Lecture One Introduction
V. Definition of T ranslation
There are many definitions made of translation by different scholars. Here we take a representative one by E. A. Nida:
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (翻译即指用接受语中最切近、自然的译文再现原文信息，一能是意义对等，二能风格对等。)
The key words of the definition are closest, natural and message.The first implies that the equivalence is a relative concept; the second, that the Chinese version should be natural to read and acceptable to the target readers, and the third, that what we deal with in translating is the original message. From the viewpoint of translation practice, reproducing the equivalent of the original in style is, in many cases, very hard to achieve. Consider the translation of idioms, most of which are culture-specific, and you will see the point. In this stage of learning, we may as well tentatively and simplistically take translation as a process of conveying in the target language expressively the meaning, information or the message expressed in the original language as you have understood. The original information is conveyed by the English words, syntactic structures, and style, to mention the major aspects.
VI. Basic Procedure of E-C T ranslation
The process of translating is an integrated whole which is undividable. But for the convenience of discussion, analysis, and evaluation, in this stage of learning, we treat the process as something dividable into basically three separate steps: comprehending; expressing; polishing and proofreading.
(1) John is now with his parents in New Y ork City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster. (since-clause)
约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已三年了。(Difference in meaning caused by different clause finite verb: durative vs. non-durative)
(2) They call themselves Englishmen, and they are afraid of fight. 他们称自己是英国人，(而他们)却害怕打仗。(and: multi-purpose conjunction)
(3) Nowadays, people with only a smattering knowledge of fashionable theories of that sort would actually dare
to pass themselves off as scholars of great learning, and bluff their way around.
现如今/ 这年头/ 这年月，略知一点这种时髦理论皮毛的人，竟敢冒充学问大家，到处招摇撞骗。
(4) A tiny little girl of four, Liu Xiaoyuan from Tianjin was able to overwhelm hundreds of millions TV viewers with her singing of a rough male role?s aria from Beijing opera. 天津女娃刘小源，一个才四岁的小不点，竟以一曲京剧花脸唱段倾倒了亿万电视观众。
(5) John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠，是个既忠诚又正直的人。
(6) I stand before you today, the representative of a family in grief in a country in mourning before a world in shock. The Chinese translation should be utterable as a sentence in a speech. This is a matter of style reproduction.
今天是一个全国哀悼、举世震惊的日子；作为一个悲伤家庭的代表，我站在大家面前。
Cf. 今天, 作为一个悲伤家庭的代表，我站在大家面前，此时此刻，全国哀悼、举世震惊。
(7)“Impertinent!” snorted Imelda. I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. (Unit 1.P.1-2) 伊梅尔达鼻子哼了一声：“没家教！”。我可不愿意让人说我从来不教自己的女儿要尊敬长辈。
(8) Today, the widespread agreement is that cloning for reproduction is unsafe and should be banned. Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for getting their cells and tissues for medical use.
今天，广泛的一致看法是，用于繁殖的克隆是不安全的，应当被禁止。现在，争论已经从制造婴儿的伦理问题转向了为得到用于医疗的细胞和组织而克隆胚胎的道德问题。(A version translated literally)
(9) The coach got in trouble for getting physical with some members of the team. 教练对队里的某些队员动粗
而惹起了麻烦。
(10) It is a rare artistic treat to hear the sweet melody of the Butterflies played on the violin.
听小提琴演奏《梁祝》的甜美旋律，是少有的艺术享受。
(11) Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegantes. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting. (Ut 1 P1) 教材: 谚语是凝聚着智慧的通俗话语，是它使得拉丁美洲人的言谈常常显得那么生动活泼。从大学教授到田野农夫，从市井乞丐到摩登女郎，大家都在使用谚语。谚语简洁明快，丰富多彩，但也往往带着刺。
cf. 谚语是一些通俗的说法，拉丁美洲人的言谈常常因此而显得那么生动活泼; 谚语是凝结的智慧，从大学教授到田野农夫，从市井乞丐到摩登女郎，大家都会信手拈来。谚语简洁明快，丰富多彩，往往有一针见血之力。
Lesson2
从前我们穴居的祖先在烟雾弥漫的篝火前啃咬野猪骨头，而今天，我们都围坐在铺着雪白桌布，摆着铮亮刀叉的餐桌旁进餐。这就是我们饮食习惯变革的历史：吃饭从只是为了充饥果腹，已发展成了一种相当复杂、但又令人愉快的社会习俗。
New Y ork (AP) 美联社纽约消息/电（Unit 2. P10）The U.S. State Department美国国务院Tuberculosis结核病SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Atypical Pneumonia) 严重急性呼吸道综合征（非典型肺炎）Cambridge 英国-剑桥；美国-坎布里奇
marriage婚, 嫁magpie: a person who talks too much, implying one who causes annoyance. 喜鹊: a bird symbolizing happiness, joy, etc. owl: symbol of wisdom 夜猫子,猫头鹰: symbol of bad omen. 黄河The Huanghe River
Reasons:
1. Living environment (For example, “吃过了吗？”: A phatic expression in Chinese esp. in the past. Expressions bearing on 吃: “吃闲饭”（lead an idle life），“吃香”（be very popular），“吃不消”（more than one can stand / chew, too much）. One more example: “东施效颦”: "Dongshi imitates Xishi,”or “The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a di storted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes worse”?
2. Different practices, customs and conventions: “白喜”
3. Religious difference:
4. Cognitive difference: For example, dog. In Chinese, there are such expressions as 狗腿子（lackey），狗崽子（son of bitch），狗急跳墙（a cornered beast will do sth. desperate），and 狗嘴吐不出象牙（a filthy mouth can't utter decent language）. In English expressions containing the image of dog: love me，love my dog.（爱屋及乌），top dog(最重要的人物)，lucky dog (幸运儿)，dog-tired(筋疲力竭)，to lead a dog's life（过着牛马不如的生活）, and also “this/that dirty dog”（这／那个狗东西），“They say English is going to dogs”（人们说英语糟糕得快完蛋了）.
Bread and butter letter [拜访朋友，住在朋友家，离开后写的感谢信。]
call a spade a spade: speak without reservation. child’s play:sth. very easy to do. Cf. 儿戏trifle, unimportant thing.
Eat/ swallow one’s words: to admit what one said was wrong. Cf.食言break one?s promise.
pull one’s leg (to tease sb. by telling him sth. untrue) cf. 拖后腿(hold back; be a drag on sb.)
color words: blue film; blue blood; blue stocking
beautify: a laudatory word, not correspondent to the Chinese. cf. 美化，which may be used in a derogatory sense.
False friends:
Liberalism: never a pejorative word in the west. No English word exactly conveys the idea of the Chinese expression自由主义
Egalitarianism: often used in a good sense, meaning that all men are equal and should have equal rights, benefits, and opportunities, while 平均主义is usually bad, meaning equal pay or treatment regardless of the quality of work or the merits of the case.
Laundry list 购物清单（不一定洗衣服）Idealism 理想主义Individualism 个人主义(me-first mentality;
a person with big ego) Sof a≠沙发(单人的叫armchair) Running dog 狗腿子(lackey)
Contrast: sweet milk 加糖牛奶(新鲜牛奶) good sailor好水手(不晕船的人) horseplay 马戏(胡闹) blackbird 乌鸦(乌鸫) I dare say 我敢说(我想; 恐怕; 大概) bus boy 公交男乘务员(餐厅服务员助手) busybody 忙人（好管闲事的人）dog-eared 狗耳的（书本卷边的）
Compare: dry goods 谷物；织物free-living 沉溺于吃喝玩乐sweet water 淡水industrial relations 劳资关系familiar behavior 亲昵行为to pull one?s socks 鼓起勇气outstanding issues 悬而未决的事to send somebody to the chair 将某人处以电（椅）刑
He is apt to introduce new ideas into the business. （引入）
They have introduced a new job-contract system into the factory’s reform project. (出台/推行)
Tobacco was introduced into Europe from America. （引种/引入）
Dressing designers introduce new fashions each year. （设计/推出）
The doctor introduced a log tube into the sick man’s throat so he could breathe. （插入）
Television and space travel are introducing many new words into our language. （带来）
I introduced my country cousin to the big city by showing him the sights.（让…见识）
e.g. London?s gross output value of industry last year was 12 times higher than that of 1950.
In English, the plural form of a word may mean differently from its singular form, and an abstract may be correspondent to a concrete noun in Chinese. eg
custom 习惯customs 海关/关税; economy 节约economies 节约措施;
damage 损坏damages 赔偿费; ground 场地grounds 理由;
export 出口exports 出口货物; unemployment 失业现象tension 紧张局势
arrogance 傲慢态度/ 情绪values 价值观念
(1) Primarily the Allied task was to utilize the resources of two great nations with the decisiveness of single authority. (P 7)
盟国的任务主要是在一个统一的领导下果断地使用两个大国的资源。
(2) A．(context: The opportunity is one of my friends offered me a position in the government, but I declined)
He was puzzled / that I did not want // what was obviously a “step-up” toward /// what all Americans are taught to want //// when they grow up: /// money and power.
他感到百思不得其解的是, 金钱和权力是所有美国人从小就受教育要在长大后努力争取的东西, 而这此机会显然是让我升官发财的“垫脚石”, 我却不想要。
B. The woman, who declined to be identified, said she was told by a senior monk that most of his young colleagues were still asleep because they had stayed up to watch the World Cup games which can go on well past midnight. (A train-like structure)
这位不愿意透露姓名/身份的女士说，有位高僧告诉她，寺里大多数年轻僧人还未起床，他们熬夜看世界杯比赛，这些比赛要持续到后半夜。
C．这屯子里还是老孙头能干，又会赶车，又会骑马，摔跤也摔得漂亮，叭哒一声，掉下地来，又响亮又干脆。
If we translate this Chinese sentence into English, we should first understand it as:
（在）这屯子里还是（数）老孙头（最）能干，（因为他）又会赶车，又会骑马，（而且）摔跤（时）也摔得漂亮，（他）叭哒一声，掉下地来，（声音）又响亮（动作）又干脆。
English version: In the village, anyway it is Lao Sun, the old chap, who is most deservedly a dab hand, for he can not only drive his horse-drawn cart, but ride on the horse, and even when he falls off the horseback, he is very much skilful: he would “click”to the ground with so clear a sound and so neat a move.
(3) 子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”（《论语》）
The Master said, Even when walking in a party of no more than three I can always be certain of learning from those I am with. There will be good qualities that I can select for imitation and bad ones that will teach me what requires correction in myself. (trans. Arthur Waley)
(6) Hundreds of merchant ships ride useless at anchor in Singapore harbor, castoffs in a time of shrunken trade. (unit 2. P10)
在新加坡，数百艘商船抛锚停在港内，由于贸易萎缩而弃置不用/ 成了废物。
(12) To a generation that believed a massive military industrial complex was brutalizing the American
dream, jeans symbolized a return to the friendlier, simpler values of the frontier, where each man had control over his life and where people cooperated to survive. [Aldous Huxley: The country.]
对于相信美国庞大的军事工业联合体正在摧毁美国梦的一代人来说，牛仔服象征了向更为友善、朴素的边疆价值观的回归；在边疆地区，每一个人都能支配自己的生活，而人们相互合作以求生存。
Lesson 3
Exercise A中国持有大量外汇，其中大部分投资于低回报率的美国国债。为了使投资多元化，2007年中国创建中国投资公司，资金三千亿美元。公司成立之初，出师不利，在金融危机爆发前不久，几笔大投资时机失当；不过，公司随后改变策略，小心翼翼，不事声张，在多个口碑不错的基金与公司进行分散投资。
(1) Western Europe has been hit harder than the United States, and Japan less. (Unit 2. P11)
Western Europe has been hit harder than the United States, and Japan has been hit less than the United States. (到目前为止，西欧受的影响(冲击、打击) 比美国大，日本受的影响则比美国小。)
(2) Pride, ill nature, and want of sense, are the three great sources of ill manners; without some of these defects, no man will behave himself ill for want of experience; or of what, in the language of fools, is called “knowing the world”. (Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding by J. Swift.)
原译:骄傲自大，性情粗暴，缺乏理智是有失礼貌的三大原因。如果能革除这些弊病，没有人会因为缺乏经验，或者，如某些愚人所说，因为谙于世故而礼貌不周。改译: 不谙于世故而礼貌不周(3) In our negotiation, we hope for solid singles, but not home runs. (Baseball terms)
Note: Small progress, not to solve every problem. Single 一垒安打home run 本垒打.
(4) But, Mama, I just can?t swallow them, not even with honey. (Unit 1. P1)
可是，妈妈，这样做我受不了，即使拌了蜜也咽不下啊。
[swallow / eat one?s words: admit what one said is not right（them：the words she said to her husband?s parents. 向公婆道歉）]
(5) The world is scraping bottom in the deepest economic slump in a half-century. (Unit 2 P10)
世界目前正在为度过这场半个世纪以来最严重的经济衰退而使出了最后的一点力量/在艰难支撑。[to scrape the bottom of the barrel: to take usu. suggest etc. something of the lowest quality. 刮桶底，用尽最后一招]
(6) Watching on television, they vicariously joined the undersea craft Alvin as it toured the wreckage of the luxury liner, wandering across the corroded decks, peering into the officers? quarters. (Unit 3: P19) 通过电视，观众们亲
历其境般地跟着潜水船阿尔文号巡视这艘豪华巨轮的残骸，漫步腐蚀严重的甲板，窥探高级船员的住舱。(7) Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet, the impact is uneven. (Unit 2 P10)
虽然这场经济衰退波及全球的每个角落，但各地受到的影响不尽相同。
(8) World trade, lifeblood of the post-World War II global boom, has begun contracting. (Unit 2 P11)
世界贸易是第二次世界大战后经济繁荣的命根子，现在却已开始萎缩。
Classroom ex.
(9) A. The giant Pacific stretches 9,300 miles from the Arctic Circles at Bering Strait to the South Polar zone. 浩瀚的太平洋从北极圈的白令海峡到南极地带绵延9300英里。(Unit 8)
B. The mighty Pacific washes the shores of five continents. (Unit 8) 气势磅礴的太平洋冲刷着五大洲的海岸。
(10) These very principles that inform modern teaching are met by challenges from pragmatic teachers.
正是这些贯穿在现代教学工作中的原则，受到务实教师们的质疑。
(10) He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.
他让法官的职责战胜了父子的私情，判决他儿子有罪。
(11)The unique culture and values of family, education and hard work of the Chinese Americans have strengthened the fabric of the American society.
美籍华人独特的文化和他们的家庭、教育及勤劳的价值观念，增强了美国社会的凝聚力/性。
(12) The president somewhat remains cool in his affect. That?s fine. But people crave humanity in their leaders. Luckily, his wife, with her warmth and broad appeal, is supplying it in buckets.
Note: The president refers to Obama.
总统动容时，仍有几分矜持。这也无妨。可是，普通人渴求的是领导人的人性；好在他夫人热情洋溢，极富
感染力，她所展现出的人性，多得数不胜数。(可车载斗量（？）)
(13) That does not include the uncounted millions of Third World jobless and penniless. (Unit 2 P11)
这还不包括第三世界国家内未作统计的大量一贫如洗/ 身无分文的失业者。
(14) He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation. 他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
(15) There is more to their life than political, social and economic problems; more than transient everydayness.
他们的生活不只是一些政治的、社会的、经济的种种问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。
(16) She wondered whether her outspokenness might be a liability to Franklin. (The Glory and the Dream)
她怀疑自己那么心直口快，是否会成为富兰克林的包袱。
(17) His recent discoveries have greatly added to his reputation. 他最近的种种发现使他声望大增。
(18) During WWII, the aggressive Japanese soldiers won themselves a savage reputation.
二战期间，日本侵略军因残暴成性而臭名昭著。
(19) She commenced waitress at a street meal stall, turned manageress of a big restaurant three years later, and, another three years later, returned home a tough business woman.
她开始在一马路饭摊端盘子，三年后成了一家大饭店的经理；又过了三年，回乡时成了一名商界女强人。(20) That notorious “strong woman”, started her career by joining showbiz, gaining fame by blowing her own trumpet, made a fortune by evading taxes, and ended up by stepping into prison.
那臭名昭著的“女强人”，以混迹娱乐界起家，以自吹自擂闻名，以偷逃税款敛财，以锒铛入狱告终。
(21) A. “The architecture is interesting.”“这里的建筑十分美妙！” vs. “这些建筑有特色。”
B. “It?s a very peaceful place!”“这是一个最和平的地方！” vs. “这是一个宁静的地方。”
C. “These buildings are old, but new, very strange!”
“这些建筑古香古色，又增加了许多新的元素，令人惊奇！” vs. “这些建筑是老式的，却又是新建的，看上去怪怪的。”
(22) This high-profile conference, organized by A and supported by B, aims to line up a panel of top-level M&A experts, including state policy stipulators, corporate decision makers, business consultants, investment bankers, and lawyers, to address the pertinent issues of foreign capital M&A in China, which every foreign investor should know to maximize their profit from strategic mergers and acquisitions with successful industries-focused case studies.
本次高级会议由A组织，并得到B支持，会议将邀请部分顶级企业购并专家，包括一些参与国家政策制定的人士，企业决策人士，商务咨询人士，投资银行高级管理人士，及律师就外资在中国进行企业购并的有关问题展开研讨，通过集中研究企业界成功的案例，使每位外国投资者了解这些问题，以最大程度地从战略购并中受益。
Lesson 4
儿女们渐渐长大，父亲一生中的辉煌岁月也就过去了。在游历高山大川(攀山涉水)方面的成就，他都是在儿女们出生前取得的。当年用过的种种物品（种种念想），就散落在房间内外---书房壁炉架上的银杯啦，靠墙角书架放着的锈迹斑斑的登山杖啦。直到最后的日子，他还常常以一种兼有钦羡和妒嫉的特有口吻, 谈起那些伟大的登山者和探险家。但他自己外出游历的岁月已成为过去。
First of all, let?s compare the two Chinese versions of the same English sentence:
The use of bacteriological weapons is a clear violation of the international law.
V ersion 2: 使用细菌武器显然违反国际法。
(1) V iews of the railings where doomed passengers and crew members stood evoked images of the moonless night 74 years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves. (Unit 3. P19-20)
看到当年遇难乘客和船员曾站立在旁边的那些栏杆，使人想起74年前巨轮沉入波涛之下的那个月黑之夜。
(2) While there seems to be no consensus on the city?s worst line, the ones mentioned most often in talks here and there were lunchtime lines at banks and post offices. (Unit 4: P.27)
城市里的什么队排得最长，大家似乎并没有一致的看法，但常常听到人们到处谈论的莫过于午饭时间在银行和邮
局排的队。
(3) I became impatient at her repeated attempts, and, seizing the new doll, I dashed it upon the floor. (Unit 5: P. 37)
她翻来覆去地折腾，把我惹烦了，我就抓起那个新娃娃,猛地把它摔在地上。
(4) In evaluating the quality of a management team, venture capitalists frequently look for managers with entrepreneurial vision, integrity, intelligence, a strong work ethic, relevant industry experience, a track record for success and ability to prioritize and focus.
在评估管理班子的素质时，风险资本家要找的管理者要具有企业家的远见卓识，应为人正派，足智多谋，职业道
德要强，要有相关的产业经验，曾获得一系列成功的业绩，具备判断轻重缓急并能集中经精力依次解决问题的能力。
(5) The Americans have a passion for grandeur. Their skyscrapers, bridges and dams often have a splendor which matches in beauty and scale the country?s natural wonders.
美国人酷爱豪华气派。他们的摩天大楼，巨桥大坝往往蔚为壮观，其壮美、其气势足与美国的自然奇迹相媲美。(6) Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress.
好吧，乖孩子，赶紧回家，穿/ 换上那件粉色裙子，打扮得漂漂亮亮的。（Unit 1.P2）
(7) Some sports fans staked claims in line with items of personal property such as sleeping bags and folding chairs. （Unit 4 P28）
有些体育迷把睡袋、折叠椅之类的个人物件放在排的队里占位子。
(8) The judge sat in the dining room amid his morning mail.
法官坐在餐厅里处理早上到的一大堆邮件。
(9) Some relatively self-reliant poor countries, such as India, have been partly insulated. But others that survive from day to day by selling sugar, copper or whatever raw material to the great manufacturing nations are desperate. (Unit 2: P.11)
一些相对说来能自力更生的穷国，例如印度，只受到部分影响。但是，另外一些则靠着向工业大国出售食糖、铜或其他原料度日的穷国则已陷入绝望（而拼命挣扎）的境地。
(10) In the old days the ambassador was purely political. 过去大使只搞政治性工作。
(11) The buildings around the place are rather nondescript, though some of them are large and quite imposing. 该地周
围的建筑极为平庸，没有特色，尽管其中有些规模庞大，很有气势。
(13) The sea thundered on, over, and past, and as it roared by it revealed a hideous sight.
海浪狂啸滚来，如泰山压顶一般，又怒吼着滚远，巨浪过处，一片狼籍。
(15) Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系有一个特点，即以礼相待。
(16) To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权力的化身。
(17) In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted against the sky. 黎明时，天空映出了暸望塔的轮廓。(19) He was eloquent and elegant---but soft. 他有口才，有风度，但很软弱。
(20) Most Americans are far more race-conscious than they are class-conscious. (种族意识比阶级意识)
(21) His wife has done everything possible to mother him.他的妻子像母亲般无微不至地照顾他。
(22) The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. (n---adv)
新市长有礼貌地来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感
(23) Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought. (Unit 5 P34) 突然之间，我模糊地意识到什么仿佛忘记了的东西---回归的思想令我感到激动。
(24) Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm, and they have a warmth and friendliness which is less superficial than many foreigners think.
美国人大都精力充沛，热情洋溢，有一付热心肠，待人友好，比许多外国人想的更真实(不似……那样肤浅)。(1) All these things are horticultural. We live daily with horticulture. The growing of plants is both therapeutic and r ecreational in nature. 我们的日常生活与园艺密切相关。这一切都与园艺有关。种花养草既益于健康，有可从中得到乐趣。
(2) Public awareness of the environment has led to the increased use of landscaping [to make a land more interesting] to
modify the functional and aesthetic aspects of the surroundings.
人们环保意识增强，越来越多地将景观美化用于改善环境，使其更实用、更美观。
(3) Predictably, this winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy. 据估计，今年冬天将会雨雪纷飞，泥泞不堪。
(4) Despite the history of government intervention, individuals have always been able to choose for whom they will work and what they will buy.
尽管从历史上看存在政府干预，但个人总能够决定为谁工作，买什么东西。
(5)He thought everybody lived far too elaborately, expensively, anxiously.
在他看来(adv.)，人们的日子(n.)过得过于繁琐讲究，过于铺张浪费，过于忧心忡忡(adj.)。
1. 熟悉一点世界史有助于学习时事。
2. 她不耐烦地骂了一两声，把头发从眼处拨开，看看到底是谁。
3. 他倒是不吸烟。可他父亲却是一支接一支地抽。
4. 我这种烧饭方式叫约瑟越看越冒火了。
5. 产品未经检查，一律不准出厂。
6. 王尔德一家都是虔诚的教徒/笃信宗教。
7. 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。8. 那天交好运的渔民都已回来。
9. 一个穿着讲究的人上了车，外表和谈吐都像个美国人。
10. 只须按一下电钮，加一些微量电压，就可以使早已逝去/尘封已久的情景变得栩栩如生，详尽无遗，比如：
亡父或亡母的音容笑貌，炒菜做饭的香味，幼时房外街上的喧闹声。
11. 会计包括设计会计系统，准备财务报表，审计帐目，进行成本研究，展开预测，核算收入所得税，实施会计电算化，以及分析解读会计信息，以便帮助制定商业决策。
12. 自然是多么高贵呀。我所遇到的我认为是真正伟大的人中没有一个不历来是自然而简朴的。矫揉造作必然是对自己没有信心的表现。
Lesson 5
承包商须严格按照技术规格和图纸要求设计、提供、安装、调试及交付正常运行的发电设备和系统，并使业主满意。本节规定了将应用于本合同下的供电设备的基本技术细节要求和可接受的最低标准。所有设备设计将基于已确立并证明可行的做法，并适于热带使用。投标方将充分描述提供的电厂、发电设备,以及在正常、应急、按计划维修条件下和异常等各种情况下发电设备的运行情况。
(1) But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
可是他妻子却不断地在他耳边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，说他的一家人都要毁在他身上。
The word dinning appears only once but in the Chinese sentence, besides 唠叨，说occurs three times so as to be more expressive.
(2) On the wings of hope, ( )of love, ( )of joy, Miss Meadows sped back to the music hall, up the aisle, up the steps, over to the piano. 乘着希望的翅膀，爱情的翅膀，欢乐的翅膀，美多斯小姐一路飞奔，回到音乐厅，穿过通道，跃上台阶，三步并做两步，来到钢琴前。
(3) As they viewed videotapes and photographs of the sunken leviathan [li'vai?θ?n] (in Bible, a sea animal of great size or a large ship), millions of people around the world could sense her mass, her eerie ['i?ri] (causing fear due to
strangeness) quiet and the ruined splendor of a lost age. (Unit 3. P19)
当世界上千百万人观看这艘沉没的庞然大物的录像带和照片时，他们都会体会到它那巨大的体积，感受到它周围那可怕的沉寂，领略到毁灭了的一个逝去的时代的辉煌。
(4) They place great emphasis on their individual differences, on having a great number of choices, and on doing things in their own way.他们重视个体差异，注重多种选择，强调以自己的方式做事。
(5) We walked down the path to the wellhouse, attracted by the fragrance of the honeysuckle with which it was covered. (Unit 5 P34)
我们沿着小路向水房走去，水房外面爬满了忍冬，散发的芳香吸引着我们。(for clarification of reference)
(6) That living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free! (Unit 5 P34)
那个活生生的词让我的心灵苏醒了，给了我的心灵光明、希望、快乐，让我的心灵自由了。（W e disagree with Mr. Gu here in analysis of the translation of this sentence.）
(7) He has the glamour of a superstar with his smart appearance, remarkable eloquence, dramatic skills and successive scandals. 潇洒倜傥的外表，非凡出众的口才，活灵活现的演技，持续不断的丑闻，这一切使他具有超级巨星的非凡魅力。
(8) But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。
(1) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.
晚上在参加宴会, 出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后的公报。
Note: This example shows the common ground with conversion into verbs.
(2) He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
他是一个性格复杂的人---喜怒无常，反复多变，有些郁郁寡欢。
(3) He cannot wholly detach himself from the technicalities and personal inconveniences which accompany the battle for intelligence. (Unit 9: P.70)
他无法完全摆脱伴随情报战而来的种种技术性问题和使他个人感到种种不便(的事情)。
(4) It would be difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of the e?ventful day. (Unit 5: P. 34) 在这个重大的日子即将结束的时候，我躺在小床上回顾一天的快乐，这时恐怕再也找不到比我更幸福的孩子了。(5) He dared not risk the uncertainties of a night action. (Unit 6: P. 45) (plural form of words)
他对夜间行动中可能会出现的各种情况没有把握，所以不敢冒险行事。
(6) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. (万马奔腾，千夫嗔吟)
(7) The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.（三方面成就）(quantifiers)
(8) Don?t take it seriously. I?m just making fun of you.不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。(mood-auxiliary words, interjectory words, etc.)
(9) Nearly a year ago, Michelle Obama became first lady, and ever since she?s been hopping the globe and gracing magazine covers.
将近一年前，米切尔-奥巴马成为美国第一夫人，自此她就一直行色匆匆，来往于全球各地。作为封面人物，她使诸多杂志增色不少。
(1) While the waters can bear the boat, it can also sink it. 水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
(2) I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. (Unit 11: P. 84)
我发现这对于减轻岛国居民的狭隘偏见很有好处。Cf. 我发现这对于减轻狭隘偏见很有好处。
(3) My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.
我干工作、我做家务、我有朋友往来，这些足以占去了我全部的时间。Cf: 工作、家务、朋友，……。
(1) Her conduct is above reproach./ I?d go there as soon as not. 我非常愿意去。/ Let me catch you at it again.
(2) Mary lay awake almost the whole night. 一夜没合眼。
(3) A new dignity crept into his walk. 他走起路来，不觉平添了几分尊严。
(4) She finds the house much more luxuriously furnished than suits her purpose. 【过于豪华，不合用场】
(5) Y ou might do worse than do as he does. 【你倒不如按他那样去做呢。】
(6) Y ou have a greater command of English than to make such mistakes.
你的英语比较好，不至于犯这样一些错错误。
(7)Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the rapid development of technologies, which enable the storage, and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.
信息量增加的同时，各种技术迅速发展，使更多信息能够以更快的速度储存、传递到更多的地方，这在以前是
不可能的。
(8) My father said that it was only the hardheaded thriftiness of my grandmother that kept the wolf at bay.
父亲常说，要不是祖母精明能干，克勤克俭，一家人非挨饿不可。
(9) Our cruel enemy leaves us the only choice of brave resistance or the most abject submission, and therefore, we have to resolve to conquer or to die.
敌人残酷无情，我们别无选择，要么奋起抵抗，要么屈膝投降，屈辱至极,，因此，我们必须下定决心，若不克敌制胜，就是战死沙场。
3) (10) Hassan narrowly escaped assassination in attempted coups d?état in 1971 and 1972. (Unit 7 P55)
哈桑在1971和1972的未遂政变中险遭暗杀。
(11) See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. [See-saw [n]:
a board balanced in the middle for children to sit at opposite ends, so when one end goes up, the other goes down. (up and down, between opposite sides.)]
从那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断交替出现，一直没有明朗化。
(12) Isn?t it incredible that you?ve had 5 bikes stolen in a semester. 一学期丢了五辆自行车，真邪乎！
(13) Don?t worry! There are rules and rules. 别担心---规则跟规则不一样。
(14) Under no circumstances should the test supervisor and his staff members leave the testing room unattended.
在任何情况下，主考及其工作人员都不应置考场于无人照管的状态。[in?vigilate; watch over an examination] Concluding Appreciation：
It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm. (E. Bradbury: The Vacation)
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地静谧，这日子是如此万籁俱寂。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其适宜的时刻，特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或振，或起，或伏。
II.1. 他已品尝了荣辱的滋味，经历了从受人欢呼到被人讥讽的炎凉变化。
Y et despite self-congratulatory rhetoric about being “the envy of the world,” a disheartening proportion of higher education get failing grades when it comes to dealing with that apathy toward learning. (Unit 11: P. 92)
然而，尽管有“为世人所羡慕”的自赞，令人沮丧的是，在对待对学习漠不关心的问题上，高等教育很大一部分只能得不及格的分数。(Category word)
There are not enough of either kind to found a solid and long-lasting engagement that might one day become the fusion of the two peoples. (Unit 12: P. 93)
双方都没有足够的这类人，能奠定一种经定持久的亲近感，有朝一日能导致两个民族的融合。(Category word)
The professor warned that serious injustice can result from unnecessarily complicated legal language. (Unit 12: P. 94)
该教授警告说，这种过分复杂的法律语言会引起对百姓不公的严重后果。
We have created a faculty of scholars frequently so narrow in their studies and specialized in their scholarship they are simply incapable of teaching introductory courses. (Unit 12: P. 95)
我们已经造就出一批学着，他们的研究范围常常如此之窄，学问如此专门，以至他们简直都无法胜任入门课程的教学。
And it is not whether universities have produced valuable research and scholarship. (Unit 12: P. 95)
问题也不在于大学是否已取得有价值的科研成果和学术成就。(Category word)
In Australia, you?ll even find judges criticizing the language of legislation and contracts. (Unit 12: P. 95)
在澳大利亚，人们甚至可以发现，法官们也在指谪立法条文和合同条款中的语言
Lesson 6
英语中应避免滥用(conversion)被动语态。人们(addition)一般垂青主动语态，因为主动语态往往表达(addition)更为清楚，更有强调意味(addition)。有人坚决反对(conversion)被动语态，说“拖拖拉拉，推诿扯皮，逃避责任，懒于动脑，缺乏主动(conversion)诸弊端一夜之间便可根除一半，方法简单而有应急之效，禁止公文使用被动语态即可。” 或许此论有点过于乐观了。(1) Many activities which were once pursued for their own sakes, are often given up in
despair. (Unit 6 P40) 许多活动，以前仅仅是由于对它们本身感兴趣而去从事，而现在常因感到没有希望而放弃了。(subjectless)
(2) In most cases the strongest protests came from the immediate victims or the people directly behind the line jumpers. People farther down the line complained less or not at all, even though they had been equally penalized by losing a place. (Unit 4: P.28)
在大多数情况下，反对加塞儿最强烈的是那些直接的受害者, 即紧挨在加塞者身后的人。站在队里后边的人则较少或者根本不抱怨，尽管他们前边加了一个人，也同样吃了亏。
(3) A. It is stipulated that foreign investment in a joint venture shall not be, in general, less than 25% of the authorized capital. 按照规定,合资企业的外资一般不得少于额定资本总额的25%。
B. Currently most solar cells are made from crystals of high purity silicon.
目前，绝大多数太阳能电池使用高纯度的硅晶体制成的。
C. Large quantities of oil are refined locally. 大量的石油是就地提炼的。
(4) From north to south, the limits are split by many peninsulas and islands. The resulting bays and arms
(combination) of the Pacific are named as separate seas. (Unit 8. P67)
由北到南，这些边界线被许许多多半岛和岛屿割裂开来。由此形成的大大小小的海湾称为各不相同的海。
(5) Her thoughts were interrupted by the door flung open. 门被甩开，打断了他的思绪。
(6) The specialist is venerated; the versatile person, far from being admired, is more often regarded with
suspicion. (Unit 6 P40)
专家受到尊敬；多才多艺的人非但不受钦佩，反而常常不为人所信服(被人报以怀疑)。
(7) Meteor Garden a new novella from Taiwan, very popular with young people, has been officially suspended
from the mainland TV screen, with inevitable result that suspension sustains suspense. Their wish to enjoy it can be obtained from pirated videodiscs or from the internet.
《流星花园》，一部台湾新出的，很讨年轻人喜欢的电视连续剧，受到大陆官方暂停在大陆播发的处置，结果难免是：越停越禁越煽情。他们想欣赏这部电视剧的愿望，可以通过盗版光盘或上网来实现。
(8) The question of forcible diversion of civilian aircraft in flight was considered by the GA of the UN as an
important and urgent matter.关于迫使飞行中的民航客机调转航向的问题，联合国大会是把它当作一项重要而紧迫的议题来审议的。
(9) The eastern limits of the Pacific are sharply marked by the west coasts of the Americas. (Unit 8. P62)
太平洋东部边界的显明标志是美洲的西海岸。
(10) In the press he is pictured standing by a carriage from the royal or presidential palace with his chest covered
in gold lace or in evening dress in the middle of the morning, splashed with orders and decorations like an old-fashioned swimming instructor. (Unit 9: P. 69)
在报刊的照片上，他站在皇宫或总统府前，身旁是马车，胸披金色饰带，要不然就是午前穿着晚礼服，胸挂琳琅满目的勋章和奖章，活像一个老式打扮的游泳教练。
(11) Some companies envisaged two-tier management: a highly paid group of mobile generalists on the fast track
and a second, more sedate group destined for a gentler pace from plateau to plateau.
一些公司设想采用双层管理制：一层是享受高薪的多面手，他们灵活多变，适于迅速发展阶段。另一层是办事稳健的管理人员，他们天性稳扎稳打，适于平稳发展阶段。
(12) Three such ringleaders of an underground gang executed in one day is a good work for society.
处决三个这样的黑社会头头，对社会是一件大好事。
(13) They all succumbed to temptation. 他们都被诱惑征服了。
(14) The jeweler?s was robbed last night, and the Smiths are under suspicion.
昨夜，珠宝店遭劫，史密斯夫妇成了被怀疑的对象。
A 由于不同的化石类型存在于不同的岩层，某些具有明显特征的化石可用来鉴别不同的沉积岩，包括那
些被深达数英里的海水所覆盖的地面以下的沉积岩。即使非常深的岩石，通过工程师用钻钻孔，也能靠所得化石的成分加以鉴别。
Examples of corresponding patterns:
It is hoped that…希望…It is reported that…据报道…It is supposed that…据推测…It may be said without fear of exaggeration that…可以毫不夸张地说…It will be said that…有人会说…It was told that…有人曾说It must be admitted that…必须承认…It will be seen from this that由此可见It is asserted that……有人主张It is believed that …有人/人们相信…It is generally considered that…大家认为…
Lesson 7
国会经过将近一年的激烈争论，未能通过新的联邦法律，于是关于克隆人未来的全国性辩论已经转移到各个州。六个州已经以各种形式禁止了克隆，仅今年一年，就有22个州出台了38项反克隆措施。在克隆问题上持各种立场的人都认为，由此带来的五花八门的法律，使全国立法形势复杂化，而此前关于是否要限制及如何限制克隆或者彻底禁止克隆的科学问题和伦理问题，已经使全国性立法形势变得扑朔迷离。自1997年科学家宣布第一只克隆的哺乳动物多利羊出生以来，对本质上是成年人基因复制品的克隆婴儿所感到的恐惧一直萦绕在公众的心理上和立法者的头脑里而挥之不去。
(1) The air that sweeps the South Sea Islands is fragrant with flowers and spice. (Unit 8. P63)
掠过南海诸岛的空气中充满了鲜花和香料的芬芳。
(2) But he continues to have a basic political job, to negotiate with the other government and to keep his own government informed about anything in the country to which he is accredited which affects his country?s interests .(Unit 9. P70)
但是他的主要工作依然是政治性的，即同驻在国政府谈判并把驻在国一切影响到本国利益的情况及时汇报给本国政府。
(3) Those virtues which characterize the young English gentlewoman, those accomplishments which become her birth and station, will not be found wanting in the amiable Miss. Sedly. (Vanity Fair)
英国年轻淑女们所特有的品德特征，与出身与地位相匹配的一切造诣在和蔼可亲的塞得丽小姐身上无不一一具备。
(4) We must solve problems for which the reactions of the human brain prove too slow. (Unit 10. P77)
我们必须解决一些难题，人脑对这些难题的反应显然是太慢了。
(5) In cartoons, his white tie and broad sash are accompanied by the paunch and debilitated look of one whom the restrictions of his profession have required to make do for vices with an excess of food, drink, and sleep. (Unit 9. P.69)
在漫画中，大使系着白领带，披着宽饰带，与其便便的大腹、虚弱的脸色相伴。由于工作性质带来的约束使他只能大吃大喝大睡而不能有各种不良嗜好。
(6) The Iraq authorities try in vain to turn a deaf ear to the UN economic sanction which would eventually produce enormous impact on the former?s politics and economy.
伊拉克当局妄图对联合国的经济制裁置若罔闻，这个制裁最终会对其政治经济产生巨大影响。
(7) She was perfect: pink skin, large blue eyes, and long golden hair that fell over her shoulders to her waist.
她长得极其标致：白里透红的肤色，蓝澄澄的大眼睛，长长的金发，从肩头一直垂到腰际。
(8) A. His article which I have just read is very instructive and enlightening.
他的那篇文章我刚读过，很有教育意义和启发意义。（富有教育性和启迪性）
B. But there are still people who have failed to memorize the lesson of the past.
但仍然有人没有记取过去的教训。
(9) For the first two years, the war was largely left to the soldiers, whose only objective was victory without regard for political considerations, because these they did not understand. (Unit 6: P. 42)
在头两年，战争方面的事主要是交给军方去处理了，他们唯一的目标就是要取得作战的胜利，不会去考虑政治方面，因为他们不懂政治。
(10) Stacy was now thirteen years old, which is a critical age
斯塔茜年方十三岁。这是一个需要少女们小心从事的关键年龄。
(11) The controversy pits religious conservatives and abortion opponents, who regard embryos as nascent [starting to grow] human life, against patients? groups, scientists, and the biotechnology industry.
这一争论形成互相对立的两大阵营：一方认为胚胎是新生的人的生命的宗教保守派和堕胎反对派，另一方是患者群体、科学家和生物技术行业。Cf: 这一争论使认为胚胎是新生的人的生命的宗教保守派和堕胎反对派与患者群体、科学家和生物技术行业对立起来。
(12) In addition to visible trade, which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.
除了进出口有形商品的有形贸易外，还有国与国之间进行服务交换的无形贸易。
(13) It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
他站住，转过身来，朝对方定睛一看，原来是位年迈的妇人，身材修长，虽然岁月的折磨使她显得有些憔悴，但风韵犹存。
(14) To pass the college entrance examination, he resorted unscrupulously [not care about honesty and fairness in getting sth.] to cheating, which forfeited [lose sth. for violation of a rule or an agreement] his future.
为通过高考，他肆无忌惮地作弊，结果断送了自己的前程。
(15) For further particulars you?d better apply [consult] to my brother, who has paid particular attention to the subject.
关于细节，你最好询问我弟弟，他对这个问题特别留意。
(16) The people?s war in Russia, which inflicted heavy losses on Na/e/po/eu/leon?s army, incensed the conqueror, who had never met that kind of opposition anywhere in Europe.
俄国的人民战争，使拿破仑的军队受到重大损失，激怒了这位征服者，他在欧洲的任何地方从来没有遭到那样的反抗。
(17) Premier Zhou who was busy all day long never knew what fatigue was.
周总理虽然整日很忙（日理万机），但从不知疲倦。
(18) Representatives were sent who should elucidate [tell clearly] the households?position on the matter of building demolition [to tear or pull down].
派了代表去阐明拆迁户的立场。
(19) Before liberation, the city was a typical consumer one, which (and it) has now taken on a completely new look.
解放前，这个城市是一个典型的消费城市，现在面貌焕然一新了。
(20) For ex.
Twenty years ago I used to see in the spring a dozen or more bald eagles along the river, where (but) I now see only one or two, or none at all.
(21) To write a dull book, as any poor writer could do was unworthy of him.
写一本枯燥的书，这是任何一个蹩脚的作家都会做的，对他来说是不相称的。
(22) He was a simple-mannered man, as the large-hearted and large-minded men are apt to be.
他是个简朴的人，慷慨而心胸开阔的人也往往是这样。
(23) He thinks her answer incorrect, as it probably is.
他认为她的回答不正确，她的回答也大概不是正确的。
(24) That evening we drank more beer than had been our custom.
那天晚上，我们喝啤酒比我们惯常喝得多。
(25) There is no one of us but wants to go. 我们人人都想去。
(26) A bee stings a bull who frightens a cow who kicks the farmer?s wife who yells at the farmer who hits the mule who scares the goat who butts the dog who chases the goose who bites the cat who jumped after the bird who dives for the bee who goes buzz, buzz, buzz, buzz toward the bull who has just regained his composure.（顶针）
蜜蜂蛰了公牛、公牛惊吓了母牛……
5. 派去了使节以便加强我们的国际地位。
Lesson 8
星期四，华盛顿未能再次当选为联合国人权委员会会员，这是自1947年以来的头一遭。这件事中最重要的事实是, 是美国的朋友，而不是美国的敌人(宿敌)导致(造成)了美国的失利(落选)。很显然，许多惯常支持美国的国家(盟友)未将选票投给美国，以表示对美国（奉行）的单边主义（做法）的不满。从禁止使用地雷到防止气候变暖的京都条约，在一系列问题上华盛顿总是不理会国际上达成的共识，这使得这些国家越来越恼火(懊恼)。他们还提出批评，认为华盛顿总是把人权问题公开化(在人权问题上大做文章)，只要符合美国外交政策的目标，美国就会利用人权委员会年度决议去谴责中国或古巴，但出于同样理由，当以色列的行径遭到众多国家谴责(成为众矢之的) 时，美国却独自投票偏袒(袒护)以色列。
(1) The newly arrived old pensioner has rented a single room with a tiny kitchenette on the second floor of a two family house at the end of a quiet country lane. (Intensively complicated) 这位刚来的上了年纪的领退休金的人已租了位于一条僻静的乡村小巷尽头的一座两户住宅的二楼带有一个很小的厨房的单人房间。
(2) I went to the woods / because I wished to live deliberately to front only the essential facts of life, and see // if I could not learn /// what it had to teach, and not, // when I came to die, / discover // that I had not lived. (Extensively complex) (H. Thoreau) [4 levels of clauses]
我之所以到森林去，是因为我想审慎地生活，面对的只有生活中最本质的东西，看自己能否学到生活所教给我的东西；这样，在我辞世之前，不至于发现自己原来并没有生活过。
(3) 正像达尔文发现了有机自然界的发展规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来为繁芜丛杂的意识形态所掩盖
着的一个简单事实：人首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等；所以，一个民族或一个时代的直接物质生活资料的生产，以及由此达到的经济发展程度，便构成基础，这个民族的国家设施、法的观点、艺术以至宗教观念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的，因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不是像过去那样做得相反。
(4)那天晚上，你心头萦绕着一桩事情，说实话，你不知怎么倒有点想对他保守秘密（不想让他知晓）。然而，这件事
使你着迷，令你神魂颠倒，因而不知怎地你还是想出办法，拐弯抹角地谈到了它。由于你的挚友富于同情心，能体谅人，他那急于知晓内情、洗耳恭听的模样，使你感到得意[原：高兴]，于是你越说越多，越来越推心置腹，到了最后，你竟喊了起来, 声音不高，却恰到好处：“啊，她简直是神奇呀！”——这时候你就进入了文学的领域。
(1) They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. Their effort turned out to be a classic case of going for wool and coming back shorn. [come back empty-handed, and worse than that they lost something of their own]
他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。他们费了好大劲，结果却是地地道道的偷鸡不成反蚀把米。
(2) His snorting response [respond by snorting-impatience and anger] was interrupted by the arrival of a much older man wearing
a warm Christmas smile.
他刚不耐烦地哼了一声，这时过来一位年纪比他大得多的人，满脸喜气洋洋的神情，像在过圣诞节。
a. They seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.
他们似乎为自己在经济上取得的成就感到自豪，这是合乎情理/ 有道理的。
b. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
该地区是个容易出麻烦的地方，这是大家最容易看得出来的/ 这是最显而易见的。
c. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.
能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍承认的规律。
(4) The present price fluctuation in the world market has necessitated the adjustment of price for Art. No.81000 to RMB Y 0.525.
目前，世界市场上发生价格波动，有必要将第81000号货的价格调为RMB Y 0.525。
(5) The present overhaul of equipments in the mills will delay the shipment for one month?s time; therefore, please accept the postponement of shipment till April, 2003. [overhaul: a thorough examination and repair, usu. at intervals.]
由于厂家正在进行设备大修, 装运时间推迟一个月, 因此装运期推迟到2003年4 月, 请认可。
(6) How ignorantly did she charm, how carelessly excel.
原译:她是何等不知不觉地妩媚动人,又是何等若无其事地超群出众。
改译: 她是何等令人着迷,而她却对此浑然不知;她又是何等出类拔萃,却又是出于无心/非出于故意。
(7) I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind imaginary dialogue, and short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.
(Unit 11: P. 84)有时,经过这种假想的对话,我就真的改变了自己的看法。即使看法没有改变，我也往往由于意识到假想中的对手可能是有道理的而变得不那么武断和过于自信了。
(8) a. J.L. 张伯伦本是波多恩大学教授，后投笔从戎，因作战英勇，屡建战功，晋升为战地高级军官。他曾六次负伤，其
中一次伤势严重，军医竟以为不治。
b. With his handsome face, his fiery glance, his strong body, his purple and gold cloa/eu/k and his air /appearance/ of destiny [fate;
that which must or had to happen (to sb.], the monarch Alexander [the monarch condescended to visit the Dog] moved through the parting crowd towards the Dog?s kennel.
亚历山大大帝面貌英俊威武，目光炯炯如炬，体魄强健雄壮。他身披紫金双色抖篷，通身一派“生杀予夺，皆出于我”的帝王气象。人们两旁分开，他径直走向这位犬儒的巢穴。
(9) And confidence is growing in the debt-restructuring process, the infuriatingly slow and untidy effort that puts debtor nations on
the International Monetary Fund?s stringent [strict] diet of hardnosed [practical] monetary policy, curtailed [reduced] government spending, and fewer imports.
在一些方面，人们的信心正在增强。这包括，在债务重组进程方面；在改变债务国令人恼火的、拖拖拉拉而又缺乏条理的作风方面，正是这样的作风使IMF对这些国家采取更为严厉、务实的货币政策；在政府削减开支方面；在减少进口产品方面。
(10) A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who insists that women have outgrown [grow beyond or out of] the
jump-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a colon el who says that they haven?t. (Unit 18: 149)
这时一位年轻的女士同一位上校展开了热烈的讨论。女士坚持说妇女已有很大进步，现在已不再是像过去那样妇女一见到老鼠就吓得跳起来的时代了。上校则说变化还没有那么大。
(11) The saga of the White Star liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more
than 1,500 passengers to their deaths, has been celebrated in print and one film, in poetry and song. (Unit 3: Para. 1) 白星公司的班轮泰坦尼克号在1912年处女航中因撞上冰山而沉没，船上1500多名乘客遇难，而此后关于她的传说便登上刊物、拍成电影、写成诗篇、譜成歌曲而广为流传。
(12) Although the size of the task waiting to be carried out is daunting and there are many hurdles to overcome, it would be
wrong to end my address on a note of pessimism. Many countries have already made considerable progress in this regard.
尽管等待我们去完成的任务的规模令人畏惧，尽管有许多障碍有待克服，但是以悲观的调子来结束我的发言是错误的，因为许多国家在这方面已经取得了可观的成绩。
(13) The economic system of the United States is principally privately owned. This system is often referred to as the “free
enterprise system”, and can be contrasted to a socialist system, which depends heavily on government planning and on public ownership of the means of production.美国的经济制度主要是私有制，常称为“自由企业制度”，和社会主义经济形成对比。社会主义经济严重依赖政府计划，实行生产资料的公有制。
5. 我们的大脑的程序要复杂得多得多，所以我们或许想以“创造性”来界定“思考”，也就是用来创作伟大的戏
剧，谱写伟大的交响曲，构思出色的科学理论，表达深奥的伦理观念的东西。
Lesson 9
像其他地方的水面一样，在天气晴朗的日子里，当湖水动荡，水波兴起时，由于波浪的表面正好在某个角度
反射天空的颜色或是因为水面受到更多光线的照射，会使离岸稍远处的湖面显得比天空更蓝。此时此刻，为了
能看到湖中天色，我置身湖上向天空与湖面望去，总能领略到一种无可比拟与名状的淡蓝，犹如湿后丝绸的波
纹变幻，又似宝剑的双刃闪烁。这种比天空略深的蓝色，与原来在波浪背面的深绿色交替闪入眼帘，而这种深
绿色出现在后，并且显得有点浑浊。
(1) Electrical transmission towers, Churchill Falls, La Brador, Newfoundland.
纽芬兰省拉布拉多半岛邱吉尔瀑布城的电力传送塔。
(2) Automobile assembly at an Oakville, Ontario, plant. 安大略省欧可威尔市工厂的汽车总装车间。
(3) Nursery school children with their student teachers at Algonquin College, Ottawa.
渥太华阿尔贡昆学院幼儿园的孩子们同他们的实习老师在一起。
For ex. Construction workers on the job at a building site. 一建筑工地上的建筑工人在干活。
(4) A picturesque village in Quebec?s Eastern Townships, an area noted for it s lush countryside and well-equipped resort communities. 魁北克省东部乡镇区一座景色如画的村落，该地区以郁郁葱葱的农村和设备完善的旅游社区著称。
(5) Interior of the Percy E. Moor Hospital in Hodgson, Manitoba. 曼尼托巴省亨吉森市的佩西 E. 莫尔医院内景。
(6) Wide range view of the Senate during opening ceremonies of Parliament, with Supreme Court judges in centre. 议会开幕典礼时的参议院广角图，正中间是最高法院的法官们。
(7) Senior citizens being interviewed regarding their old age security pension.
退休老人接受关于他们养老保证金的访谈。
For ex. Spectacular fireworks illuminating the national monuments in Washington D.C. in celebration of U. S. independence, July 4th. 7月4日独立日之夜，绚烂辉煌的焰火照亮了位于华盛顿特区的国家纪念馆。
(8) A view of the Parliament Buildings, Ottawa, obtained from the Quebec side of the Ottawa River.
For ex. Relief food to be transported to the disaster area. 救济食品待运灾区。
(9) Going through the customs, Craigellachic, British Columbia. 在不列颠哥伦比亚省的克雷热勒齐克过海关。For ex. Jumping high to score in professional basketball. 在职业篮球比赛中飞身投篮。
(1) Consecutive Curves Ahead 前面连续弯路
Limited Overhead Height 当心高度限制
For ex. Dangerous Mountain Road 傍山险路
(2) No Loitering, No Solicitation 禁止在此逗留，不准在此乞讨
No Alcoholic Beverages Allowed on the Premises 本店不准饮酒
No …Trespasser (allowed) 请勿擅入(to trespass: to go into privately owned land without permission)
For ex. No Overtaking on Bridge 桥上不得超车No Parking Here to Corner由此到拐角处不准停放车辆
(3) Men Working 有人施工Baby Carriages Not Permitted on …Esca/e/lator自动梯上下不准使用婴儿车
Private Rooms Upstairs 楼上雅座For ex. Clearance up to 50% 半价清仓
(4) Caution: Risk of Falling Objects 当心落物
Danger: Electric Live Wire 小心触电(live: carry free electricity which can shock any who touches it.)
For ex. “De/i:/tour: Construction ahead. 前方施工，请绕行
(5) Crossing with Feeder Road 与支路十字交叉
Oiling When Running Prohibited 禁止运转时加油
For ex. Carrying Matches and the Like Prohibited 禁止携带火种
(6) Reserved for Faculty 本校教职员工专用Forbidden to Injure the Flowers and Trees 禁止攀折花木
(7) Not a Thru Road 此路不通(cf. No Thru Road) Not for Sale 非卖品
(8) Not to be Stow/eu/ed Below Another Cargo 切勿重叠
Above Working Temperature Range 高于工作温度范围
For ex. Out of Bounds for Foreigners without Special Permits 外国人未经许可不准超越
Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context (Book) 《翻译与关联：认知与语境》
“The Fuzzy Nature of Discourse in the Translation Process: Towards a Text-based Pedagogy of Translation”(Paper) 翻译过程中话语的模糊性质：基于文本的翻译教学论
2) A New Introduction to the Study of Text and Discourse (Book)《文本与话语研究新介》
“Recent Trends in Empirical Translation Research”(Paper) 实证翻译研究新倾向
3) Redefining Translation (Book) 《翻译新界定》
Seeing Through Language (Book)《透视语言》
4) Culture as translation (Book) 《作为翻译的文化》
The Use of Introspective Data in Translation (Book)《翻译中内省性资料的使用》
5) Beyond Training《超越专业技术训练》
For ex. On the Ignorance of the Learned (Essay) 《论博学者之无知》
Examples of free rendering in translation of non-academic titles:
The Waterloo Bridge →魂断蓝桥（非直译、非意译，新创）
The Bridge of the Madison County →廊桥遗梦
Exercise C: Translate the following:
1.English Preposition of: A Simple Y et Complex Word （title of a paper）
2 Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare (a book title)
3. V isit Postponed and Tickets Still V alid
4.For Display Only, Not for Sale
5.NO PROCEEDING BEYOND RAIL.
6.RAZY PRICE
7.ONE LANE BRIDGE
8. REAL ESTATE AGENTS
9.DOLLAR BOOKSHOP
10. Caution: Electrostatic Sensitive Devices
1. “英语介词of : 简单中折射出复杂”
2.《全世界的意愿：莎士比亚试如何成为莎士比亚的》
3. 参观改期，门票不作废
4. 陈列品概不出售
5. 请勿跨越栏杆
6.吐血价/ 疯狂大甩
7. 单向桥
8. 卖房地产中介
9. 一元书店10. 当心静电危险Lesson 10
为编纂《回眸遥远的过去》这套令人兴奋的丛书，时代―生活图书公司的编辑和研究者们饱览了诸多学者、旅行家、博物馆和大学的藏品，以期能够惟妙惟肖地再现过去的日常生活。丛书中的每一本，不但提供了丰富的艺术品和工艺品插图，还绘制了各种建筑物、城市和过去的世界的详细地图和复原图。开卷的概览，是一篇有深度的引论，配以方便实用的大事年表，让您首先对所述时代的概貌了然在胸。叙述力求不落俗套，引人入胜。每一处细节，每一个形象，每一桩轶事，每一件史实，都会让您耳目一新地感受到：那遥远年代的生活是什么样子的。
(1) Bill was shouting angrily, and Bob tried to get him to stop by laughing at him. Of course, that was just adding fuel
to flames. [火上浇油]
(2) Tom is always blowing his own horn. Is he really as good as he says he is? [自吹自擂]
(3) If misery loves company, so do sports fans. (Unit 6: P. 43) 如果说同病相怜，体育迷们也是如此。
(4) A. Y ou don?t mean that. Y ou?re just pulling my leg. [拖后腿？实为：忽悠、糊弄、开玩笑]
B. The sea refuses no river. [海纳百川有容乃大？实为：唯利是图、来者不拒]
(5) Look, officer, I only ran a stop sign. What are you going to do?Burn me at the stake?
瞧，警官，我只是越过了一个停车标志，你打算怎么办？难道要把我捆在火刑柱子上烧了不成?
(6) The missiles were already in Cuba, and all we would be doing with a blockade would be “closing the door after the horse had left the barn.”导弹已经在古巴了，我们用封锁的办法只不过是“贼走关门”。[亡羊补牢？]
(7) Tradition required unanimity, but consensus was still impossible. The Emperor cut the Gordian knot by deciding to accept the Postdam Declaration. (Unit 26: P. 235)
按照传统，必须是全体一致才行，而当时还做不到这一点。天皇于是裁决接受波茨坦宣言，一下子解开了这个难解的疙瘩。（to settle a difficulty by direct action without thinking much of the results.）
(8) With determination, with luck, and with help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes. (Unit 28: P. 259) 凭着我的决心，我的运气，还有许多善良的人的帮助，我终于得以如凤凰涅磐，获得重生/浴火重生。(Amplified)
(9) Never associated with those who chop and choose the moment when they see something different.
这种朝三暮四的人，千万不要和他交往。
(10) As covert agents, we probably left a great deal to be desired. Although we all had Top Secret clearances, and our time in the Air Force had made us security-conscious, we considered ourselves pilots, not spies, and at times the cloak-and-dagger precautions tickled our funny bones. (Unit 20: P. 175)
作为秘密的特工人员，我们很可能是不够格的。虽然我们都通过了绝密级审查，而且在空军期间的工作也使我们懂得了要注意保守秘密，但我们总还认为自己是飞机驾驶员，不是间谍，所以有时我们感到这种种神秘异常的防范措施十分好笑。
(11) Thatcher never suggested that the transition would be easy--but the economic shocks of her first 18 months at 10 Downing Street have been so seismic that even the stiffest upper lips are aquiver. (Unit 6: 42)
撒切尔夫人从未说过过渡期很容易度过，但是她入住唐宁街10号后的头18个月里，经济的冲击引起的地震使那些意志坚强的人都感到震惊。
(12) Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. (Unit 15: P. 131)
她叫雷切尔。我糊里糊涂的读完了五年级和中学；在此期间，只要见到她我就动心，有她在场我就笨嘴拙舌说不出话来。
(13) He lost his shirt in the stock market. [输个精光]
(14) Put him in the Hurt Locker.[拆弹部队]
(15) Y ou must comply with the provisions to a T. [严格地/ 一丝不苟地]
(16) When we learned that we should have to pay the agent 25% on the deal we felt that it took the gilt off the gingerbread. 当我们得知，在这笔交易中，我们要付给代理人25%的佣金时，我们觉得姜饼的华丽外表已被人剥走了。
a.add some explanatory words to the translated version: 我们觉得姜饼的华丽外表已被人剥走了---我们赚的已所剩无几了or ……,我们赚的已所剩无几了。
b. add bracketed information to supplement the translated version: …剥走了(我们赚的已所剩无几了)。
c. add a footnote: 我们觉得姜饼的华丽外表已被人剥走了。①
①英语习语。意为“所剩无几；最好的部分已被人拿走”。姜饼，一种用糖浆和姜做的饼，上常用金箔做饰物。
(16) Don?t talk about vanity in his hearing; it?s his Achilles’ heel.
不要当着他的面谈虚荣, 爱虚荣是这个人的阿基里斯之踵。This may need a note: 唯一致命的弱点.
(17) The British queue up and the Americans wait in line, except for New Y orkers, who wait on line.(Unit 4: P.27) 排队，英国人说queue up，美国人说wait in line，只有纽约人例外，他们说wait on line。
13. 有些人觉得需要表明他们的爱国立场。（to make one?s feelings or beliefs known to everyone.）14. 酒驾(ill or more or less drunk)。
Lesson 11
沿着田野、树蓠的边缘，我走过小径，直到日上三竿。
现在想来，那一定是个可爱的夏日清晨，因为我现在还记得，当时出门前刚换的鞋子很快就让露水打湿了。
可是我没有注意到那初升的太阳，那微笑的天空，还有那苏醒着的大自然。
一个人，要是在被押去断头台的途中，路过一片美景，他是不会留意路旁微笑的花朵的，他想的是砧板和利斧，是骨肉躯体
的破碎，是在路的尽头张着大口等着他的墓穴。
Para.1. All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books---but we must know how to avail ourselves of this treasured and how to get the most from it.
历代的聪明智慧和多少世纪以来使人愉悦快乐的故事传说，人人都可于书籍著作封面之内获得，既轻而易举而又价廉物美，但是
我们必须懂得如何利用这些宝藏，懂得如何才能从中获益最多。
Para.2. I am most interested in people, in meeting them and finding out about them. Some of the most remarkable people I?ve met existed only in a writer?s imagination, then on the pages of his boo, and then, again, in my imagination. I?ve found in books new friends, new societies, new worlds.
我对于人特感兴趣，喜欢与人交往，了解他们。有些非常了不起的人我是这样认识的：他们先是存在于作者的想象之中，然后出现在他写的书里，最后又生活在我的想象之中。我在书中找到了新的朋友、新的社交圈子、新的世界。
A1、尽管她早已失去了魅力四射的蓝色双眸、冰清玉洁的花容、婷婷玉立的身段、苹果花般的肤色这些曾在26年前迅速而奇妙地影响过他的东西，但是现在43岁的她风韵犹存，是一个忠贞不渝的好伴侣，只是双颊略生斑点，灰蓝色的眼睛也已显得有些饱满了。
2、魅力四射的蓝色双眸、冰清玉洁的花容、婷婷玉立的身段、苹果花般的肤色，这些曾在26年前瞬间让他一见倾心的东西，尽管她早已失去，然而现在43岁的依然她风姿绰约，是一个一心不二的好伴侣，只是双颊略生斑点，灰蓝色的眼睛也已显出些许饱满。请思考一下同一个人在相隔8年后说的话。“说到底，贫穷与其说是指生活在贫穷的国家、不如说是只拥有低劣的技术。”这是比尔?盖茨在1992年说的话。相当年，这位微软公司董事长的形象是个待人严厉、有自由（意志论）倾向的家伙，他得意地宣称只需要靠自己的产品就可以“改变世界。”在被问及对自己的数十亿美元的做何处理时，这位硅谷的少年奇才通常是耸耸肩避开这个问题，说自己的工作时间很长，无暇顾及慈善事业。但是现在请听一下同一个盖茨在2000年秋天说的话吧---或者并非完全是同一个盖茨：“每次计算机行业就世界数字差距问题召开会议，我都参加。我总在想，‘没问题！你可以把计算机送到非洲。食品和点怎么办？---那些计算机是不会被看重的’…孩子的妈妈会径直走到计算机前说：我的孩子快要死了，你能做些什么？”Lesson12
(1) In the 21st century, academia?s motto “publish or perish”could well become “perform or perish”. (phonological alliteration and rhyme)
在21 世纪，学术界的箴言“不出论著则亡”，很可能要变成“不办实事则亡”。
(2) At present we have to save water for rainy days. (pun, word play)
现在我们必须节水以备不时之需。
(3) Out rushed the father and his son. (inversion) 父子两人冲了出来。(? 冲了出来, 父子两人。)
(4) Damascus: Demonstrating students chanting in unison “I raq, Y es! Y an kees, No! Sad dam, Y es! George Bush, No! Hands off I raq! Hands off Sad dam!” (capitals and boldface)
大马士革：游行示威的大学生们齐声有节奏地高喊“要---伊拉---克！不要---美国---佬！要---萨达---姆！
不要---小布---什！不许碰----伊拉克！不许碰---萨达姆！”
(5) The instructor shouted angrily: “Order!”
“Beer!? his students shouted back. (different sense of the same word)
教师生气地吼道：吵什么！
学生们答道：炒菜/ 黄瓜。
(6) With soft consumer spending, Carnival Cruise Lines bookings could head south.
由于消费疲软，“狂欢节航游轮船公司”的预定票出售可能一蹶不振/ （？南下）。
(7)I finally figured out how government works. The Senate gets the bill from the House. The President gets the
bill from the Senate. And we get the bill for everything.
我终于弄懂了我们的政体是如何运行的。议会的提案由众议院转到参议院，再从参议院转到总统。于是
轮到我们支付一切帐单。
(8) When the baby-boomers go on Geritol, where are we going to be? (a tonic, a kind of medicine with nourishing effect against aging. Geriatric: aged)
当生育高峰期出生的人们开始服用抗衰老的滋补药时，我们该怎么办？
(9) It takes two to tango. 一个巴掌拍不响。/ 两个人才能跳探戈舞。
(10) Cicero?s Waterloo was a woman. 西塞罗毁在一个女人手里。/ 西塞罗的滑铁轳是一个女人。
(11) The pen is mightier than the sword. 文字的力量比武力大。/ 笔比剑更有力。
(12) He is a Napoleon of finance. 他是金融界的巨头。/ 他是金融界的拿破仑。
(10) the buyer?s market 买者的市场--- a lying-in hospital 允许躺下的医院---
polite society 礼貌的社会--- a policy holder 掌握政策者---
(11) She stood there, in silent opposition. 她以无声反对的姿势站在那儿。---
(12) Everything is fine here. I simply don?t know what he is complaining about.
这里什么都好，我简直不知道她正在抱怨什么。---
(13) The options of the poor families were narrowed down so that they were most compelled to borrow money.
那几户贫苦家庭的选择机会被缩小了，因此大多数被迫去借债---。
(14) The director insists on turning out 2,000 trucks which he knows have no buyers for the time being.
厂长坚持生产那暂时找不到买主的2000辆卡车。---
(15) Last decade witnessed a fairly rapid development of agriculture in China.
过去十年目睹了中国农业相当迅速的发展。---
Classroom ex.
There is no doubt that she is her husband?s professional and intellectual equal.
? 毫无疑问，她是她丈夫专业和知识上的平等者。
Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade.
? 十多年来，失业一直顽固地拒绝压缩。
The world has hardened its heart against the escaping boat people.
? 世界对于那些乘船逃跑的人心变硬了。
1. 他们做领导的必须对这些由弊政引起的弊端承担全部责任.
2. 原价减掉五美元,购物狂们热情升温.
3. 现如今，姑娘们穿着暴露，是盛夏时节城市街头的一道常景。
4. 她从来都是一个小女人---个子不高，骨架单薄，一副弱不禁风的样子，但现在，躺在医院的被单底下，她变得愈发小了。
5. 的确如此，她是个令人生畏的女人，直言不讳，我行我素，让那些反对她的人在她面前折腰，这都是她一定要做的。
6. 所有的美国新娘都被带到这里，这一巨大的瀑布景观一定是美国人婚姻生活中最早的失望之一，甚至是最强烈的失望之一。
7. 追求革命的法国人也许会发觉羞辱人性是具有启发性的。但两个寻求愉快的英国人会从中找到乐趣, 上帝决不允许。
8.平时最显然不过的姑娘们,这时候在未听到她们的讲话声音之前, 也是神秘莫测的。
9.“总统先生，为了确保萨达姆从科威特撤退，你愿意看到什么”具体的保证“？
“他的地下掩体的碎片。”
10. 不由得旅客的好恶，几乎每个人都承认大众捷运航空公司使整个航运界乱了套。
11. 心中没有久居一处的安分，又幻想着绿草更加肥美的牧场，驱使着我们从一所已住了好一阵子的公寓搬走了。蒙蒙晨雾中，过来四个壮汉子，卷起床垫，拆掉床铺，他们脚步轻盈得如猫一般，把我们所有的有形家当-还有无形的东西-都搬到了街上，然后塞进一辆“红魔鬼”老式货车。街上不免有人刨根问底，打听一番。他们把我们的住处搬得空无一物，表面上看是如此。然而，当我们在起居室里的一只空水果箱子上坐下来，注视着我们心爱的墙壁——那些原来挂着图画和镜子的地方现在已经成了干净如初的方形；注视着那些暖气片——今年开始送暖时他们发出的第一声低鸣，我们不会去听了，这时候，我们知道，还有一些东西留在这儿，无形无踪，不可根除，甚至就是那几个粗壮的搬家工人也无法搬走一分；我们知道，人们不可避免地必然会把自己的某些东西留下来——除了残余的灰尘、弯曲变形的纸夹、遗落的大衣挂钩之类的东西。我们感到应该给新房客贴一张警告，告诉他这儿有东西已经渗透在墙壁的表里内外而无处不在，就像臭鼬从某个夏季别墅下的巢穴搬走时留下的东西一样。墙上的灰泥富有吸附力，吸附着情和爱。即时再把墙壁粉刷一新，也不能把曾经居于其中的人彻底消除。
Lesson 13
What kind of man reads our magazine? He?s his own man. An individualist. And he can afford to express himself with style in everything from making friends to the way he dresses. (Ad)
什麽样的人是我们杂志的读者？一个有主见的人，一个有个性的人，从交友到穿着，他都以时尚的风格来体现自我。
Lesson 14
Deals pave way for closer Sino-Russian links(China Daily, 2005-07-02)
(Trans: 多项协议为拉近中俄关系铺平道路)
中俄签署多项合作协议涉及能源金融等诸多领域(中国新闻网, 2005-07-01)
President’s hit list: budget items scheduled to get the axe.总统圈定的削减清单：计划砍掉的预算项目
US Hostages to be Freed in Swap美国人质将在人质交换中获释
Avatar is flying high, but Beijing is clipping its wings.
《阿凡达》达正展翅高翔，北京却在剪掉其翅膀。(The movie Confucius was on show))
Sterling Strong 英镑坚挺(alliteration)
Hope of the Weak and the Meek 软弱者和胆小者的希望(rhyming)
Best of Times, Worst of Times 美好时代与艰难岁月(contrast)
Democracy of the Big Stick 大棒民主(Sarcasm)
Spend, Spend, Reagan to Stop 花钱，花钱，里根必将住手(repetition)
? 10,000 a Man for British Dogs of War in Yugoslavia 英国雇佣兵到南斯拉夫卖命：1人1万英镑(slang)
Stagflation in Moscow 莫斯科面的滞胀问题(Neologism)
Slow Lane is Safest on Currency Issue在货币问题上走慢车道最安全(metaphor)
Color lines (International Herald Tribune) 肤色界限
MPs Want Tougher Watchdog (The Times) 议员要求更为严厉的监察人员
Lives Just Begun Fell Victim to Aids刚开始的生命便成为艾滋病的牺牲品
Clinton Fell Victim to a False Alarm克林顿虚惊一场
Bankers’ Gloom on New Market银行家对新市场表示悲观(Minor)
Reagan’s more-guns-less-butter budget里根预算：多一些枪炮，少一点黄油(Minor)
Millions Netted by Pricing Inspectors 物价检察员挽回损失数百万元(Minor)
The Smile Worth a Million More Votes 赢得上百万张选票的一笑(Minor)
Weinberg for the Defense: Giving no Ground温伯格为国防部辩护：寸步不让(Minor)
US Teenagers Work, Spend美国少年打工挣钱花钱
UN, Iraq Talk on Refugee Aid联合国和伊拉克谈判援助难民问题
Shoppers: The Shelves Are Empty 购物者说：货架空空
Court Fines Journalist $ 20,000 for Silence
新闻记者因拒向法院提供报道根据被法院课以两万美元罚款
Make Sure Y ou Chop the Right Woods 要砍就砍枯木
And Now for Motorola?s New Trick 且看摩托罗拉又出新招
Who Moved My Thumb? 谁动了我的拇指？（intertextuality）
It?s Take Two for Digital Hollywood 数字好莱坞东山再起（Take Two：The second take, which is a term in movie making, meaning shooting, opposite to cut (finished, done)）
Rolling the Dice on China?s Banks 在中国银行股上赌一把/下赌注
Shanghaied in Florida 上海人身陷弗罗里达（The pun word shanghai: as a proper noun, a person from Shanghai; as a common noun, kidnap）
The Chief Freaked-Out Officer 首席烦恼官/ 首席财务官今日惊弓鸟
(1) Region Unites to T ackle Criminals
A regional conference on transnational crime, in particular people smuggling, opened today in Bali against a backdrop of growing tension in Southeast Asian diplomacy.
The conference is co-hosted by Indonesia and Australia. Some diplomats said it is primarily intended to gloss over problems in that bilateral relationship by internationalizing them.
Indonesia?s geography has made it a transit point for thousands of Afghan and Middle Eastern asylum seekers aiming to
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b73989165.html, 翻译研究途径的回顾与发展 作者：杨可伊 来源：《文教资料》2018年第01期 摘要：本文从翻译学研究途径回顾、翻译学当代研究的发展和翻译学有待拓展的领域三方面对近几十年来翻译学的学科发展做了梳理和总结，从语言的对比研究、功能主义学派、描写翻译学及翻译的文化转向方面做了总结和回顾，肯定了翻译学理论研究取得的卓越成果，指出了翻译学学科在纯理论研究、专项研究及构建我国翻译体系理论等方面相对滞后，以期翻译学学者和专家为丰富翻译学理论做出专门研究。 关键词：翻译研究途径翻译学理论 一、引言 研究途径是指研究者用作研究的理论与方法，翻译学处于跨学科的领域，需要借鉴其他学科的研究理论和方法丰富本学科内涵，正所谓翻译的研究途径。归纳起来，翻译研究的途径即从语言学角度研究翻译语言和对比文本阶段开始，经历了德国功能主义学派阶段、描写翻译研究阶段、文化转向研究阶段及当代社会学方向研究、实证性转向研究及全球化转向研究阶段。 二、翻译研究途径回顾 1. 50年代末至70年代注重语言的对比研究 相关理论霍姆斯、雅各布逊、卡特福德、奈达、纽马克、穆南及费道罗夫等。奈达提出了著名的动态对等翻译观，在第三阶段用功能对等取代了动态对等，指出翻译需要寻找以交际功能为目的的对等语，从而重新组织语言的结构和语义的形式，（Nida and Taber， 1969：12）奈达进一步指出翻译必须达意、传神、措辞通顺及考虑读者的接受。几乎和奈达同一时期，苏联著名翻译理论家费道罗夫（A.V. Fedorov）提出翻译学理论和语言学学科紧密相关，强调翻译要通过两种语言的对比才能体现出来，翻译要通过语言学学科才能表现出来。（蔡毅、段京华，2000：5-6）此外，哈蒂姆（Basil Hatim），纽马克（Peter Newmark），贝尔（Roger Bell）格特（Ernst-August Gutt）等将语用学、篇章语言学、认知语言学与翻译研究结合，丰富并促进了翻译语言的对比研究。 2. 70年代末至80年代德国功能主义学派研究 德国的翻译功能学派针对翻译语言学派重形式的不足，提出重文化和交际功能，将翻译研究置于目的语文化和语境中。赖斯通过文本类型理论（text typology）阐释不同文本类型的功能，指出文本的多义性和多功能性，他们运用语言功能和交际的特点分析和研究翻译。弗米尔提出目的论（Skopostheorie），认为翻译文本要以达到目的语语境为目的，并指出译文要根据目的语读者和译入语习惯达到文内连贯和互文连贯的原则。曼塔里阐发了翻译行为理论
科技英语翻译的理解与表达 随着世界科技发展的日新月异和我国对外科技交流的日益频繁，科技翻译的重要性越发凸显出来。科技翻译要求确切理解和掌握原文的内容，不能主观地发挥个人的想法和推测,做到科学性和艺术性的完美结合。其科学性和艺术性主要体现为“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。 下面就英语科技翻译的科学性和艺术性，以及翻译的三个标准，讨论科技英语翻译的理解与表达。 一、科技翻译的科学性 科技英语的翻译由于其文体的特殊性，首先就要求它的译文要求忠于原文，它的文字表达不需要过于华丽的辞藻，语句直截了当，词意简单明了。而做到这些就需要译者准确理解原文，包括掌握常用词汇的专业化和语句中词汇翻译的灵活性等。 例1：Applications and incomes become the carrier’s focus of attention. Personalized service has present itself as the high mode service. carrier：n.[化学]载体；运送者；带菌者；货架。这些是“carrier”的常用词意，但是在科技英语翻译中，它更常用其专业释义。 这句句子中的“carrier”如果用常用的几个词意带入，很快就会发现句
子是不通顺的，根据前后文则可以猜测它的词意应该与经济体有关。实际上，这里“carrier”是“运营商”的意思。 译文：运营商的关注焦点已从技术转向了应用、服务和收益。作为信息服务的高级形态，个性化服务开始逐步走上了前台。 例2：Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer months because strong sunlight and hot weather result in harmful ozone concentrations in the air we breathe. concern：vt.涉及，关系到；使担心。n.关系；关心；关心的事。这些是“carrier”的常用词意。 译文1：因为强烈的阳光和炎热的天气会导致有害臭氧集中在我们呼吸的空气中，所以在夏季，臭氧污染是一个关注点。 显然把“concern”翻译为“关注点”并不适合在这一句的翻译中，因此我们可以对词意进行灵活的变动。 译文2：受强光和炎热天气影响，有害臭氧在空气中大量聚集，因而在夏季，臭氧污染是一个尤为突出的问题。 二、科技翻译的艺术性 科技翻译的前提是忠实于原文，这不意味着呆板、毫不变通的文字的堆砌。科技翻译需要创造性的技巧运用，所以，可以说，翻译是一种再创造。 It is fortunate that men have worked out new plane shapes which enable
Translation Work 1 The evidence has gotten much stronger that a substance known as C-reactive protein may be every bit as important as cholesterol in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Back in 2002, a thought-provoking study found that a blood test for C-reactive protein, called CRP, was actually better than the standard cholesterol test at predicting the risk of a heart attack or a stroke. Now two studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine have shown that drugs that reduce the levels of that protein in patients with severe heart disease can show the progression of atherosclerosis and prevent heart attacks and cardiac-related deaths. 更有力的证据证明一种被称作C反应蛋白的物质在诊断与治疗心脏疾病中有可能与胆固醇一样重要。早在2002年，人们在一个发人深省的研究中已发现血液C反应蛋白测试，即CRP，比胆固醇水平测试能更好地预测心脏病或中风的风险。现今，在《新英格兰医学期刊》中刊登的两则研究表明，用以减少患有严重心脏病的病人中的C反应蛋白水平的药物可以显示病者动脉粥样硬化的进展，并且该种药物还可以预防心脏病、降低因患与心脏相关疾病而死亡的风险。
…Back to Sleep?: Why Are 2,500 U.S. Babies Still Dying of SIDS Each Year? ‘用背部睡觉’：为什么美国每年都有2500个婴儿死于婴儿猝死综合症 Putting babies on their back to sleep has dramatically reduced the number of SIDS deaths, but thousands of babies still die each year. A look at the key risk factors. 让婴儿用背部睡觉戏剧性的减少了婴儿猝死综合症的死亡数量，但每年还是有上千数量的婴儿死亡。这有一种对于关键的风险因素的看法。 There?s no doubt that the Back to Sleep campaign launched in 1994 to get parents to stop putting babies to sleep on their tummies has been a success. In the 1970s and 1980s, the rate of infant deaths per 1,000 live births was 1.5; it?s now 0.5. 无需置疑的是，1994年发起的用背部睡觉的运动，旨在阻止父母让婴儿用肚子睡觉是成功的。在20世纪70到80年代，婴儿死亡率为每一千名安全出生婴儿中有1.5，现在是0.5。 Within a generation, most babies are now put to bed on their backs, and yet 2,500 U.S. infants still die each year in the U.S. Researchers trying to understand why have noticed a curious byproduct of the trend toward back-sleeping: as fewer babies were being put to sleep on their bellies, more babies were documented engaging in other pediatric no-nos — sleeping with their parents, for example — which is another risk factor for SIDS. 在一代人中，大部分婴儿现在都用背部放在床上，但美国每年依然有2500个婴儿死亡。研究员正试图弄明白为什么人们会注意到用背部睡觉这种趋势的奇怪的副产品：越来越少的婴儿用腹部睡觉，越来越多的婴儿被证明参与到了一些儿科禁止的事情中——例如，和父母一起睡——这是婴儿猝死综合症的另一个风险因素。 A study published Monday in the journal Pediatrics takes a look at how risk factors for SIDS have evolved over the years. In an analysis of the 954 babies who died suddenly and unexpectedly in San Diego County between 1991 and 2008 — 568 of these deaths were attributed to SIDS — researchers found that
西方翻译理论流派 西方的翻译活动#若从公元前(世纪%七十子希腊文本圣经&在埃及的亚历山大城问世算起#已有两千多年的历史$自古罗马的西赛罗!)*+,-."’贺拉斯!/.-01*23"以来#翻译学学派林立#学说纷繁$不同时代’不同学派的学者从不同的角度对翻译进行了各自的阐释$从某种意义上来说#一部西方翻译学史就是一部学派的传承与更替’聚合与交锋的历史$国内对于西方翻译理论的译介与评价也有三十年的历史了#由于不同学者对西方翻译流派划分时所依据的标准不同#一度出现了流派名称混乱的情况$有人把文化学派归于(翻译研究)学派的框架之下456(5%(7#也有人用(文化学派)来统称(翻译研究)学派!张南峰’陈德鸿##$$$"$同是女性主义翻译理论#有人把它归为(解构学派)或译者中心学派456(7%(8#也有人把它归为翻译研究学派4#6$本文通过对西方翻译理论流派研究的梳理与评价#一方面呼吁国内学者为当代西方翻译理论流派(正名)#以方便学术界的理论交流*另一方面希望从西方翻译理论研究中获得启示#以促进国内翻译理论流派的形成$ 一对翻译理论流派的概括和梳理是翻译研究不可缺少的组成部分#许多翻译理论家都进行过有益的探索$尤金+奈达!5&8!"根据各流派所关注的焦点将当代翻译理论分为四个基本流派,语文学派’语言学派’交际学派和社会符号学派!9*:0;5&’7"$埃德温+根茨勒!<:=0-:>,?1@A,-"在其专著%当代翻译理论& B5&&(C中#根据二战至九十年代初西方翻译理论研究的发展状态#依据各流派所采用的研
究方法和依据的理论来源将当代译论划分为(美国翻译培训派)’(翻译科学派)’(早期翻译研究派)’(多元体系派)和(解构主义派)五大流派$香港学者张南峰’陈德鸿!#$$$"在%西方翻译理论精选&中将西方翻译理论流派分为语文学派’诠释学派’语言学派’目的学派’文派!并且在大流派下分出小流派的划分方法比较合理"首先!他划分的目的明确#$$为了强调翻译学学科建设的重要性%其次!这种方法以时间为线!把各个流派的发展演变过程以及它们之间的姻亲关系表述得非常清楚!脉络分明"他的缺陷是在当代翻译理论的划分方法上显得有点混乱!而张南峰的划分更易于被学术界所接受"当然!要想得出公正合理的划分还是得考察一下当代西方翻译理论流派的渊源" 二从古代的西赛罗到!"#"年!可以叫做传统的翻译学阶段"这一阶段的特点是基本上没有什么学科意识!理论均零碎而不成系统!作者大多是翻译实践家!理论大多是经验性的"&潘文国!$%%$’%从!"&"年雅可布逊&’()*+,*-(./(+’发表他的著名论文(翻译的语言观)开始到0"1$年!可以叫做现代的翻译学阶段%这一阶段的特点是有朦胧的学科意识!认为需要加强翻译学的理论研究!使之成为一门*科学+"人们把这一阶段的翻译研究称之为*语言学派+&陈德鸿,张南峰!$%%%’或*科学学派+&23+45637!0""8’%从0"1$年霍姆斯发表里程碑性的论文(翻译研究的名与实)开始至今!可以叫做当代的翻译学阶段%这一阶段的特点是有强烈的学科意识%当代的翻译学阶段是翻译研究最为繁荣的阶段!也是最有争议的阶段%而最大的争端就是*翻译研究学派+之*名+与*实+的问题% 霍姆斯及赞同他主张的一批学者一度被称作*翻
43 广东外语外贸大学学报 ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬ ＯＦ ＧＵＡＮＧＤＯＮＧ ＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹ ＯＦ ＦＯＲＥＩＧＮ ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳ ２０１０年５月Ｍａｙ． ２０１０ 第２１卷第３期ＶＯＬ．２１ ＮＯ．３ ２０世纪中国翻译研究： 特殊年代的文化怪胎“黄皮书” 内容提要：本文考察１９６０－１９７８年翻译文学史上一个奇特现象。这便是中国当代文化史上一度影响不小的“黄皮书”。本文检讨这套书的缘起、目的、选目方式、翻译和出版，最后分析了这套书的接受、影响和特别作用。 关键词：“黄皮书”；翻译选择；接受；特殊作用 中图分类号：Ｈ０５９ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１６７２－０９６２（２０１０）０３－００４３－０５ 王友贵 （广东外语外贸大学?广州?５１０４２０） 一、文化怪胎“黄皮书”：缘起与目的 “黄皮书”乃中国１９６０－１９７８年这段特定历史时期的翻译文学产品。因其封面十分简单，常用黄色胶版纸作封面封底，封面或封底印有“内部发行”字样，故俗称“黄皮书”。其中不乏后来发生深刻影响的当代外国文学作品。它的存在表明１９６０－７６年的中国一方面拒绝包括苏联在内的当代欧美日外国文学，否认其合法性，拒绝与之公开发生关系，别一方面又有压不住的强烈翻译需要。有趣的是，其中不少译著到８０年代摇身一变“扶正”了，从“内部”到“公开”；其中部分作品给特殊年代的读者，尤其是青年读者，留下终身难忘的印象。 “黄皮书”缘于中苏两党生重大分歧之初。其前身是分歧初起之１９５７年便开始选译的“内部参考”作品，如苏联的《不单单是面包》（１９５７）。与其前身相对应者，是１９５７年３月１日《参考消息》由刊物变为报纸，４开４版。“黄皮书”作为批量翻译的书籍，其正式启动略晚一点，在５９年１２月至６０年１月北京新侨饭店的一次会议上启动［１］，与此同时《世界文学》编辑部奉命编选《世界文学参考资料专辑》，陆续出版。“黄皮书”前后历时约１９年，正式启动前的１９５７－５９年可谓预备期，文革初期４年（１９６７－７０）停译，１９７７－７８年是其尾声。其正式批量翻译在６０年代初。最初推出的“黄皮书”并非黄皮裹身。据参与其事的秦顺新回忆，出 了十几本“内部发行”之后，主其事的林默涵找人文社总编韦君宜商量，建议统一采用不显眼的土黄色作封面，人文社照办。后来文化界、读书界袭用“黄皮书”专指６０－７０年代翻译的“内部发行”的外国文学书（不过７０年代始见白皮、灰麻麻的纸作封）。它前期由人民文学出版社负责，上海方面偶尔参与，具体由人文社的副牌“作家出版社”、“中国戏剧出版社”充任出版者；后期上海方面参与程度高，与人文社共同负责。“黄皮书”仅是皮书系列内的一大类，类似的还有“灰皮书”，译著更多。“灰皮书”指内部翻译的“修正主义”和欧美历史、传记、政治、理论等社科著作，由人民出版社负责，商务、中央编译局、世界知识出版社参与其事，当时人民社的副牌“三联”亦参与。 出版界资深文化人陈原先生这样描述非常时期的这两类书［２］： 六十年代初，反修的热浪席卷全国，出版了两套很别致的所谓修正主义的“反面教材”：一套用灰色纸作封面封底，习惯上称之为“灰皮书”，一套用黄色纸作封面封底，叫“黄皮书”。灰皮书收录社会科学论著，包括考茨基、托洛茨基、布哈林、赫鲁晓夫等人的著述或评传；黄皮书则收录所谓“修正主义”文学作品。 承担“灰皮书”部分任务的原商务负责人陈翰伯先生曾经在文革中一份交代材料里谈及这个任务的缘起：“１９６１年底或１９６２年初钓鱼台反修小组，康生同志通过包之静要几 收稿日期：２０１０－０１－１５ ＊基金项目：本文是广东省“２１１工程”三期建设项目《人文学中心建设—比较视野 的文学通化研究》子课题“２０世纪下半叶中国文学家翻译群体研究”（项目编号：ＧＤＵＦＳ２１１－２－００２）的研究成果。 作者简介：王友贵，男，四川成都人，博士，广东外语外贸大学英文学院教授，博士生导师；研究方向：英 国文学，中国２０世纪翻译文学史，翻译史，文学翻译。
全球智能纺织品发展综述 在过去的几年里，智能材料在我们的生活中起着十分巨大的作用。智能材料的潜力非常广泛，也已经走进了纺织品中，德国Niederrien 大学的U.R.B.Sastry总结了近一阶段以来智能纺织品的主要发展情况。 近几年来，智能材料以其自身独特的方式融入到纺织品中。智能材料的出现激起了材料科学、电学和计算机工程的研究者们的极大兴趣，同时感兴趣的还有产品设计者和纺织品生产者。智能材料从概念产生到产品开发的过程包括了从不同领域、不同背景来的人员，也包括了使用者他们自己。 最早的智能纺织品之一是被用于部队伪装的。在部队伪装这个应用中，纺织品大多用来伪装战场上的军车、军用设备和个人装备，避免被3种电磁辐射（可见光、红外线和雷达）的探测。另外，这种纺织品在设计中要求必须防火、耐穿着、高强度和容易生产。 雷达吸收结构通常是由带有氧化铁或碳涂层的伞面金字塔状的泡沫材料组成，通常它会与一定数量的银结合，可以调整雷达的目标有效截面。同时，针织物中的经编织物的红外特性通过使用带有可见的印花和图案的、低发射率涂层来控制，它被设计成迷彩效果。 1 21世纪的服装 进入21世纪以来，对于服装设计的要求不断向重量轻、容易携带的方向发展，什么是将智能材料融入到纺织品中的更好方法呢？比如说：总部设在布鲁塞尔的Starlab 发明了一种带有传感器的田径服用来监视穿着者的心脏变化情况，从运动员刚一出发开始，数据便通过电子信箱的方式，即服装所具备的移动电话功能进行信息传输。更进一步的例子，德国的Infineon Technologies 生产出了第一件可穿着的MP3音乐运动服装，这种音乐运动服的袖子里带有键盘。基于这些发明，真正的可穿着计算机服装似乎是可能实现的，但是，在这里我们不能忽视将会出现的问题。比如，服装的耐用性和洗涤效果——与日常服装相关的因素必须加以考虑，如果制造商想要使用可穿着这个术语作为智能材料纺织品的标注，就必须充分符合其真实
2012年1月4日星期三 雌激素是新的“利他林”吗？ ——性激素能让一部分女性思维敏捷，却也让一部分迟钝 大考即将来临？无法集中注意力？尝试一点雌激素吧。 加州大学伯克利分校的神经系统科学家在最近的一项研究中报道称，女性生理周期中的荷尔蒙波动可能会如咖啡因、甲基苯丙胺或最常见的兴奋剂利他林一样影响其大脑。 近年来的研究表明，工作记忆（短期信息处理能力）是依赖于化学物质多巴胺的。事实上，像利他林这样的药物可以模仿多巴胺帮助人们集中注意力。在老鼠身上的研究显示，雌激素似乎可以诱发多巴胺的释放。但是伯克利这次的新研究是首次把认识能力和人的雌激素水平联系起来，这也就解释了为什么有些女性会在她们生理周期的不同时间点有着或好或坏的认识能力。 这只研究团队对24名健康女性进行了检测。通过基因测试，她们中有些天然多巴胺水平高，而有些天然低。不出所料，多巴胺水平低的女性对于处理复杂的工作记忆问题有困难，比如将一串五个数字反着背出来。但当测试在排卵期中进行，雌激素水平最高时（一般是月经期的10~12天后）这些女性的表现显著改善，有大约10%的进步。令人惊讶的是，多巴胺水平天然高的女性处理复杂问题的能力，却在排卵期中雌激素水平最高的时候有很明显的下降。 根据组织此次研究的Ph.D Emily Jacobs说，脑中的多巴胺是“classic Goldilacks scenario”。对于多巴胺水平最低的25%女性来说，在月经期多巴胺水平的增加会增强她们的认识能力，而对于多巴胺水平最高的25%女性来说，月经期多巴胺水平的增加可能会使她们的多巴胺水平超过一个上限，从而减弱她们的认识能力。而剩下的50%女性都处在这两类女性水平之间，不在研究的范围内。 这项研究有着重大的意义。Jacob说，像咖啡因、利他林这种诱发多巴胺释放的药物对于特定时期的女性是无效，甚至是损害性的。而且，她还希望提醒科学家们注意，在研究脑部疾病时，男女大脑虽然天赋相同但是并不完全一样。 Jacob说，这之间有很大区别，只有我们能知道他们在正常状态下的区别，我们才能预测他们在疾病状态下的区别。 毁约——脑扫描揭示誓言什么时候会不被遵守 新郎说“我愿意”而又和别人有一腿的时候，他脑中发生了什么？朋友承诺还钱却一直不还，他的脑中又发生了什么？一项最新研究显示，毁约是一项很复杂的神经生物学事件。而且脑扫描可以在毁约发生前预测出谁将要毁约。 瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家运用核磁共振技术把大脑比喻成了一场投资游戏。投资者必须决定是否承诺与受托者分享利益。如果投资，会使得账户中的资金增加，但如果受托者选择不分享，结果也会是投资者受损失。几乎所有投资者都说会把钱给受托者，但最后并不会所有人都守约。 通过核磁共振的扫描，研究者可以在他们有机会毁约前预测出他们会不会毁约。毁约者脑部的一些区域的活动会更加活跃，包括分管在压抑诚实回应时自我控制的前额皮质层，和标志
1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls （环礁）. 在那里，由于地心引力的剧烈干扰，一道道山脉，一座座火山升出水面。千百年来，微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡，形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多，那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人，于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方，河水漫出河床，宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系，迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起，困缩在一块块狭小的陆地上动弹不得。 6. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里，撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。 7. When his door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
英语翻译 Unit 1Book 3. 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春 节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日， 象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、 中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风 俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝 聚力和生命力的体现 Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the Lunar calendar. January 1st on the lu Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double- Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Ea Lunar calendar. They embody China's cohesion and vitality. Unit 3Book3. 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画” 的画特指国画。其绘画形式 是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹 青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人 物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔 墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中化民族的 审美意识和情趣。 The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And paint painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” ( hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink.” Chinese pai 5. 中国石窟 中国石窟组要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛 阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟 随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇尚美与世俗情融为一体，把天然 造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、 绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界瞩目，已成为重要的世界 文化遗产。 Chinese Grottoes Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China， there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded
翻译学必读 1语文和诠释学派 二十世纪之前的翻译理论被纽马克（1981）称为翻译研究的‘前语言学时期’，人们围绕‘word-for-word’和‘sense-for-sense’展开激烈的讨论，核心是‘忠实’，‘神似’和‘真理’。典型的代表有John Dryden, Tytler等，而Barnard, Steiner等人则是在他们的基础上进一步发展。 2语言学派 Jacobson(1959)提出意义对等的问题，随后的二十多当年，学界围绕这个问题进行了研究。奈达（1969）采取了转换语法模式，运用“科学（奈达语）”的方法来分析他翻译《圣经》过程中的意义处理问题。奈达提出的形式对等说、动态对等说和等效原则都是将注意力集中在受众一方。纽马克信奉的是语义翻译和交际翻译，即重视翻译中的语义和交际方面。 3话语分析Discourse Analysis（critical discourse analysis批评话语分析functional discourse analysis功能语篇分析Discourse analysis theory话语分析理论 Discourse Analysis for Interpreters翻译专业演说分析 Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis语用学positive discourse analysis积极话语分析 rhetorical or discourse analysis语篇分析Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis语用学Mediated discourse analysis中介话语分析 二十世纪七十年代到九十年代，作为应用语言学领域的一个分支，话语分析经历了产生和发展壮大的过程，其理论背景来自M.K.Halliday（韩礼德）的系统功能语法。今天，话语分析的方法已经逐步运用到翻译研究中。House(1997)提出的翻译质量模型就是基于韩礼德的理论，他吸收了其中的语域分析方法；Baker(1992) 则为培养译员提供了话语分析和语用分析的范本；Hatim 和Mason(1997)将语域研究拓展到语用和符号学角度 4目的学派 目的学派于二十世纪七、八十年代在德国兴起，是从静态的语言学、语言类型学中剥离出来的。其中的代表人物有，Reiss，Vermmer，Nord 等。Reiss（1971，1988，2000）强调的是文本层面的对等，主张文本的类型和翻译策略结合起来；Holz-Manttari（1984）则认为在翻译过程是一个交际、互动的过程，涉及各种各样的角色。Vermmer（2000）继承并发展了Reiss的观点。 5文化学派the Culture School Even-Zohar 在二十世纪七十年代提出将文学翻译视为文化的，文学的和历史的过程或系统。翻译研究的“文化转向”指的是更加注重从文化研究的角度进行翻译研究。其中，Lefevere （1992）逐渐从系统理论转向文化学研究，将翻译看作‘重写’的过程，审视围绕着翻译文本的意识形态冲突等课题。Simon(1996) 和一些女权主义者则重点研究文化学研究中的女性意识。后殖民主义文化学方向的代表人物是Bassnett和Trivedi (1999)，他们认为，无论在殖民化的过程中还是在被殖民的社会，翻译都十分活跃。文化学派的研究有着各自的研究任务和各自的侧重点，丰富了翻译研究的内容。 6解构学派 本雅明本人不属于解构学派，但他的著作《译者的任务》通常被看作解构学派对翻译研究的缘起和根据。本雅明率先指出，翻译不可能与原作相等，因为翻译过程已经改变了原作，况且，没有蜕变，也就不会产生‘后起的生命’。本雅明认为，译者的任务不是在目标语中复制原文，而是颠覆原语的体系，把潜藏于原文的精神内容表达出来。德里达则更进一步，在他的著作《巴别通天塔》中，翻译被看作一个不断解构和建构的过程。学界认为德里达将翻
毕业设计（论文）英文翻译 课题名称 系 部 专 业 班 级 学 号 姓 名 指导教师 校内： 校外： 2012年4月5日
原文： CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION AND KINDS OF SECURITY BREACHES CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION AND KINDS OF SECURITY BREACHES 1．CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION The target of a crime involving computers may be any piece of the computing system．A computing system is a collection of hardware，software，storage media，data，and persons that an organization uses to do computing tasks．Whereas the obvious target of a bank robbery is cash，a list of names and addresses of depositors might be valuable to a competing bank．The list might be on paper，recorded on a magnetic medium，stored in internal computer memory，or transmitted electronically across a medium such as a telephone line．This multiplicity of targets makes computer security difficult．In any security system，the weakest point is the most serious vulnerability．A robber intent on stealing something from your house will not attempt to penetrate a two-inch thick metal door if a window gives easier access．A sophisticated perimeter physical security system does not compensate for unguarded access by means of a simple telephone line and a modem．The “weakest point” philosophy can be restated as the following principle．
圭亚那盆地地层时代中英文对照 Cainozoic 新生界 Tertiary 第三纪 Pleistocene 第三纪更新世 Miocene 第三纪中新世 Lower Miocene 第三纪下中新世 Oligocene 第三纪渐新世 Eocene 第三纪始新世 Middle Eocene第三纪中始新世 Lower Eocene第三纪下始新世 Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Cretaceous 白垩纪 Senonian 森诺阶 Campanian 坎帕阶 Santonian 桑托阶 Coniacian 科尼亚克阶（晚白垩纪第三期）Turonian 白垩纪土仑阶（晚白垩纪第二期）Cenomanian 森诺曼阶 Albian 阿尔比阶 Aptian 阿普第阶 Barremian 巴列姆阶 Precambrian 前寒武纪地层
Cainozoic 新生界 Quaternary 第四系Quaternary period 第四纪Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Mesozoic中生界 Cretaceous 白垩系 Jurassic 侏罗系 Triassic 三叠系 LateTriassicepoch 晚三叠世 Paleozoic 古生界 Permian 二叠系 LatePermianepoch Early Permian 早二叠世 Carboniferous 石炭系石炭纪 Late Carboniferous Devonian 泥盆系泥盆纪upperDevonionseries 上泥盆统 siluric 志留系Silurian 志留纪 Ordovician 奥陶系奥陶纪 Cambrian 寒武系寒武纪 Proterozoic era 元古代
MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE (Seal of Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People’s Republic of China) Supervised bytheMinistry of Civil Affairs of the People’s Republic of China Photograph of the holder and his/her spouse (embossing seal) Certificate Holder： 1 / 3
Marriage Certificate No.: Name： Sex：Female Birthday Date： ID No： Name： Sex：Male Birthday Date： ID No：Themarriage application conforms to the provisions of the Marriage Law of the People’s Republic of China. We hereby certify thatthe applicants are registered as married. Issuing Authority：(Special Seal for Marriage Registration, CivilAffairs Bureau of XX District, Shanghai) Date of Registration： 2 / 3
The Marriage Law prescribes that both the male and the female applicants shallgo to the marriage registration authority in person to get registered. If the application conforms to the provisions of the Marriage Law, the applicants shall be registered and issued the marriage certificate.Marriage relationship will be established once the marriage certificate is issued. Printed by the Department of Civil Affairs of Shanghai 3 / 3
第12页 0903060136 梁潇 0903060137 黄浩 0901014108 黄瑞尧 5.3性能分析 通信开销：在和平时期，验证和密钥协商协议的要求只有三路之间的网状路由器和网络用户和双向沟通网络用户之间。这是最低的通信回合要实现相互认证，因此，和平招致降低认证延迟。此外，通过设计，和平带来最低的额外因为它们可能对网络用户的通信开销如掌上电脑和智能手机进行的移动客户端比其他笔记本电脑访问无线网状网。这些移动客户端要少得多强大相比，网状路由器考虑到他们的沟通能力。在消息（M.1），（M.1），（M.2），网络用户只需要发送一组签名履行认证功能。作为我们立足本集团上签字的变化计划[8]中提出，签名的包括两个G的元素五个元素的Z带够。当使用[19]中描述的曲线，可以首要采取p到170位并使用G组1，其中每个元素是171位。因此，总群签名的长度为1192位或149字节。有了这些参数，安全性是大致相同作为一个标准的1024位RSA签名，这是128个字节[8]。也就是说，群签名的长度几乎是作为一个标准的RSA-1024的签名相同。 计算开销：在和平，最昂贵的计算操作的签名生成和验证。签名生成需要两个同构的应用中。同构计算，需要大约同时，作为一个在G1幂（使用快速计算的轨迹图）[8]。因此，签名生成需要约八幂（或multiexponentiations）和两个双线性映射计算。验证签名需要六个幂和3+2|网址|双线性映射计算。按照设计，和平采用会话认证的不对称对称的混合方法，降低计算成本。网络实体（Mesh 路由器和网络用户）执行昂贵的组签名操作相互验证，只有当建立一个新的会话，所有同一会话的后续数据交换是通过高效的基于MAC的方法进行验证。 更具体地说，和平需要进行相互认证，为建立一个新的会话时，执行一个签名生成和签名验证的网络用户。由此可以看出，签名验证的实际成本计算取决于一致资源定址器的大小，而签名的发电成本是固定的。和平可以主动控制的一致资源定址器的大小。此外，可以采取一种更为有效的吊销检查算法，其运行的时间是一致资源定址器的独立[8]中描述了对用户的隐私有点牺牲。这种技术可以进一步带来的总成本六幂和5个双线性映射计算的签名验证。另一方面，和平需要一个网状路由器进行相互认证其覆盖范围内的每个网络用户每每灯塔消息不同的会议和标志定期播出。 存储开销：在和平中，网络用户可以携带资源约束的普及设备，如掌上电脑和智能手机访问的无线网状网。因此，存储每个网络用户的开销应该是负担得起的现代普及设备。在我们的计划显示说明，在和平中的每个网络用户需要存储两个信息：他的小组的私钥及相关系统参数。该组的私钥为每个用户包含1组元素的G1和2个Z元素。如果我们首要选择p到170位，并使用G组1每个组171位的元素，每个组私钥用户只需消耗511位的内存，这是微不足道的现代普及设备。大多数的内存消耗部分是系统参数，其中可能包括代码来形容双线性组（G