语言学选择题练习
Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of
__________.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements
4. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other
morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes
B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words
D. Words
5. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the
rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B. Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A. have to be used independently
B. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other morphemes
8. _______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
9. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
10. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
11 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
12. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
13. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D. /b/
14. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A. identical
B. same
C. exactly alike
D. similar
15. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
16. The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative
17. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
18. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called
_______.
A. phonetic components
B. immediate constituents
C. suprasegmental features
D. semantic features
19. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. sound
C. allophone
D. phoneme
20.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are
called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones
B. sounds
C. phonemes
D. allophones
21. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
_______.
A. prescriptive
B. analytic
C. descriptive
D. linguistic
22. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
23. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. comparative
24. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a
speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. Language
25. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission
26. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
27. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
28. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning,
they are said to be ___________.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
29. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
30. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. sound
C. allophone
D. phoneme
31. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
32. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
33. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which
words are formed.
A. Syntax
B. Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
34. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
35. _______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
36. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
37. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
38. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. All of the above.
39. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.
A. transformational rules
B. generative rules
C. phrase structure rules
D. x-bar theory
40. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
41. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
42. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen-tences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
43. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.
A. the conceptualist view
B. contexutalism
C. the naming theory
D.
behaviourism
44. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
45. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning
components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D.
Grammatical analysis
46. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational opposites
C. complementary antonyms
D. None of the above
47. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same
form.
A. Polysemy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
48. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms
B. polysemy
C. hyponyms
D. synonyms
49. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.
A. Pragmatics
B. Semantics
C. Sense relation
D. Concept
50. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning
_________ is
considered.
A. reference
B. speech act
C. practical usage
D. context
51. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
52. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n)
_________.
A. constative
B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
53. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
54. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the
change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
D. A
performative act
55. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ
__________.
A. in their illocutionary acts.
B. in their intentions expressed
C. in their strength or force
D. in their effect brought about
56. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational
implicatures
57. English language belongs to _________.
A. Indo-European Family
B. Sino-Tibetan Family
C. Austronesian Family
D.
Afroasiatic Family
58. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
C. Duality
D. Meaningfulness
59. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
60. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and
meanings.
A. sense
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
61. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
62. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C. preposition
D. subordinator
63. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
64. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. All of the above.
65. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.
A. transformational rules
B. generative rules
C. phrase structure rules
D. x-bar theory
66. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.
A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase
C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions
D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.
67. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. Only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
68. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
69. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
70._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
A. Generative
B. Transformational
C. X-bar
D. Phrase structure
71. The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A. Plato
B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech
D. Firth
72. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.
A. the conceptualist view
B. contexutalism
C. the naming theory
D. behaviourism
73. Which of the following is not true?
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
74. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
75. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
76. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational opposites
C. complementary antonyms
D. None of the above
77. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sense
78. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
79. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms
B. polysemy
C. hyponyms
D. synonyms
80. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A. grammatical rules
B. selectional restrictions
C. semantic rules
D. semantic features
Model 1 I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary. 1. macrolinguistics::_______________________ 2. compound:_____________________________ 3. Reference: _____________________________ 4. Idiolect:________________________________ 5. Minimal pair:___________________________ 6. Competence:___________________________ 7. Diglossia: _____________________________ 8. Sound assimilation:______________________ 9. Arbitrariness:___________________________ 10. Semantic shift:_________________________ II. Indicate the following statements true or false. 1. Language use is both systematic and non-systematic, subject to external as well as to internal variation. 2. Corpus is a collection of texts input into a computer. Language corpora make it possible for material developers to select authentic, natural and typical language. 3. Mistakes often occur when learners fail to perform their competence. 4. Root is understood in terms of meanings while syem is understood with emphasis on affix. Sometimes a linguistic element is both a root and stem. 5. All instances of NP--movement are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. 6. Word lays in the central position in language comprehension because of its extremely important role in transmitting the meaning.
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
语言学概论试题及参考答案 一、填空题（每空1分，共15分） 1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。 2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（） 3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。 4、方言词是诣（）。 5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。 6、交际的基本单位是（）。 7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。 8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。 9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。 10、文字起源于（）。 二、单选题（每题1分，共15分） 1、社会语言学属于（） ①理论语言学②广义应用语言学 ③普通语言学④狭义应用语言学 2、元音［］的名称是（） ①舌尖后高圆唇元音②舌尖前高圆唇元音 ③舌尖后高不圆唇元音④舌尖前高不圆唇元音 3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是（） ①邮②欧③玩④农 4、汉语普通话音节结构（） ①最长由三个音素组成②最长由四个音素组成 ③最长由五个音素组成④最短由两个音素组成 5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是（） ①玻璃②黑扳③语言④红旗 6、下列词中，属于复台词的是（） ①傻子②席子③天子④椅子 7、下列词组中，属于多义的是（） ①两只学生送的花瓶②两位学生送的花瓶 ③两只学生送的花篮。④两个学生送的花篮 8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是（） ①杜鲁门——杜绝②负荆一负担 ③忽然－－突然④花朵——浪花 9、英语的‘foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是（） ①附加②异根③内部屈折④重叠 10、汉语普通话中的：“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个（） ①语素②音节③前缀④词 11、汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只
1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics? The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as: 1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in communication. 3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 4) Morphology: the study of the way in which symbols/morphemes are arranged to form words. 5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of words to form permisible sentences. 6) Semantics: the study of meaning. 7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use. And the Interdisciplinary branches. 1) Sociolinguistics 2) Psycholingu istics …………… 2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways: firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive, it describes the language as it is; while traditional grammar is prescriptive, it
《普通语言学教程》索绪尔 绪论 第一章语言学史一瞥 语法（规范）-语文学（过于注重书面语）-比较语文学或比较语法（只比较）-新语法学派（语言集团集体精神的产物） 第二章语言学的材料和任务；与毗邻科学的关系 语言学的任务是：a 对一切能够得到的语言进行描写并整理他们的历史，尽可能重建每个语系的母语；b 寻求在一切语言中永恒地普遍地起作用的力量，整理出能概况一切历史特殊现象的一般规律；c 确定自己的界限和定义。它与社会心理学、生理学、语文学相关。语言学也有实际用途，特别是对于那些利用文献的人，另外对一般修养也很重要。 第三章语言学的对象 定义——在任何时候，语言都是现行制度和过去的产物。我们的研究方法是一开始就站在语言的阵地上，把它当做言语活动的其他一切表现的准则。语言和言语活动不能混为一谈，它只是言语活动的一个确定的部分，而且当然是一个主要部分，它既是言语机能的社会产物，又是社会集团为了使个人有可能行使这机能所采用的一整套必不可少的规约。语言本身是一个整体，一个分类的原则。它是一种约定俗成的东西，人们同意使用什么符号，这符号的性质是无关轻重的。对人类天赋的不是口头的言语活动，而是构成语言——即一套和不同的观念相当的不同的符号——的机能。人们说话的机能——不管是天赋的或非天赋的——只有借助于集体所创造和提供的工具才能运用，所以，说语言使言语活动成为统一体，绝不是空想。 语言在言语活动事实中的地位——言语循环重建：心理现象-生理过程-物理过程-生理过程-
心理现象 （c-i）这一主动过程称为执行部分，（i-c）这一被动过程称为接受部分，此外还有联合和配置的机能。语言是社会的、主要的，言语是个人的、偶然的、从属的。 语言的特征是：1 他是言语活动事实的混杂的总体中的一个十分确定的对象，是言语的社会部分。2 语言是人们能够分出来加以研究的对象。3 言语是异质的，而规定下来的语言是同质的，它是一种符号系统，在系统中，只有意义和音响形象的结合是主要的，符号的两个部分都是心理的。4 语言这个对象在具体性上比言语毫不逊色。即是音响形象的堆叠，又可转为文字。 语言在人文事实中的地位：符号学——语言是一种表达观念的符号系统。符号在本质上是社会的。 第四章语言的语言学和言语的语言学
CHAPTER 1 I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: T 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. F 2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. T 3. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole T 4. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. T 5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. T 6. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning T 7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete F 8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language T 9. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language F 10. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary F 11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language. F 12. Pet dogs can speak human languages. F 13. All human infants can speak some language. F 14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets. F 15. With different cultures there will be different languages. T 16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
语言学概论试题(1) 一、填空１５% 1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。 2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助???交际工具。 ?3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。 ?5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理?角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。 6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。 ?7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。 ?8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。 ?9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。 ?10、?我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。二、选择题１０%?????? 1、中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ） ??Ａ、文字学Ｂ、语音学 ??Ｃ、词汇学Ｄ、语法学 ?2、汉语属于（ B ） ?Ａ、屈折语Ｂ、词根语 ?Ｃ、多式综合语Ｄ、粘着语 ?3、一种语言中数量最少的是（B ） ??Ａ、音素Ｂ、音位 ??Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音节 ?4、文字的前身是（ C ）??Ａ、结绳记事Ｂ、手势 ??Ｃ、图画记事Ｄ、实物记事 ?5、派生词中包含（ B ）??Ａ、词尾Ｂ、词根 ??Ｃ、虚词Ｄ、根词 ?6、语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ） ??Ａ、音素Ｂ、义素 ??Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音位 7、汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ） ??Ａ、主语位置Ｂ、谓语位置 ??Ｃ、状语位置Ｄ、定语位置 8、以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ） ???Ａ、土话Ｂ、客家话 ???Ｃ、客套话Ｄ、黑话 9、下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ） ???Ａ、初Ｂ、视???Ｃ、人Ｄ、民10、在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，?具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ）??Ａ、转换关系Ｂ、组合关系 ??Ｃ、层级关系Ｄ、聚合关系 ???????? 三、名词解释２０% ?1、专语语言学: 以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。
第五章词义 1.词和词汇的区别何在词汇包括哪两个部分 1)词：语言中能够独立运用的最小的符号，用它可以对现 实现象进行分类、定名，因此研究语言符号的意义一般都以词作为基本单位。 2)词汇：一种语言中所有的词和成语等固定短语的总汇就 是该语言的词汇。 3)词汇主要包括基本词汇和一般词汇两个部分。 2.什么是基本词基本词包括哪些类型 1)基本词汇同一般词汇相对而言，就是一种词汇系统中居 于核心地位的部分，相当稳固，很少发生变化，可以说是一种语言在长期（数十万年甚至上百万年）使用过程中的积淀。 2)基本词包括以下类型： 表示自然现象和常见事物的词； 表示生产和生活资料的词； 表示亲属关系的词； 表示人体器官的词； 表示方位和时令的词； 表示数目的词； 表示常见动作行为的词； 表示常见性状的词； 3.基本词有哪些特点怎样认识这些特点的相互关系 1)基本词的特点为：全民性、稳定性和能产性（即构词能 力强）。 全民性：指基本词汇在使用上具有普遍性，这种普
遍性体现在不分阶级、阶层、行业、地域、年龄、 性别，各行各业的人都懂得其含义，都要使用，而 且经常使用。 稳定性：是指基本词汇很少发生变化，长期地为使 用这种语言的民族服务。稳固性是语言作为交际工 具对词汇提出的基本要求。 有构词能力：是指基本词汇是构成新词的基础。2)基本词汇的三个特点是互相联系、互相影响、互为因果 的。由于基本词汇具有全民常用性特点，在使用上涉及 到方方面面，具有普遍性，涉及到不同阶层、不同的地 域的人们运用语言，所以客观上就要求基本词汇保持相 对稳定性，不能经常变动，以利于运用；当新的事物现 象出现，需要新词记录时，人们又首选现成的基本词汇 作为构词材料，选择那些使用面广的词，具有运用上的 普遍性的词作为构词要素，使得基本词汇又具有了很强 的构词能力；基本词作为很多词语的构词要素，涉及面 很广，这又反过来强化了基本词汇的全民常用性特点和 稳固性特点。 4.什么是一般词汇一般词汇包括哪些类型 1)一般词汇：词汇里基本词汇以外的词语构成一般词汇。 2)一般词汇包括以下类型：新词、古语词、外来词、行业 用词、科技术语、方言俚语词以及除以上六种词以外的 非常用词。 5.一般词汇和基本词汇的关系如何 1)一般词汇对于社会的发展变化非常敏感。以基本词为基 础构造出来的新词，大部分首先成为一般通用的词。
《普通语言学教程》读书笔记 10级汉语3班徐星星100322 本书著者是本世纪最著名、影响最深远的语言学家之一费尔迪南·德·索绪尔，在本书中，他对欧美语言学界所接触到的各种有关原理和方法的问题都作了总结，并且提出了自己独到的见解。这本书的影响也遍及世界。 首先在绪论的第三章中，索绪尔向我们阐释了语言的定义： 语言是一种约定俗成的东西，人们同意使用什么符号，这符号的性质是无关轻重的。即一套和不同的观念相当的不同的符号。人们说话的机能只有借住集体创造和提供的工具才能运用，不管是天赋的或非天赋的。所以说，说语言使言语活动成为统一体，那绝不是什么空想。在索绪尔看来。语言是语言共同成员中的语法体系，言语则是人们平时说的那些话，是依赖于语法系统的说话行为。言语是语言的体现。语言学研究实际语言行为中所潜藏的形式系统，因此，在索绪尔看来，语言学的对象是语言而不是言语。 索绪尔认为，把语言和言语分开，我们就把什么是社会的，什么是个人的，什么是主要的，什么是从属的和偶然的区分开来了。照此看来，语言学家主要的研究对象应该是“语言”、确定构成“语言”的单位及其组合规则，而不是去描写言语活动。“语言”是一个符号的系统，在这个系统中，只有意义和音响的形象的结合是主要的。 索绪尔为了确立语言学的研究对象，区分出“语言”和“言语”，他的“语言”和“言语”理论不仅对本世纪的语言研究的方法产生了深刻的影响，而且还影响着文学和符号学研究。 在第一编中，索绪尔指出语言是一个符号系统。语言是符号学的一部分，他强调语言具有一般符号系统的主要特征。语言与其他一切同类的的符号系统有以下几点共同点。一是目的相同，各种符号系统虽然采用的手段不同，复杂程度不同，但目的都是一样的，都是为了传递信息。二是它们的内涵相同，一切符号系统之所以能传递信息是因为它们与意义相联系。意义是符号的内涵，是符号在使用该系统的人在头脑中激发的概念。三是构成元素相同，无论使用
Chapter One Language 1. Define the following terms 1) discreteness 2) design features 3) arbitrariness 4) duality 5) displacement 6) cultural transmission 7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language 9) the heuristic function of language 10) language 2. Multiple Choice Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best. 1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform? A. Interpersonal. B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational. 4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome the barriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. interchangeability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness. 5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic. C. Peformative. D. Interpersonal. 6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is . A. stimulus free B. stimulus bound C. under immediate stimulus control D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest. 7) Which of the following is the most important function of language? A. interpersonal function B. performative function C. informative function D. recreational function 8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language. A arbitrariness B cultural transmission C displacement D discreteness 9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics? A. statistics B. psycholinguistics C. physics D. philosophy 10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.
Test of General Linguistics for English Graduate Students 2012.12 Answer the following two questions. Please give a brief account of the basic views before commenting on them. 1.What is your view on Chomsky’s “innateness hypothesis”? The Innateness Hypothesis holds that children are born with LAD. They have already mastered a system of UG since they were born. And this is the unique physiological phenomenon of human being, which obtained through inheritance. Although it seems to be the most perfect theory to explain how children learned their mother tone in Chomsky's opinion, yet from where I stand, I reckon there really exist a lot of problems that is unreasonable in this theory. A most thorny problem would be that the wolf-child can not speak as ordinary children do. According to the innateness hypothesis, the children should create a kind of language which we called UG, but the fact is that the wolf-child can only make noise like wolves. Besides, if all children are born with the same LAD, there would be no development on language which goes against the evolutionary theory. Last but not least, we all know that there is a process for the children to learn to speak, sounds- words-- single word sentences-- double words sentences-- full sentences. This shows that learning language is a process which started with the easiest ones not something children are born with. In the above , the given examples have shown the most controversial views on innateness hypothesis that I concern: 1.Chomsky’s theory lays too much attention on innateness that he becomes idealism. He ignored the importance of acquired learning. We can suppose that everyone are born with LAD, then master a language should be a piece of cake, it may just takes a few months even a few day for a child to master a language, this is totally fantastic talk. What's more, grammar system still needs to be fulfilled even when individual grow up. 2.Chomsky's theory is lacking in biological foundation. He believes in innateness but his statements on human brain is more mechanized than biological. For example, he said that it works through rules and operational parameter just as the CPU of a computer. We can't explain why and how UG generated in human brain according to Chomsky's statements. Take all things into consideration, to err is human. There is no need for us to criticize or even accuse Chomsky's theory. What we need to do is to correct error and make the theory a more perfect one. And also with the development of human-cognition, the innateness hypothesis is being complete gradually. Now people have studied parameters innateness hypothesis, module innateness hypothesis, predisposition innateness hypothesis and initial knowledge innateness hypothesis. What we need to pay specially attention to is that we can't simply comprehended innateness hypothesis as The theory of god himself or the theory of innate genius or overstate the uses of innateness hypothesis while ignore the affect of acquired disposition.
导言 一、单项选择题 1. 普通语言学从理论上研究（） A 个别民族语言的特殊规律 B 人类各种语言一般的共同规律 C 几种民族语言的一般与个别的规律 D 汉语普通话的发展规律 2. 语言学可以分为两大类别，即（） A 理论语言学、应用语言学 B 汉语语言学、英语语言学 C 英语语言学、俄语语言学 D 个别语言学、一般语言学 3. 语言学概论属于（） A 个别语言学的范围 B 一般语言学的范围 C 应用语言学的范围 D 汉语言学的范围 4. 结构主义语言学独特的研究方法是（） A 历史比较法 B 归纳法 C 分布分析法和直接成分分析法 D 句子成分分析法 二、填空题 1. 古中国、古印度、古希腊具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2. 文字、训诂、音韵是我国传统的语文学。 3. 研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、语法、语汇三个部分。 4. 历史比较语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。 5. 布龙菲尔德的代表著作《语言论》，是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用和深远的影响。 6. 索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。 7. 结构主义语言学派可以分为布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国结构语言学派三派。 三、判断题 1. 历史比较语言学不仅标志着语言学科的独立而且为普通语言学的建立打下了坚实的基础。（） 2. 我国的语文学通称“小学”。（） 3. 普通语言学是以汉语普通话为研究对象的语言学分支学科。（）
4. 每个人至少掌握一种语言，所以都能准确地回答“什么是语言”这个问题。（） 四、名词解释 1. 语言学 2. 语文学 3. 理论语言学 4. 应用语言学 5. 普通语言学 6. 个别语言学 第一章语言的社会功能 一、单项选择题 1. 语言是（） A 说话 B 个人说的行为和结果 C 写成的作品或发表的言论 D 从言语中概括出来的为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和 2. 言语是（） A 言论和语言 B 音义结合的符号系统 C 个人说的行为和结果 D写成的作品或发表的言论 3. 语言是（） A 特殊的社会现象 B 一般的社会现象 C 上层建筑 D 经济基础 二、填空题 1. 言语是个人说的行为和结果。它有两种形式，即和。 2. “我们俩没有共同语言。”这句话的“语言”指的是，是一种用法。 3. 一种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为构成句子的语言材料 和是十分有限的。 4. 语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是语言具有，没有。 5. 语言和说话的关系可以这样理解：语言是，说话时个人的；语言是抽象的，说话 是。 三、判断题 1. 语言是人类最重要的交际工具。( )