第一册
第一单元
Grain谷物Rotten 腐烂Patch修补Numb麻木Patroll巡逻
Squeezed 挤tomb坟scare 害怕bar酒吧orchard 果园cucumber黄瓜cabbage卷心菜Beneath 在……下面charity慈善stare盯着blanket毯子tremble颤抖wreck毁坏
Perfume 香水；香料 chary小心 coach教练 toss抛 grade葡萄chamber卧室
Stab 捅 brook小溪 scandal丑闻 gasp喘息 fade腿色 thumb拇指
stain污点 scramble爬，争，抢 ditch沟 strip条纹；剥夺；脱光衣服
stripe条子 barrier栅栏 embarrass使…为难 pray 祈祷 prey掠夺
landlady女房东 landlord房东 lawn草地 range范围、幅度 governor总督
doctrine教条 documentary文献 orthodox传统的 paradox似是而非的活
render 给予、提供 surrender交出 eggplant茄子 bow弯曲
第二单元
Dignity高贵linger逗留outfit 全套服装vendor小贩breeze微风coaster栏杆necktie 领结distinct明确;清楚roast烤过的sock长袜tan棕黄色pet宠物stiff拘谨的enormous巨大的patio院子enormous巨大awful极坏的crack裂开perserve保持legacy遗产spot地点prime最好comment评论amaze诧异casual随便peach 桃色slack不紧的swing 摇摆；秋千
Slack家常库vest背心suspender吊库带consantly经常deck木制平台dock码头Tide潮流breeze微风photography摄影术photoelectric光电的captive囚徒capacity容积capsule胶嚷cabinet陈列柜indignity侮辱indignant愤怒的outfit装备apparent明显transparent透明的;明显的companion伙伴abnormal反常Normalize正常化enormous庞大的unpaid未付的deserve值得conservatie保守的reservoir水库dessert停止服务joyful兴高采烈jolly欢乐的rejoice高兴depreciate使贬值；贬低appraise估计blaze燃烧plam手掌destiny命运shelter躲避处pillow枕头whisper低语
treasure n. 金银财宝；宝藏；珍宝；不可多得的人才vt. 重视；珍惜；珍视；储存fragrance芳香rhyme押韵vanish消失disguise隐藏stale疲惫misery痛苦、
第三单元
Tailor 裁缝entail使人承担polish 磨光，擦亮cease停止mystery神秘mysterious神秘的blaze燃烧palm手掌shelter掩蔽whisper低语expansion 扩张Scatter散步thrust刺rim边缘utter彻底的stuff原料stuffy不通气的rib肋骨Penetrate渗入,看穿span 期间；范围retail散布committee委员会commit提交；做出保证vice恶习vicious恶毒的singular非凡的
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页
英语课记笔记，对大多数中学生来说已经不再是个问题。但是，如何作好笔记，笔记做在哪儿且仍然是个不小的问题。这关系到如何培养学生掌握科学的学习方法，养成良好的学习习惯，提高学习效率的问题。 学生的听课笔记做在哪里好呢? 不同的人有不同的看法和做法。大多数教师指导他们的学生每人准备一个笔记本，把课堂上的重点难点记在笔记本上。我自己在校读书时也是这么做的，现在箱子里还有许多记得密密麻麻的旧书和旧笔记本。但是，翻阅这些旧书、旧笔记本时，我深深地感到书头笔记比笔记本上的笔记更实用、有效。笔记记在书上，一是方便(便于记、便于看、便于复习)，二是快捷(原文的题目、词句不必抄写，只需要该记的记在旁边即可)，三是清晰(和原文对照一目了然)。 在书上的字里行间作笔记，最好用不同颜色的笔在重点单词、短语及句子下划线，也可以用五角星标出新句型、用三角形标出旧句型、用圆圈标出介词或冠词、用方框标出新的短语和词组、用直线或水浪曲线划出英语课文中的关键句，有助于记忆和学好外语。在书页上下左右的空白处也可以写上自己的想法，以加深理解、便于记忆。习题的答案也可以写到书上。这样，任何时候再打开书，它上面的笔记、答案就是你的指导老师，它是唤醒你记忆的天使。做好书头笔记是一种良好的学习方法。所以，我主张将英语课堂笔记尽可能记在课本上。 那么教师应该如何指导自己的学生做笔记呢?有些教师只顾自己讲，而不去顾及学生记不记，该记哪些内容，怎么个记法。有的老师一边讲一边提示学生该把哪些东西记下来。但不关心学生来不来得及记。我认为指导学生做书头笔记是英语老师学法指导的一项重要内容，是培养学生学习能力的一个重要环节，教师必须对此作详细的科学的指导，最好在初中或高中的起始阶段进行。 我把英语课堂笔记该记的内容分为八个方面，下面说说怎样分头来记。 1、注音标(Phonetics)，标重音(Stress)。每单元的英语课文都有不少生词、一词多音和容易读错的英语单词，某些英语单词作名词和动词的发音不同，如'record(n.)和re'cord(vt.)。将英语音标和重音记在被注的单词上边，并要求学生在朗读课文时重视所注的音标和重读音节。这样，一旦课文读熟,那些单词的正确读音也就熟记在心了。 2、释义(Paraphrase)。英语中有不少生词、多义词、短语、习惯语和难句需要用简单的英语或汉语来解释。如：quarr el争吵(to argue or disagree angrily with someone);forture财富(great wealth)。在课文学习过程中，注释的重点是一些较难的名词、短语和重点句型，而不必每个句子都解释。注释文字书写位置的原则是“就近”，即尽可能记在被解释的单词旁边，以便在阅读课文时被注视。若解释的英文单词较多，原文旁边写不下或记下去因单词太多书写太密而不清晰时，可记在相对较近的空白处，注释文字与被注文字之间可划一直线连接。也可记录在词汇表中该单词的后面。 3、划重点(Language Points)。我指导学生用五角星标出新句型、用三角形标出旧句型、用圆圈标出介词或冠词、用方框标出新的短语和词组、用直线或水浪曲线划出英语课文中的关键句，科普文、议论文中表明作者中心论点的句子。语法和练习中的一些重点、难点也该划出来，以便引起重视。 4、提要(Guideline)。即用简洁的英文概括提示课文或段落、或句子的要点。这一工作常常与上述几项结合起来进行，先在原文上作上线条、小圆圈之类的标记，再在旁边空白处写上要提示的文字。例如，现在使用的高中英语教材每一单元阅读课文的正文前面都有“预习提示”(包括课文的重点生词和要讨论的问题)，课文的后面常要求学生作简要笔记Note Making ;这是教材编辑为方便学生预习而编写的内容。我要求学生在自学课文时，先从这些“预习提示”入手，以便把握预习的重点。然后再根据“提示”去预习正文。如高二(下)第十四单元Satellite(卫星)是一篇科普文章，学生可以根据“预习提示”和Note Making把课文分为四个段落，我指导学生在各段落旁分别写上Broadcasting satellite(广播卫星),Weather Satellite(气象卫星),Communication Satellite(通讯卫星),Space Satellite(太空卫星)。这样，“预习提示”所述的课文要点就概括、凸现出来了，课文的段落大意和中心思想也一清二楚了。 5、标疑(Question)。英语不是我们的母语，因此，在英语学习过程中，我们常常会碰到许多问题。阅读过程中可以在有问题的地方打一个问号，再寻找机会向老师或同学求教或查阅有关参考书解疑。
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
1、stop doing sth 停止做某事 stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop from doing sth 阻止做某事 2、count on 期望指望 3、thanks to 由于，多亏 It was thanks to George that we won the game. 4、located 坐落于 reside 居住（用于人） 5、学分credit；credit hour；hour of credit 学分credit,Course credit,Academic credit 学分制credit system,academic credit system,point system 关于学分About Credits,Grading Criteria 6、be suggested as 被建议作为 7、compress 英 ['k?mpres] 美 ['kɑ?mpres] vt.压缩；压榨 n.[医]敷布 8、stuck 英 [st?k] 美 [st?k] adj.不能动的；束手无策的；不得不的 v.刺入，插入；阻塞，塞（动词stick 的过去式和过去分词）9、calender 英 ['k?l?nd?] 美 ['k?l?nd?] n.砑光机 v.以砑光机压光 10、calendar 英 ['k?l?nd?(r)] 美 ['k?l?nd?r] n.(名词) 1.历，日历，月历 2.历法 3.行事历，日程表 4.历书 5.记事录，记事本 6.议案一览表，议会日程 7.一览表，重大事件一览表 8.总目录 9.【律】案件日程表，开庭日程表 v.(动词) 1.把…排进日程表 2.把…记入行事历 3.把...列入表中 4.为作分类索引，编索引 5.确定日期 calendar year 【天文学】历年[区别于fiscal year] 一整年的时间(如自今年5月6日至明年5月6日)
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
2019大学英语四级考试词汇笔记完整版(1) 57. _C_ that my head had cleared， my brain was also beginning to work much better. A For B Since C Now D Despite 注意以下三个后面加句子的表达形式： 1 in that 因为，因为; 2 now that 既然，因为; 3 except that 除了…之外。 59. By 1929， Mickey Mouse was as popular _B_ children as Coca-Cola. A for B with C to D in be popular with + 人的群体受…欢迎。 60. Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact， he _A_ his opinion. A stuck to B strove for C stuck at D stood for be convinced of 深信，确信; stick to 坚持; strive for 力求，拼命争取。 Don’t strive for perfection. 不要凡是都力求达到完美状态。 -------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------
48. It’s no use _B_ me not to worry. A you tell B your telling C for you to have told D having told It‘s no use + 动名词。动名词的复合结构，宾格(形容词性物主代词)+ 动名词。 52. If it _A_ too much trouble，I’d love a cup of tea. A isn’t B wasn’t C weren’t D hadn’t been 一般日常用语，用一般时。 56. She was glad that her success would ___ for the women who would follow. A make things easier B make it easier C be easier D be easier to make make for 导致，促成;朝某个方向前进，走向那里。 不要选有代词指代不明的选项。 A项中的things指的 是境况，境遇。 60. We object _C_ punishing a whole group for one person’s fault. A against B about C to D for 68. The newest satellite can _A_ a thousand telephone conversations and a color TV program at the same time.
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识 点 英语词汇学考试难吗？那么该课程怎么考？要知道英语考试并不是一蹴而就的，所以考前应该日记月累的学习，在最后考试的时候才能更好的通过考试，我们来看看英语词汇学必背知识点吧。 英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。 1、考前重点词汇复习方法 要知道语法填空重点考查的词：动词、形容词、副词和派生词。其中重点是动词，要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看，就要 考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。其中过去式是考查重点，所以对动词的过去式，尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写，自然就成为后期复习的重点。至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
2、词汇积累学习
加强短文背诵，增强“词不离句”意识。背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法，但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。优选一些名家名篇，做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作，作为研习的精典，不但能够迅速提高语感，而且容易激发兴趣，形成活生生的词库，为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。 3、英语主观题拿分技巧 首先是单词拼写，这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分，通常平均分不超过3分，所以大家不要太在意，20个单词，对4个，能有2分就很不错了，如果想要提高这部分，大家还要有准备的背单词，因为这里面的单词，并不全是课本课后单词表的单词，其中很多都是以前在中学学过的，所以要准备这一部分，需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲，按里面的词汇背记才有意义。 如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度，那么可以通过在线视频学习的，以上三点就是学赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法，希望大家能更好的学习。 点击进入>>>
哈利波特与魔法石英文读书单词笔记 Chapter two: The Vanishing Glass Mantelpiece: n. 壁炉架，壁炉台 Fateful: adj. 重大的 Bonnet； n. 软帽, 无边帽；阀盖 vt. 给…..装上罩；给….戴上帽子（英版中为Bobble hats, 绒球帽） Carousel: n. 旋转木马；行李传送带；轮播（英版中为roundabout, 同译）At the moment:此刻，当时 Shrill:adj. 尖锐的；刺耳的 adv. 尖锐地 vi. 尖声喊叫 vt. 尖声喊叫 n. 尖叫声 With a start:吓一跳，一惊地，突然一下子 Rap:n. 轻敲；指责；说唱乐；交谈 v. 抢走，轻敲，敲击致使；使着迷；交谈；说唱 Demand: v. 强烈要求；需要，逼问；查问，查询 n. (坚决的或困难的)要求；（顾客的）要求 Get a move on:赶快，快点吧 Don’t you dare: 不要，不准 Groan: vi. 呻吟；抱怨；发吱嘎声 vt. 呻吟；抱怨 n. 呻吟；叹息；吱嘎声Not to mention:更不必说；不必提及 He didn’t look it, but he was very fast:look指看起来像（同seem to be），it代指看起来不像是能够跑的快的人。根据前后文语境意思会变化。 Have something to do with：与…有关
Knobbly: adj. 有节的，多疙瘩的（等于knobby） Sellotape: n. 透明胶带，塑料胶带 Bark: v. (狗)吠叫，厉声发令，厉声质问，擦破（或蹭破）…皮 By way of:经由；当作 Simply: adv. 简单地；仅仅；简直；朴素地；坦白地 All over the place:到处 His face fall；他的脸沉下来 Wolf down:狼吞虎咽地吃 Parcel: n. 包裹，小包 vt. 打包；捆扎 Ruffle:v. (用手指)将头发弄乱；（鸟发怒或炫耀）竖起羽毛；（使）起伏不平 n. 皱褶饰边；生气；混乱；起伏 Want one’s money worth:想要物有所值 But it wasn’t easy when he reminded himself it would be a whole year before he had to look at Tibbles, Snowy, Mr Paws and Tufty again. 但是当他想到要整整一年之后才会再见到踢踢，雪儿，爪子先生和毛毛（都是猫的名字），他又觉得难过不起来了。 It+be+一段时间+before: 在…..之前时间已经有…. It be not+一段时间+before；过不久就…. Majorca:马约卡岛，旅游胜地，西班牙最大的岛屿，位于地中海西边 For a change:为了改变一下，为了换换口味 Snarl: v. 龇牙低吼，咆哮着说，不耐烦地说 Blow up:爆炸，爆发，放大；使充气 Screw up:拧紧；鼓舞；弄糟；狠狠地提高 Dinky Duddydums:德思礼夫妇对儿子达利的爱称。
英语四级词汇笔记完整版 生活中的英语： 1.我喜欢这里：wrong: I like here.-- Right： I like it here. 2.我会成功的： wrong:I can succeed.-- Right： I can do it. Ican make it. 3.Nike胜利女神。 Just do it. 4.Did you have a pleasant journey? (这时要用降调) 5.I am very much frightened because a girl named Monika stands beside me. Oh， thank god!He’s not the president now. (我很害怕) 6.I was just screwed up. (我一团糟) 考试中常见的考察词汇的题型： 1. The rain was heavy and __ the land was flooded. A consequently B continuously C constantly D consistently 答案：A
continue v. 继续，连续; continually adv. 时断时续 地; continuously adv. 连续不断地。 说不停的咳嗽时，continually是间歇的时断时续的咳嗽，continuously 是一直不停的咳嗽。 consequently adv. 因此，所以;(heavy rain大雨， light rain小雨) constantly adv. 始终如一地，连续发生地;constant temperature 恒温 consistently adv. 一贯地，一致 地; consistent adj. consistent policy 一贯的政策。 2. I hate people who __ the end of a film that you haven’t seen be fore. A revise B rewrite C reveal D reverse 答案：C rewrite v. 重写，改写; revise vt. 修改，修正; reveal vt. 揭示，揭露; reverse vt. 颠倒，使反转，使反向。(vers是词根，表示转动;re是前
语言学考研笔记整理 一、语言和语言学 1．语言的本质 （1）自然属性：语言从本质上来说是一套符号系统。 （2）社会属性：是人类最重要的交际工具。 （3）心理属性：是人类进行思维的工具。 语言的自然属性从本质上来说是一套符号系统。 2．什么是符号？语言符号和其它符号的不同特点。 符号：用甲事物指代乙事物，甲即乙的符号。 语言符号的特点：①有声的；②成系统的；③分层次的装置，语音→音素→音节→语素→词；④音义结合是任意的，是约定俗成的（不可论证，无理据）；⑤线条性：语言符号在输出时是一个接一个的，不能全盘端出。 语言符号与客观事物的关系。 3．语言最基本的社会功能：交际功能。 文字：是在语言的基础上产生的，是记录语言的书写符号。 符号：是形式和内容（意义）的统一体。 （1）语言符号的形式：声音（语音）是语言的物质外壳，听觉可感知。 （2）语言符号的内容：意义（语义）是人们对现实现象的概括反映。 （99年填空） 4．语言符号的特点：①任意性和强制性；②线条性；③系统性。 人的语言和动物语言有何不同？ 简要说明语言符号的任意性和强制性。 答：①任意性：语言符号的音与义之间没有必然的、本质的联系，它们的结合是由社会“约定俗成”的。表现：某种具体语言的音义结合关系；形成人类语言多样性的一个重要原因。②强制性：符号的任意性知识是就创制符号时的情形说的。符号一旦进入交际，也就是某一语音形式与某一意义结合起来，表示某一特定的现实现象以后，它对使用它的社会成员来说就具有了强制性。任何人不能借口任意性而随意改变音义之间的结合关系。符号的音义结合是社会约定俗成的，它们之间的关系改变也要由社会来决定。
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek