汇对比⏹基本要求：⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。

重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。

Importance⏹If we want to study the difference between two languages, we have to begin with the study of the words in the two languages. Because the close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in words.Section 1 T ypes of meanings⏹1. Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹the basic meaning presented by a word. It refers to logical, cognitive(认知的), referential (指示的), or denotative（外延的）content.⏹also known as surface meaning or denotative meaning外延意义, dictionary meaning or literal meaning字面意义of a word.Features of Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹1. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is the basic meaning represented by meaningful linguistic units. It‟s recorded in the dictionary.⏹E.g. woman-an adult female human being.⏹Dog-a four-legged animal which can make the sound of barking⏹2. It can be divided into some semantic components(语义成⏹分).⏹Woman: +animate(有生命) +human(人) - male (男性) -adult(成年)I⏹boy：⏹3. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.But it may also vary.⏹Manuscript =“手稿” now also including文稿printed from typewriter or computer Note: Many different words can have the same conceptual meaning⏹walk⏹to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. The newlyweds新婚夫妇strolled down漫步the streets of Paris.⏹The wealthy businessman swaggered大摇大摆地into the restaurant and demanded a table.The overweight man lumbered笨重地行动along, breathing heavily and occasionally tripping.⏹These synonyms, although with different connotative meanings内涵意义, have the same conceptual meaning.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g. New England, Canberra, Northern Ireland, Sydney, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, Quebec, Ottawa,⏹The Thames River, St. Lawrence, British Isles, The Rocky Mountains（落基山脉）, The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,⏹koala, kangaroo, tornado(龙卷风)⏹The Great Barrier Reef, Silicon V alley, Yellowstone Park,⏹Summary：All these have their own geographical features: places, plants and animals uniquely found in USA, Great Britain and Australia; They all represent meaning unique in their own cultures；Their Chinese equivalents are only used by the Chinese people as mere names, which have lost their distinctive geographical and cultural features.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g.⏹U.S.A: New England, The Rocky Mountains,The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,Y ellowstone Park, Silicon V alley⏹Britain: British Isles, Northern Ireland, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, The Thames River, Rose⏹Canada: Ottawa, Quebec, St. Lawrence,⏹Australia: Canberra, Sydney, The Great Barrier Reef, koala, kangaroo⏹B. words and history⏹the May Flower⏹(the ship in which a group of⏹British Puritans who were also⏹known as pilgrim fathers sailed to⏹America in 1620.⏹The revolutionary war⏹( the struggle of the 13 colonies in North America for independence from the British rule between 1775-1783)⏹Scalp(头皮)⏹(to tear the skin on the top and back of head and the hair attached from an enemy by an North American Indian as a trophy战利品)⏹⏹Knight⏹(a man given the rank of knighthood by the British Monarch in recognition of merits in public service)⏹Hippy/Hippie⏹(a young man and young woman who rejects authority, existing institutions and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.)⏹C. word and politics⏹USA: President, Secretary, Congress, Senate, the House of Representatives, The Democratic Party, The Republican Party, the Supreme Court⏹Great Britain: Parliament议会:the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. It comprises the sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关; Prime Minister, The Conservative Party, The Labour Party, Supreme Court of Judicature司法⏹Governor行政长官⏹the official title of the representative of the British monarch in a British colony.⏹Governor general总督⏹the personal representative of the British crown in the independent nations of the commonwealth.⏹e.g. The Canadian Governor General⏹Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制⏹a monarchy in which the powers of the rulers are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nationD. words and religion⏹Bible⏹a collection of religious books comprising the Old Testament and New Testament⏹reformation:宗教改革⏹a 16th century religious movement against the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church, ending in the formation of Protestant Churches.⏹Christmas box耶诞礼物或礼金⏹money given at Christmas time to the dustmen and others who provide a service throughout the year.⏹Boxing day节礼日⏹the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday in England⏹Easter⏹the chief Christian feast, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the full moon that coincides with or comes after the spring equinox.E. words and HolidaysChristmas cake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stockingFather Christmas), Santa Claus(A)⏹F. words and currency⏹Pound, penny; the American dollar, cent, quarter, nickel⏹G. Words and law⏹Court, judge, jury, lawyer, attorney (A)⏹H. Words and way of life⏹Snack Bar, roast beef, hamburger, sandwich, barbecue, cocktail, champagne; pajamas, suite, dress; subway, Greyhound bus; drive-ins, diner,⏹I. words and sports⏹Football, soccer, rugby, hockey, cricket⏹J. words and sex⏹Striptease, sex store, sexual interference, prostitute, whorehouse⏹K. words and personality⏹GB: reserve, practical, insularism偏执⏹USA：individualism, rapid pace of life, direct, promptness, informality, originality, materialism English works partly corresponding with Chinese words in conceptual meaning⏹1. Intellectual--知识分子⏹2. social sciences--社会科学⏹3. drugstore--药店⏹[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺)⏹4. Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午⏹5. Y oung(18-40), middle-aged(40-60), old (over 60)-------老中青⏹Discussion: discuss the conceptual differences between the words in each pair⏹yard--院子⏹peasant--农民⏹idealist-唯心主义者⏹materialist--唯物主义者"family" and jiating (家庭)⏹An American (A) attended her Chinese friend's (B) wedding. Two years later, the two met again.⏹A: Have you started a family'!⏹B: Oh, yes. Y ou attended my wedding, remember?⏹A: I mean if you've had children.⏹Here we see that ' family' means more than jiating (家庭) ，though they seem to be equivalents.2. Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹the implication（含义，暗示）of words, apart from its primary meaning.It is the communicative value that an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. It varies from culture to culture and from individual to individual⏹E.g. Woman⏹Physical: biped(双足的), having a womb(子宫)⏹Personality: gentle, compassionate, sensitive, hard-working, frail脆弱的, emotional, prone to tears, irrational, inconstant变化无常的,subject to maternal instinct, behavior: capable of speech, experienced in cookery, skirt or dress wearing,⏹Dog⏹loyal to owner, fierce凶猛的, violentFeatures of Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹1. Despite cultural background difference, some corresponding words in two languages may convey the same connotative meaning. e.g tiger, 老虎--cruelty⏹E.g. Woman⏹2. words with the same conceptual meaning yet different connotative meaning⏹书, book⏹老，old⏹同志，comrade⏹宣传，propaganda⏹狗，dogConnotative meanings vary according to different people, times, ages, societies etc.⏹E.g. Home: warm, loving, comfortable, safe⏹like a prison, cold, boring⏹终身大事⏹工作？事业？婚姻? 生死？⏹Connotative meaning may change with the times going⏹E.g. traditional: positive in the past⏹―old, conservative‖ at present⏹3. Social meaning社会意义⏹Social meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use, such as the language users( who are using the language), settings (where is language used), topics (what are language users are talking or writing).⏹E.g⏹home (general) , residence (formal), domicile（law）, abode (literature),⏹horse, steed（战马）, nag（老马）,gee-gee（child）⏹throw(general) , cast (literature and religious), chuck(slang)⏹salt, sodium chloride⏹disobedient, recalcitrant反抗的⏹A good selection of words is important.Exercise！⏹Words which stand for what people do in order to make a living: job, vocation, profession, occupation, career, trade, work⏹Profession (an occupation requiring special education, especially in the liberal arts or sciences)所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。

中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲课程属性：公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能，课程性质：必修、选修一、课程介绍1.课程描述：本课程的教学对象是外国语学院英语专业三年级本科生以及其它院系达到相应英语水平并具备相应英语交际能力的本科生，目的是增进他们的跨文化意识，从而提高他们的目标语水平及跨文化交际能力。

课程内容包括跨文化交际领域中的基本概念，如文化、语言、交际等，言语和非言语交际，跨文化适应等。

通过结合实际案例理解跨文化交际基础知识，使学生能够恰当、有效地进行跨文化交际。

本课程的课堂教学以学生为中心，采用教师讲解、小组活动及讨论等方式。

2.设计思路：本课程针对英语专业学生，以培养他们的跨文化交际能力为目的，采用英语为课堂语言，使用国外引进教材，有利于提高学生目标语技能。

课程首先引导学生认识在全球化时代学习跨文化交际知识的必要性，然后学习该领域中的基本概念，结合实际生活案例，探讨跨文化交际中的核心问题：家庭、历史、宗教在文化中的作用，身份认同，价值取向，文化与言语和非言语交际之间的关系，文化对具体语境中交际的影响，跨文化适应及跨文化能力。

3. 课程与其他课程的关系：- 2 -先修课程：开始本课程学习时，绝大多数学生已经通过英语专业四级考试，在听、说、读、写、译等方面已达到了较高水平；学生应该已经在所修专业课程中零散接触过一些跨文化交际方面的案例，有一些感性认识。

本课程与语言与文化课程同为英语专业学生掌握跨文化交际基本理论与知识的主要课程。

二、课程目标本课程的教学目的是：通过本课程的学习，学生应能够认识语言、文化和交际三者之间的关系；对各类交际形式有所认识；对对象国文化有更进一步的了解,更有效地进行交流；预料和避免由于不同的文化期望而产生的误解；解释手势和其他形式的体态语；讨论有关文化适应和相容的问题。

到课程结束时，学生应能：（1）了解和熟悉跨文化交际的基本概念，认识语言、文化和交际三者之间的关系；（2）理解文化对言语和非言语交际的影响；（3）理解跨文化适应过程，具备英语作为二语的跨文化交际能力。