初三英语语法复习
名词
一、名词的分类：根据用法，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。
1．可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。需要掌握规则名词的复数形式的构成。
*以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
如：two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
* 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如：photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
*以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时常去f , fe 加ves ，
如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves
2.名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men
woman---women
注意：与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。
如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复数同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths ，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
4) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
5）另外还有一些名词，即可做不可数名词也可做可数名词，但意思不相同。
6．）常以复数形式出现并使用的名词：clothes, people, trousers, glasses, scissors, thanks, congratulations, wishes, police, stairs(楼梯), works(著作), woods(森林), times(时代)
3．不可数名词量的表示可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：
a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of cake
4．修饰可数名词的词有：many, few, a few, a number of, 数词
修饰不可数名词的词有：much, little, a little, a great deal of
即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有：some (any), no, a lot of
二、定语名词的复数（即名词修饰名词）
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。如：sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室
2) man, woman, 等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如：men workers women teachers
3) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如：two-dozen eggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋） a ten-mile walk 十里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划some banana trees two book stores
三、名词的格
1.有生命的人、物及其他名词的所有格在词尾加“?s”，如the boy?s bag 男孩的书包
2. 若名词词尾已有-s ，只加’，如：Teachers’ Day the twins? parents, the students? books
3. 时间、距离、地域等名词的所有格形式为-?s today?s newspaper, ten minutes? walk the city?s problem
4. 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店at my aunt?s (house) go to the doctor?s .
5. 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字the window of the house 。
6. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's rooms（两间）John and Mary's room（一间）
7. 双重所有格形式：a novel of Mark Twin?s a friend of my father?s / mine
代词
1．人称代词
1．）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
2．）人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词的宾语或介词宾语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。例如：I saw her with them。her做宾语，them做介词宾语，
a. -- Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me.--我。（me = It's me.）在正式文体中这里应为I。
宾格代替主格：
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。---- Me too.--我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗? ---Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.
3）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
4）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。1)单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：you, he / she and I
Y ou, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：we, you and they
*注意：在承认错误，承担责任时，第一人称放在前面
It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。
*it的主要用法:可以表示天气, 时间, 距离, 形式主语, 形式宾语, 身份等.
2. 物主代词(…人的): 包括形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词
形容词性的物主代词+ 名词; 名词性的物主代词= 形容词性的物主代词+ 名词
3．反身代词：（1）加强语气，起强调作用，“…自己”, “亲自”, “本人”
(2)用在一些动词后,表示主语既是动作的发出者,也是动作的承受者.常见的这类动词
有:teach, dress, help, look after, enjoy, hurt, wash
4.不定代词
(1)none (of)指人或物回答how many / much的问题
nobody, no one 指人nothing指物
(2) one指人或物, 复数为ones, that指物(不可数名词),it指代前面提到的物体
I have got a nice watch. Would you like to buy one? ( a watch)
I have got a nice watch. Do you like it? ( the watch)
The weather here is better than that in Beijing. (the weather)
(3) 三者或三者以上：all (全部，都) any (任何一个) none (一个也没有)
两者：both (全部，都) either (任意一个) neither（一个也没有）
*Neither of us is from the USA.
None of us have / has ever been there before.
*not与both, all 连用表示部分否定.
(4)some用于肯定句中,也可用于表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中
any用于疑问句、否定句中；还有“任何的”意思
(5)another泛指另一个
the other常与one 连用，表示两者中的另一个one…the other…
others 泛指别的，其他的the others特指别的，其他的（有范围限制）
(the) others = (the) other + 名词
else放在合成不定代词或疑问词之后
(6)every + 名词，只能做定语，（三者或三者以上）
each两者或两者以上的“每一”，可以单独使用
常见的短语：each of each other
（7）合成不定代词的用法（略）*形容词后置
（8）many, few, a few + 可数名词复数
much, little, a little+不可数名词
*little 作形容词，小的
a little 还可以修饰形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
1.基数词写法和读法：345three hundred and forty-five；
2.基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：
1.) 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如hundreds of；
2.)表示"几十岁"；in his forties
3.)表示"年代"，用in +the +数词复数；in the 1980s / 1980?s
二、序数词
1.)序数词的不规则变化及缩写形式：first---1st second---2nd third—3rd fifth—5th ninth twelfth twentieth twenty-first----21st
2.)序数词前通常使用定冠词the，但有时使用不定冠词a, an,表示“又一，再一”Try it again, please.请再试一次。When I sat down a third man came in.
三、数词的用法
1.倍数表示法
1.) 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
2.) 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
3.) 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
4.) 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2.分数表示法：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 ---one-third ；2/3 ---two thirds.
冠词
冠词包括定冠词(the) 和不定冠词(a, an) 两类。冠词不能单独使用，通常用在名词前面，帮助说明名词的含义。
一、不定冠词a, an的用法：
1.常放在可数名词的单数形式前面，表示“一”的概念，但数的概念没有one强烈。
An interesting story book; a small boy; There?s a kite in the tree.
2.放在可数名词的单数形式前，表示一类人或物。
3．用在固定短语中。
二、定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”“这些，那些”的意思，但较弱，放在名词前，表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1.特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2.上文提到过的人或事：He bought a house.I've been to the house.
3.指世上独一无二的事物：the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth
4.与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词，only，very，same等前面：
. Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
He is the only person who knows the secret.他是唯一知道秘密的人。6．用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the People…s Republic of China中华人民共和国the United States美国
7. 用在表示乐器的名词之前She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
8. 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)
9. 用在惯用语中：in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre
*在sun , moon, breakfast等之前有形容词时,可用a, an a full moon
三、不用冠词的情况:1．国名，人名前通常不用冠词：England，Mary；
2. 泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3. 抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
4. 物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；
Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。
5. 在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6. 在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；
The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7. 在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词如：have breakfast，play chess
8. 重叠运用的名词短语前常省去冠词；
from house to house, neck and neck, hour after hour, one by one
9. 在一些习惯用语中
*注意以下一些短语的区别(有定冠词时,表示相关处所或地点，没有定冠词时,表示与相关处所有关的活动或功能.)
go to hospital去医院看病----- go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
in front of -----in / at the front of in hospital -----in the hospital
at table----- at the table in class------ in the class
by sea------- by the sea go to school-------- go to the school
a number of ---------- the number of
*两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
*如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。
四、冠词的位置
1、不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
1.）位于下列形容词之后：such，what，many，half，
I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.
2.). 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a way.
3.) quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。quite a nice picture
2、定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，three times 等词之后，名词之前。All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
形容词和副词
一、形容词的用法：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。也可以放在联系动词后面作表语。1．直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。
That?s a heavy box.(定语) He?s very happy to come here.(表语)
The good news made me very happy.(宾语补足语)
2.有些形容词是表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。例如：afraid 害怕的alone单独，独自asleep睡着的ill生病的。
He is an ill man. （错）The man is ill. （对）
She is an afraid girl.（错）The girl is afraid. （对）
这类形容词还有：well，（身体）好的unwell（身体）不舒适的，alike相象的，alive活着的, awake醒着的等。
3.形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody 等不定代词时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice
1.)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly友好的，lovely可爱的，lonely孤单的，
lively热闹的,有生气的，活泼的,等仍为形容词。
She sang lovely. (错) ------ Her singing was lovely. （对）
He spoke to me very friendly.（错）------ He spoke to me in a very friendly way. -(对)
* politely, truly, terribly
2）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 如:The poor are losing hope.
3）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。
the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.)多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
a small round table a dirty old brown shirt
a tall gray building a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例题:
1）Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A.little two other
B. two little other
C.two other little
D.little other two
答案：C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --性质--名词"的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。
2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone
B. Chinese old stone
C. old stone Chinese
D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny
B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few
D. few sunny last
答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的放在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：
限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
二、副词的用法：用来修饰动词、形容词或其它副词，在句中做状语。
三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词和副词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1、掌握比较级和最高级的变化形式：
１．）单音节形容词及部分双音节次加－er, est
２．）部分双音节词及多音节词前面加more, most或less, least构成．
3.) 不规则变化形式：
2.使用比较级时要注意的问题:
1) 在比较级前可以使用下列一些单词或短语加以修饰:
much, a little, even, far, a bit, still, a lot, 等
数词+ 量词也可以修饰比较级如:He is two years younger than I.
还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。This room is twice as big as that one.
2）要避免重复使用比较级(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.或He is clever than his brother.
3）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
5.)不含than的形容词和副词比较级前可以加不定冠词a, an a / an + 比较级+ 名词
How fast he runs. I?ve never seen a better runner.
比较级前加定冠词the表示特指。Tom is the taller of the two brothers.
6) than 后面可以用主格，也可以用宾格。但有时也有区别。
I?m taller than he / him. I like the boy than her.--------I like the boy than she.
3．比较级的常见句型：
1．）比较级+ and + 比较级越来越……
2.) the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…. 越…,就越…
3.)as…as 和……一样;
not as / so …as和……不一样;不如……中间用形容词或副词的原级
4.) like …. better than …和……相比更喜欢……
5.)宁可……也不…. Prefer to do sth rather than do sth.
Prefer to do sth. Prefer doing sth to doing sth.
6.) more B than A与其说A,不如说B less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
7.) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than…与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you.
8.) more than不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.
4.使用最高级时应注意的问题:
1.)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.
使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
2.)最高级后面的介词in 与of的区别
4) 倍数+ as + 形容词+ as + 比较对象
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
Y our room is twice as large as mine.=Y our room is twice the size of mine.
介词
介词不能单独使用,必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语，在句中做表语，定语、状语、补语等成分。根据介词的用法，通常可以分为：时间、地点、趋向和其他四类介词。
一、表示时间的介词：
(1) at示时刻、时间的某一点at six, at noon, at half past one, at that time / moment
on体的某一天on Sunday, on Friday afternoon, on a cold morning,
on the morning of …on March 12th, 2005
in示周、月、季节、年以及泛指的上、下午，晚上in spring, in 2004, in the morning,
*在his, last，that, next, every 等词前面不用介词this afternoon, last Sunday, every morning 区别：next week -------- the next week
(2) by“在……前”多和完成时态连用
till“直到……才”I?ll wait here till you come back.
until“不到……就不”常和until连用I?ll not leave until you come back.
(3) in过……以后, 大多用于将来时after多用于过去时
(4) since + 过去的一个时间点(表示时间段, 从……开始到现在)
for + 一段时间
二、表示场所、方向的介词：
（1）at 表示比较具体的地点at 37 Renming Road
in表示比较宽敞的地点in Renming Street
（2）above斜上方-------below斜下方over正上方-------under正下方
on两物体有接触
(3) between…and..在……和……之间among在……中间(三者以上)
(4) across (从物体表面)跨越, 越过through (从物体中间)穿透, 穿越
(5)in在……里面(表示静止的位置) into进入,表示运动方向,常用在表示动作的动词之后, 如go,
come, walk, jump, run 等into的反义词是out of
(6)to到(目底地)或方向towards指朝着某方向,而不是目的地.
He walked towards the beach.
三、其它介词
1．with（１）在一起; （２）有;（３）用某种工具
in用什么材料或语言，或表示衣着，声调特点等
by用．．．．．．手段
２．Like象．．．．．．一样as作为；按照，象．．．．．．一样（连词）＋句子
３．for（１）为了（表示目的或原因）（２）（后面加一段时间）表示时间段
动词
一、动词的分类：根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（行为动词）、连系动词、助动词、情态动词。
１．实义动词有完整的词义，能单独做谓语．根据用法，可分为及物动词（vt.后面直接跟名词或代词作宾语）和不及物动词（vi不能直接跟名词或代词，加宾语时必须加介词）。同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
但也有一些动词只能用做及物动词，如：visit, ask, win, tell, answer, feel, serve, marry,
discuss, beat, reach, kill, drop 等．
而下列一些动词通常情况下只能用做不及物动词：reply (to), return (to), point (to, at),
knock (at, on, into), wait (for), listen (to), arrive (at, to), fall (down, off), look (at, after…)
2．连系动词（Link V erb）它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常见的连系动词有：be, feel, become, look, smell, seem, taste, sound, keep, 其它一些可以和形容词连用的动词也属于连系动词：fall ill / asleep, grow worse, turn red, get lost, keep healthy等
３．助动词：本身没有词义，不能单独作句子的谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语．主要帮助句子构成否定、疑问以及动词的不同时态、语态等语法特征。常见的助动词有：be, do (does, did), have / has, had, will, would 等。
４．情态动词：本身有一定的词义，单不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟其它动词的原形，表示说话人的语气和态度；常见的情态动词有：can (could), may(might), must, need 等。
(1)can *能，会（表示能力）；*请求许可can?t be 不可能
could:can的过去式，但有时表示委婉的语气。
(2)may ＊可能（可能性）；*可以（请求许可，相当于can）；
＊表示祝愿May you be happy! May you succeed!
might * may的过去式；＊表示可能性（但可能性比may小）
(3) must 必须，应该mustn’t 禁止must be肯定, 一定
(4)need需要（一般用于否定句或疑问句，肯定句中一般用做实义动词）
needn’t(= don?t have to)没必要
二、动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。
三、动词的时态：
＊各种时态的用法省略
＊go, come, arrive, leave, move, die等动词的进行时态可以表示对应的将来时态。
＊表示过去经常发生而现在不再做的事情用used to do
四、动词的被动语态
１．用法：动作的承受者作句子的主语。
２．基本结构：be + 过去分词掌握下列一些常见结构：
１．）一般现在时态：am / is / are ＋过去分词
２．）一般过去时：was / were＋过去分词
３．）现在完成时：have / has been＋过去分词
４．）一般将来时：will be ＋过去分词或者be going to be ＋过去分词
3.含情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词+ be + 过去分词
4．动词不定式的被动语态结构：to + be + 过去分词There are twenty more trees to be planted.
5. 下列动词的主动语态表示被动语态。miss(丢失), sell well(销路好), need / want doing
My bike is missing. This kind of food sells well. Y our coat needs watering.
6. happen, take place发生, last(持续), cost, hold(容纳), have, like, feel, sound(听起来)等动词
没有被动形式。Great changes have taken place in our school. The water can last three days. Silk feels soft and smooth. The cake looks nice. An accident happened to him.
五、动词不定式：由to + 动词原形构成，没有人称和数的变化，有时to可以省略。在句中
除了不能做谓语外，能够作其他一切成分。还能拥有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语。
1、动词不定式的句法功能：
*做主语。常用It + be + 形容词+ ( of / for sb. ) + to do sth.结构。
of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful等
for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous等
*做表语。常用在等连系动词后面，若主语很长而表语很短，可以将两者颠倒过来。
His job is to sell the computers. He seems to be interested in the detective stories.
*做状语。表目的：She was here to visit her daughter. 表原因：I?m sorry to trouble you.
表结果：The box is too heavy to carry. 表示程度：This room is big enough to hold 200 people. *做定语。放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，若它与所修饰的名词有动宾关系，这个不定式应为及物的。如：I was the first to come. I have no pens to write with. (动宾关系)
*做宾语。常见的动词有：want, agree, choose, try, decide, hope, wish, learn, fail, would like to do sth.
*做宾语补足语。
1．）必须使用to的动词有：ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow,
wait for, teach, would like, allow sb. to do sth.
2．）不能使用to的动词有：have, make, let; see, watch, hear, notice sb. do sth
注意：在主动语态中，to 要省略；而在被动语态中，to 必须加上
3．）可以使用to，也可以不用的动词：help
*疑问词（除why外）+ 动词不定式(what, when, how, where, which + to do sth.)
2. 下列一些动词后面只能跟动名词（动词的–ing形式）作宾语:
enjoy, finish, mind, excuse, practice, keep, miss, spend, can?t help
be busy, be worth, keep on, carry on
3. 下列一些动词后面可以跟动词不定式也可以跟动名词。
1．）意义相同或相近的有：begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, plan
2．）意思不同的有：forget, remember, stop, see, hear, go on
4. 注意：had better (not) do sth, would rather (not) do sth
5.动词不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to
主谓一致
一、就近原则：either……or……neither……nor……not only…….but also……
There / Here be +并列主语.
二、意义一致原则：
1.集体名词（class, family等）做主语时，可根据意义判断。
His family has moved into a new house. His family were having supper then.
主语是数目、时间、金钱、距离时，动词用单数。
2.主语+ as well as / with / together with / like / but / except +动词单数。
Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall.
Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow.
3.下列一些不定代词做主语，动词用单数。each, either, neither, something,
anything, somebody, anybody等。
4.The + 形容词/ 过去分词+ 动词复数The wounded were looked after well in the hospital.
The weak, like the strong, have many friends in the world.
5. glasses, trousers, shoes, scissors等单独做主语时，动词用复数，但当它们与a pair of
连用时，动词与pair的数保持一致。The pair of glasses fits you well.
句子（一）
根据句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句
一、简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。根据句子的结构，
又可分为五种：1、S + V. 主语+ 不及物动词。2、S + V + O. 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语。
3、S + V + P. 主语+ 连系动词+ 表语。
4、S + V + IO + DO. 主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。可以转换成：
主语+ 直接宾语+ for 或to ＋间接宾语。
常见的这类动词有：buy, bring, make , choose, get sth. for sb.
teach, give, pass, hand(传递), show, offer, sell, lend, take, send sth to sb.
5、S + V + O + C. 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语。
二、并列句：常由or, but, and, so for等词将两个简单句连接，表示转折，递进等关系。
三、复合句：包括宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。
1、宾语从句掌握以下内容：*引导宾语从句的引导词；* 掌握宾语从句的语序；
*掌握宾语从句的时态一致
2、状语从句
（1）时间状语从句的连词有：when, while, before, after, until (till), since, as soon as等。
时间状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
注意下列几个词的区别：
when: *当……的时候指一点时间,表示短暂性动作*指一段时间,表示持续性的动作*什么时候引导宾语从句
while:*表示持续性的动作或状态*具有对比的含义, 意为“然而”
as: 表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,一般与延续性动词连用. “一边…一边…”随着..
As we walked, we talked. As time went by, we knew each other better and better. （2）原因状语从句because(因为), since(既然), as (由于), for(因为)
（3）条件状语从句if(如果) unless(除非)
在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时.
（4）结果状语从句so + 形容词/ 副词+ that + 句子such + 名词+ that…
＊such + a (an) + 形容词+ 名词= so + 形容词+ a (an) + 名词
（5）目的状语从句so that, in order that, (in order to do sth. so as to do sth)
（6）比较状语从句as…as…than, not as / so … as…
（7）让步状语从句though, although, even though…
3、定语从句: 修饰名词或代词的从句, 放在名词或代词的后面.
通常: 名词(人) + who / whom / that + 句子名词(物) + which / that + 句子
（1）引导非限制性定语从句时,必须用which 指物, 不用that.
I have lost my bag, which I like very much.
（2）关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句动词的单复数形式和先行词保持一致.
Do you know the man who is standing against the door?
（3）下列几种情况只能用that 引导宾语从句:
*先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等, 如:
All that we have to do is to practise more. There is nothing that I can do for you.
*先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,如: The first letter that I got from him is kept well.
*先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰时,如:
I have eaten up all the food that you gave me.
（4）由when, where, why 引导的定语从句
I don?t know the reason why he was late. This is the place where I have lived for five years.
I?ll never forget the day when I met Mr. Li for the first time.
先行词是表示地点时,如果从句的动词是及物的,就用that (which),
如果动词不及物,就用where引导. This is the house that he has lived in for five years.
This is the house where he has lived for five years.
句子(二)
根据句子的功能，可以把句子分为四类：陈述句（肯定句和否定句）；疑问句（一般疑问句，
特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句）；祈使句和感叹句。
一、陈述句：1、肯定句2、否定句：（1）加not 构成的否定句
（2）由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing, little, few等构成的否定句
两者的全部否定用neither或nor，部分否定用both + not;
三者或三者以上的全部否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等，部分否定用all, many,
every加not构成。
（3）否定前置，常见的动词有：think, believe, suppose
二、疑问句1．一般疑问句：用yes 或no 回答
2．特殊疑问句：用疑问词（what, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, how, why 以及
它们构成的一些短语）提问的句子。
3. 选择疑问句：一般疑问句+ or + 选择对象不能用yes 或no 回答
4.反意疑问句：陈述句+ 简略的一般疑问句。陈述句部分和疑问句部分的肯定、
否定形式相反。注意以下一些内容：
（1）简略问句的主语和陈述部分保持一致，只能用人称代词（there除外），简略问句的动词也和陈述部分保持一致，如果是否定，要用缩写形式。如：
Jin isn?t a student, is he? There are some books in it, aren?t there?
(2)陈述部分是I?m…结构，疑问部分一般用aren?t you，如：I?m late, aren?t I?
（3）陈述部分有little, few, no, never, nothing, hardly, nobody等词表示否定时，疑问部分用肯定。
（4）祈使句的反意疑问句：祈使句，will you？Let?s…, shall we?
（5）宾语从句的反意疑问句常和主句保持一致，但如果主句是I think / believe / suppose时，疑问部分的主语应和从句保持一致。I don?t think he knows it, does he?
三、祈使句：表示命令、请求或建议。肯定形式用动词原形.
否定形式用“Don?t / Never + 动词原形.”
四、感叹句：常由what 或how开头
What + 形容词+名词+ 主语+ 动词. What a nice house it is! What fine weather!
How + 形容词+ 主语+ 连系动词。How happy they look! How interesting the story is!
How + 副词+ 主语+ 实义动词。How happy they are laughing!
How + 主语+ 动词How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!
2021初三英语语法选择提高篇（5篇） (一) Yesterday I read a report on a charity show in a local newspaper. The aim of the show was 1._____ money for the poor children. In the poor areas, some children were out of school because their parents couldn't 2.______ their education. Many pop stars3.______the charity show, such as Andy Liu, Jay, Faye Wang and Kitty Chen. The stars didn't ask for any pay. They did it for long! There were a lot of performances 4._____singing and dancing. The audience (观众) were so 5.______that they clapped their hands from time to time. Of course, the show was 6._______. All the people followed the stars' example. They showed their generosity in 7.______their money to the show. Both the ticket money and the donated money were soon sent to the poor areas and some of the poor children could get back to school. Now many charity shows 8.______ on our country, not only to support the education in poor areas, but also 9.______ people in trouble. As the Chinese saying goes, "All the others will come to one's rescue(援助) 10.______ one is in trouble." I hope the whole world will become better and better. （）1.A.raise B.to raise C.raising D.raised （）2.A.pay for B.pays for C.paid for D.paying for （）3.A.take part in B.took part in C.takes part in D.taking part in （）4.A.for B.of C.as D.like （）5.A.exciting B.excited C.excite D.excitement （）6.A.success B.successful C.successfully D.succeed （）7.A.give B.gave C.gives D.giving （）8.A.are hold B.are held C.will be held D.will be hold （）9.A.help B.helped C.helping D.to help （）10.A.when B.than C.before D.because
初中英语知识归纳总结 第一课时名词 一、概述 1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。 2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（专有名词的第一个字母要大写） 二、可数名词与不可数名词 1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-----glasses; book---- books 2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。 如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。 3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。 Light travels faster than sound; (light：光线，不可数) The lights are on. (light：灯，可数) 4、不可数名词的量的表示 不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表示。 如：a glass of milk ------ four glasses of milk a piece of paper ------two pieces of paper a bag of rice ------three bags of rice 三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用） 1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 规则变化 policeman---policemen; man---men; woman---women; tooth---teeth; foot---feet; sheep---sheep; deer---deer; Japanese--- Japanese; Chinese --- Chinese; fish --- fish 四、名词所有格（运用） 名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式，它也有构成上的变化。 1、单数名词变所有格，只需在词尾加’ s; 2、复数名词的词尾已有s，只需加’即可； 3、复数名词的词尾若没有s ，则应加’ s ; 4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有，则在第二个人后面加’ s ; 如：Da Mao and Xiao Mao’s room 如果不是两人共有，则在每个人后面都加’ s; 如：Li Lei’s and Tom’s mother 5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词，或表示时间、距离、地点等，而表示无生命名词的所有关系则用“of”表示。 如: the windows of house the picture of the family
2017新人教版九年级英语全册知识点归纳 Unit 1 How can we become good learners? 短语总结: 1. good learners 优秀的学习者 2. work with friends 和朋友一起学习 3. study for a test 备考 4.have conversations with 与……交谈 5.speaking skills 口语技巧 6.a little 有点儿 7.at first 起初起先 8.the secret to......， .......的秘诀 9.because of 因为 10.as well 也 11.look up (在词典中等)查阅；抬头看 12.so that 以便，为了 13.the meaning of ……的意思 14.make mistakes 犯错误 15.talk to 交谈 16.depend on 依靠依赖 17.in common 共有的 18.pay attention to 注意关注 19.connect ……with ……把……联系 20.for example 例如 21.think about 考虑 22.even if 即使尽管纵容23.look for 寻找 24.worry about 担心担忧 25.make word cards 制作单词卡片 26.ask the teacher for help 向老师求助 27.read aloud 大声读 28.spoken english 英语口语 29.give a report 作报告 30.word by word 一字一字地 31.so……that 如此……以至于 32.fall in love with 爱上 33.something interesting 有趣的事情 34.take notes 记笔记 35.how often 多久一次 36.a lot of 许多 37.the ability to do sth. 做某事的能力 38.learning habits 学习习惯 39.be interested in 对……感兴趣 40.get bored 感到无聊 41.be good at 在……方面擅长 42.be afraid of 害怕 43.each other 彼此互相 44.instead of 代替而不是 二.用法集萃 1. by doing sth 通过做某事 2.it +be+adj+to do sth 做某事是……的 3.finish doing sth 完成某事 4.what about doing sth？做某事怎么样？ 5.try to do sth 尽力做某事 6.the +比较近，the+比较近越……，就越…… 7.find it+adj+to do sth 发现做某事 8.be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事 9.help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事10.practice doing sth 练习做某事 11.keep doing sth 一直做某事 12.be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事 13.begin to do sth 开始做某事 14.want to do sth 想要做某事 15.need to do sth 需要做某事 16.remember to do sth 记得做某事 17.shoot 射（射着，射死等表结果） 18.shoot at（瞄准）射
中考英语语法总结 一、祈使句结构 1 祈使句结构 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。 1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。 Take this seat. Do be careful. 否定结构： Don't move. Don't be late. 2）第二种祈使句以let开头。 Let 的反意疑问句 a. Let's 包括说话者 Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we = Shall we have another try b. Let us 不包括说话者 Let us have another try，will you / won't you = Will you please let us have another try
否定结构： Let's not talk of that matter. Let us not talk of that matter. 二、感叹句结构 感叹句结构 感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。 what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： 掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。 How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序 How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序 What +名词+ 陈述语序 What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序 How clever a boy he is! How lovely the baby is! What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is!
初三英语语法练习题 一、根据所给名词的适当形式填空： 1. There are a lot of ___________ ( leaf ) on the tree. 2. Uncle Li bought two ____________ ( watch ) yesterday. 3. There are many ______________ ( child) in the classroom. 4. We have a lot of nice ____________ ( tomato ) here. 5. There are lots of ____________ ( sheep ) in the hill. 6. There are about eighty __________________( man doctor) in the hospital. 7. I have a lot of ______________ ( information ) to tell you. 8. The baby has two ______________ ( tooth ). 9. There are 13 ____________( Japanese) and 30 ____________( German) here. 二、根据所给的动词的适当形式填空： 1. It took us two hours ______________ ( finish ) the work. 2. I heard someone _______________ (go) upstairs at 12:00 last night. 3. I asked him _______________ ( not make ) much noise there. 4. Why not _____________ ( have ) a drink? It is too hot. 5. Please remember ____________ (turn) off the light before you go to bed. 6. Thank you for _____________ ( help ) me with English. 7. I am interested in ________________ ( play ) soccer. 8. It is time for us _______________ ( play ) baseball. 9. They both take turns ______________ ( look after ) the old man. 10. My uncle often goes _______________ ( shop ) on weekends. 三、用所给的动词以适当的时态形式填空： 1. The teacher told us that the earth _____________ ( go ) around the sun. 2. We won't go to the park if it _____________ ( rain )tomorrow. 3. Mike usually ____________ ( take ) a walk after supper. 4. Jack ___________ ( visit ) her uncle last week. 5. I will tell you as soon as he ____________ ( come back). 6. He often ____________ ( watch ) TV at night. 7. Jenny ______________ ( read ) a book when her mother came home. 8. Look! The children _______________ ( swim ) in the river. 9. My uncle ______________ ( leave ) for Shanghai next week. 10. Mary __ ____________( have ) lunch at noon yesterday. 11. Tom _____________ ( come ) back from Australia in a week. 12. Mom ______________ ( cook ) when the bell rang. 13. The boys ________________ ( play ) football on the playground now. 14. Hurry up, or you _______________ (miss) the train. 15. Listen. Someone ______________ ( knock ) at the door. 16. Be quiet. My father _____________ ( sleep ) in the bedroom. 17. I _____________ ( go ) hiking with my friends last Monday. 18. My mother ___________ ( stay ) at home yesterday. 19. I _____________ ( mend ) my broken bike at 9:30 yesterday morning. 20. I ____________ ( feed) my dogs the day before yesterday.
初中英语知识点总结归纳 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《初中英语知识点总结归纳》的内容，具体内容：知识点是英语学习中的一个重要的部分,下面是我为大家带来的，相信对你会有帮助的。：状语从句为了提高同学们的英语复习效率，中国教育在线整理了初中英语语法之状语从句，状语从句... 知识点是英语学习中的一个重要的部分,下面是我为大家带来的，相信对你会有帮助的。 ：状语从句 为了提高同学们的英语复习效率，中国教育在线整理了初中英语语法之状语从句，状语从句是用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。 1. 时间状语从句 (1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如： It was raining hard when got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang. As he walked along the lake, he sang happily. He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everything when he comes back. He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes. (3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是"一直到......时"，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是"直到......才......", "在......以前不......", 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如： The young man read till the light went out. Lets wait until the rain stops. We wont start until Bob comes. Dont get off until the bus stops. 2. 条件状语从句 (1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如： What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Dont leave the building unless I tell you to. (2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow. He wont be late unless he is ill. (3)"祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句" 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语
初中英语语法速记口诀大全 很多同学认为语法枯燥难学，其实只要用心并采用适当的学习方法，我们就可以愉快地学会英语，掌握语法规则。笔者根据有关书目和多年教学经验，搜集、组编了以下语法口诀，希望对即将参加中考的同学们有所帮助。 一、冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】 名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a，an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。 【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用；②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the；③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。 二、名词单数变复数规则 【速记口诀】 单数变复数，规则要记住， 一般加s，特殊有几处： 末尾字母o，大多加s， 两人有两菜，es不离口， 词尾f、fe，s前有v和e； 没有规则词，必须单独记。 【妙语诠释】①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t?蘩/、/?蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es；②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato) 加es外，其余一般加s；③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s；④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth —teeth。 三、名词所有格用法 【速记口诀】 名词所有格，表物是“谁的”， 若为生命词，加“’s”即可行， 词尾有s，仅把逗号择； 并列名词后，各自和共有， 前者分别加，后者最后加； 若为无生命词，of所有格， 前后须倒置，此是硬规则。 【妙语诠释】①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“’”；②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“’s”；③
1 . (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen 从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 to 、look at ( 感官动词)+（sb. ）+do sth. eg : I am/ feel confident of myspoken English. eg:I like watching monkeys jump. I feel that I can pass the test . 2 . （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样18. be + doing 表：1现在进行时2将来时 eg:the more the more 越来越多19 . be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够?? 3. a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）eg : She is able to sing .= She can sing. 4 . agree with sb赞成某人20. be able to do sth. 能够干什么 5 . all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样e g :she is able to sing . 6 . all over the world = the whole world 整个21. be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕??世界eg : I'm afraed to go out at night . 7. along with 同??一道，伴随??I'm afraid of dog. eg : I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去22. be allowed to do 被允许做什么 The students planted trees along with their eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视teachers. 学生同老师们一起种树I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允 8. as soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 许看电视 9 . as you can see 你是知道的(正如你所见)23. be angry with sb 生某人的气 10 . ask for ??求助向?要?（直接接想要的东e g : Don't be angry with me. 西）24. be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 12. ask sb to do sth询问某人某事 为什么而生某人的气 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事25. be as ?原级?as 和什么一样 13 . at the age of 在??岁时eg : She is as tall as me. 她和我一样高 eg ：I amsixteen. = I am at the age of sixteen . 26. be ashamed to 14. at the beginning of ????的起初；??27. be away from远离 的开始28. be away from 从??离开 15. at the end of + 地点/+时间最后；尽头；末29. be bad for对什么有害 尾eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eg : At the end of the day eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 16. at this time of year 在每年的这个时候30. be born 出生于 17. be /feel confident of sth /that clause + 31. be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事
初中英语语法练习题 第一套（全十六单元） Unit 1 1. It took the workmen only two hours to finish ________ my car. A. repairing B. repair C. to repair D. repaired 2. It’s no good _______ over split milk. A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry 3. Have you forgotten ___________$1000 from me last month? Will you please remember _________ it tomorrow? A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bring C. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing 4. The classroom wants __________. A. clean B. cleaned C. to clean D. cleaning 5. Jack said that he wouldn’t mind ___________ for us. A. o wait B. wait C. waiting D. waited 6. My brother keeps _________ me with my work. A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped 7. We should often practise _________ English with each other. A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking 8. Keep on _________ and you will succeed. A. a try B. try C. triing D. trying 9. Don’t forget ______ the notebook with you when you go to the lecture. A. to take B. to carry C. to send D. to bring 10. You’d better ________ her, it would only worry her. A. not tell B. tell C. to tell D. not to tell 11. The librarian work is ________ the books in the library. A. takes care of B. take care of C. to take care of D. taking care of 12. Her parent’s won’t let her ________ out with her boyfriend. A. goes B. to go C. going D. go 13. I asked her _______ with us. A. when to go B. when he will go C. if he will go D. that he would go 14. I have not got a chair ________. A. for sitting B. to sit on C. to sit D. for sitting on 15. My mother often tells me ________ in the sun A. not to read B. don’t read C. doesn’t read D. not read 16____ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever 17 ____ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. A. What B. That C. This D. Which
初三英语详细总结 Unit 1 一、知识点 1.Check in : 在旅馆的登记入住。Check out: 在旅馆结账离开。 2.By: ①通过…..方式（途径）。例：I learn English by listening to tapes. ②在…..旁边。例：by the window/the door ③乘坐交通工具例：by bus/car ④在……之前，到……为止。例：by October在10月前 ⑤被例：English is spoken by many people. 3.how与what的区别： how通常对方式或程度提问，意思有：怎么样如何，通常用来做状语、表语。what通常对动作的发出者或接受者提问，意思为什么，通常做宾语，主语。 ①How is your summer holiday? It’s OK.(how表示程度做表语) ②How did you travel around the world? I travel by air. ③What do you learn at school? I learn English, math and many other subjects.
①What…think of…? How…like…? ②What…do with…? How…deal with…? ③What…like about…? How…like…? ④What’s the weather like today? How’s the weather today? ⑤What to do? How to do it? e.g. What do you think of this book?=How do you like this book? what I should do with how I should deal with it. What do you like about China?=How do you like China? I don’t know what to do next step?=I don’t know how to do it next step? ㊣What good / bad weather it is today!（weather为不可数名词，其前不能加 a ） ㊣What a fine / bad day it is today! （day为可数名词，其前要加a ） 4. aloud, loud与loudly的用法: 三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。 ①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大, 常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级形式。 如: He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。
1. by + doing 通过……方式如：by studying with a group by 还可以表示："在…旁","靠近","在…期间"、"用,""经过","乘车"等如：I live by the river. I have to go back by ten o'clock. The thief entered the room by the window. The student went to park by bus. 2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论 如：The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。talk to sb. === talk with sb. 与某人说话 3. 提建议的句子： ①What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping? ②Why don't you + do sth.? 如：Why don't you go shopping? ③Why not + do sth. ? 如：Why not go shopping? ④Let's + do sth. 如：Let's go shopping ⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I go shopping? 4. a lot 许多常用于句末如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。 5. too…to 太…而不能常用的句型too+adj./adv. + to do sth. 如：I'm too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。 6. aloud, loud与loudly的用法三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。 ①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大, 常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级 形式。如: He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。 ②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如: She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。 ③loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往 含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。 如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。 7. not …at all 一点也不根本不如： I like milk very much. I don't like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。 not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾 8. be / get excited about sth.=== be / get excited about doing sth. === be excited to do sth. 对…感兴奋如： I am / get excited about going to Beijing.=== I am excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。 9. ①end up doing sth 终止做某事，结束做某事如： The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。 ②end up with sth. 以…结束如： The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。 10. first of all 首先. to begin with 一开始later on 后来、随 11. also 也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间 either 也（用于否定句）常在句末 too 也(用于肯定句) 常在句末 12. make mistakes 犯错如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。
九年级英语知识点归纳总结 Unit1 How can we become good learners? 【短语归纳】 1. have conversation with sb.同某人谈话 2. too…to… 太……而不能 3. the secret to… ……的秘诀 4. be afraid of doing sth./ be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 5. look up 查阅 6. repeat out loud大声跟读 7. make mistakes in在……方面犯错误 8. connect ……with… 把……和……连接/联系起来 9. get bored 感到厌烦 10. be stressed out 焦虑不安的 11. pay attention to 注意；关注 12. depend on 取决于；依靠 13. the ability to do sth.. 做某事的能力 【单元知识点】 1. by + doing ：通过……方式（by是介词，后面要跟动名词，也就是动词的ing形式） 2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论 The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。 talk to sb= talk with sb 与某人说话 3. 提建议的句子： ①What/ how about +doing sth.? 做…怎么样？（about后面要用动词的ing形式，这一点考试考的比较多）如：What/ How about going shopping? ②Why don't you + do sth.? 你为什么不做…？（注意加黑的部分用的是动词的原型） 如：Why don't you go shopping? ③Why not + do sth. ? 为什么不做…？（注意加黑的部分用的是动词的原型） 如：Why not go shopping? ④Let's + do sth. 让我们做…吧。（注意加黑的部分用的是动词的原型） 如： Let's go shopping ⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 我们/我…好吗？ 如：Shall we/ I go shopping? 4. a lot 许多 ,常用于句末。如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。 5. too…to :太…而不能，常用的句型：too + 形容词/副词+ to do sth. 如：I'm too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。 6. aloud, loud与loudly的用法，三个词都与“大声”或“响亮”有关。 ①aloud是副词，通常放在动词之后。 ②loud adv./adj. 用作副词时，常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用，多用于比较级，须放在动词之后。如：She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。 ③loudly是副词，与loud同义，有时两者可替换使用，可位于动词之前或之后。 如：He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。 7. not …at all 一点也不，根本不 如：I like milk very much,I don't like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶，我一点也不喜欢咖啡。not 经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾。 8. be / get excited about sth. 对…感兴奋 9. ① end up doing sth : 终止做某事，结束做某事 如：The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。 ② end up with sth. 以…结束（注意介词with） 如： The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。 10. first of all 首先（这个短语可用在作文中，使得文章有层次） 11. also 也、而且，（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间 either 也（用于否定句）常在句末 too 也（用于肯定句）常在句末（它们三个的区分要清楚，尤其要知道用在什么句子中以及各自的 位置）。 12. make mistakes 犯错如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。 make a mistake 犯一个错误如： I have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。 13. laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人）（常见短语） 如：Don't laugh at me! 不要取笑我！ 14. take notes 做笔记，做记录 15. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…，乐意做… 如：She enjoys playing football. 她喜欢踢足球。 enjoy oneself 过得愉快如：He enjoyed himself. 他过得愉快。 16. native speaker 说本族语的人 17. make up 组成、构成