翻译
加减转独调
句子（英翻中）
理解正确（确定主干，切分成分，独立成句）
表达通顺（调整语序，赋予含义，增词减词）
目录
一词义的选择 (2)
二词组的积累 (2)
三增词的译法（2+1=2 加词不加义） (3)
1加名词 (3)
2 adj 充当表语时加程度副词 (3)
3加动词 (3)
4 (3)
5 (4)
6 复数名词加量词 (4)
7并列的增补 (4)
四减词的译法（2-1=2 减词不加义） (4)
1 系动词 (4)
2 定语从句和同位语从句的先行词 (4)
3 连词 (5)
五词的处理 (5)
（一）介词处理 (5)
（二）代词处理 (5)
（三）人名处理 (5)
（四）名词处理 (6)
（五）副词处理 (6)
（六）形容词性的词（adj v-ing v-ed）处理 (6)
六成分的处理 (6)
（一）定语（从句）处理 (6)
（二）同位语（从句）处理 (7)
（三）状语最佳位置 (7)
（四）插入语处理（任何成分都可充当插入语） (8)
（五）形式主语处理 (8)
（六）there be 处理 (8)
（七）被动语态处理 (8)
（八）比较结构处理 (9)
（九）并列结构的处理（识别后补全） (11)
一词义的选择
1.The intellectual equipment（储备，修养，结构）of an educated person
2.The special preserve（专业知识）of lawyers
3.His function（职业，责任，任务）is analogous to that of a judge
4.He has not been charged（负责，主管，主抓）with the task
5.He did not accept the charge（指责）made by some of his critics as well founded
（是有根据的）
6.His primary task is not to think about the moral code（规范）which governs（支
配）his activity
7.Developed（形成）the idea
8. A unique and distinctly（非常）social science
9.Children will play with dolls玩偶equipped with装有配有personality chip芯片
10.This ability is built into us（与生俱来）in the same way好像that our body know
how to heal a cut
二词组的积累
at the outset 一开始
jump to the rescue 匆匆介入
be obliged to do sth 被迫
be obliged to sth 感谢
on a daily basis 日常/每天
take root 扎根、
sort out 解决
rests upon 取决于
author of note有影响力的人
piece together 汇编
in…terms就…而言
to kill two birds with one stone 异化（一石二鸟），归化（一箭双雕）
to laugh off one’s head 归化（笑掉大牙）
an uncharted continent 未知的大陆chart（航行）
bound for 驶向
virgin forest 原始森林
in anticipation of 预计到=because of
the competitive edge 竞争优势
rip out 废除，撕毁，拆除
joining the dots 了解
mark sb out 使谁出类拔萃/与众不同
fund-raising method 资金募集手段
bring A to a close =bring to a close A （结束A）
to the letter 严格地，不折不扣地
pang of sth 一阵…
f lash of sth …闪现
a flash in the pan 归化（昙花一现）
die down 减弱；平息
next to 除开
trade-off （名词）权衡，考虑
may well 完全可能
fronted by 由…领导
liken A to B 把A比作B
stems from 源于
end up（有时加with）最终成为，最后处于（往往是你不愿意的结果）
no end=very much
i t upset me no end to hear they’d split up 听说他们要离婚，我感到非常不安keep your end up 不泄气，保持乐观
make end meet 保持收支平衡
at the end of the day 说到底
we end ed up convinced …最后我们确信…
bear the brunt of 首当其冲（brunt冲击；主要冲力）
prepare A for B 让A做好应对B的准备
deserving people 需要救济的人士
三增词的译法（2+1=2 加词不加义）
1加名词
Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability
读书可以使人从中获得乐趣，可以给人添加文采，可以使人增长才干。
读书可以怡情，博采，长智
alleged human-rights abuses
涉嫌的人权侵害行为
Improve life
提高生命质量/生活水平
2 adj 充当表语时加程度副词
the park is beautiful（好/太/真美）
3加动词
the task demands a strategic choice 要求做出
the new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference of food supplies
美国新任国务卿建议召开世界食品资源问题会议
4
suitable 比较适应
warm 非常热情
courageous 非常勇敢
kind 十分善良
lovely 十分可爱
witty 实在高明
disgusting 实在讨厌
satisfied 相当满意
5
confusion 混乱局面
measurement 测量方法
management 管理方式
accommodation 食宿问题
joint 连接部分
saturation 饱和状态
preparation 准备工作
remedies 补救措施
modification 修改方案
6 复数名词加量词
activities 各种活动
samples 各种样品
types 各种型号
problems 这些问题
contradictions 这些矛盾
contents 各项内容
targets 各项指标
circumstances 种种情况
causes 种种原因
7并列的增补
You may apply in person or by letter. 你可以亲自去申请也可以寄信去申请
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors. 将会出现由机器人主持的电视聊天节目，也将会出现装有污染监视器的汽车
四减词的译法（2-1=2 减词不加义）
1
他走错路了
2 定语从句和同位语从句的先行词
His professions（表达）
2005 gave little inking of（万万没想到）
has since presided.
【preside over 做出/主持】
..在2005年的自己的就职确认听证会上表达了中庸的法学思想，万万没想到从那以后，他做出了一系列具有争议的决定。
相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育方面所享有的许多有利条件。
连词
，can spring be far behind？
五词的处理
（一）介词处理
1 按字面译
the debate over（关于）this issue
against the decline of whole economy 在整体经济下滑的背景下
【stress A over（而不是） B 】
【over：在…之上under1 在…领导下】
2翻译为动词
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with（装有）pollution monitors.
3不译（连接作用）
federal statues.
名词+off+v-ing；常常不用翻译of
名词+介词+ v-ing 常常不用翻译介词
（
（二）代词处理
1按字面翻
His book
2找到具体指代对象再翻译（上一句，前文）
We live and learn
活到老，学到老
（三）人名处理
1名人按习惯翻译
Beethoven贝多芬Einstein爱因斯坦Edison爱迪生Eason
2音译
Pearson 皮尔森
3不可音译直接抄英文
（四）名词处理
1字面译
2转译为动词：动名词
①有动词含义的名词②由动词转化而来的名词
The emphasis（强调）on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought（采用）to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
强调收集一手数据及采用一种跨文化的视角去分析过去和现在的文化，这使这项研究成为了独特的而且非常重要的社会科学。
【combined with=and】
【make sth sth 使什么成为】
note：有时候动词或者句子也会转译为名词
How diverse languages（语言的多样性）could be.
How this product could be produced（生产方式）.
（五）副词处理
1直译：程度（非常）
2.独立成句
understandably 这是可以理解的
presumptively 有理由相信
arguably 可能，大概/无疑/有理由认为
ecologically 从…来讲/而言
academically 从…来讲/而言
historically 从…来讲/而言
scientifically 从…来讲/而言
（六）形容词性的词（adj v-ing v-ed）处理
1正常含义
2转译为动词
v-ed：1正常的被动含义；2转译为主动动词
v-ing：1正常的主动含义；2独立成句：介词+doing（介词不译）【08年46题】六成分的处理
（一）定语（从句）处理
1定语从句的解决办法
前置：如果定语结构简单，信息负载量不大，翻译前置（七前八后不一定对）Rarely has the search for new knowledge, undertaken by a university of world renown, been so vocally condemned.（rarely句首倒装，先调整语序）
The search for new knowledge, undertaken by a university of world renown, has rarely been so vocally condemned.
由一所世界知名大学进行的对新知识的探究很少受到如此激烈的谴责。
后置：如果定语结构复杂，信息负载量比较大。（独立成句）
The law, which is set to come into effect from 1 March 2022 if it passes through parliament before the end of this year, would make vaccination against measles mandatory for all children attending nurseries and schools, as well as teachers, educators and medical staff at hospitals and surgeries.
这项法律如果在今年年底之前在议会通过，将会在2022年3月1日起生效。这项法律规定下面人必须接种麻疹疫苗：所有的在幼儿园和学校的孩子和老师还有教育者，以及在医院和诊所的医护人员。
2多个定语的处理（调序）
groundbased detectors at（安装在）the south pole
安装在南极的路基勘测器
（二）同位语（从句）处理
调，独立成句后放句首；顺译；加“：”，破折号；放句尾
The shark, a hugely successful fish in evolutionary terms, with a lineage dating back more than 400 million years, is under relentless attack from humans.
鲨鱼的血缘可追溯到四亿多年前，所以从进化的角度讲鲨鱼是一种非常成功的鱼类，但鲨鱼一种遭受到来自人类的不断/无情的攻击。
Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass（大规模的）migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
因为人口爆炸和大规模人口迁徙（现在，现代化的交通方式使其变得相对容易）所引起的种种问题，新的社会压力也可能会产生。
（三）状语最佳位置
应该是在主语后，动词前，时间在前，地点在后。除此以外句子也可以句子开头结尾。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
希腊人认为语言的结构与思维的过程有着某种联系，这种观点早在意识到语言的多样性之前在欧洲就已经扎根了。
【long before早在…之前】
【before long = soon = in no time】
to be true —（征兆）.
The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the
15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America.
15,16世纪北美探索后的一百多年，第一批满载移民的船只越过大西洋驶向现在被称之为美国的土地
（四）插入语处理（任何成分都可充当插入语）
识别出具体成分后再做处理
比如：表观点的主谓结构做插入语则可以翻译到句子开头。
But that, Pearson point out, is only the start of man-machine integration.
指出，以上情况只不过是人机一体化的开始。
（五）形式主语处理
固定短语，置句首
It is no exaggeration to say that… 不夸张的说…
It is reported that… 据报道…
It is important that… 重要的是…
（六）there be 处理
1把英语中的状语翻译成汉语后作主语，简称状语变主语
There is a temple on the hill 山上有座庙
2增加“人们、大家、我们”等汉语的泛指主语
There is no agreement. 人们没有达成共识
3翻译成汉语中无主句（有、出现、存在）
There will be a warm winter. 将会出现暖冬
But even as the number of English speakers expands further, there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable furture.
但是甚至当说英语的人数进一步增加，也有种种迹象表明英语的全球统治地位可能在可预见的将来会消失。
There is no doubt that gardens evidence（表明）that self-expression is a basic human urge.
There will be television chat show hosted by roots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
…当汽车排放超标时，污染监视器就会使汽车不能行驶
（七）被动语态处理
1顺译为被动
被、把、将、挨、给、叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予（以）、加（以）、引以、为…所、经…所、得到、得以
Metals are deliberately mixed to produce hundreds of new substances with desirable qualities（特性，特点，特征，特质，对人们有益的）not otherwise available.
金属被有意的混合，可以产生数百种新物质，这些物质特性合乎人们需要，其他物质不具备这些特质。
【not otherwise 其它…不…】
The funds can be only obtained through website not otherwise available.
经费只能通过网站才能获取，其它方式均不可以。
Other processes will be discussed briefly.
其他方法将被简要讨论。
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated（阐释）only a little more than a hundred years ago.
进化中自然选择的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明。
This instinct should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
这种本能应该得到鼓励而不是受到嘲笑
Algorithm: How well the predictions will be validated（证实）by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with（用）which it is interpreted.
预测在多大程度上能为后来的表现所证实，取决于我们所用信息的数量、可靠性和适当性，还取决于解释这些信息时所用的技巧和智慧。
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
在这些问题得到解决以前，研究行为的技术手段就会继续收到排斥，随之解决问题的唯一方法可能也随之继续受到排斥。
As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. (is cut off)
随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区,他们多年的朋友,他们扩展的家庭关系,这样
的非正式的信息流通,就被切断了，随之在需要时就能得到即可靠又可信的信息也被切断了。
2直接改译为主动
The quality of our products has been greatly improved.
产品质量有了很大提高。
The car has been cleaned.
汽车擦干净了。
3加泛指主语或变为无主句（主动）
Although little is known about how hypnosis works, it has been made use of in medical treatment.
虽然人们对于催眠术知之甚少，但该技术已用于临床治疗。
The education programs should be enriched to include life skills for health, safety and environmental awareness.
应该丰富教育计划，将有利于健康的生活技能、安全问题和环境意识纳入其中。Copies of Keynes are dusted off, the Fed lowers interest rates, and the president and Congress cut taxes and hike spending.
翻开尘封已久的凯恩斯著作，美联储降低银行利率（降息），总统（政府）和国会减少税收并增加财政支出。
No larger alterations to the economy are made.
经济不用做大的改动。
4倒译为主动，将介词（by等）后的宾语倒译为汉语的主语
Heat is removed from the body during sweating.
出汗时身体散发热量
Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book.
这本参考书提供了大量的问题和练习
（八）比较结构处理
1 more+肯定, than+否定；less+否定, than+肯定
Futurist poetry is more of a transient phenomenon than literature.
未来派的诗歌是短暂的现象而不具有文学的性质。
未来派的诗歌与其说是文学不如说是短暂的现象。
【be of 具备…】
2 more…than+句子（否定）
The unemployment rate has fallen far faster over the past year than the tepid recoveries in both countries seem to justify.
过去的一年中失业率下降的非常快，这两个国家疲软的经济复苏看起来已经解释不了这一现象了。
3 not so +原级+ as… = less +原级+ than… = not +比较级+ than…
Jack is less clever than Tom.
Jack is not so clever as Tom.
Jack is not cleverer than Tom.
While it is easy to ignore our contact with teenagers the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。
4 not so much … as …不是…而是…
not so much A as B 与其说A不然说B。没有比较意思，只是单纯的阐述观点。The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.
5 less…more… 与其说…不如说…
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
（interest arisen less through A more from B）
对于历史研究方法的兴趣并不源自于外部对于历史学科作为一门知识学科的有效性的质疑，而源自于历史学家本身内部的争吵。
6 no more…than… = not… any more than 双方否定
But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
他首要的任务并不是去思考支配他行为的道德规范，就如不指望一个商人会致力于探究商业行为规范一样。
Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in job advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and more serious faults.
he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and
(to be) no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
和…一样不…
7 more than 的不同搭配
①+数字：多于，超过
②+名词、动词：不仅仅，不只是
③+形容词、副词：很，非常
④+can：不能够
They may teach very well and more than earn they salaries.
Managers have been more than（非常）willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing number of bigger, longer frames. [willing(“adj”)]
Deliberate practice entails more than [simply repeating a task(“n”)].
刻意训练不只是涉及刻意的重复一项任务。
（九）并列结构的处理（识别后补全）
This fallacy（谬论）applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
这一谬论同样适用于传统的历史学家，他们认为历史仅仅是内部和外部批评的源泉，而且还适用于社会科学历史学家，他们将他们的行为等同于特定的方法。Allen's contribution was to take（研究，考察）an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we there control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.
This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining
old-world ways（方式，次序）in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
英语考试翻译复习资料 Unit1 Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. 你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。 It is true that there are few situations at school where you have to communicate in English, but you can seek out opportunities to practice speaking the language. Talking with your classmates, for example, can be an easy and enjoyable way to get some practice. Also try to find native speakers on your campus and feel free to talk with them. Perhaps the easiest way to practice speaking is to rehearse aloud, since this can be done at any time, in any place, and without a partner. For instance, you can look at pictures or objects around you and try to describe them in detail. You can also rehearse everyday situations. After you have made a purchase in a shop or finished a meal in a restaurant and paid the check, pretend that all this happened in an English-speaking country and try to act it out in English. 的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。 Unit2 The next night, the blackest he had ever known, the sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over. Food, clothes, and broken glass were all mixed together. Fortunately, the damage to the boat was not too serious. Chichester calmly got into bed and went to sleep. When he woke up, the sea had become calm again. Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇（英汉对照） 46) articulate 清晰的表达， 47) by all accounts根据、根据报道；by one’s own account根据某人自己所说，let alone更别提， 48) intensity紧张，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage段落，rarely很少、几乎不，composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写, 49) associate联系， 50) suffer遭受, inevitable不可避免, render转换、使变成； 13年 46) strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰， 47)sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter避难所， 48) in effect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别， 49)blame批评， 50)implicit隐含的，explicit明确的，reference谈到、提及、参考，synthetic人造的； 12年 46) impulse冲动，unification统一、一致， generative生产的、生成的，generate产生， 47) constrain力劝、强迫、限制，constraint限制， 48) filter过滤, cognitive认知的， 49) empirical实证的、根据经验得到的, bias偏见， 50) track跟踪； 11年 46) erroneous错误的，error错误， 47) sustain支持、维持，illusion幻觉，conscious有意识的， 48) justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation剥削、开发, bottom底， 49) circumstance环境， 50) upside积极的、正面的，contain包含，be up to取决于，array展示、陈列、一系列； 10年 46) rescue拯救，to the effect that大意是说，failed to不能，
2019年10月自考《00087英语翻译》复习资料 Unit 1 stories 1. He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned. 他已三十六岁,青春像一路鸣叫的鹰,早已一闪而逝, 留给他的是衰老和幻灭. 2. average height 普通高度 3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉 4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄 5. ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. 朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子,端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前,用平稳的语调, 说明自己的身份和经历: 他怎样逃出云南, 怎样会见孙中山, 怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝, 怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲. 6. When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. 两位来客把经历说完后,周恩来微笑着说,他可以帮他们找到住的地方,替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续, 在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前,暂时作候补党员. 7. Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 8. 两条要求, 忠实------内容, 通顺-------语言 9. Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill’s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing. 以中国官方客人的身份, 比尔来访中国已多次了, 而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了. 10. ‘This is for you,’Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget----such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation. Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge, built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River. He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights. “这是为你安排的.”这句话比尔.莫诺听到过好几次, 每一次都令他难以忘怀. 有一次, 他沿大运河乘船顺水而下,途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬. 还有一次, 他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥------以前没桥
①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于（取决于）它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起，材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端，材料工程在应用知识端，两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构，即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时，电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。 十七.键能与键的强度有关，特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子，产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。
历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职
第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．
【英语】英语翻译练习题20篇及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed) 2．将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) 3．没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than) 4．家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear) 5．虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn) 【答案】 1．I’m accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 2．It’s up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 3．There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 4．Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 5．While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 【解析】试题分析： 1．翻译这句话的时候，注意词组：be ac customed to doing“习惯于做……”。 2．这句话使用了句型：It’s up to you +从句，“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句，it是形式主语。 3．这句话使用了There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting，还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ，以及词组“参加”：take part in 。 4．这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do. 5．这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管，虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ，主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。 考点：考查翻译句子 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．今年元旦我们玩得很开心。(enjoy) 2．舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片，祝贺我18岁生日。(congratulate) 3．经过多年的建设，这个小镇现在和地震前一样充满了活力。(as...as) 4．演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(familiar) 5．她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目，就立志加入野生动物保护组织。(No sooner)【答案】
False friend 绿豆green bean mung bean 方便面convenience noodles instant noodles 隐形眼镜invisible glasses contact lens 早恋early love puppy love 机械对应 干货dry goods dried goods 油性皮肤oil skin oily skin 没有考虑具体搭配 假花false flower artificial flower 假唱false singing lip-synch 番茄酱tomato sauce ketchup 食言eat one's word break a promise 农民peasant 个人主义individualism 五行 金、木、水、火、土 The Five Elements (metal,wood,water,fire and earth, held by the ancients to compose the physical universe and later used in traditional Chinese medicine to explain various physiological and pathological phenomena) 气功qigong 功夫Kong fu 太极Tai chi 风水Feng shui 阴阳Yin-yang 饺子jiaozi 荔枝litchi乌龙茶oolong 皮蛋Preserved egg 元宵Sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour 粽子A pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves. 盲流Jobless migrants 拔火罐Cupping 拜堂perform the marriage ceremony 易经Book of change号脉Feel the pulse京剧Beijing Opera龙舟Dragon boat 春节Spring Festival 春卷Spring roll 八宝莲子粥Eight-treasure Lotus Seed Porridge 文化大革命Cultural Revolution 毛泽东思想Mao Tse-tung thought 围棋Weiqi—a game played with black and white pieces on a board of 361 crosses 兔死狐悲 Literal trans: Foxes will grieve at the death of the hare Liberal trans: All things are sorry for their own kind 调虎离山 To lure the tiger out of the hills To lure the enemy from his base “我中了他的调虎离山计啦” I’ve fallen for his luring the tiger out of the hills scheme. 引狼入室 Literal: To bring the wolves into the house Liberal: to invite disasters 走马观花 To ride out on horseback to enjoy flowers To gain a superficial understanding through cursory obvservation 调查有两种方法，一种是走马观花，一种是下马看花。
1990年 1. be determined by 由…所决定 2. have something to do with 与…有关 3. be central to sth. 是…的核心 4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反 5. be due to 由于（常做表语） 6. be deprived of 被剥夺 7. respond to 对…作出反应 8. as the basis of 依据/根据 9. be born with 天生具有 10. In contrast 相比之下 1991年 11. shut off 关上，停止，切断 12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何； in no case 决不 13. or so 大概，大约 14. at the rate of 以…的速率 15. take time 花费时间 16. be likely to 可能；倾向于
17. result in 导致 18. not nearly 远不能；远非 19. head into走向；陷入（危机） 20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言 21. make…possible 使…成为可能 22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来；加上 23. in the fashion of 以…方式 24. such…as 像…一样 1992年 25. refer to…提到；谈到 26. agreement on 一致意见 27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如 28. in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面 29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看 30. draw a conclusion 得出结论 31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度 32. only if 只要 33. the same…as 与…一样 34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏
各专业课程英文翻译(精心整理) 生物及医学专业课程汉英对照表 应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology 细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine 生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery 海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences 微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine 分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology 医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy 口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine 寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology 植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine 心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology 放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing 野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing 环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics 运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology 有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences 生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences 生物物理学 Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry 生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology 生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology 生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics 生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy 生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia 生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science 生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology 细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing 力学专业 数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 高等代数与几何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 常微分方程 Ordinary Differential Equation 数学物理方法 Methods in Mathematical Physics 计算方法 Numerical Methods 理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics 材料力学 Mechanics of Materials 弹性力学 Elasticity 流体力学 Fluid Mechanics 力学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics 机械制图 Machining Drawing 力学概论 Introduction to Mechanics 气体力学 Gas Dynamics 计算流体力学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates 粘性流体力学 Viscous Fluid Flow 弹性力学变分原理 Variational Principles inElasticity 有限元法 Finite Element Method 塑性力学 Introduction of Plasticity
填空题复习资料： 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。 10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能翻译（Functional Equivalence）(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13．辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no