Language and culture-跨文化交际

跨⽂化交际上课内容unit5Homework:1. What is the relationship between language and culture according to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?2. Translate the following terms:housewarming, disinterested, m ind one’s p’s and q’s, a nine days wonder 红糖, 红茶, 眼红, 青天Unit Five Culture and Verbal CommunicationI.Warm UpPlease read the story on page 156. What can we learn from the story?Supplement: Additional materials about Verbal Communication⾔语交际(i) Verbal communicationVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.In intercultural communication, we use words tocommunicate with the outside world.share the past.exercise some control over the present.form images of the future.(ii) Cross-Cultural Verbal Communication Styles (p179-183)1. Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction StylesIn the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’sintentions.Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward直⽩的form of request.In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout迂回的and implicit含蓄的way.2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement谦逊Verbal StylesThe self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ⾃夸one’s accomplishments and abilities. Eg. In the classified ads分类⼴告, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner…”The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints限制禁⽌, hesitations and modest talk.Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not very good-looking, I’m willing to try my best.”Compare the following ways to serve tea:Japanese: This is not very delicious, but …American: This is the best I can offer.3. Elaborate精⼼制作, Exacting严格的and Succinct简洁StylesAn elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished美化language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab阿拉伯, Middle Eastern, and Afro-American美国⿊⼈cultures.An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans.A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements,understatements, and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some Native American cultures Compare the followings:Arab: @#%&$%)(_$$``^%#@... …American: Just the facts!Chinese: Silence is Golden.4. Personal and Contextual StyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker.Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you.The contextual style highlights one’s role identity and status.Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous).5. Instrumental and Affective StyleAn instrumental verbal⼯具性语⾔style is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communicationto achieve some goal or outcome. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker.An affective communication 情感传达style is receiver and process oriented调整. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with在于both the speaker and the listener.II.Reading1.Read the article of “Understanding the Culture of Conversation”. Whatare the different cultures of conversation among people from different countries?1)Conversation is a rich point (a rich point is something in one culturethat makes it difficult to be connected with another culture). It isn’t any particular word or grammatical construction that produces the rich point; it is something about the way things are going, something about people’s ideas about how to do a conversation. To handle the rich points, old unconscious ways of doing things are dusted off抹掉, new ways are built up. To converse交谈in the new ways, you have to experience culture and manufacture some frames. If you don’t figure out the frames, you might speak grammatically correct English, but what you communicate will differ from what you intended.Now let’s go to see the different conversation cultures of different countries.2)Mexican:The conversation may start with one topic, and if another interesting topic seeps in渗⼊you ride it around for a while. Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting conversation.3)American:①The conversation usually has a topic, and the speaker wants totake a straight line through it from the beginning to end.②The Americans expect an answer to the orienting 定向question,that is to lance their conversation with self-promotion ⾃我推销-- here’s who I am, here’s why I’m good at it, here’s why you should pay attention to me.4)Swedish:The Swedish conversational ideal is to respond in a concise简明的manner without elaborating specific details, esp. those for self-promotion.5)Thus, what causes miscommunication 错误传达is often the wayideas are put together into an argument, the way some ideas are selected for special emphasis, or the way emotional information about the ideas is presented.6)Different conversation cultures between Anglos and Athabaskans:①Who speaks first (who opens the conversation);②Who controls the talk;③When it’s time for a new person to take a turn, such as the lengthof a pause; (who talks next)④How long one should talk;⑤How a conversation should close; (who closes the conversation)2.Apart from differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation,what other differences can you find between Chinese and English? Read the article of “The Way People Speak”.1)From the example of the conversation between an Italian and anAmerican, we can see the different conversation patterns in these two cultures. The Americans do not enjoy verbal conflicts over politics or anything else while the Italians welcome them.2)High involvement ⾼度介⼊conversation patterns and highconsiderateness patterns (Deborah Tannen):High involvement patterns: talk more; interrupt more; expect to be interrupted; talk more loudly at times and talk more quickly. Many enjoy arguments.High considerateness体谅⼈的patterns: speak one at a time; use polite listening sounds; refrain from克制抑制interrupting and give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners.3)Cultures involved:High involvement patterns: Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, and African.High considerateness patterns: Asian Cultures like Chinese and Japanese, mainstream Americans.4)There are also significant differences between the various culturesof the same conversation pattern. Even within the United States there are important regional地区and ethnic differences种族差异in conversation styles.5)Cultural beliefs ⽂化信仰differ as to whether directness orindirectness is considered positive. In the mainstream American culture, the ideal form of communication includes being direct rather than indirect. Latin Americans and many Asians value indirectness.6)Ping-Pong conversational style and Bowling styleIn an American “Ping-Pong” conversation, one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back and the game continues. Each part of the conversation follows this pattern: the greeting and the opening, the discussion of a topic, and the closing and farewell告别. However, in a Japanese “Bowling”conversation, each participant waits politely for a turn and knows exactly when the time is right to speak. That is, they know their place inline. In Japanese conversation, long silences are tolerated. For Americans, even two or three seconds of silence can become uncomfortable.3.So far, we can see that there are the Cultural Relativity⽂化相对性ofCommunication -- when to talk, what to say and how to say differ from culture to culture.(i) When to talk (the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans)(ii) How to talk①Pacing and pausing (the example of the conversation between Anglosand Athabaskans)Meaning: How fast do you speak? How long do you wait following another speaker’s utterance表达说话, before concluding the other has no more to say?②Listenership (the example of the conversation between Anglos andAthabaskans)③IndirectnessMeaning: Only a part of meaning resides in存在于the words spoken; the largest part is communicated by hints暗⽰, assumptions, and listeners filling-in from context and prior experience.e.g. A Greek wife (or daughter): Can I go to the marketplace?Husband or father: (never say no) If you want, you can go. –meaning No.Yes, of course, go. – meaning Yes. (iii) What to say -- topics (See the exercises on p164)Which topics are regarded as the appropriate ones in conversations? Weather, Pet, Work, Hobby, Sex, Family, Age, Income, Property, Marital status, Politics, Religious belief, Disease, Death, DisabilityHomework: read the three dialogues on page 170-172, then try to find out the problems and ways to avoid such problems ininterculturalcommunication.III.Topics for presentation: compliment (p162-163), telephone calls (p172-173), how to say “No” (p133-136), introduction, Disagreeing agreeably (American way & Chinese way:)--What does Japanese “Hai”mean? How does an American understand it? (p133)-- How to express “no” across cultures? (p134-136)Supplement: Making Good IntroductionSuppose an important client is visiting your corporate headquarters企业总部. You’re having a conversation when the president of your company walks into the room. It’s up to you to make the introductions. But whom do you introduce to who m? Which person’s name do you state first?Your client is important to you and your company, but certainly the company president is also important. Do you have a dilemma? Not if you understand the background of making introductions, which is basically, “The person with greater importance takes precedence优先.”(i) Sequence顺序of introduction -- a useful format:1.Always state the name of the most important person first;/doc/a701accd53e79b89680203d8ce2f0066f533649a.html e words like “May I” or “I would like to” or “It is a pleasure to”;3.Follow with words like “Introduce” or “Present” (“Present” is moreformal);4.Then state the name of the Lower ranking person;5.And always add a brief sentence about the lower ranking person,such as a job title or project he or she is working on, a recent success, or a common interest with the senior. This provides the senior with information to begin a comfortable conversation. (Example)Erica: Professor Honda, may I introduce my classmate Steven Jacobs.Steven, this is my professor of literature.Prof: Nice to meet you, Steven.Steven: Thank you. It’s a pleasure to meet you, Professor Honda. Etica has talked a lot about you.Porf: All good, I hope.(ii) Suitable topics of conversation(iii) Taboos:IV.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。

跨文化交际课程教学大纲一、课程的基本信息适应对象：英语专业本科四年级学生课程代码：07007926学时分配：30赋予学分：2先修课程：《普通语言学》、《英美概况》、《英美文学史》、《欧洲文化入门》后续课程：二、课程性质与任务当今世界发生的翻天覆地的变化使社会对外语人才的需求也相应提高。

近年来对交际能力的要求除听、说、读、写四种语言运用能力外，还需要具备社会文化能力，即文化素养。

《跨文化交际学》是外语专业本科四年级的任意选修课程。

它以促进学生整体素质发展为根本，注重学生在技能、知识、情感、策略和文化素质等各方面的综合发展。

作为一门新兴学科，《跨文化交际学》集社会语言学、文化语言学、语用学、翻译学、传播学、人类学、外语教学等领域的研究成果于一体，着重文化与交际过程以及文化对交际过程的影响，从而提高外语学习者对文化的敏感和跨文化交际的能力。

《跨文化交际学》除研究文化的定义与特点、交际的定义与特征以及文化与交际的关系外，着重讨论干扰交际的文化因素。

这些因素包括语言、非语言手段、社会准则、社会组织、价值观等。

其中，语言包括词语的文化内涵、篇章结构、逻辑思维以及翻译等值等方面；非语言手段包括手势、身势、服饰、音调高低、微笑、沉默、对时间与空间的不同观念等；社交准则泛指人们交往中必须遵循的各种规则以及某些风俗习惯；社会组织指家庭中各成员的关系、同事朋友关系、上下级关系等；价值观念包括人与自然的关系、宗教观念、道德标准以及人生观、世界观等。

语言是文化的载体，不同文化背景的人们从事交际势必会遇到文化差异的问题。

因此，研究跨文化交际、深入了解语言、文化与交际之间的关系，不仅对于语言研究者，而且对于将要从事外语教学、翻译和外事工作的外语专业的学生是十分必要和大有裨益的。

三、教学目的与要求同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交际是学习英语的重要目的之一。

然而有效的交际不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到许多文化因素。

本课程要求学生掌握文化的定义和特征，交际的定义和特征，影响跨文化交际活动的各种因素、跨文化交际的途径以及跨文化交际学的研究方法等。

《跨文化交际》教学大纲一、课程名称：跨文化交际/Cross-culture Communication二、课程编码：三、学时与学分：34/2四、考核方式：考查，包括平时与期末，分别占30% 和70%五、先修课程：综合英语、英语语法、英语泛读、英语口语、英美国家社会与文化等六、适用学科专业：英语七、教学目的：同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交流是学习英语的重要目的之一。

然而有效的交流不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到文化因素。

本课程的主旨是帮助学生解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种困惑，促进学生对英语国家概况和英美文化有教为深入的了解，对中国文化与西方文化之间的异同有较为敏锐的感知。

逐步提高学生跨文化交际的实际能力，使学生能够用文化的眼光，认识自己，包容他人。

八、基本教学内容：本课程选用顾曰国主编的《跨文化交际》（Cross-cultural Communication）为教材。

本课程共八个单元。

主要学习方法包括：典型实例分析，模拟交流练习，听公开讲座，交际失误分析，英汉双向翻译练习等。

九、教学内容、基本要求及学时分配1. Part One: Language and Culture in Communication教学内容：介绍语言、文化和交际之间的关系，跨文化交流模式，交流中的各种意义等。

本单元介绍了交际的5个类型 (types of communication)：human communication; animal communication;human-animal communication; human-machine communication; machine-to-machine communication；交际的基本模式：同文化交际(mono-cultural language communication)；跨文化交际(cross-cultural language communication)；介绍各种交际方式中的“意思”的传达。

跨文化交际(英文版)Cross –cultural communicationThesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries.Outline:Chapter 1: Language and culture in communicationChapter2: Culture shockChapter3: What’s in a name?Chapter4: Social interactionChapter 5: Roles and relationsChapter6: Non-verbal communicationChapter 7: In other words.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageConclusionChapter 1: Language and culture in communicationThere is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance.What is communication?In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication andnon-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beingsThere are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other.For human beings, how can we communicate with each other?Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message.What is social situation?When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone cannot constitute a social sA social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community,and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in social situation.Chapter2: Culture shockWe should not only know what communication is but we should know what culture shock is.In contemporary society, as our country is developing faster and faster, more and more foreigners will come to our country. Communicating with foreigners is an interesting thing. However, there is no doubt that it can easily cause misunderstanding which is called culture shock. There are several kinds of culture shock.Hospitality: First of all, in Britain, hospitality can not be judged bywhether hosts put the food into your dishes, in there, everyone has own dishes, everyone helps themselves. By contrast, in our country, when we have guests, hosts may put the food into guest’s dishes to show their hospitality, so this is different.Politeness: When it comes to this word, in many case, foreigners weredescribed as being polite than Chinese. For example, when we finish work, foreigners may say thank you to us, although it is out duties. However, for Chinese, they seldom say thank you because they think someone who serves them are their duties.What’s more, when we get alon g with foreigners, we should avoid asking their salaries, jobs and religious and so on. For the young, it’s all right to ask their ages, for the adults, this question is not allowed, especially for the females. But in china, these questions are allowed.In conclusion, when we face these culture shocks, it is better to keep a cool head, and then make an adjustment toward it, finally, we can cope with it. As time goes by, we can adapt it. For example, American Jewish and Israel, thetwo groups are equal and integration. Both groups havepositive attitudes toward one another. So I am sure that after learning this unit, we can know a lot about culture shock and can easily communicate with foreigners.Chapter 3: What’s in a name?The topic of unit three is “what’s in a name?” As is known to all, the English name is different from the Chinese name .The Chinese name consists offamily name and given name ,with family name put first. But in contrast, the family name of English name is coming last. Most English people have three names. The last name , or surname is the family name .This is the family nameof the father and is given to all his children. And the first name is given to the child at birth, which is called “given name”. And another name used to refer to them is Christian name.However, Chinese name can give all sorts of information about a Chinesepeople .they may give the address, the birthday ,and also tell us about the family relationship, ethic groups, sex and the parents’ expectation for their children. At the same time, in Chinese the use of kin terms is closely related to age politeness, such as that children are expected to call an old lady, Granny and call a male adult who is older than their fathers, elder uncle. The appropriate and extend use of kin term according to age is taken as reflecting good manners.Chapter4: Social interactionWhat is “social interaction”. It is the topic of unit four. Socialinteraction is an important way of human existence, and it is different from other animals’communication. And it’s meaningful. Different countries have different social interactions. Many Chinese people tend to ask age, marital status, and even salary when they meet each other first. To the Chinese people, these are open conversational topic. and Chinese people pay much attention to family life. So in their spare time, they will talk about the family member features as a common topic. It is so natural. And the salary is not asecret .and when a Chinese offers refreshments or drinks to his colleague, his colleague often declines the offer politely, because he don’t want to trouble the person who offers. And it also shows his politeness. But in western countries, if you ask the person who meet you first about these, they willfeel so bad. They think it is not polite.Do you know how English native negotiate a time to meet .from the text I know that you may find their way of settling on a time is quite similar to our own, that is , normally one gives or suggests a time, then the other may find it is not suitable and suggest another time, and finally a time is fixed which suits both.Consequently, you can know from above, different countries have different habits.Chapter 7: In other words.Different languages cause some misunderstandingsThere are many countries that their language is the same. such as America , British, Canada, Australia，and so on, they all speak English, people fromAmerica and British speak different varieties of English. They usually find little difficulty in understanding each other. However, there are some differences which may cause some misunderstanding, because of profusion of synonyms that they use different words to refer to the same thing. But for other countries which do not speak English they hardlyunderstand the idioms, for examp le “face the music” in America it means to accept the criticisms, unpleasant consequences, etc . it probably comes from the custom in some Western armies of punishing soldiers to the sound of beating drums, if a person who is come from China may comprehend that enjoy himself by listening to music. on the contrary，they can not understand the meaning of Chinese idioms.There are some similar in languagesWith the exception, both English and Chinese have many such idioms that refer to animals, and some animals have similar associations in both cultures: deer, for example , are bloodthirsty and cruel, ect . But some other animals have rather different associations, like dogs, in the eyes of English-speaking people，dog is loyal ,but in the eyes of Chinese it aways contains derogatory sense are seen rather differently from the way appear to us. About proverb, since human experiences and observations of the world are in many respect similar. in spit of the dissimilar cultural backgrounds of the Chinese and the English-speaking peoples, the number of proverbs or saying in two languagethat are equivalent or closely approximate is rather surprising.Swearwords is the taboo for every countriesEvery language contains a special group of taboo words which people avoid using because they find them embarrassing or offensive. In many languages, swearwords are taboo, this is generally true of both English and Chinese. In English, certain swearwords seem to be more offensive than others and consequently the social prohibition against their use is stricter.Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global VillageAnimals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotions and feelings. This unit takes us back in to history, inviting us to reflect upon how man has extended his limbs and senses by using new technologies. Nowadays, the technologies are so advanced that communication over long distance can be done in a split of a second. People all over the world are living, quite literally, in a global village. In the textbook, we have learned that animals might have astonishing ways of showing their emotions and feelings. The way different kinds of animals behave, have fascinated great minds since Plato and Aristotle Communication is covering everywhereOne point that is beyond doubt is that our ancestors were extremelyhandicapped --- in comparison with us now --- in communication. From the Stone Age, to the present day, over 2,000,000 years, man has done his best to extend himself in order to improve his way of communication. Writing, printing technology, postal services, telegraph, telephone, radio, picture communication, television, computer and laser technology, internet --- these have extended man’smouth, eyes, ears, hands, legs, in short the whole body beyond a house, a village, a county, a province, a country, an ocean, a continent, and even beyond the mother earth to the moon and the Mars. Going global is great, but an entirely different tone was heard: Globalization is a menace to mankind. Globalization will make the powers more powerful but the weak is weaker and the poor is poorer.ConclusionDifferent countries have their own cultures, so it causes the different cultures .Consequently, sometimes the people come from different places may cause some misunderstandings. After learning this textbook we can get along well with people all over the world.Finally, through this paper, we can learn more knowledge.Welcome To Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。

跨文化交际一、课程基本信息1、课程中、英文名称：跨化交文际、Cross-cultural Communication2、课程类别：专业专选课程3、课程学时：18学时4、学分：2分二、课程的目的与任务：跨文化交际作为一门学科涉及到文化和交际的各个层面，包括语言交际、非语言交际、人们之间的相互交往，以及不同文化之间的观念和信仰等。

该课程的目的在于通过不同文化差异的比较研究，分析跨文化交际案例，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性，提高不同文化语境中语言交际的能力，从而更好地适应不同文化环境。

使学生了解其他文化的社会文化习俗和价值观念；在语言学习的同时，更多关注相关国家的文化，特别是通过与本族文化的对比，提高跨文化交际能力，以适应社会发展和国际交流的需要,增加跨文化交际意识，并最终形成跨文化交际能力。

三、课程的重点和基本要求：（一）课程的重点本课程教学的重点是增强学生对跨文化交际中文化差异的敏感性，帮助学员解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。

通过典型实力分析，模拟交流联系，交际失误分析，英汉双向练习等多种形式，使学生认识语言，文化和交际三者之间的关系，加深对对象国文化的了解，掌握在处理跨文化交际中一些微妙问题时所需要的基本知识和技巧，提高跨文化交流的质量。

（二）．基本要求：1、了解跨文化交际研究的范围和目前发展的动向。

2、掌握跨文化交际研究的基本方法，并运用来解决一些实际问题。

3、奠定向该学科研究纵深发展的理论基础。

四、教学内容及要求本课程以语言学习为前提，强调在语言学习的过程中提高利用外语进行跨文化交际的能力，通过对交际与语言，语言与文化，文化与价值观的学习和讨论，提高跨文化交际意识；通过对文化现象的思考和讨论，反思语言学习过程，增加对文化差异的敏感性；通过课堂活动和案例学习，提高跨文化交际意识和能力，达到有效交流的目的。

1．通过学习，学生能够了解语言及非语言交际在跨文化交际中的重要作用及应用规则。

Unit 1Language and Culture in Communication1.Fill in blanksa. There are here-------- Chinese equivalents to communication in Mainland.交际（）交流（）沟通（）传播（）通信（）交通（）传理（）b. There must be ___________conditions for communication to take place.c. There are _______ kinds of communication.d. The two kinds of cross-cultural communication are _______ and ______.e. In any forms of communication, mono-cultural, unilateral and bilateral cross-cultural alike, ______ is the essence.f. Y ou complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone is a________ example of communication.g. Y ou send an e-mail message to an American friend is an instance of communication but______.h. An Arabic traveler talks to you in Arabic that is Greek to you is an instance of_________.i. The community definition of a social situation is a sort of ______ definition,or ______ interpretation of the situation.j. In cross-cultural communication, private goals are difficult to detect and are likely to cause ______.k. A social situation may receive two definitions. They are____________________ and ______________.l. The verbal message of shrug is a non-verbal signal of_________________.m. The verbal message of thank is a non-verbal signal of________________.n. The goal of Dick’s going to the library is likely to _______________________________________.Ⅱ. Key Termsa. languageb. non-verbal communicationc. cross-cultural communicationd. situational schemae. signalf. cultureg. communicationh.. mutual monitoringi. valuej. competenceⅢ. Short Answer1. Give some best and not good instances of communication.2. How to understand a mutual monitoring?a. Types of communication.b. Cultural influencing factors of cross-cultural communication.c. b. collectivist culturec. hospitalityⅣ. Case studyUse the communication theory to analyze the following case:Xiao Huang meets Evelyn at the airport and says to h er:"Long time n o see!"1）The source of information is: ______.2）The encoder is: ______.3）The code is: ______.4）The message is: "______!"5）The channel is: ______.6）The medium is: ______.7）The noise is: ______.8）The decoder is: ______.9）The retrieval of information is: ______.Keys To Unit OneⅠ.Fill in the blanks.a.6b.4c.5d. unilateral cross-cultural communication, bilateral cross-cultural communicatione. meaning exchangef. bestg. Y es, but not very good.h. non-communicationi. official，officialj. misunderstandingk. one of the community and one of the participants.l. raising one’s shoulders up and down.m. holding one’s hands in a fist in frontn. borrow booksII. Key Termsa. language. a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols ("He taught foreign languages")b. While we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies. Inaddition to the words we use we convey a whole variety of information to others with our bodies. This is non-verbal communication.c.It refers to the communication between the people with different cultural backgrounds.d. It refers to the rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed.e. It means an element of the behavior, appearance, etc., of one organism that is received by the sense organs of a second organism and affects its behavior.f. Culture means:1.The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.2.The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.g. communication: the exchange of information between people, e.g. by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or behaviors. There are source of information, encoder, code, channel, decoder, retriev al of information.III. Short answers.Best examples：Y ou complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone. Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille. Not so good examples; An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. Y ou send an email message to an American friend.when you are alone with no one else being present , you can do anything you like, because you are not in a social situation. Once another person joins you, or even comes close enough that you two can see each other, your behavior is affected by his or her presence. That is mutual monitoring.a. human communicationb. animal communicationc. human-animal communicationd. human-machine communicatione. machine-to-machine communication4. they are of history, tradition, religion, value, social organization, customs, social development and systems.5. collectivist culture places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as ‘we’ cultures because the basic unit is the in-group or collective.IV. Case study1）Xiao Huang2）Xiao Huang3）English;4）Long time no see!;5）face to face;6）air;7）the disturbance of the passing airplanes;8）Evelyn;9）Evelyn。