汉译英
P126
1.心脏是一个肌性空腔器官，重约342克，每天跳动10万多次，泵送748升血液通过6万英里长的血管。
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that weighs about 342 grams and beats over 100 000 times a day to pump 3 784 liters of blood per day through over 60 000 miles of blood vessels
2.心脏内部有4个接受循环血液的腔。上方的两个腔为左心房和右心房。每个心房有一个附器，因其形状酷似狗的耳朵而被称为心耳。
The interior of the heart is divided into four cavities called chambers that receive circulating blood. The two superior chambers are called the right and left atria. Each atrium has an appendage called an auricle, so named because its shape resembles a dog 's ear.
P161
1 肿瘤恶性程度越高，与正常组织差异就越大，最终变得与正常组织和细胞几乎没有类似之处。
The more malignant the tumor, the more deviation form normal, the ultimate being changes so extreme as to bear little or no resemblance to normal tissues and cells.
2在对肿瘤组织和细胞特征的论述中，均应强调肿瘤与正常组织和细胞之间存在很大的差异，而且所有肿瘤均不具有特异性的恒定特征。
It should be emphasized in any discussion of tumor tissue and cell characteristics that the degrees of deviation from normal vary widely and that
there are no specific or constant features present in all neoplasms.
P246
1. 贫穷、过分拥挤、营养不良可助长结核病的发生。拥挤的人群使结核杆菌的传播更加容易，而贫穷和营养不良可降低机体的抵抗力。
Poverty, overcrowding, and malnutrition favor the development of tuberculosis. The crowding of people together makes it easier for the tubercle bacilli to spread from person to person. Malnutrition and the poverty that causes it weaken the resistance of the body to infection.
2.任何人都不能避免主动脉的粥样硬化，但对大多数人来说，动脉粥样硬化并不造成问题，不产生任何症状或体征。
Not one of us has an aorta entirely free of atheromatous lesions, and yet in most people these atheromatous lesions never cause any trouble, never cause any symptoms or signs.
P282
1.生物钟是使器官系统与自然节律（如白昼、四季等）和谐相处的生理结构。Biological Clocks are physiological systems that enable organisms to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature, such as the cycles of day and night and of the seasons.
2.最近对果蝇的生化研究，与早期对青霉素菌的研究一样，都发现基因在器官
生物钟中起重要作用。
Recent biochemical studies on fruit flies, as well as earlier research on bread mold, have discovered genes that play an important role in the biological clocks of these organisms.
P296
1．作为一门科学，心理学的定义是研究人和动物的行为。
As a science, psychologists can be defined as the scientific study of human and animal behavior.
2．由于民族和实践的原因心理学家有时无法回答某些问题，而更多时候是由于缺乏合适的研究方法。
Sometimes, psychologists are unable to answer questions because of practical concerns, more often, the lacking of a suitable research method.
P265
1.洋地黄类药物半衰期长，大多数用药者体内都会蓄积，导致其毒性增加。Owing to their long half-lives, certain drugs such as digitalis tend to cumulate in most recipients, posing an increased risk of toxicity.
2.药物吸收途径有以下几种：皮肤、黏膜、口服、吸入、注射。
There are several routes by which drugs may be absorbed into the body: skin, mucous membranes, oral ingestion, inhalation, and injection.
P227
1.损伤后立即发生血管扩张，损伤部位微血管系统扩张，充盈血液（动脉性充
血）。
Vasodilation occurs directily after injury. The microvasculature at the site of injury becomes dilated and filled with blood (hyperaemia).
2.白细胞游出是一种主动的过程，有两个阶段：白细胞粘附于内皮的表面（铺
壁），然后从内皮细胞间裂隙主动地移行进入组织间隙。白细胞粘附于内皮细胞的机制不明。
The emigration of leucocytes is an active process which occurs in two stages. The cells stick to the endothelial surface (pavementing) and then actively migrate through the gaps between the endothelial cells and into the tissue spaces. The mechanism by which leucocytes stick to the endothelial cells is unknown.
P194
1.EB病毒经唾液传播，广泛存在于全世界的人群中。
EB virus is transmitted by saliva an is ubiquitious in human population worldwide.
2.综合上述观察，可得出一个与EBV相关的B细胞肿瘤发病机理的假说。These observations can be synthesized into a hypothesis about the pathogenesis of EBV associated B cell tumors.
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
这是我整理的，希望对大家有用。蓝色部分是重点词汇。 第一课 1、一条蜿蜒的小路隐没在树荫深处。 A winding path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2、集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有。 At the bazaar, there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3、我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don’t know what it is that has made him so angry. 4、新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，可有精细、复杂的传统图案。 The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. … 5、在山的那一边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6、他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with a garage attached. 7、教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of be ing strict with the students. 8、这个小女孩很喜欢她的父亲。 The girl is very much attached to her father. 9、为了实现四个现代化，我们认为有必要学习国外的先进科学技术。 To achieve the four modernization, we make a point of learn ing from the advanced science and technology of other countries. | 10、黄昏临近时，天渐渐暗下来了。 As dusk fell, daylight faded away. 11徒工仔细地观察他的师傅，然后照着干。 The apprentice watched his master carefully and then followed suit. 12、吃完饭弗兰克常常帮助洗餐具。 Frank often took a hand in the washing-up after dinner.
Unit1肺和肾的功能 肺的血管系统 肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉，然后回到右心房。剩余的输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。 肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸，向下连接下段气道（直径大约2毫米）的动脉，它们壁薄且富有弹性。从这儿开始，动脉成肌肉化发展，直至其达到30微米，此时肌层消失。因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用，所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。肺小动脉将血液排空，送入广泛分布的毛细血管网，进入肺静脉。肺静脉的壁很薄，它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合，出肺进入左心房。 肾结构成分 人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙，与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克，长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域（组成）。外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚，深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。锥体的顶部伸入肾门，称为肾**。每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂，通过输尿管排入膀胱。 由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。当这些血管进入肾实质，变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时，（这些血管）又进一步细分。细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。由于传入小动脉始于这些末端叶间动脉，所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。 组织学上，肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位，“肾单位”有两个主要成分：过滤成分―紧包着毛细血管网（肾小球）和一个附着在上面的小管组成。这个小管包含几个明显的解剖和功能成分。 Unit 2细胞与衰老 衰老是一种正常的生理过程，伴有肌体内平衡适应性反应的进行性改变。研究老年人健康问题和保健的特殊分支称作老年医学。 衰老的明显特征众所周知：头发花白和脱落，牙齿脱落，皮肤起皱，肌肉减少，脂肪积存增加。衰老的生理征兆是肌体对环境压力反应的功能和能力逐渐减退.。如同保持不断地体内平衡应对温度、饮食和氧供反应变慢一样，机体代谢也减慢了。衰老的这些迹象与机体中细胞数的净减少及存余细胞的功能缺失有关。 衰老的另一个表现是组织的细胞外成分也随年龄的变化而变化。负责肌腱力量的胶原纤维的数量增加，而质量却随着衰老降低。动脉壁胶原质中的变化造成动脉壁伸展性缺失，如同动脉壁上的积聚物造成动脉粥样硬化（即动脉壁脂肪物质堆积）一样。弹性蛋白是另一种细胞外成分，主要负责血管和皮肤的弹性。随着年龄的变化，它的变粗，变碎并需要获得更大的钙亲和力，这些可能也是造成动脉粥样硬化的原因。 葡萄糖在机体中是最丰富的糖类，它在衰老的过程中也可能起作用。根据一个假设，任意给细胞内外的蛋白质增加葡萄糖，结果会在相邻蛋白质分子间形成不可逆交联。当人衰老时，会形成更多的交联，这可能导致正在衰老的组织变得僵化，丧失弹性。 虽然正常情况下，每分钟会有好几百万的新细胞产生，但人体有几种细胞：心脏细胞，骨骼
李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma, otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit 2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen.
Lesson 1 1) Little donkeys thread their way among the throngs of people. little donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another 2) Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. Then as you pass through a big crowd to go deeper into the market, the noise of the entrance gradually disappear, and you come to the much quieter cloth-market. 3) they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down they drop some of items that they don't really want and begin to bargain seriously for a low price. 4) he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining He will ask for a high price for the item and refuse to cut down the price by any significant amount. 5) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear As you get near it, a variety of sounds begin to strike your ear. X．1)一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处 A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2)集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有 At the bazaar there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3) 我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don't know what it is that has made him so angry. 4)新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。 The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. 5)在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6)他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with. a garage attached. 7）教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of being strict with the students. 8）这个小女孩非常喜欢他的父亲。 This little girl is very much attached to her father.
Unit2 The Musculoskeletal System 骨骼肌系统 骨骼肌系统的构成 ⑴骨骼肌系统包括骨骼系统和肌肉系统。骨骼系统由骨骼和骨关节之间构成各种连接的各种组织组成。成人的骨骼系统一般有206块骨和200多个关节，约占人体总重量的12%到15%。 ⑵肌肉群织有三种：骨骼肌、内脏肌（平滑肌）和心脏肌肉（心肌）。但肌肉系统仅指的骨骼肌。内脏和心脏肌肉组织属于其他系统。只有在心脏可见到的心脏肌肉组织属心血管系统。同样，消化道壁的肌肉是消化系统的一部分。肌肉系统大约有640块骨骼肌。占非运动员女性总体重的36%；男性45%。 ⑶骨骼肌是人体的“动力站”，使体能够进行自主随意的运动。所有肌肉的最重要特性是其伸缩性，即产生拉力，需要时，在保持牵张力的同时，改变长度。该性能在骨骼各肌肉组织中得到高度发展。每个完整的骨骼肌由大量长的肌肉细胞组成，这些长肌肉细胞由多层结缔组织联结。在多数肌肉中，肌肉细胞位于肌腹，而肌肉的两端完全由变粗的将肌肉固定在骨骼上的几乎不能伸展的索状结缔组织构成。这些结缔组织的形状由肌肉和所附骨骼面决定。通常，骨骼肌有两种基本形状：束状（狭窄的带状，称肌腱）和宽带状（称腱膜）。 ⑷通常，骨骼肌及其腱和腱膜称为肌肉肌腱器单位。骨骼肌聚合成组，每组附着在骨骼上，这样骨骼肌就越过一个或多个关节。因为肌肉只能朝一个方向牵引，每个关节的运动由一对或多对作用相反的肌肉群控制：一肌肉群负责朝一个方向移动关节，另一肌肉群负责朝相反的方向移动这个关节。因此，肌肉群的各对肌肉称为作用相反的拮抗肌。通过协调关节的每对拮抗肌间的活动，关节的运动范围和速度能得到微妙地控制。例如，踢球，股四头肌和腘绳肌腱作为一对拮抗肌控制髋部关节和膝关节的运动。 ⑸膝关节一般沿轴面横向（一侧到另一侧）运动。但是，其他关节，如髋关节和肩关节可以朝多个面运动。这样，两对或多对拮抗肌就可以同时控制这些关节的运动。 骨骼肌系统的功能 ⑹人的动作由中枢神经系统控制的骨骼肌产生。通过协调不同肌肉群的活动，肌肉所产生的力通过骨和关节传递，使人体保持直立或部分直立的体态，进行自主运动。 ⑺骨骼肌开放性的链条式连结使身体可以采取并完成多种体态和运动。但是，人体为此付出了代价：除平躺外，各种姿态和运动均使肌肉、骨骼和关节承受很大压力。为此，骨骼肌的各个部分承受着张力。压力越大，张力越大。 ⑻体位是指人体的各个部分相对方向，一般指坐姿和站姿。直立时，有两种力作用于人体：身体的重量和地面的反作用力。这两种力综合产生一个使人体瘫倒的压缩负荷。这一压缩负载随着人体负重的增加而增加。显然，在进行各种运动时，要防止人体摔倒，各种关节的运动应当由神经系统控制的骨骼肌很谨慎地控制。 ⑼各肌肉群协调运动通过肌肉产生力，通过骨骼和关节传递使人体保持直立的体位，并进行自主、随意运动。例如，站立时，颈部、躯干和腿部关节必须防止由肌肉引起的运动，否则人体就会瘫倒。这样，整个人体的重量就经两足传导到地面，而两足以各个部分（头、手臂、躯干和腿）的重量由头、躯干和腿部的骨骼和关节形成的骨骼链间接地传了地面。 ⑽在保持直立姿态的同时，身体重量被传到地面，表明力的产生（由肌肉）和传送（通过骨骼和关节）。肌肉产生、关节传送的力是内部力量。身体重量和地面的反作用力是外部力。其他的外部力包括水的阻力、空气阻力以及在与其他物体接触时所产生的力。骨骼肌系统以产生和传递内部力量来消除作用在人体的外部力。 ⑾在任何体位或运动中，肌肉群间的协调运动控制着关节的运动。以便各种力可以通过骨骼传递。这样，人体可以采取不同姿态去承受各种试图使人体变形或移动人体的力（如体重），通常通过手和足的帮助或躲闪身体或使用工具将这些力转到其他物体。 ⑿所以，骨骼肌系统又叫运动系统。本质上讲是机器，一个有动力的机器，用以产生和传递送力量对抗万有引力效应，做出自己想做的运动。
作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的
II . 1) little donkeys thread their way among the throngs of people. little donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another 2) Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. Then as you pass through a big crowd to go deeper into the market, the noise of the entrance gradually disappear, and you come to the much quieter cloth-market. 3) they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down they drop some of items that they don't really want and begin to bargain seriously for a low price. 4) he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining He will ask for a high price for the item and refuse to cut down the price by any significant amount. 5) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear As you get near it, a variety of sounds begin to strike your ear. X．1) 一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处 A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2) 集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有At the bazaar there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3) 我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。I really don't know what it is that has made him so angry. 4) 新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. 5) 在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6) 他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。They decided to buy that house with. a garage attached. 7 )教师们坚持对学生严格要求。The teachers make a point of being strict with the students.
第一单元肺、肾的结构 肺的血管系统 肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉，然后回到右心房。剩余的输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。 肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸，向下连接下段气道（直径大约2毫米）的动脉，它们壁薄且富有弹性。从这儿开始，动脉成肌肉化发展，直至其达到30微米，此时肌层消失。因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用，所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。肺小动脉将血液排空，送入广泛分布的毛细血管网，进入肺静脉。肺静脉的壁很薄，它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合，出肺进入左心房。 肾结构成分 人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙，与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克，长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域（组成）。外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚，深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。锥体的顶部伸入肾门，称为肾乳头。每个肾乳头被一个肾小盏包裹。肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。经肾乳头流出的尿液汇集在肾盂，通过输尿管排入膀胱。 由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，供应肾脏上、中、下区域的血液。当这些血管进入肾实质，变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时，（这些血管）又进一步细分。细分后的小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。由于传入小动脉始于这些终叶间动脉，所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。 组织学上，肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位，“肾单位”有两个主要成分：过滤成分—紧包着毛细血管网（肾小球）和一个附着在上面的小管组成。这个小管包含几个明显的解剖和功能成分。 第二单元细胞与老化 衰老是一种正常的生理过程，伴有机体内平衡适应性反应的进行性改变。研究老年人健康问题和保健的特殊分支称作老年医学。 衰老的明显特征众所周知：头发花白和脱落，牙齿脱落，皮肤起皱，肌肉减少，脂肪积存增加。衰老的生理征兆是机体对环境压力反应在功能和能力上逐渐减退，如同保持不断地体内平衡（稳态）应对温度、饮食和氧供反应变慢一样，肌体代谢也减慢了。衰老的这些迹象与机体中细胞数的净减少及存余细胞的功能缺失有关。 衰老的另一个表现是组织的细胞外成分也随年龄的变化而变化。负责肌腱力量的胶原纤维的数量增加，而质量却随着衰老降低（而改变）。动脉壁胶原质中的变化造成动脉壁伸展性缺失，如同动脉壁上的积聚物造成动脉粥样硬化（即动脉壁脂肪物质堆积）一样。弹性蛋白是另一种细胞外成分，主要负责血管和皮肤的弹性。随着年龄的变化，它的变粗，变碎并需要获得更大的钙亲和力，这些可能也是造成动脉粥样硬化的原因。 人体最丰富的糖—葡萄糖，或许也会促使老化。根据一假设，向细胞内外的蛋白质随意地补充葡萄糖，在相邻蛋白分子之间会形成不可逆的交联。随着人的老化，会形成越来越多的交联，这很有可能造成老化组织的僵硬与弹性丧失。 虽然每分钟有数以百万计的细胞产生，人体内有几种细胞却无法再生/复制/被取代，如
Unit 1 1) Our youngest, a world-class charmer, did little to develop his intellectual talents but always got by. Until Mrs? Stiffer. 我的小儿子是个世界级的力?人迷。学习不怎么动脑筋却总是能蒙混过关。直到遇到了史蒂夫老师。 2) No one seems to stop to think that一no matter what environments they come from—most kids don't put school first on their list uni ess they perceive something is at stake? 似乎没有人停下来想想看，无论孩子们来自何种环境，他们当屮大多数若不是发现情况到了危急关头，才不会把功课当做头等大事。 3) Of average intellige nee or above ,they eve ntually quit school, con eluding they were too dumb to finish. 这些学生智力水平至少也算小等，但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨。 4) Young people generally don't have the maturity to value education in the same way my adult students value it. 年轻人往往不够成熟，不会像我的成人学生们那么重视教育。 5) It is an expression of confidence by both teachers and parents that the students have the ability to learn the material presented to them. 这表明老师和家长们都对学生有信心，相信他们能够学好发给他们的学习材料。 6) This means no more doing Scotfs assignments for him because he might fail. No more passing Jodi because she's such a nice kid. 这意味着再也不要担心因为斯科特不及格而替他做作业，再也不要因为朱迪是个乖孩了就放他过关。 Unit 2 1) I had always dreamed of being proposed to in a Parisian cafe, under dazzling stars, like one in a Van Gogh, knockoff that hangs in my studio apartment. In stead, my boyfriend asked me to marry him while I was Win dexi ng the bathroom mirror. 我一直有这样的梦想，在星光灿烂的晚上，在一家巴黎咖啡馆就像梵高所画的“一夜的咖啡馆”，我的工作室墙上就有一幅此画的翻木。然后我男朋友却在我用“稳得新”擦洗卫生间镜子的吋候叫我嫁给他。 2) But the more time a nd effort I put in, the more the universe tried to thwart me. The Greek band from Los Angels that I wan ted wasn't available. The stitchi ng I had requested for my cathedral veil was all wrong. My ivory silk gown was being quarantined somewhere in Singapore. 但是我投入的时间和精力越多，万事就越和我过不去，没有请到我想要的洛杉矶希腊乐队，我到教堂时戴的面纱的针线活也很糟，不是我原来要的，我订的彖牙丝绸也被隔离在新加坡