《商务英语》期末考试试卷(B)
PART ONE
Questions 1-7
. Read these sentences and the instructions that follow, which method does each sentence describe? For each sentence mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer Sheet. (Example: You can dictate a message almost anywhere at your convenience.
Answer: B)
1. You speak, while your secretary types down your words.
2. You have to speak slowly and very clearly.
3. One of these methods can be used when you are in a hurry.
4. While dictating, you use some tapes.
5. One of the disadvantages of this method is that you are totally strange to the transcriber.
6. The dictation is done with your speaking, a machine's recording, and your secretary's transcribing.
7. The machine records your words and then provides the transcription.
A. Dictation to your own secretary-"live" dictation, taken by a person who becomes familiar with your dictating characteristics.
B. Dictation to a machine, with your secretary transcribing.
Inexpensive cassette recorders provide great flexibility in dictation.
You can dictate in the office, at home, in an automobile, in an airplane, and in any out-of-the-office situation. Your dictation tapes can be transcribed by being played back on modern transcribing equipment.
C. Dictation to a machine, with a word-processing center providing the transcription in this case, the transcriber will probably not be familiar with your dictation manners and peculiarities.
D. Other dictation methods, such as by telephone calls or by direct secretarial transcription at the typewriter. These methods are not routine but are used typically in "rush" situations. They require a slow voice speed and clear pronunciation.
PART TWO
Questions 8- 11
Read this text about South Korea's economic development, and choose the correct title for each paragraph for the box below. For each paragraph (l-4) mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet. Do not mark any letter twice.
The Koreans see the Seoul Olympics as a chance to show their rapid progress. The Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964 served the same purpose for a developing Japan. Within 13 years, according to a detailed development plan, Korea is determined to be among the world's ten largest trading nations, up from the 13th now.
1. Much of the economy's development in recent years comes from what Korean leaders call the three blessings-lower oil prices, lower world wide interest rates, and a currency that is weak against the Japanese yen. The Korean won is closely related with many other currencies, though the finance ministry will not say which ones. Obviously the U. S. dollar is the most important. When its value drops against the Japanese yen, the Korean won went down too. Since September 1985 the won has decreased about 40% against the yen, giving Korea
a huge advantage over Japan in the U.S. market.
2. The Koreans made good use of this advantage, pouring 40% of their exports into America. When the U.S. responded with tough protectionism talk, they pretended to be surprised and angry. The Koreans still see themselves as relatively poor dependents of the U.S. and take American protectionism as betrayal by a big brother. They are right. The Korean economy is only 6% of Japan's. Tall buildings in Seoul resemble those in Tokyo, but the Korean capital is full of narrow streets and poor houses like a village. In the countryside some 20% of home lack running water. Moreover, Korea has a heavy defense burden as well as that big foreign debt.
3. And Korea has suffered set tacks before In the 1970s the government supported heavy industry, creating some big but useless enterprises. The Treasury Ministry is still quietly supporting some ill shipping and overseas companies. Meanwhile the government does not know how to set up wining industries.
4. The Koreans are also quick to point out that their 7.1 billion trade surplus with the U.S. is just 4% of the total American trade deficit. Japan account for 35%. In the U. S. the Koreans are competing with Japanese, not American Products. They complain that U. S. protectionism punishes them for Americans' lazy work habits and drug abuse. They say the union rules have ruined U. S. competitiveness. Questions 8-11
8. Paragraph 1 . . . . . . .
9. Paragraph 2 . . . . . . .
10. Paragraph 3 . . . . . . .
11. Paragraph 4 . . . . . . .
A. Economy's development
B. Lessons from the past
C. Korean products in U. S. market
D. Exports into America
E. Favorable economic background
F. Trade surplus
G. Disadvantageous factors
PART THREE
Questions 12-16
. Your friend works as secretary in a British company in China. He has written a letter in answer to a Canadian Customer's complaint. In each line there is one wrong word, write the correct word in the space on your Answer Sheet.
Example:
Mr. Davidson works hardly every day and he is a model worker . . . hard. . .
Dear Mrs. David,
I received your letter dated December the 21st complaining
12. about the qualify of our TL135 camera! checked with our
13. manager and I am now answer your questions: You can mail
14. the flawed camera to us and paying the postage by yourself. Then
15. upon receiving your package, we'll immediate send you a new one.
16. And the postage is on us. I look forward to hear from you.
Thank your for your letter.
PART FOUR: Translation
Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
17. Card-holders of Holiday Sunshine Hotel automatically become registered members of its Reservation Network. They are able to enjoy the services offered by its member hotels. We encourage card-holders to use the card as often as possible, and they will be awarded with prizes when their marks reach a certain amount. Before checking into a hotel, please always reserve your room first. When you check out, you will only have to pay the member price.
18. The new Holiday Inn has everything you need for a weekend of family fun or business travel. Conveniently located, the Holiday Inn is within walking distance to the hot springs and the downtown shopping area. Each room has a refrigerator, coffee maker, and hair dryer. Guests will enjoy the Holiday Inn's swimming pool, as well as a free Western or Chinese breakfast every morning.
Part Five: Writing
Write a composition on the topic “Table Manners in China”, your writing should be no less than 120 words.
Table Manners in China
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Reference Keys Unit 2 Establishing Business Relations 学学练练 I. 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. h 6. f 7. e 8. g II. 1.供你方参考 2. 期望，盼望 3. 供应中 4. in the hope of/that 5. establish business relations 6. fall within the scope of III. 1. desirous to 2. in the line of 3.give you a general idea 4. covering 5. in the market 6.refer to 7.be informed IV. 1. appreciate 2. in, for 3.upon 4. to 5. informed 6. with 7.enclosed 8. in 9. desire 10. for 实操练习 I. 1.Through the courtesy of ABC company, we have your name and address. 2. We would like to inform you that we could supply various types of men’s leather shoes. 3. We have established business relations with more than 50 countries in the world, on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods。 4. Specializing in the export of Chinese bicycles, we express our desire to trade with you in this line. 5. In order to promote business between us, we shall airmail you some samples for your reference. 6. We enclose a copy of catalog and a sampl e and are sure that you will be satisfied
商务英语期末考试参考答案 说明：商务英语期末考试有五种题型： 一、中英短语互译已经全部总结，见下文 二、问答题已经提供了参考答案，仅供参考，见下文 三、案例分析题请根据题目要求自行准备 四、英语段落翻译中文已经注明，请自己翻看商务英语教程 五、写作请根据题目要求自行准备 1、中英短语互译（详见商务英语课件——每个PPT中的短语部分） PPT1： 1. individual proprietorship个体经营，独资企业 2. convertible bonds 可转换债券 3. memorandum of association 公司章程 4. monopolistic competition 垄断竞争 5. business credit 商业信用 1. 财政资源 financial resources 2. 有限责任公司 limited company 3. 销售收入 sales revenue 4. 有形商品 tangible goods 5. 流动资金 working capital PPT2： 1. flexible manufacturing system 弹性生产系统 2. fractional reserve system 部分准备金制度
3. credit instruments 信用工具，信用票据 4. bull market/bear market 牛/熊或多头/空头市场 5. manufacturing process 制造工艺 1. 厂址选择 facility location 2. 库存控制 inventory control 3. 总支出 aggregate expenditures 4. 股权证/权益证 equity instruments 5. 财务管理 financial management PPT3： 1. performance appraisal 绩效/业绩评估 2. promotion-from-within 内部提拔 3. skills inventory 技术库存 4. macroeconomic ramification 宏观经济衍生物/结果 5. closed-end fund 封闭式基金 1. 项目生命周期 project life cycle 2. 软技能和硬技能 soft skills and hard skills 3. 补偿制度 compensation system 4. 开放式基金 open-ended fund 5. 优先股 preferred stock PP4： 1. profit-oriented objective 利润导向的目标 2. marketing intermediary 营销代理商
freelance 自由职业的[?fri:lɑ:ns] You sell your work or services to a number of different companies. 自由职业 你把你的工作或服务卖给许多不同的公司 teleworking 远程工作；在家办公; You work for a company from home via email,phone or the Internet电子办公 你在家中通过电子邮件、电话或互联网为一家公司工作， job-sharing 分担工作制 You do your job for part of the week and another person does it for the other part. 分担工作 你在这周做了你的这份工作的一部分，另一个人做另一部分 shift work 换班工作 You work during different parts of the day(eg nights).轮班工作 你在一天中的不同时段工作（如夜班） part-time 兼职;半日工作 You only work for some ot the week(not full-time).兼职工作 你只工作了一周（不是全职）。 temping 打临时工，做临时工作，打零工 You work for different companies for a short time without a permanent contract.临时工作 你在不同的公司工作很短的时间没有一个永久的合同。 c onsultancy 顾问工作，顾问职位; 咨询公司; [k?n?s?ltnsi:] You aren’t employed by a company,but are paid to give specialist advice.顾问公司；咨询公司 你不是受雇于公司，但支付给专业的意见 flextime 弹性上班制; You work a number of hours per week or month but you decide when you start or finish.弹性制 你每周工作几个小时或一个月，但你决定当你工作的起始时间 hot-desking 办公桌轮用制（按需要或依照轮流制度分配办公桌，而不是给每位员工桌子）; You don’t have a permanent place or office to work at,but you find a place to work when you arrive.办公桌轮用 你没有一个固定的办公地点，但当你需要办公室可以找到一个办公地点 How to job - share Wouldn't it be nice if the working week finished on Wednesday? With a job-share it can. Here's the essential guide to making it work. 如果工作都在星期三完成，那岂不是很好吗？有工作共享就可以做到。这里是使它工作的基本指南。 (0) Find the perfect partner Find someone you like. 'Be prepared to communicate and share credit and blame,says Carol Savage, the managing director of Flexecutive, a flexible working consultancy.
Dear Sirs, We obtain your name and address from the internet, and we are writing you in the hope of establishing direct business relations with you. We’re one of the importers of Beddings with years’of experience in this line. At present, we’ll be pleased to get the samples for your bed-sheets. Thank you for your cooperation. Yours sincerely, \\ 2 Dear Sirs, Your company has been introduced to us by FMC Company, Sydney, Australia, who has informend us that you are interested in electric goods . As we have been in this line for years, we are writing you in the hope of establishing business relations with you. In order to give you a rough idea of our products available for export at present, we are sending you under separate cover the latest catalogues. Looking forward to your early reply. Yours faithfully Dear Sirs, We learn from the internet that you are in urgent need of a large quantity of Children’s Sport Shoes. We’re writing you in the hope of entering into long-term business relations with you. We have been handling the export of various kinds of textiles and shoes for many years, and our products are very popular in the American and European markets for their good quality and reasonable prices. We also have kept close connections with the local shoe manufacturers, and can ensure the steady source and quality. In order to give you a rough idea of our products, we are sending you our latest catalogues and price lists for Children’s Sport Shoes for your reference. If you are interested in any of the items, please let us know. We await your early reply. Yours faithfully,
《外贸函电写作》复习题I: Key terms : 1. credit standing 资信情况 2.counter-signature 会签 3. commercial Invoice 商业发票 4. confined L/C 保兑信用证 5. effect shipment 实行装运 6. confirming bank 保兑行 7. accepting bank 承兑行 8. issuing bank 开立行 9. discount 折扣 10. commission 佣金 11. under separate cover 另函寄出 12. remittance 汇付 13. premium 保险费 14. irrevocable L/C 不可撤销的信用证 15. deposit 定金16. collection 托收 17. terms of payment 支付方式 18. insurance Policy 保险单 19.Sales Confirmation 销售确认书 20. clean B/L 提单 21. firm offer 实盘 22.shipping documents 运输单据 23. amend the L/C 修改信用证 24. extend the L/C 展延信用证 25. exporter 出口商 26. importer 进口商 27.on Board B/L 已装船提单 28.More or Less Clause 溢短装条款 29. documentary bill 跟单汇票 30.time draft 远期汇票 II: Multiple choice: 1. We have lodged a claim______ ABC & Co._______ the quality of the goods shipped_______ S.S “ Peace”. A. against; for; by B. with; for; under C. on; against; as per D. to; for; per 2. It is important that your client______ the relevant L/C not later than April 12,1999. A, must open B. has to open C. open D. opens 3. We hope that the relevant L/C_____ as early as possible. A. establish B. will be established C. established D. establishing 4.We have made______ clear that the goods should be packed in cartons. A. it B. them C. this D. Which 5.We sincerely hope the goods under your Order No.245 will reach you_______. A. in good conditions B. in the good conditions C. in a condition D. in good condition 6.We are sorry to hear that the goods you received are not_______ the quality expected. A. but B. only C. of D. for 7.We shall remit to you an amount of $ 200 in_____ for the loss you suffered. A. reply B. compensation C. return D. interest 8. ____ you____ send us samples of your own products? A. Do...wish to B. Will...like to C. Do...hope to D. Would...please 9. Please don’t hesitate to write to us any proposals______ marketing chestnut. A. to concern B. concerning C. concerned D. concern 10. We wish to _______ as an agent the goods you are exporting now, because we are
广东外语外贸大学成人高等教育 商务英语（专科）2018学年第1学期 《商务英语阅读》试题（A 卷） 年级： 考试形式：闭卷 考试时间：90分钟 Part I Multiple Choices (15 points, 1 point each) Direction : There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices 1. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 2. Y ou _______ her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks. A. needn’t have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can’t have seen 3. She’s always been kind to me – I can’t just turn ______on her now that she needs my help. A. my back B. my head C. my eye D. shoulder 4. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _______ directed. A. like B. so C. which D. as 5. The _______ goal of the book is to help bridge the gap between research and teaching, particularly the gap between researchers and teachers. A. joint B. intensive C. overall D. decisive 6. W e can accept your order _______ payment is made in advance. A. in the belief that B. in order that C. on the excuse that D. on condition that 7. The medical experts warned the authorities of the danger of diseases in the _______ of the earthquake. A. consequence B. aftermath C. results D. effect 8. Research universities have to keep up with the latest computer and scientific hardware _______ price. A. on account of B. regardless of C. in addition to D. not to mention 9. I am surprised _______ this city is a dull place to live in. A. that you would think B. by what you are thinking C. that you should think D. with what you were thinking 10. Don’t let the child play with scissors _______ he cuts himself. A. in case B. so that C. now that D. only if 11. They always give the vacant seats to _______ comes first. A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. whom 12. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _______ it comes to classroom tests. A. when B. since C. before D. after 13. Personal computers are no longer something beyond the ordinary people; they are _______ available these days. A. promptly B. instantly C. readily D. quickly 14. Owing to _______ competition among the airlines, travel expenses have been reduced considerably . A. fierce B. strained C. eager D. critical 15. Doctor often ______uneasiness in the people they deal with. A. smell B. sense C. hear D. tough Part II Word Match (15 points, 1 point each) Direction : Match the following words with their definitions within each group of five words. Write Group 1 1. authentic A. having powers of learning, reasoning or understanding 2. commitment B. twist; changing shape 3. exaggerate C. a promise or decision to do something 4. intelligent D. real; true and accurate 5. distortion E. say more than the truth about something Group 2 6. authority A. basic; central; forming the necessary basis of something 7. donate B. something that is considered more important than other matters 8. substantial C. the right or ability to control 9. priority D. give something for the benefit of others 10. fundamental E. large in size, value or importance Part III Sentence Completion (10 points, 1 point each) 1. George is not only a skillful painter, but also a ______ writer. (talent) 2. The ________ John to Mary was announced in the newspapers yesterday . (engage) 3. I love the movie because the _______ is my favorite. (act) 4. _______ to say , this absent-minded professor left his umbrella in the classroom again. (need) 5. I'm afraid the girl is a little ________ for her age and height. (weight)
Chapter 8 Learning Aims 学完本章，学生应能： 1．识别装船指示和装船通知； 2．熟悉一些模具产品名称； 3．掌握装运方面信件的结构以及相关术语和表达方式； 4．学会案例分析，并撰写与装运相关的信函。 Background Information 在国际贸易中，在装运前，买方通常把他们的装运需求发送给卖方，告知他们包装和标志，运输方式等，此为装运指示。 卖方在装运货物后应立即向买方发送装船通知，告知他们装运情况。装船通知通常包含以下内容： （1）预计出发时间；预计到达时间 （2）装船货物 （3）船名 （4）集装箱号 （5）铅封号 （6）所附单证 装运当事人有三方，即货主，承运人和收货人。 提单可被看作为货物收据、运输合同证明和物权凭证。 Letter 1
李友
Letter 2 Letter 3 Letter 4
Letter 5 Letter 6
Exercises I．Fill in the following blanks. 1. importance; urgent; advance; co-operation 2. circumstances; compelled; an alternative/alternatives; 3. extended; expired 4. pleasure; informing 5. in duplicate II．Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1．我们很高兴在此通知，贵方所订的车灯模具已由“魅力”号货轮发出，将于5月15号抵达宁波。 2．我们很奇怪至今尚未收到于8月1号所订的螺钉，我方客户要求予以解释，因为他们急需此批货物。 3．由于交货长期延误，给我们带来不便。我们要求立即发货，否则，我们将不得不按合同规定取消订单。 4．请尽快安排装运我方所订的货物。 5．这艘货船将于7月20号左右驶往上海。 III．Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Upon receipt of the L/C, please effect shipment of the goods booked by us as soon as possible. 2. We are informed by ABC shipping company that S.S. “Beauty” is due to sail from your city to our port on or about 6th this month. 3. We are very much obliged for your kind cooperation. 4. We hope that these goods will reach you in time and turn out to your entire satisfaction. 5. We are in urgent need of the goods and have to request you to ship them without any further delay.
暑期学习阶段测试三 （基础知识与商务英语衔接卷） （总分：100分）得分：一、词汇（20） （1）按要求写词语 low（反义词）----- full（反义词）---- beautiful（比较级）------- fat（最高级）----- 304（英文）------ in the 1290s（中文）----- 第二十九（英文）------ 第五（英文）---- one to one（用数字表时间）----- Three quarters past twelve （用数字表时间）------ 10:11（英文表示时间）----- 在七月一日（英文）----- ten point 0 two（小数）----- a quarter（分数）------ (2)翻译下列短语或词语 take a message ----- place an order---- Russia ----- New Zealand------ Peru---- M oscow---- 二句子应用（2’*10=20） 中译英 1.这不是我的行李，是她的。
2.我会尽快让他知道这个消息。 3.弹钢琴对我来说是很容易的。（It's +adj. for sb. to do sth.） 4.越快越好。 5. 你知道他什么时候回来吗？ 英译中 6.Do I need a reservation for the dining car? 7. Which would you prefer, a smoking seat or a non-smoking seat? 8. May I see a timetable? 9 Could you tell me my reservation number, please? 10 Will this flight leave on time? 三英语应用及常识题（30’） 中英互译1 Water boils at one hundred degrees centigrade．
《商务英语阅读》期末复习指导 一、课程说明 适于省开英语专业专科商务方向学习者使用。本课程选用的教材是由对外经济和贸易大学黄震华教授主编的《商务英语阅读》一书，中央广播电视大学2003年6月出版。共十八课，每课有正副课文各一篇，共三十六篇。 二、考试说明 考试的性质及方式：期末采用闭卷考试，时间90分钟。考核范围：广东电大编写的《商务英语阅读期末复习指导》；期末考试成绩计核方法：形成性考核成绩占30%，期末考试占70%。期末考试题型及所占比例：选择题（15%）；填空题（10%）； 翻译题（30%）；阅读理解（45%）。 三、综合复习 （一）选择题 1、C 2、D 3、D 4、A 5、C 6、B 7、B 8、B 9、A 10、B 11、A 12、A 13、A 14、C 15、A 16、C 17、C 18、C 19、C 20、C 21、A 22、D 23、C 24、A 25、B 26、A 27、A 28、D 29、C 30、B 31、D 32、B 33、C 34、B 35、C 36、C 37、C 38、B 39、D 40、D （二）填空题 1．用下列词填空： 1、air-conditioned； 2、handmade; 3、thunder-struck; 4、heart-felt; 5、data-based; 6、self-employed; 7、custom-built; 8、weather-beaten 2．用下列词填空： 1. structure 2. managers 3. benefits 4. margin 5. capital market 6. investment 7. marketing concept 8. raw material 9. shareholders 10. capital
镇原职专17级商务英语班商务英语期末试题（卷）I. Choose the best answer. ( )1. September 10th is ____in China. A. Teacher's Day B. Teachers'Day C. Teacher Day D. ( )2. ____ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years. A.Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousand o ( ) have never seen ____ interesting film. A. such B. such an C. so D. such a ( ) 4. They asked___ to do the work. A.you, he and I B. you, him and me C. I, you and he D. me, you and him ( ) 5. This book is____ that one, but____ than that one. A. as difficult as; expensive B. as more difficult as; more C. as difficult as; more expensive D. more difficult as; as ( ) 6. He speaks English___his aunt. A. as good as B. as well as C. as better as D. as best ( )7. Children get gifts ____ Christmas and ____ their birthdays. ; on B. at; on C. in; in D. in; on ( ) 8. HecanspeakEnglish_______Chinese. B.also C.so D.and ( )9. — ______you help me carry these books —Sure. A. Should B. Could C. May D. Must ( )10. —Must I finish my homework today, —No, you you have to finish it tomorrow. ’t B. needn’t C. may not D. can’t ( ) uncle together with his two children every morning. running running to run to run ( ) 12. English ____ in Canada. A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is spoken ( ) 13. A new house ___ at the corner of the road. A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building ( ) 14. Where ___ these boxes made A. Was B. were C. is D. am ( ) 15. The flowers ___ often. A. must be water B. must be watered C. must watered D. must water
商务英语函电考试题目
词组 订单order 经营handle/deal in 习惯做法usual practice 商品目录catalogue 价格表pricelist 佣金commission 缺货out of stock 发盘人offeror 受盘人offeree 规格specificatio n 畅销sell well 专营 specialized in 通函circular 样品sample 折扣discount 单价unit price 库存stock 运费freight 综合险All Risks 板条箱crate 险别coverage 保险费 premium 保险人 insurer 散装货bulk cargo 收货人 consignee 转船 transshipmen t 毛重gross weight 信汇mail transfer 装箱单 packing list 铁箍metal strapping 报价 quote/quotat ion 易燃液体 inflammable 商会chamber
of commerce 另邮by separate cover/post 付款条件terms of payment 具体询盘specific enquiry 欲购be in the market for 优先报盘preferential offer 可撤销报盘revocable offer 价格适中moderate in price 现货供应supply from stock 拳头产品 knock-out product 质量上乘 superior in quality 打九折give a 10% discount 试订购place an trial order 销售合同 Sales Contract 形式发票 Proforma Invoice 会签 counter-sign ayure 支付条款 terms of payment 即期信用证 sight L/C 货到付款pay on delivery 分期付款pay in installment 电汇 telegraphic transfer 知识性标志 indicative marks 塑料纸 polythene sheet 请勿挂钩use
Unit 1~2 Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者 Trade surplus 贸易顺差 Quota and tariff 配额和关税 Government intervention 政府干预 Zero-sum game 零和博弈 Positive-sum game 常和博弈 The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论 The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论 Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论 Product life cycle 产品生命周期（+theory ……理论） Economies of scale 规模经济 Diminishing returns 收益递减规律 Green revolution 绿色革命 Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制 Deposit 佣金 First mover advantage 先占优势 Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒 Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论 National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势 The department of commerce 商务部 Letter of credit 信用证 Draft /bill of exchange 汇票 bill of lading B/L 提单 Sight draft 即期汇票 Time draft 远期汇票 Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑（+bill …汇票） Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票 Countertrade 对等贸易 Barter 易货贸易 Switch trading 转手贸易 Offset 抵消 Counter purchase 互购贸易 Compensation trade 补偿贸易 Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口） Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差） It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损） Absolute Advantage 绝对优势 Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it 亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势 According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品 The Benefit（好处） of Absolute Advantage and Free Trade The Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势 The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易 1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动； the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率；the Quantity of Production 产品质量。 2. To Consumer: Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费 Comparative Advantage比较优势 Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，