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一、考研翻译高分策略【本章要点】-掌握考研翻译高分两大策略-巩固试题演练【翻译技巧】◎尽量译主干1）划竖线，断开结构2）看动词，瞻前顾后3）译主干，稳定分数◎修饰层层加1）看词性，分析关系2）译修饰，能加则加【试题演练】【例1】（2005年49题）Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.模考：笔记：【例2】（2008年47题）He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.模考：笔记：【例3】（2008年49题）He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”模考：笔记：本章参考译文【例1】不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织在一起，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。
【例2】他还坚持认为自己进行长时间完全抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此他认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。
六级汉译英讲义一、汉译英应试原则和基本程序(一)汉译英应试原则手法灵活(如遇难译之处，换用其它相近说法表达)语法正确(避免时态、语态、单复数等语法错误)内容忠实(必须把原文的内容准确而完整地表达出来，不得有任何歪曲、遗漏或增删)语言闪光(译文符合英语表达习惯，且用词准确、多样)(二)汉译英基本程序1.理解通读并透彻理解原文含义2.翻译确定译文句子的时态、句型、结构和用词3.审校首先检查译文是否正确地转述了原文内容，是否有错译和漏译;其次，检查是否有语言上的明显错误，如时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号等。
发现错误，及时改正。
二、汉译英专项练习一、倍数增减的表示法1) Force N1 ____ is 2.5 times greater than Force N2___________(比力N2大2.5倍).2) This substance __ reacts three times as fast as the other one _____________(反应速度是另外那种物质的三倍).3) The earth __is 49 times the size of the moon_____________(是月球大小的49倍).4) The landlord __ wants to raise the rent by a third _____________(想将租金提高三分之一).5) They __ plan to double their investment_____________(计划将投资增加一倍).二、时态1) Be quick, __ or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church_____________(否则等我们到达教堂时婚礼就已经结束了).2) When she got home, _ the children had fallen asleep ______________(孩子们已经睡着了).3) When I prepare for the college entrance examination, _ my sister will be taking hervacation at the seaside ______________(我姐姐将在海边度假).4) I_ have been revising my resume all the morning ______________(一上午都在修改我的简历).5) Do you often go on holiday? _ No. It has been five years since I went on holiday______________(不，我已经有五年没有度假了).6) He joined the army in October, 2001. _ He has been in the army for 5 years______________(他参军已五年了).三、被动语态1) The blackboard and chalk _ is being replaced by the computer and the projector______________(正在被电脑和投影机所取代).2) The book _ will have been published by the end of this year______________(到今年年底就将已出版).3) Computer models _ can be used to demonstrate the way that cells work______________(可以用来演示细胞工作的方式).4) When the bill of fare was brought, __ I was startled, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated_____________(我惊呆了，价格大大超出了我的预料).5) _ Effective measures must be taken immediately ______________(必须立即采取有效措施)to eliminate sandy storms.四、情态动词1) The phone is ringing, _ but there is no answer. She can’t be at home______________(但是没人接听。
《世纪商务英语》翻译讲义AdvertisementsUnit 7 Advertisements1.Adverting is a way of bringing information to the public for the purpose of selling a product, a service, an idea, or an event. The information is transmitted by means of the printed word or even the air. It may be presented as a simple statement of fact, or, as is more frequently the case, it may be offered in colorful or even emotional language. All advertising is intended to stimulate people to do some specific thing, such as buying a product, ordering a service, joining an organization, attending a meeting, or thinking sympathetically about a situation. Each advertising is paid for by a person, a group, an organization, or a business enterprise seeking to advance his or its goals.Consumer advertising can be directed to different parts of a market. For example, producers advertise through magazines and radio and television programs that appeal to the portion of the market they wish to reach. A cereal manufacturer would schedule commercials for television cartoon shows in order to make children aware of a product. A tire maker would use air ads during sporting events to appeal to the adult male audience.Trade advertising is aimed at middlemen of all kinds. Trade ads try to persuade wholesalers and retailers to stock specific goods. Industrial advertising is directed to producers of manufactured goods. Agricultural advertising goes to the agricultural producers. Professional advertising is aimed at people such as doctors, teachers and architects, who recommend products but do not purchase them directly./doc/a6dbcee8dd3383c4bb4cd2fa.html nguage features(1)Verbs, adjs, pronouns, coinageNestle Ice Cream: Take time to indulge! Disneyland: The happiest place of earth.KFC：we do chicken right Sony: Hi-fi, Hi-fun, Hi-fashion, only from Sony(2)Sentence Patterns: simple sentences, interrogative sentences (疑问句)& ellipticalsentences（省略句）Calvin Klein: Between love and madness lies obsession.Budweiser: Why ask why? Try Bud dry. Intel: Intel inside. 因特尔在其中(3)Rhetorical devices/ Figures of Speech 修辞:personification(拟⼈)， simile & metaphor(明喻，暗喻)，pun(双关)，alliteration(头韵) ，rhyming(尾韵), hyperbole(夸张)，repetition(反复、重复), antithesis (对偶), irony (反语),parody (仿拟)etcBounty (糖果)：A taste of paradise Fila：Functional…Fashionable…Formidable…Give me taste, not waist. Not all cars are created equal.3. (1) Sea, sun, sand, seclusion– and Spain! You can have all these– at a price that is hard to believe – when you visit the new Calientte Hotel.(2) Run a critical eye over the Swiss Timetable for Europe, and you’ll find it’s a masterpiece of structure and content. Drawing on a map of some 50 cities, it also presents the unique choice of these different perspectives; reasonably priced Economy Class, comfortable Business Class and luxurious First Class, all of which inspired more and more discerning travelers to discover the pleasure of flying Swissair.（3）溪⼝千层饼采⽤传统⼯艺，制作精细，质地松软，清⾹可⼝。
翻译知识与策略：conversionconversion from English nouns and adjectives into Chinese verbs and adverbs:1). All peace-loving people demand the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weaspons. 一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核武器。
2). From the depths of its being, they are endeavoring to bring about a radical transformation of human life. 他们力图从根本上彻底改变人类生活。
3). He was a clever man; a pleasant companion, a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (V anity Fair) 他是个聪明人，谈吐非常风趣，可是学习上不肯用功，老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。
4). Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 用无线电波传送和接收活动物体图象的技术称为电视。
5). No violation of this principle can be tolerated. 违犯这一原则的行为是不允许的。
1.1．conversion from English adjectives into Chinese verbs:1). She is familiar with English grammar. 她熟悉英语语法。
高中英语选必四U2课文翻译和词汇一、课文翻译Effective communication有效沟通If you heard someone shout, “Hey you!” from across the room, how would you react? Just these two words can carry much information.They could be interpreted as a welcoming greeting from a close friend, especially if accompanied by a gentle smile.When spoken by a stranger, they can function as a means of attracting your attention.Much of what we communicate is dependent not only on the words we use, but also on how we use them.So, let’s look a little deep er into the topic of communication.如果你听到有人喊:“嘿，你! ，你会有什么反应? 仅仅这两个词就能传达很多信息。
这句话可以被理解为来自亲密朋友的欢迎问候，尤其是伴随着温柔的微笑。
当陌生人和你说话时，它们可以作为一种吸引你注意力的方式。
我们交流的内容不仅取决于我们使用的词语，还取决于我们如何使用它们。
所以，让我们更深入地了解一下沟通这个话题。
Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver.The sender encodes a message and sends it face to face, or through video,telephone, mail or social media.This message is then received and decoded by the receiver.In response, the receiver sends an encoded message back, which is referred to as feedback.This feedback is decoded by the original sender and the entirecycle repeats itself until they have finished communicating.沟通是发送者和接收者之间的信息交换。
高考英语翻译讲义：无灵主语翻译技巧【外刊引入】The 1900s brought a different sort of mass relocation, as millions of black Americans moved from South to North in search of opportunity, and reprieve from intolerance.这句话属于典型的无灵主语，主语是时间The 1900s，谓语动词bring通常是人发出的动作。
假使我们在高考中遇到这类无灵主语句式，该怎样翻译呢？*这份讲义，以无灵主语的用法及翻译为主，适合上海翻译/新高考地区读后续写备考的学生们使用。
英语中的非人称主语句及其翻译思维与语言存在着一定的联系：思维决定语言的表达方式，语言映射出某种文化。
中西方思维不同，所以中英文表达也存在差异。
英语中有一种用法，叫无灵主语，也就是某个句子采用无灵主语（inanimate subject）+有灵动词（animate verb）的组合，这种句子也叫非人称主语句。
无灵主语表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，有灵动词表示人或社会团体的动作或行为，这种句子有很强的拟人化（personification）修辞色彩。
1. 时间名词作主语，与之搭配的动词一般和人的视觉有关，如：see，witness，find等。
Last year saw the occurrence of a number of public safety incidents and major workplace accidents.去年发生了多起公共安全事件和重大生产安全事故。
这样的句型相信大家在高考阅读中经常会见到，英文这样用使句子更生动活泼，也是一种句型灵活使用的表现。
翻译思维：把作主语的时间转译成时间状语，译为在什么时候发生了什么事。
saw千万不要翻译为看见，通常会直接忽略掉saw。
代词的增减英译汉时很多代词可以省略，而汉译英时则根据英语的行文需要增加适当的代词。
7. Calmly, Mother looked around before she turned back fearlessly, closing the door behind her and dashed to the window.母亲镇定地环顾四周，然后毫不畏惧地转身回到屋里，顺手关上门，一个箭步奔到窗口。
8. I shall take it as axiomatic that mankind has, by that time, chosen the latter alternative.译文一: 我认为人类到那时将会选择后者，这一点是不言而喻的。
译文二：不消说，那时人类将会选择后者。
9. In order to get a great amount of water power, we need large pressure and current.要得到巨大的水力，就需要高水压和大水量。
10. In the giraffe¡¯s neck, there are lots of muscles that flex and relax repeatedly as the animal moves its head and sucks up drinking water.长颈鹿移动头部喝水时，脖子里有很多肌肉会反复地收紧和放松。
11.她懒洋洋地站起来，估量丈夫不会再回来额。
Lazily she rose. Her husband probably would not come home, she supposed.12. 梅春姐用手护着头，紧紧地缩着她的身子。
Meichun, protecting her head with her arms, contracted her body.介词的增减13）She was one of my colleagues at the university at which I taught.她是我任教的那所大学的同事。
考博英语英译汉应试技巧与对策Test Analysis英语和汉语是两种完全不同的语言，英译汉不是简单的词义转换，而是一个极其复杂的理解与表达的过程。
历年考博英语多数给出一篇英语文章，从中划出句式相对复杂，长度相对长的句子来给考生翻译，有时会让考生翻译一小段的英语段落。
英译汉最终归结到句子在文章中的翻译。
“四步定位翻译法”，即结构分析——句子切分——词义推敲——检查核对将知道考生顺利地完成任务。
一、结构分析正是因为英语重结构、多长句、多从句，结构分析是做好翻译的第一步。
所谓结构分析，一是判断划线部分是什么句型，二是弄清句子的主干在哪里、有什么样的修饰语以及词与词之间是什么关系。
我们把英语句型主要分两大类：简单句和复杂句。
凡是没有从句的句子都称之为简单句；凡是有从句的句子，就称之为复合句。
无论是主句还是从句，基本句型有下面五种：1、主语+谓语2、主语+谓语+宾语3、主语+系动词+表语4、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语5、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语判断英语句子是什么句型有一个很简单的方法，那就是看句中有几个谓语动词：如果只有一个谓语动词，那肯定是简单句；如果有一个以上的谓语动词，有两种可能：一是动词并列作谓语，标志是第二个动词或最后一个动词前有并列连词and／or／but“二是有从句出现，标志是有从句引导词(有时可能会省略从句引导词)。
英译汉五个划线句子一般有1～2个简单句，3～4个复合句。
如果是简单句，修饰语可能会有些复杂；如果是复合句，从句往往会有一定的难度。
通过结构分析，可以弄清句子的结构特点，从而对整个句子的大意有所了解。
如果说整个句子的翻译是建立一座大厦的话，那么结构分析就是首先搭一个架子。
二、句子切分英语句子的结构特点不仅为结构分析提供了方便，而且还使句子切分成为可靠：所谓切分，就是按意群用斜线(／)将一个长句切成好几段。
一般情况下，每个切分段都有一个难点，这样既能突出每个重点，又能降低每个难点的难度，是初学翻译者须学会的一种方法。
第九讲高中英语翻译技巧与能力训练(上)[讲义]高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练高考英语中的翻译（中译英）题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想，是一种要求相当高的考查形式。
要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达适应的英语句子，并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一具信息。
该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力，它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力，还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等举行了全面考查。
翻译别仅在高考英语主观题中占别小的比例，而且翻译能力还直截了当妨碍考生在作文中的表现。
高考评分标准: 1．每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分；2．语法错误（包括时态错误）每处扣一分；3．译文没用所给的单词扣一分。
怎么才干提高中译英水准，在高考中获得理想的分数呢？考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外，关键还在于学会总结规律，找准中译英的切入点。
一、分析句子结构、寻觅合适的句型中文必须认真读，一定要看的算是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组，也算是我们常讲的key words。
尤其是最终两句翻译句子，它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。
读啥？读出句子结构：关于简单句，辨不出主谓宾，分清定语、同位语和状语；关于并列句，记住两个语法意义上独立的分句，须由连词连接起来；关于复合句，须区分定语从句，名词性从句以及状语从句。
普通来讲，中译英的句型可分为三大类：1.简单句；2.并列句；3.复合句；并且我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特别结构。
回忆近几年的高考试题时，也别难发觉试题中考了一些特别句式。
如：It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with 结构。
例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。
(wrong)解析：本题考查：1)简单句There be结构；2)wrong的用法；3)中英文表达的差异。
译句：There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候，我们需要的别是彼此埋怨，而是互相帮助。
翻译加减转独调句子（英翻中）理解正确（确定主干，切分成分，独立成句）表达通顺（调整语序，赋予含义，增词减词）目录一词义的选择 (2)二词组的积累 (2)三增词的译法（2+1=2 加词不加义） (3)1加名词 (3)2 adj 充当表语时加程度副词 (3)3加动词 (3)4 (3)5 (4)6 复数名词加量词 (4)7并列的增补 (4)四减词的译法（2-1=2 减词不加义） (4)1 系动词 (4)2 定语从句和同位语从句的先行词 (4)3 连词 (5)五词的处理 (5)（一）介词处理 (5)（二）代词处理 (5)（三）人名处理 (5)（四）名词处理 (6)（五）副词处理 (6)（六）形容词性的词（adj v-ing v-ed）处理 (6)六成分的处理 (6)（一）定语（从句）处理 (6)（二）同位语（从句）处理 (7)（三）状语最佳位置 (7)（四）插入语处理（任何成分都可充当插入语） (8)（五）形式主语处理 (8)（六）there be 处理 (8)（七）被动语态处理 (8)（八）比较结构处理 (9)（九）并列结构的处理（识别后补全） (11)一词义的选择1.The intellectual equipment（储备，修养，结构）of an educated person2.The special preserve（专业知识）of lawyers3.His function（职业，责任，任务）is analogous to that of a judge4.He has not been charged（负责，主管，主抓）with the task5.He did not accept the charge（指责）made by some of his critics as well founded（是有根据的）6.His primary task is not to think about the moral code（规范）which governs（支配）his activity7.Developed（形成）the idea8. A unique and distinctly（非常）social science9.Children will play with dolls玩偶equipped with装有配有personality chip芯片10.This ability is built into us（与生俱来）in the same way好像that our body knowhow to heal a cut二词组的积累at the outset 一开始jump to the rescue 匆匆介入be obliged to do sth 被迫be obliged to sth 感谢on a daily basis 日常/每天take root 扎根、sort out 解决rests upon 取决于author of note有影响力的人piece together 汇编in…terms就…而言to kill two birds with one stone 异化（一石二鸟），归化（一箭双雕）to laugh off one’s head 归化（笑掉大牙）an uncharted continent 未知的大陆chart（航行）bound for 驶向virgin forest 原始森林in anticipation of 预计到=because ofthe competitive edge 竞争优势rip out 废除，撕毁，拆除joining the dots 了解mark sb out 使谁出类拔萃/与众不同fund-raising method 资金募集手段bring A to a close =bring to a close A （结束A）to the letter 严格地，不折不扣地pang of sth 一阵…f lash of sth …闪现a flash in the pan 归化（昙花一现）die down 减弱；平息next to 除开trade-off （名词）权衡，考虑may well 完全可能fronted by 由…领导liken A to B 把A比作Bstems from 源于end up（有时加with）最终成为，最后处于（往往是你不愿意的结果）no end=very muchi t upset me no end to hear they’d split up 听说他们要离婚，我感到非常不安keep your end up 不泄气，保持乐观make end meet 保持收支平衡at the end of the day 说到底we end ed up convinced …最后我们确信…bear the brunt of 首当其冲（brunt冲击；主要冲力）prepare A for B 让A做好应对B的准备deserving people 需要救济的人士三增词的译法（2+1=2 加词不加义）1加名词Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability读书可以使人从中获得乐趣，可以给人添加文采，可以使人增长才干。
读书可以怡情，博采，长智alleged human-rights abuses涉嫌的人权侵害行为Improve life提高生命质量/生活水平2 adj 充当表语时加程度副词the park is beautiful（好/太/真美）3加动词the task demands a strategic choice 要求做出the new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference of food supplies美国新任国务卿建议召开世界食品资源问题会议4suitable 比较适应warm 非常热情courageous 非常勇敢kind 十分善良lovely 十分可爱witty 实在高明disgusting 实在讨厌satisfied 相当满意5confusion 混乱局面measurement 测量方法management 管理方式accommodation 食宿问题joint 连接部分saturation 饱和状态preparation 准备工作remedies 补救措施modification 修改方案6 复数名词加量词activities 各种活动samples 各种样品types 各种型号problems 这些问题contradictions 这些矛盾contents 各项内容targets 各项指标circumstances 种种情况causes 种种原因7并列的增补You may apply in person or by letter. 你可以亲自去申请也可以寄信去申请There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors. 将会出现由机器人主持的电视聊天节目，也将会出现装有污染监视器的汽车四减词的译法（2-1=2 减词不加义）1他走错路了2 定语从句和同位语从句的先行词His professions（表达）2005 gave little inking of（万万没想到）has since presided.【preside over 做出/主持】..在2005年的自己的就职确认听证会上表达了中庸的法学思想，万万没想到从那以后，他做出了一系列具有争议的决定。
相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育方面所享有的许多有利条件。
连词，can spring be far behind？五词的处理（一）介词处理1 按字面译the debate over（关于）this issueagainst the decline of whole economy 在整体经济下滑的背景下【stress A over（而不是） B 】【over：在…之上under1 在…领导下】2翻译为动词There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with（装有）pollution monitors.3不译（连接作用）federal statues.名词+off+v-ing；常常不用翻译of名词+介词+ v-ing 常常不用翻译介词（（二）代词处理1按字面翻His book2找到具体指代对象再翻译（上一句，前文）We live and learn活到老，学到老（三）人名处理1名人按习惯翻译Beethoven贝多芬Einstein爱因斯坦Edison爱迪生Eason2音译Pearson 皮尔森3不可音译直接抄英文（四）名词处理1字面译2转译为动词：动名词①有动词含义的名词②由动词转化而来的名词The emphasis（强调）on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought（采用）to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.强调收集一手数据及采用一种跨文化的视角去分析过去和现在的文化，这使这项研究成为了独特的而且非常重要的社会科学。
【combined with=and】【make sth sth 使什么成为】note：有时候动词或者句子也会转译为名词How diverse languages（语言的多样性）could be.How this product could be produced（生产方式）.（五）副词处理1直译：程度（非常）2.独立成句understandably 这是可以理解的presumptively 有理由相信arguably 可能，大概/无疑/有理由认为ecologically 从…来讲/而言academically 从…来讲/而言historically 从…来讲/而言scientifically 从…来讲/而言（六）形容词性的词（adj v-ing v-ed）处理1正常含义2转译为动词v-ed：1正常的被动含义；2转译为主动动词v-ing：1正常的主动含义；2独立成句：介词+doing（介词不译）【08年46题】六成分的处理（一）定语（从句）处理1定语从句的解决办法前置：如果定语结构简单，信息负载量不大，翻译前置（七前八后不一定对）Rarely has the search for new knowledge, undertaken by a university of world renown, been so vocally condemned.（rarely句首倒装，先调整语序）The search for new knowledge, undertaken by a university of world renown, has rarely been so vocally condemned.由一所世界知名大学进行的对新知识的探究很少受到如此激烈的谴责。
