第十四章动词的-ing形式
动词的-ing形式包括了传统语法中所说的动名词和现在分词。
一、-ing形式的句法功能
（一）作主语
［高考试题传真］
1.---What do you think made Mary so upset?
---________he new bicycle.(1997,上海)
A.As she lost
B.Lost
C.Losing
D.Because of losing
2.______is a good form of exercise for both young and old.(1992)
A.The walk
B.Walking
C.To walk
D.Walk
3.Once your business becomes international, ________constantly will be part of your life.(1995,上海)
A.you fly
B.your flight
C.flight
D.flying
-ing形式(短语)作主语通常有两种位置：一种是-ing形式短语位于句首；另一种是用it作形式主语，而将-ing形式短语移到谓语之后，以避免句子结构头重脚轻。如：
Playing tricks on others is something we should never do.捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的。
Learning new words is very important for me.学习新单词对我来说非常重要。
It is useless trying to argue with Shylock.和夏洛克争辩没有什么用。
It is pleasant working with you. 跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。
［注意］-ing形式与不定式作主语时的区别
-ing形式作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念，即泛指某种行为或动作。如：
Doing nothing is doing ill.一事不做就是作恶。
It’s no use crying over split milk.牛奶打翻哭也无用。
而不定式作主语通常表示具体动作或具体意义。如：
He said, “To go on like this is no use.”他说：“继续这样下去是无用的。”
［高考试题传真］
1.We enjoy________very much because it is good to our health.(1998,上海)
A.swim
B.to swim
C.swimming
D.to be swimming
2.---Let me tell you something about the journalists.
---Don’t you remember_______me the story yesterday? (1999,上海)
A.told
B.telling
C.to tell
D.to have told
3.The library needs_______,but it will have to wait until Sunday.(1991)
A.to prepare
B.preparing
C.prepared
D.was preparing
4.She looks forward every spring to_______the flower-lined garden. (1995,上海)
A.visit
B.paying a visit
C.walk in
D.walking in
5.---What are you going to do this afternoon?
---I’m thinking of_______to visit my aunt.(1985)
A.go
B.going
C.having gone
D.my going
6.---I usually go there by train.
---Why not_______by boat for a change.(1992)
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
7.Do you remember_______me at a party last year.(1984)
A.meet
B.to meet
C.meeting
D.met.
有些动词只能跟-ing形式(短语)作宾语，不能跟不定式短语作宾语。这类动词常见的有：consider,dislike,delay,enjoy,escape,finish,cannot help,imagine, keep(on), mind, miss, practise, cannot stand, suggest等。如：
Have you considered looking for one special friend?你是否考虑过找一位挚友。
He disliked fighting in any form.他不喜欢任何形式的打架斗殴。
I enjoy learning about new things.我喜欢了解新鲜事物。
-ing形式(短语)除了可作动词的宾语外，还可作介词宾语。如：
He studied ways of keeping seeds.他研究了种子的保存方法。
持）, object to（反对）, lead to（导致）,devote…to（献身于）, be sentenced to(被宣判为)，prefer…to(喜欢),come to（谈到），look forwardd to（期待）,add to(加上),pay attention to（注意）, get down to
1)-ing形式所表示的动作，在意义上比较一般和抽象，不指某一次具体的动作，不定式则表示某个具体动作。试比较：
I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。（指一般、抽象的行为）
Would you like to swim today.你今天想去游泳吗？（指今天这一次具体的动作）
2)有些动词，如begin,start,continue,prefer等，其后跟-ing形式或不定式，意义没有区别，或者区别不大。如；
He began learning/to learn English at the age of ten.他在10岁时开始学习英语。
Though it was raining hard,they continued working/to work.尽管在下大雨，但他们还是继续工作。
3)在remember,forget,regret后跟-ing形式时，-ing形式表示动作发生在上述动词之前；上述动词后根部定式时，不定式表示的动作发生在上述动词之后。试比较：
I regret accepting your advice.
我真后悔听了你的建议。（accepting发生在regret之前）
I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.
我十分遗憾地告诉你，我不准备接受你的意见。（to tell发生在regret之后）
I remember putting the books on the shelf.
我记得曾把书放在书架上。（已经做过）
Remember to put the books on the shelf.
记住要把书放在书架上。（还没做）
I forgot paying the money.我已付过钱，却忘记了。(付过钱)
I forgot to pay the money. 我忘了付钱。(没有付钱)
4)mean后接不定式时，意为“决意，打算”；mean后接-ing形式时，意为“意为着，表明”。试比较：
I didn’t mean to make you angry.我并不想叫你生气。
Your plan would mean spending hours.你的计划意为着要花费几个小时。
5)try后接不定式时，意为“努力，设法”；try后接-ing形式时，意为“试，试用”。试比较：
We must try to get everything done in time.
我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。
Let’s try doing the work some other way.
我们用别的方法做这工作试试。
6)stop后跟-ing形式短语作宾语，表示停下手头正在干的事；stop后跟不定式，不定式不是宾语而是目的状语，表示停下手头正在干的事去干另外一件事。试比较：
She stopped watching TV.她停止看电视。
She stopped to watch TV.她停下来，开始看电视。
7)go on后跟-ing形式表示“继续去做同一件事”，后跟不定式表示“干完一件事接着去干另一件事”。试比较：
The teacher went on explaining the problem after the break.
休息过后，老师继续讲解那个问题。
After finishing studying the text we went on to do the exercise.
学完课文之后，我们接着做练习。
（三）作宾语补足语或主语补足语
［高考试题传真］
1.The missing boys were last seen_______near the river.(1994)
A.playing
B.to be playing
C.play
D.to play
2.Seeing the sun_______above the surface of the the sea,we let out a shout of joy.(1994,上海)
A.to rise
B.to raise
C.rising
D.raising
-ing形式短语也可以在感官动词（如see, watch, hear,notice, find, feel）后作宾语补足语，表示宾语的行为正在进行。如：
You can often see musicians performing in the streets.你可以经常在音乐家在街头演奏。
I heard her playing the piano.我听见她再彈钢琴。
His father saw him sitting on some eggs.他父亲看见他坐在鸡蛋上面。
当上述这样的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时，其中的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。如：
She was heard singing a song.人们听到她正在唱歌。
［注意］-ing形式与不定式作宾语补足语时的区别
不定式短语作宾语补足语时，表示动作已经发生，指事情的全过程已经结束；-ing形式短语作宾语补足语则表示动作正在进行。试比较：
Did you see anyone come out of the room?
你看见有人正从房间里出来了吗？
I see someone coming out of the room.
我看见有人正从房间里出来。
（四）作状语
［高考试题传真］
1.The secretary worked late into the night,_______ a long speech for the president.(1991)
A.to prepare
B.preparing
C.prepared
D.was preparing
2.Europen football is palyed in 80 countries, _______it the most popular sport in the world.(1998,上海)
A.making
B.makes
C.made
D.is make
3.“Can’t you read?”Mary said_______to the notice.(1993)
A.angrily pointing
B.and point angrily
C.angrily pointed
D.and angrily pointing
-ing形式短语作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式、伴随状况等意义，这时它相当于一个状语从句。当用作时间、原因、条件状语时，这些短语通常位于句子的前部;当用作方式、结果、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。如:
Hearing the had news, they couldn't help crying.听到这个不幸的消息，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。(时间)
Being a brave man, Charles returned to France.因为查尔斯是个勇敢的汉子，所以他回到法国。(原因)
The fish can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only the bones.这种鱼两分钟内就可以把一个人吃掉，只剩下骨头，(结果)
They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip.他们正在吃早餐，谈论着旅
[高考试题传真]
1. Do you know the boy ______under the big tree?(1989)
A. lay
B. lain
C. laying
D. lying
2. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _____"Sorry to miss you; will call later. (1999)
A. read
B. reads
C. to read
D. reading
3. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _________. (1999, 上海)
A. 20 dollars remained
B. 20 dollars to remain
C.remained20dotlars
D. remaining 20 dollars
4. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of light.(1989)
A. followed
B. following
C. to be followed
D. being followed
-ing形式可以单独充当名词的前置修饰语，这时它有两种情况:
1.-ing形式表示“供作……之用”(used for)的意思，这类作定语的-ing形式过去称之为动名词。如:
a walking stick (=a stick used for walking)手杖
drinking water饮用水
a waiting room候车/诊室
2.-ing形式表示“……的”意思，过去称之为现在分词。如:
a walking child (=a child who is walking)走路的孩子
working people劳动人民
the rising sun正在升起的太阳
-ing形式短语作定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如:
Two days later I received a letter offering me the job (=which offered me the job).两天后我收到同意给我这份工作的来信。
The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.站在那儿的那个男孩是我的一个同学。
［高考试题传真］
① ---I must apologize for _______ ahead of time.
---Thafs all right. (1994)
A. letting you not know
B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not
D. letting not you know
②_______ his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill. (1991,上海)
A. Not knowing
B. Knowing not
C. Not having known
D. Having not known
1、非谓语动词的否定结构是把否定词not加在非谓语之前构成的。例如：
①It was foolish of him not to do that.(不定式的否定式)
②Not knowing much English,he took out his dictionary and looked up the word “cough”.(分词的否定形式)
③He regretted not having been able to help me.(动名词的否定形式)
2、过去分词作宾语补足语;而且表示状态的时候，它的否定式常常不用否定词，只起在分词上加一个否定前级。例如：
①He left the work unfinished.
②I found my glasses unbroken.
3、短语“so as to”变否定结构时应把so as to分开成so as not to.例如：
I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting.
三、-ing形式的复合结构
[高考试题传真]
1. I would appreciate ______ back this afternoon. (1992)
A. you to call
B. you call
C. your calling
D. you're calling
2. I can hardly imagine Peter_______ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. (1991)
A. sail
B. to sail
C. sailing
D. to have sailed
3. How about the two of us______ a walk down the garden? (1993)
A. to take
B. take
C. taking
D. to be taking
4. Tom insisted _______ to to the party. (1988,上海)
A. on me to come
B. on my coming
C. me to come
D. me coming
5. What worried the child most was most was_______to visit his mother in the hospital. (1998, 上海)
A. his not allowing
B. his not being allowed
C. his being not allowed
D. having not been allowed
-ing形式的复合结构的构成方式为:名词所有格/普通格/代词宾格/形容词性物主代词+-ing形式，其中，名词所有格/普通格/代词宾格/形容词性物主代词是-ing形式的逻辑主语。如果-ing形式的复合结构作宾语，可用名词的所有格或普通格，也可用代词宾格或形容词性物主代词;如果作主语，就只能用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如:
Do you mind my smoking?我可以抽烟吗?
Your going there will help a lot.你到那里对事情将大有帮助。
I remember Wei Fangs going there.我记得魏芳去那里了。
I am sure of him coming on time.我相信他会准时来的。
He has never heard of a woman being a pilot.他从没听说过女的当飞行员。
[高考试题传真]
1. ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret_______that. (1995)
A. to do
B. to be doing
C. to have done
D. having done
2. She didn't remember _______ him before. (1988)
A. having met
B. have met
C. to meet
D. to have met
3. _______areply, he decided to write again. (1992)
A. Not receiving
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not received
-ing形式的时态分为一般式和完成式。一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作往往同时发生。如: People walk around wearing nineteenth-century clothes.人们穿着19世纪的服装走来走去。
I was in the kitchen cooking something.我工在厨房煮东西。
The students walked out of the classroom, laughing and talking.学生们有说有笑走出教室。
完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。如:
Having written the letter, he went to post it.他写完信，就去寄它了。
Having finished their work, they had a rest.工作做完后，他们休息了一下。
五、-ing形式的被动态
[高考试题传真]
1. He has always insisted on his ________ Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner. (1994,上海)
A. been called
B. called
C. having called
D. being called
2. Do you mind ________ alone at home? (1994,上海)
A. Jam leaving
B. Jam having left
C. Jam’s being left
D. Jam to be left
3. While shopping, people sometimes can't help ________ into buying something they don't really need. (1996, 上海)
A. to persuade
B. persuading
C. being persuaded
D. be persuaded
4. ---What do you think of the book?
---Oh, excellent. Ifs worth_______a second time. (1989)
A. to read
B. to be read
C. reading
D. being read
5. This sentence needs _______. (1985)
A. a improvement
B. improve
C. improving
D. improved
-ing形式的被动语态分为一般式和完成式两种。一般式(being done)表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词的动作同时发生;完成式(having been done)表示一个被动动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。如: The large house being built near the factory is a new hospital.
工厂附近正在施工的大楼是一座新的医院。
Having been sent to the wrong address, the letter did not reach her.
那封信地址投错了，她没有收到。
Dr Manette, having been kept a prisoner in the Bastille for many years, had recently been set free.
在want，need，deserve，require等动词后，总是用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于"to be+过去分词"。如:
My watch needs repairing(=to be repaired).我的手表需要修理。
The house wants cleaning.这房屋需要打扫。
在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样。如:
The film is worth seeing.这部影片值得一看。
The place is worth visiting.那个地方值得一游。
六、-ing形式的独立主格结构
-ing形式也可以用于独立主格结构，由“名词通格或代词主格+-ing形式"构成，这时-ing形式与其前的名词或代词是主动的逻辑主谓关系。这种结构可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。如: The clock striking eight，they began working.时钟敲了八响，他们开始了工作。(表示时间) The weather being fine,we went for a walk.由于天气好，我们出去散步了。(表示原因)
也可由"with/without+宾语+-ing形式"构成独立主格结构，表示伴随状况。如:
巩固性练习:
1. Travelling is _________, but we often feel _________ when we are back from travels.
A. interesting; tired
B. interested; tiring
C. interesting; tiring
D. interested; tired
2. When I was passing by I saw them _________ basketball on the playground.
A. play
B. to play
C. playing
D. played
3. The mothers saw their children well _________ at the nursery.
A. taking care of
B. to take care of
C. to be taken care of
D. taken care of
4. Tell the children_______there not to make so much noise.
A. play
B. playing
C. to play
D. played
5. I don't like the photo______ by your brother last Sunday.
A. taking
B. to take
C. taken
D. to be taken
6. _________a deep breath, they dived into the river.
A. Taken
B. Taking
C. To take
D. Took
7. You had better_______ your hair _________ after school.
A. had; cut
B. have; cut
C. to have; cut
D. to have; to cut
8. Deeply_________, I thanked him again and again.
A. touched
B. touch
C. touching
D. to touch
9. _________ the windows and the door, the students left the room.
A. Being closed
B. closed
C. Having closed
D. To close
10. What surprised me most was to see some of the village people _________ on the benches at the end of the room.
A. seating
B. seated
C. seat
D. to be seating
11. The film was so _________ that all of us were _________ to tears.
A. moved; moving
B. moving; moved
C. moving; moving
D. moved; moved
12. _________ from his looks, he is a kind man.
A. Judging
B. Being judged
C. To judge
D. Judge
13. The boy's body was covered with a national flag, _________.
A. left his face exposed
B. to have his face exposing
C. leaving his face exposing
D. leaving his face exposed
14. When I got home, I found the gas _________ but the door remained _________.
A. burned; locking
B. burning; locking
C. burning; locked
D. to burn; to lock
15. _________ that it was going to snow, the climbers decided to put off their attempt on the highest peak.
何时用不定式何时用分词和动名词 Ⅰ.动名词和不定式做主语的相同点 1.不定式短语和动名词做主语时，常常为了保持句子的平衡，用it来做形式主语，如： It is not easy to learn English well. It is no use asking him for help. 2.如果主语用了不定式,表语和宾语也要用不定式;主语用了动名词,表语和宾语也要用动名词,这在英语中称为对称性,如: To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼见为实) (85)It is better to stay home than _A__ out. A. to go B. going C. go D. gone Ⅱ.动名词和不定式做主语的不同点 1.不定式做主语常表示具体的某一动作;表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念时,多用动名词,如: (92)_B_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 2.在”There/It +be+ no use(good/help/need)”之后常用动名词做主语,而少用不定式,如: It /There is no use crying over the split milk. It /There is no help taking this medicine. ★但是如果该句型中用了for引出不定式的逻辑主语,就只能用不定式,如: (93) There is no good for us to do that exercise. 3.不定式可以和when, where, how, what, whether等连用,在句子中做主语,宾语和表语,而动名词则不能,如: How to solve the problem is a hot potato. Where to put the box seems hard to decide. Whether to do it hasn’t been decided. What to do next is up to you. 时态、语态及其基本用法 A. 不定式 1．不定式的时态、语态有三种形式：①一般式，如，to write / to be written ;②进行式，如，to be writing / to have been writing;③完成式，如，to have written / to have been written 。 2．基本用法 ①不定式的一般式，表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时也发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如： He seems to know this.(=It seems that he knows this.) I hope to see you again.(=I hope that I’ll see you again.) He doesn’t like to be laughed at. (=He doesn’t like that he is being laughed at.) ②不定式的进行式，表示不定式的动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如： When the mother went into the room, the boy pretended to be sleeping. (=… , the boy pretended that he was sleeping .) I heard the English song being sung by him. (=I heard that the English song was being sung by him.) ③．不定式的完成式，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如： I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. (= I am sorry that I kept you waiting so long. ) Having been well written, the book was translated into many languages. (=Because it had been well written, …) B. 分词 1.只有现在分词才有时态和语态形式的变化。现在分词的时态、语态有两种形式：①一般式，如，doing / being done;
现在分词呢，是由动词末尾加-ing 形式构成，因此又叫动词的-ing 形式。V+-ing 千万要注意V-ing形式的规则哟！ 不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语。还有时态和语态的变化。见图 作主语：动名词 1 Teaching is my full-time job. 2 Writing an English composition is not easy. 3 It’s useless taking this kind of medicine. 作表语 （1）动名词 My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job. Her full-time job is laying eggs. =Laying eggs is her full-time job. （2）现在分词 The play is exciting. ≠ Exciting is the play. The story he told us was very interesting. ≠Interesting was the story he tol d us. 作表语 （1）动名词 My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job. Her full-time job is laying eggs. =Laying eggs is her full-time job. （2）现在分词 The play is exciting. ≠ Exciting is the play. The story he told us was very interesting. ≠Interesting was the story he told us. 作宾语：动名词 I have just finished doing my home work. I suggested asking his brother for some money. He keeps buying expensive maps. He must have more than 200 by now. 只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有十六个：resist、mind、suggest、delay、keep on、look forward to、enjoy、include、appreciate、imagine、practise、finish、succeed in、consider、can’t help、miss。 作宾语补足语：现在分词 I heard the girl singing in the classroom. I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open. The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest. 能跟现在分词作宾语补足语的常见动词有这些，看看有什么好方法可以将它们记住：make、let、have、look at、see、watch、hear、listen to、notice、feel。 对了，用“三让、三看、两听、注意感觉”。多简单！ 作定语 ⑴动名词作定语表示性质或用途。 a washing machine ＝a machine for washing a swimming pool ＝a pool for swimming 例：This is a new washing machine. ⑵现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。 a developing country ＝a country which is developing a sleeping boy＝a boy who is sleeping
动名词和现在分词的区别 如果你只想知道动名词和现在分词如何区分的话我给你一个例子sleeping baby reading room 这 里sleeping是现在分词，因为sleeping=baby is sleeping,sleeping显然是个分词；而reading room 不等同于room is reading,所以reading是动名词 动名词在形式上，和现在分词相同，然而现在分词具有形容词或副词的特点； 而动名词具有名词的特点。因此在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词的宾语。例如：Working with you is a pleasure. 和你一起工作是一种乐趣。（主语） Seeing is believing.眼见为实。（主语） Another goal was ending the chaos in the country. 另一个目标是结束国家的混乱状态。（表语） What he got in his mind was walking all the way to town.他心中的想的办法是一路步行进城。（表语） My job is teaching.我的工作是教学。（表语） To keep money that you have found is stealing.私藏拾到的钱等于偷窃。（表语） Her shoes wants mending. 她的鞋该修理了。（宾语） I have finished writing this book.我已经写完这本书了。(宾语) She left without saying good-bye to us.她没有向我们告别就走了。（介词宾语） My brother is fond of skating. 我弟弟喜欢滑冰。（介词宾语） Thank you for giving me some help. 谢谢你给我些帮助。(介词宾语) 由于动名词是动词的一种形式，因此动名词也具有动词的一些特征。动名词可以带直接宾语；可以被副词修饰。例如： My hobby is collecting stamps. 我的爱好是集邮。(stamps是动名词collecting的宾语) Meeting you has been a great pleasure.见到你是件很快乐的事。（you是动名词meeting的宾语）I like driving fast. 我喜欢开快车。（副词fast修饰动名词driving） 动名词还有几种形式： 主动形式
你听过英文语法有动词(verb)、名词(noun)；但你听过有动名词(gerund)吗？ 1. The girl is singing a song. 2. The girl singing now is my sister. 3. Singing is one of her hobbies(爱好). 三个句子中都有singing。第一个句子的singing是常见的现在进行式(Present Continuous)，是说眼下正在做什么；第二个句子的singing是现在分词(Present Participle)，它把sing这个动词转为形容词，但仍有动词的成份（哈哈，这么一说，要把你搞晕了吧:-) 。关于分词，以后有空再谈OK？）。好戏在后头，你看看第三个句子的singing到底是什么东东呀？原来就是我们的主角动名词(Gerund)了！憧矗瑂ing原本是个动词，可是现在它加上ing后，看来竟像是一个名词了。 一、名词性的动名词(Nominal Gerund) Nominal Gerund 可以加上定冠词(Definite article，如the)或不定冠词(Indefinite article，如a, an)，其他可加在动名词前的还有如：my, this, some, any, all, no 等等。举例如下： 1. The mellow(愉快地) singing of the birds announces the coming of spring. (singing前加定冠词the及形容词mellow；coming 前加the) 2. We knew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling(沙沙声) in the bushes. (rustling 前加不定冠词a及形容词faint) 从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词；但它和真正的名词还是有区别的，那就是没有单数或复数之分。不过，有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔，如：saying, writing, opening, painting, cutting, heading, feeling, being,saving, surrounding, crossing, misunderstanding 等等。它们都可以有复数的喔，方法就是在它们的后面加个s，如：paintings。 二、动词性的动名词(Verbal Gerund) 看看下面的句子： Carelessly writing essays annoys the teacher. 上面的句子里的writing是动名词，但前面有副词carelessly（粗心地），后面又有受词(Object) essays。因此writing就有动词的特征。 注意：Verbal Gerund 这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词(the, a, an ...)喔。 动名词的功能与用法 一、在句子中用作主语(Subject)或主语的补语(Subject Complement): 1.1 作主语 1. Listening to music gives me pleasure. (主语Listening ） 2. Running is good exercise. （主语running) 3. Walking to school is a good idea. (主语walking) 1.2 作主语的补语 1. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (补语sleeping) 2. Seeing is believing. (主语seeing, 补语believing) 1.3 主语置于句尾 1.3.1 用It + be + ... +v-ing 句型 1. It is fun speaking English. 2. It is of great importance fighting against pollution(污染).
非谓语动词之现在分词和动名词 今天我们来学习另外两种非谓语动词形式—现在分词和动名词。 现在分词和动名词的形式是一样的，都是doing，但它们的含义和用法存在很大差别，即便都可以做表语、定语，其含义也是大不相同的。 希望同学们通过今天的学习，能够真正领悟它们的用法和区别。 一.现在分词（The Present Participle）: doing 1、现在分词由动词加“ing”构成，表示主动或正在进行，主要起形容词、副词和动词的作用，可在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾补等成份。 （1）作表语。（与主语存在主动的逻辑关系） The news is exciting. 这个消息令人兴奋。
The result is amazing. 这个结果令人惊异。 （2）作定语。（与被修饰词之间存在主动的逻辑关系） Do you know the young man standing under the tree? 你认识站在树下的年轻人吗？ The woman wearing a red coat is my aunt. 穿红外套的女人是我的阿姨。 （3）作状语。（与句子主语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生） Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano .（时间状语） 经过这所房子的时候，他看到一个女孩正在弹钢琴。
A lot of land has gone with the trees, leaving only sand.(结果状语) 大量的土地已经与树木一起消失了，只留下了沙子。 They wake up their parents , calling “Merry Christmas”（伴随状语）他们弄醒了他们的父母，喊着“圣诞节快乐”。 （4）作宾补。（与宾语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生） I hear a girl singing in the next room. 我听到一个女孩正在隔壁唱歌。 2、现在分词的否定式：not doing Not knowing where he is, she is feeling anxious. 不知道他在哪里，她感到非常焦急。
现在分词和动名词的区别 动名词和现在分词：都由动词变化而来，仍然具有动词的性质和原义，但不能做动词使用。 两者的区别主要表现在： 1. –ing在句中作定语，它可能是现在分词，也可能是动名词 动名词作定语时：说明被修饰的名词的用途（可以用“use for +动名词”这个结构代替），它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系； 现在分词作定语时：表示它所修饰的名词的行为，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系（可以扩展为定语从句）； 还有一种区别方法是： 如果ing形式相当于一个名词，可以与主语交换位置，它就是动名词； 如果ing形式相当于形容词，不能与主语交换位置，它就是现在分词。 a sleeping car = a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢（sleeping此处为动名词）； a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子（sleeping此处为现在分词） 2. 动名词具有名词的性质： （1）可以和名词一样有冠词或this、some等形容词 A knocking at the door was heard. （2）可以和名词一样有所有格、复数形式 He enjoys reading for reading’s sake, not for scholarship. He is so busy that I cannot keep track of all his comings and goings. （3）可以带所有格以表明动作者 Please excuse my coming late. 3. “动名词+名词”和“现在分词+名词”的读音不同 “动名词+名词”的重音在“动名词”上（a ‘sleeping suit） “现在分词+名词”的重音在“名词”上（a sleeping ‘child） 4. 动名词用法的特殊情况 ①No+动名词——用于简短的禁令或禁律 No smoking=Don’t do=Don’t smoke. ②There is no+-ing（…是不可能的）= It is impossible to= No one can (or We cannot) There is no telling when lasting peace will come. 谁也不知道永久的和平何时到来 ③Never (or not) … without + -ing （每次…都…）= whenever He never comes without bringing some present. ④It goes without saying that（…是不用说的）= It is needless to say that It goes without saying that no animal can live without breathing. ⑤Do+动名词（做需要若干时间或一再重复的事情），动名词之前都由the、所有
湖南省娄底市双峰县曾国藩实验学校初中英语语法《动名词和现在 分词的区别》教案 V-ing 的非谓语动词用法: 动名词和现在分词的区别 一、V-ing作动名词时具有名词的特征,因而在句中用作主语、表语、宾语、定语,有时它可以有自己的逻辑主语,也可以有时态和语态形式。如: 1. 作主语、表语 动名词作主语和表语表示泛指。如: Tom's not having finished his homework made his teac her angry. 汤姆没有完成作业使老师很生.(主语) Her job is keeping the offices clean. 她的工作是保持办公室清洁。(表语) 2. 作宾语 动名词常跟在某些动词如enjoy, finish, mind, can't help(禁不住), suggest(建议), advise, consider(考虑), practise, admit, imagine 等以及含介词的短语动词insist on, stop...from, look forward to, pay attention to等后面作宾语。如: Do you mind my smoking here? 你介意我在这儿吸烟吗? 3. 作定语 动名词作定语时表示被修饰词的用途和作用。如: Don't forget to take a shopping basket with you. 别忘了带上购物篮子。 a sleeping baby (一个正在睡觉的baby) baby可以睡觉--动作性--现在分词 a sleeping car.（卧车）车不可以睡觉--名词性---动名词 二、V-ing作现在分词充当非谓语动词时,它主要在句中充当定语、表语、宾补、主补及状语。如: 1. 作定语 现在分词作定语时表示该动作正在进行，现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。单个现在分词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面.现在分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词之后。如: The rising sun looks very beautiful. 冉冉升起的太阳看上去很美。 若被修饰词与现在分词是被动关系时,须用现在分词的被动式(being done)作定语。如: The song being broadcas t is very popular with the young students. 正在播放的 歌曲深受青年学生的欢迎。 现在分词与动名词作定语的区别: 现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,而动 名词作定语表示作用与用途。如: Let sleeping dogs lie. 别招惹麻烦。(现在分词。相当于定语从句 which are sleeping) I think some sleeping pills may help you. 我想安眠药可以助你入睡。(动名词.表示用途,相当于pills for sleeping) 2. 作表语 现在分词作表语表示主语的性质,这时通常可以看作形容词,可以用very, so或much等 修饰。如: The news that our team had been beaten by them in the match was very surprising. 我们队在比赛中被他们打败的消息让人感到很意外。 The sound we heard last night was so frightening. 我们昨晚听到的声音令人恐怖。
1 动名词的用法 动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。动名词仍保留动词的 一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。 （一）做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时，谓语用复数形式。例如：Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。 Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things. 出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。 It seems that reading English is easier than speaking it.似乎读英语比说英语容易。 My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps . 我最喜欢的爱好是钓鱼/集邮。 在It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless ; It’s (not) wise; It’s (not) worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little) importance 等习惯表达中，It为形式主语，而将做主语的动名词短语 放在后面。例如： It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 现在给她打电话没用了。 Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents? 为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗？ It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。 It is of great importance fighting against pollution. 制止污染有重要意义。 It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early. 给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。 It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up.吸烟没好处，你最好戒掉。 （二）动名词短语作宾语。常用的能接动名词的动词有：admit承认，appreciate 感激，avoid 避免，advise 建议，can’t help 不禁，celebrate 庆祝，consider 考虑，complete 完成，contemplate沉思、打算，defer推迟，delay 延期，deny 否认，detest 痛恨，discontinue 停止，dislike不喜欢，dispute不同意，endure 忍耐，enjoy 喜欢，escape逃脱，excuse 原谅，fancy想象，feel like 想要，finish结束，严禁，forgive 原谅，hinder 阻碍，imagine 想象，keep 保持，mention 提到，mind 在意，miss 错过，pardon 饶恕、原谅，permit 允许，postpone 推迟，practise 实践、练习，prevent 阻止，recall 回忆，report报告，resent 怨恨，resist抵制、阻止，risk冒险，stop 停止，suggest 建议，understand 明白、理解，等等。 例如： He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免给我一个正确答案。 David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt. 戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车 抵债。 （我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to pay the debt. ） I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。
英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍一方面保留着动词的某些特征，具有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念，另一方面动名词在句子的用法及功能类同与名词：在句子可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。 例如：They run into constant discrimination in trying to find a job or friend. 在寻找工作和结交朋友方面，他们不断地遇到歧视。 Living in gigs means having one room in someone's house. 寄居的意思是在别人的家里借住一间房间。 附：动名词用法口诀： 动名词常泛指，句法作用宾/表/定与主，时态/语态之形式，一般/完成/被动式。Being done 系被动，不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意，常用it作形式主语，不指未来发生事，表达的信息系已知。用作表语请记清，作用相当一名词，检验方法很简单，主与表换位能成立。用作定语也易辩，表示名词之用途。用作宾语稍复杂，关键留意谓语动词（跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后），时态同谓动作比较，先于谓动用完成式，其逻辑主语不固定，在句中/句外均有之。否定式其前加not，复合式其前加物主词，非句首宾格词也可用，尤其口语中更如此。 说明：1、主-----主语2、宾-----宾语3、表------表语4、定------定语5、谓动---谓语动词 形式（一般式，完成式和被动式）(1) 动名词的一般式: doing 所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。 如：We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。 His coming will be of great help to us. 他来对我们大有帮助。 但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词after,on,upon,或for之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。 如：I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. 我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。 On hearing that bad news,the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息，母亲就禁不住哭了起来。 Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了，请原谅。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。 (2) 动名词的完成式: having done 所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。 He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。 We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。 (3) 动名词的被动式：being done 当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时，用被动语态。 如：I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。 She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。 The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。 He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。
动名词的用法详解 今天给大家带来动名词的用法详解，我们一起来学习吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 英语语法：动名词的用法详解 动名词因同时拥有动词和名词两者的特点而拥有及其丰富 的用法，熟练的掌握这些用法不仅可以使口语表达更地道生动，也能在写作中增分添彩。 动名词主要有四种用法，做主语，作宾语，作表语，作定语，每种用法下又分小类别，是一个非常复杂庞大的系统，学习者们往往会理不清脉络，今天就为大家带来动名词的用法讲解。 一.作主语 1.直接位于句首 eg.Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2.用it作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 eg.It is no use telling him not to worry.
.mportant，essential，necessary等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3.用于“There be”结构中 eg.There is no saying when hell come. 4.动名词的复合结构作主语: 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构,动名词疑问句通常使用这种结构做主语 eg.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Does your saying that mean anything to him? 二.作宾语 1.作动词的宾语 某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。不定式通常指某种特定的动作，但动名词表示泛指，常见的此类动词有： admit,appreciate,excuse,stand,advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,e njoy,finish,give up,cannot help,imagine,include,keep,understand,keepon,mind,report,risk,mis s,put off,delay,practise,resist,suggest,depend on,think about,set about,succeed in,worry about,burst out,insist on,feel like,be used
动名词与现在分词用法的区别 动词的-ing形式按功能可分为动名词和现在分词。动词的-ing形式何时为动名词，何时为现在分词。首先，我们要从概念上区分。动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词；用作形容词或副词时，称为现在分词。其次，我们要从用法方面区分动词的-ing形式是动名词还是现在分词。 一、动词的-ing形式用作主语时为动名词，现在分词不可以用作主语。 1．动名词用作主语. Reading French is easier than speaking it. 阅读法文比讲法语容易。 Talking to him is talking to a wall. 和他说话等于对牛弹琴。 Smoking can cause cancer. 吸烟会致癌。 Growing roses is her hobby. 种玫瑰是她的爱好。 2．有时it作形式主语，把动名词主语放在句子后面 It’s nice seeing you again. 再次见到你太好了。 It was tiring driving from morning till night. 从早到晚开车很累人。 It’s a wonder meeting you here. 在这里碰到你真是奇迹。 It was a waste of time reading that book. 看那本书是浪费时间。 3. “There is + no”后可以用动名词作主语 There was no knowing what he could do. 他能做什么很难说。 There was no arguing with her. 没法和她争论。 二、动词的-ing形式用作宾语时为动名词，现在分词不可以用作宾语。 1．有许多动词可接动名词作宾语 I suggested bringing the meeting to an end. 我建议结束会议。 So you prefer living abroad? 这样说你更愿意住在国外？ He kept complaining. 他不停地抱怨。 I finished reading the book last night. 这书我昨晚看完了。 2．有许多带介词的动词固定搭配接动名词作宾语 He has given up playing football. 他现在不踢足球了。 Prices keep on increasing. 价格不断上涨。 三、当动词的-ing形式用作状语时为现在分词，动名词不可以用作状语。 现在分词及其短语可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。 Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. 我们爬到塔顶后，看到了一片壮丽的景象。（表时间） Living in the country, we had few social engagements. 我们住在乡下，交际的机会很少。（表原因） Having money, he will buy a bigger car.（表条件） Knowing the secret, she would not tell me about it..（表让步） The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.
2020届高考英语八大语法易错点专题 动名词 一、语法专项 1. I certainly appreciate his ______ (tell)us about the delay in delivering the materials because we had planned to begin work tomorrow. 2. These three college students are real heroes because they risked his ______ (lose) their own lives in order to save the drowning boys in the water. 3. I really appreciate your ______ (lend) me the money to help me out. 4. The married couple regularly discussed the life habits they find ______ (annoy) in each other. 5. — What is it that made Peter so happy and excited? — ______ (choose) as a volunteer for Shanghai 2010 World Expo. 6. It is a common sense that ______(expose) for a long time in the sun might seriously damage you skin. 7. Considering his poor health condition,the doctor insisted on ______ (he take) a good rest before going back to work. 8. ______ (expose) to radiation in the laboratory too often caused Marie Curie’s death. 9. The children in Sichuan look forward with hope to ______ (get) a chance to receive further education in their rebuilt hometown. 10. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention ______ (promote) when we talked on the phone. 11. Doctors warn people that ______ (control)anger through unnatural methods is much more harmful to a person’s health than the anger itself. 12. — What was it that made Trump happy? — ______ (elect) the US President. 13. Nowadays some parents regret not ______(spend) more time with their kids when they were young.
V-ing 的非谓语动词用法: 动名词和现在分词的区别 V-ing 在英语中可以看作是动名词和现在分词,它们都可以用作非谓语动词,在句中可以充当一定的句子成分。现将其可以充当的句子成分 列表对照如下: 一、V-ing作动名词时具有名词的特征,因而在句中用作主语、表语、宾语、定语,有时它可以有自己的逻辑主语,也可以有时态和语态形式。如: 1. 作主语、表语 动名词作主语和表语表示泛指。如: Tom's not having finished his homework made his teacher angry. 汤姆没有完成作业使老师很生.(主语) Her job is keeping the offices clean. 她的工作是保持办公室清洁。(表语) 2. 作宾语 动名词常跟在某些动词如enjoy, finish, mind, can't help(禁不住), suggest(建议), advise, consider(考虑), practise, admit, imagine 等以及含介词的短语动词insist on, stop...from, look forward to, pay attention to等后面作宾语。如: Do you mind my smoking here? 你介意我在这儿吸烟吗? 3. 作定语 动名词作定语时表示被修饰词的用途和作用。如: Don't forget to take a shopping basket with you. 别忘了带上购物篮子。 二、V-ing作现在分词充当非谓语动词时,它主要在句中充当定语、表语、宾补、主补及状语。如: 1. 作定语 现在分词作定语时表示该动作正在进行。单个现在分词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面.现在分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词之后。如: The rising sun looks very beautiful. 冉冉升起的太阳看上去很美。 若被修饰词与现在分词是被动关系时,须用现在分词的被动式(being done)作定语。如: The song being broadcast is very popular with the young students. 正在播放的歌曲深受青年学生的欢迎。 现在分词与动名词作定语的区别: 现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,而动名词作定语表示作用与用途。如: Let sleeping dogs lie. 别招惹麻烦。(现在分词。相当于定语从句which are sleeping) I think some sleeping pills may help you. 我想安眠药可以助你入睡。(动名词.表示用途,相当于pills for sleeping) 2. 作表语 现在分词作表语表示主语的性质,这时通常可以看作形容词,可以用very, so或much等修饰。如: The news that our team had been beaten by them in the match was very surprising. 我们队在比赛中被他们打败的消息让人感到很意外。