《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章)
2013-6-1
Chapter I Introduction2012
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE:
T1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
F2. Competence and performance is distinguished by Saussure.
F3. A synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.
T4. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
F5. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
F6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
T7. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.
T8. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
T9. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any
linguistic study.
T10. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
F11. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. T12. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.
F13. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.
T14. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.
T15. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.
T16. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.
T17. Social changes can often bring about language changes.
T18. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
T19. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an
unlimited source of expressions.
F20. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the course of its history.
F21. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
T22. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
F23. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
T24. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.
F25. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.
F26. Features that contrast words in meaning are called design features are said to be in complementary distribution.
F27. Linguistic symbols are arbitrary.
F28. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear some natural relationship to their meaning.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
descriptive 1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.
knowledge2.Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.
abstract3. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
Duality 43. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
arbitrary5. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
Sociolinguistics 6. S is the study of language in relation to society. syntax7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.
genetic 8. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
Parole 9. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
applied10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.
productive11. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be12 scientifc12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.
social13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s function of language.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
A1. The description of a language in a fixed instant is a _______ study.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. systematic
D2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.
A. sociolinguistics
B. Psycholinguistics
C. computational linguistics
D. Applied Linguistics
C3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.
A. prescriptive
B. analytic
C. descriptive
D. linguistic
D4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
C. Duality
D. Meaningfulness
A5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
D6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because
___________.
A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information
conveyed.
C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother
tongue
D.All of the above
C7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. descriptive
B8. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. comparative
C9. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic
system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. Language
B10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.
A. sense
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
A11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission
B12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.
A. American linguist N. Chomsky
B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
C. American linguist Edward Sapir
D. British linguist J. R. Firth
A13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is .
A. arbitrary
B. rational
C. logical
D. cultural
I V. Answer the following question:
1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?
2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?
Chapter 2：Phonology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
T1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.
F2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.
F3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
F4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.
T5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
T6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
F7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
F8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.
T 9. The sound〔z〕is a voiced alveolar stop.
T9. V oicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.
F10. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.
T11.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
F12.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
F13.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
T12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the
length of the vowels.
F13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
T14. The English consonants can be classified in terms of place and manner of articulation.
F15. The qualities of vowels depend on the positions of lips.
F16.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
F17.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
F18.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
T19. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.
F20.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
T21.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
T22.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
T23.Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.
T24.The speech sounds in almost every language can be divided into two major natural classes: consonants and vowels.
T25. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
F26.Suprasegmental features are distinctive features of segmental phonemes.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
aspiration27．A_____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
articulatory28．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.
Bilabial 29．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.
Tongue 30．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
place31．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.
stop32．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.
suprasegmental33．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
sequential 34．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s ____ rules.
narrow35．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.
intonation36．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.
phonology37．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
alveolar38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.
oral39．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
tone40．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like
phonemes.
sentence41．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
A1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called ________ phonetics.
A. acoustic
B. articulatory
C. auditory
D. allomorphic
D2. The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative
C3．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
A4．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
B5．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D./b/
D6．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A. identical
B. same
C. exactly alike
D. similar
A7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
D8．The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative
C9.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
D10. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound .
A. [n]
B. [h]
C. [w]
D. [j]
D11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .
A. minimal pairs
B. allomorphs
C. phones
D. allophones
C12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the
segments are called ____________.
A. phonetic components
B. immediate constituents
C. suprasegmental features
D. semantic features
D13.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. sound
C. allophone
D. phoneme
D14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones
B. sounds
C. phonemes
D. allophones
C15. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( C )
A. stops
B. fricatives
C. affricates
D. plosives
IV. Answer the following question:
1. How are the English consonants classified?
2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.
Chapter 3：Morphology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
T1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
F2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
T3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
T4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
F5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
T6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
T7. Almost every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.
F8. The allomorph is an abstract unit.
T9. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
F10. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.
F11. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.
T12. Phonetically, the stress of a compound often falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
F13. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.
F14. The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
Root1. R is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. Morpheme 2. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
Bound 3. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. derivational 4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes. suffix5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.
Compounding 6. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
compound7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e.
“snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
D1.The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
D2.The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
A.is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D.None of the above.
C3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
D4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?
A. Rainbow
B. Milkshake
C. Icy-cold
D. Unpleasant
B5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second elem
D. both the first and the second elements. B6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes
B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words
D. Words
C7._________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B. Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
C8.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
D9.Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A. have to be used independently
B.can not be combined with other morphemes
C.can either be free or bound
D.have to be combined with other morphemes.
A10.____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
B11._________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
C12.“-s”in the word “books”is _______.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
C13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?
A. Nouns
B. Adjectives
C. Conjunctions
D. Adverbs
B14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.
A. free
B. bound
C. root
D. inflectional
A15. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”, “aspect”, “degree” and so forth are called morphemes.
A. inflectional
B. bound
C. free
D. derivational
A16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.
A. four
B. three
C. two
D. five
C17. Which of the following affix differs from others?
A. –ly
B. –ness
C. –ing
D. –ful
V. Answer the following question:
What is an inflectional morpheme? Locate the inflectional morpheme in each of the following sentences and point out its grammatical meaning.
Mr. Smith lives in the Big Apple.
The film’s already started.
We are preparing for an important test.
Chapter 4：Syntax
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
F1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.
F2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.
F3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
T4. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
T5. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
T6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
F7. A sentence can’t have more than one deep structure.
T8. The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.
T9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
T10. A noun phrase contains a noun, while other elements are optional.
T11. Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical categories, commonly known as parts of speech.
T12. Chomsky made a distinction between two levels of structures: surface and deep structures.
T13. Transformational-generative grammar was first suggested by Noam Chomsky.
II. Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents. ( IC analysis)
The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight.
Chapter 5 Semantics
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
F1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
F2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
T3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
F4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
T5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
T6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
F7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
T8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
F9. The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
Semantics1. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.
direct2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
Reference 3. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the
non-linguistic world of experience.
Synonyms 4. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.
homophones5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.
relational6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.
referential7. What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r_____ meaning of a word.
Reverse 8. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.
Componential 9. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
selectional10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
naming11. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
A1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A. Plato
B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech
D. Firth
B2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents
_______.
A. the conceptualist view
B. contexutalism
C. the naming theory
D. behaviourism
D3. Which of the following is not true?
A.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C.Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.
D.Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
D4.“Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
B5.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
C6.“alive”and “dead”are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational opposites
C. complementary antonyms
D. none of the above
A7._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sense
C8.___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
D9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms
B. polysemy
C. hyponyms
D. synonyms
C10. The kind of antonymy between "married "and "single" is one of __________
A converse
B relational
C complementary
D gradable D11. According to the componential analysis, the word “girl” and “woman”
differ in the feature of _______.
A. HUMNAN
B. ANIMATE
C. MALE
D. ADULT
A12.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A.grammatical rules
B.selectional restrictions
C.semantic rules
D.semantic features
D13. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.
A. complete homonyms
B. homographs
C. hyponyms
D. homophones
B14. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms.
A. old and young
B. male and female
C. hot and cold
D. buy and sell
A15. The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.
A. co-hyponyms
B. superordinate
C. hyponyms
D. antonyms
D16. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
IV. Answer the following questions.
1. How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?
deep/shallow married/single sour/sweet teacher/student asleep/awake
2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?
3.What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?
Chapter 6：Pragmatics
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
F1.Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
F2.Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
T3.It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
F4.The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.
F5.Sentence meaning is abstract but context-dependent.
F6.The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
F7.Utterances always take the form of complete sentences
F8.Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.
T9. Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s of the 20th Century.
II.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: Pragmatics1.P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
context2.The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. illocutionary3. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same
purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force. utterance4.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of
communication, it becomes an u___________.
abstract5.The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontextualized. Constatives 6.C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
performatives7.P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
locutionary8. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. illocutionary9.An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
expressive10.An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
quatity11.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of
q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
III.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
A 1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.
A. Pragmatics
B. Semantics
C. Sense relation
D. Concept
C2. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.
A. contextual
B. behaviouristic
C. intrinsic
D. logical
D3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference
B. speech act
C. practical usage
D. context
B4. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
C5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.
A. constative
B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
B6. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
A7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century
B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s
D. in the early 21st century.
D8. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
D. A performative act
B9. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.
A10. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle
B. Politeness Principle
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar
D. Adjacency Principle
D11. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational implicature
B12. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.
A. directives
B. expressives
C. commissives
D. representatives
C13. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous Cooperative Principle.
A. John Austin
B. John Firth
C. Paul Grice
D. William Jones
C14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics are more interested in its ______ meaning.
A. literal
B. logical
C. utterence
D. sentence
D15. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether, in the study of meaning, _________ is considered.
A. reference
B. speech act
C. practical usage
D. context
D16. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang?
B: A fine day, isn’t it?
In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?
A. The maxim of quantity
B. The maxim of quality
C. The maxim of manner
D. The maxim of relation
IV. Answer the following questions.
1. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.
2. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?
3. What is pragmatic failure? Try to find instances of pragmatic failure in the English used by Chinese learners of English.
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标
《英语语言学概论》精选试题1 1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language A. Symbolic B. Duality C. Productive D. Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative D. Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in . A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain language A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 11. Minimal pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive features of a language B.find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of language 12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables D. stress 13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllable A. Coda B. Onset C. Stem D. Peak 三、判断
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on
《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization
第一章绪论 1.1什么是语言 1.2语言的性质 （1）语言具有系统性（systematic） （2）语言是一个符号系统 语言符号是一种象征符号。 （3）语言符号的任意性（arbitrariness）与理据性（motivation） （4）口头性 （5）语言是人类特有的 （6）语言是用于交际的 寒暄交谈（phatic communion）马林诺夫斯基提出的，认为语言除了用于表达思想、交流感情外，还可以用语言营造一种气氛或保持社会接触。这种不用于表达思想、交流感情的语言使用，叫寒暄交谈。 1.3语言的起源 1.4语言的分类 1.4.1系属分类（Genetic Classification） 历史比较语言学通过比较各种语言在不同时期语音、词性、曲折变化、语法结构上的相同特点来建立语言族系。 将语言分为语系（family）——语族（group）——语支（branch）——语言 英语、德语属印欧语系日耳曼语族西日耳曼语支。法语属印欧语系罗曼语族中罗曼语支。 汉语属汉藏语系汉语族。 1.4.2 类型分类（Typological Classifacation） 根据词的结构类型，可分为 （1）孤立语（isolating language）又叫词根语，一个词代表一个意思，缺少形态变化，语序和虚词是表达语法意义的主要手段。汉语是典型的孤立语。 （2）粘着语（agglutinative language）简单词组成复合词，而词性和意义不变。在词根前、中、后粘贴不同的词缀实现语法功能。日语、韩语、土耳其语是典型的黏着语。 （3）屈折语（inflectional language）词形变化表语法关系的语言。英语是不太典型的屈折语。 （4）多式综合语（polysynthesis language）把主、宾和其它语法项结合到动词词干上以构成一个单独的词，但表达一个句子的意思。因纽特语是典型的多式综合语。 根据句子的语序类型，可分为SVO、SOV、OSV、OVS等 1.5语言的功能 1.5.1 一般功能 1.5.2元功能（metafunction） 1.6什么是语言学（linguistics）
《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示 第一章语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。 第三章语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等. 第五章词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。 第十一章语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原 320240*********
《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章) 2013-6-1 Chapter I Introduction2012 I. Decide whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE: T1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. F2. Competence and performance is distinguished by Saussure. F3. A synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history. T4. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. F5. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. T7. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. T8. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. T9. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. T10. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. F11. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. T12. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. F13. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. T14. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. T15. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. T16. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. T17. Social changes can often bring about language changes. T18. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. T19. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an
Chapter 1 Language语言 1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2. Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5. discreteness(离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1. ★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2. ★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3. Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I. H alliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II. A dult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇
1.Synchronic vs diachronic Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 2. Langue and parole Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, It does not change frequently, while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 3. Competence and performance Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language, which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. 4. Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language. On the other hand, we should be aware that while language is arbitrary by nature it is not entirely arbitrary; certain words are motivated. The best examples are the onomatopoeic words, such as rumble, crash, cackle, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. For example, while photo and copy are both arbitrary, the compound word photocopy is not entirely arbitrary. But non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language. The arbitrary nature of language is a sigh of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 5. Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Much of what we say and hear are saying or hearing for the first time. 6. Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which are found at the higher level of the system. 7. Displacement Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in faraway places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means. This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time or place. In contrast, no animal communication system possesses this feature. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation, i.e. in contact of food, in presence of danger, or in pain. Once the danger or pain is gone, calls stop. 8. Cultural transmission While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted, i.e. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 9. Broad transcription and narrow transcription: Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only, this is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics, this is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose. 10. Sense and reference Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. 11. Context It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Various components of shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of