洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌
Are we humans alone in the universe? Or is there intelligent life on other planets? These questions are not new. What is new, however, is the scientific attempt to discover whether or not other planets beyond our own have given birth to advanced civilizations. In the following article, the author describes the scientific means now available for investigating this possibility and discusses how probable it is that we are not alone in the universe.
THE QUEST FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE
Carl Sagan
Through all of our history we have pondered the stars and mused whether humanity is unique or if, somewhere else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the universe differently. Somewhere else there might be very exotic biologies and technologies and societies. In a cosmic setting vast and old beyond ordinary human understanding, we are a little lonely; and we ponder the ultimate significance, if any, of our tiny but exquisite blue planet.
The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the search for a generally acceptable cosmic context for the human species. In the deepest sense, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is a search for ourselves.
In the last few years ——in one-millionth the lifetime of our species on this planet ——we have achieved an extraordinary technological capability which enables us to seek out unimaginably distant civilizations even if they are no more advanced than we. That capability is called radio astronomy and involves single radio telescopes, collections or arrays of radio telescopes, sensitive radio detectors, advanced computers for processing received date, and the imagination and skill of dedicated scientists. Radio astronomy has in the last decade opened a new window on the physical universe. It may also, if we are wise enough to make the effort, cast a profound light on the biological universe.
Some scientists working on the question of extraterrestrial intelligence, myself among them, have attempted to estimate the number of advanced technical civilizations ——defined operationally as societies capable of radio astronomy ——in the Milky Way Galaxy. Such estimates are little better than guesses. They require assigning numerical values to quantities such as the numbers and ages of stars; the abundance of planetary systems and the likelihood of the origin of life, which we know less well; and the probability of the evolution of intelligent life and the lifetime of technical civilizations, about which we know very little indeed.
When we do the arithmetic, the sorts of numbers we come up with are, characteristically, around a million technical civilizations. A million civilizations is a breathtakingly large number, and it is exhilarating to imagine the diversity, lifestyles and commerce of those million worlds. But the Milky Way Galaxy contains some 250
billion stars, and even with a million civilizations, less than one star in 200,000 would have a planet inhabited by an advanced civilization. Since we have little idea which stars are likely candidates, we will have to examine a very large number of them. Such considerations suggest that the quest for extraterrestrial intelligence may require a significant effort.
Despite claims about ancient astronauts and unidentified flying objects, there is no firm evidence for past visitation of the Earth by other civilizations. We are restricted to remote signaling and, of the long-distance techniques available to our technology, radio is by far the best. Radio telescopes are relatively inexpensive; radio signals travel at the speed of light, faster than which nothing can go; and the use of radio for communication is not a short-sighted or anthropocentric activity. Radio represents a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum and any technical civilization anywhere in the Galaxy will have discovered radio early ——just as in the last few centuries we have explored the entire electromagnetic spectrum from short gamma rays to very long radio waves. Advanced civilizations might very well use some other means of communication with their peers. But if they wish to communicate with backward or emerging civilizations, there are only a few obvious methods, the chief of which is radio.
The first serious attempt to listen for possible radio signals from other civilizations was carried out at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Greenbank, West Virginia, in 1959 and 1960. It was organized by Frank Drake, now at Cornel University, and was called Project Ozma, after the princess of the Land of Oz, a place very exotic, very distant and very difficult to reach. Drake examined two nearby stars for a few weeks with negative results. Positive results would have been astonishing because as we have seen, even rather optimistic estimates of the number of technical civilizations in the Galaxy imply that several hundred thousand stars must be examined in order to achieve success by random stellar selection.
Since Project Ozma, there have been six or eight other such programs, all at a rather modest level, in the United States, Canada and the Soviet Union. All results have been negative. The total number of individual stars examined to date in this way is less than a thousand. We have performed something like one tenth of one percent of the required effort.
However, there are signs that much more serious efforts may be mustered in the reasonably near future. Besides, hand in hand with the recent spectacular advances in radio technology, there has been a dramatic increase in the scientific and public respectability of the entire subject of extraterrestrial life. A clear sign of the new attitude is the Viking missions to Mars, which are to a significant extent dedicated to the search for life on another planet.
But along with the burgeoning dedication to a serious search, a slightly negative note has emerged which is nevertheless very interesting. A few scientists have lately asked a curious question: If extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant, why have we not already seen its manifestations? Skeptics also ask why there is no clear evidence of extraterrestrial visits to Earth. We have already launched slow and modest interstellar spacecraft. A society more advance than ours should be able to ply the spaces between
the stars conveniently if not effortlessly. Over millions of years such societies should have established colonies, which might themselves launch interstellar expeditions. Why are they not here? The temptation is to deduce that there are at most a few advanced extraterrestrial civilizations ——either because statistically we are one of the first technical civilizations to have emerged or because it is the fate of all such civilizations to destroy themselves before they are much further along than we.
It seems to me that such despair is quite premature. All such arguments depend on our correctly surmising the intentions of beings far more advanced than ourselves, and when examined more closely I think these arguments reveal a range of interesting human conceits. Why do we expect that it will be easy to recognize the manifestations of very advanced civilizations? Is our situation not closer to that of members of an isolated society in the Amazon basin, say, who lack the tools to detect the powerful international radio and television traffic that is all around them? Also, there is a wide range of incompletely understood phenomena in astronomy. Might the modulation of pulsars or the energy source of quasars, for example, have a technological origin? Or perhaps there is a galactic ethic of noninterference with backward or emerging civilizations. Perhaps there is a waiting time before contact is considered appropriate, so as to give us a fair opportunity to destroy ourselves first, if we are so inclined. Perhaps all societies significantly more advanced than our own have achieved an effective personal immortality and lose the motivation for interstellar gallivanting, which may, for all we know, be a typical urge only of adolescent civilizations. Perhaps mature civilizations do not wish to pollute the cosmos. There is a very long list of such "perhaps," few of which we are in a position to evaluate with any degree of assurance.
The question of extraterrestrial civilizations seems to me entirely open. Personally, I think it far more difficult to understand a universe in which we are the only technological civilization, or one of a very few, than to conceive of a cosmos brining over with intelligent life. Many aspects of the problem are, fortunately, amenable to experimental verification. We can search for planets of other stars, seek simple forms of life on such nearby planets as Mars, and perform more extensive laboratory studies on the chemistry of the origin of life. We can investigate more deeply the evolution of organisms and societies. The problem cries out for a long-term, open-minded, systematic search, with nature as the only arbiter of what is or is not likely
New Words
quest
n. search
extraterrestrial
a. （coming from）outside the earth
ponder
v. think about slowly and carefully
muse
v. think deeply, forgetting about the world around one
contemplate
v. look at or think about intently; have in mind as a possibility or plan
exotic
a. not native; fascinating because strange or different 外国的；异国情调的
biology
n. the scientific study of living things; animal and plant life, as of a given area 生物学；一个地区的生物
cosmic
a. of the universe, esp. the heavens as distinguished from the earth 宇宙的
exquisite
a. extremely beautiful or pleasant, esp. in a delicate or refined way
acceptable
a. good enough; satisfactory
extraordinary
a. very remarkable; exceptional
unimaginably
a. in an unimaginable manner; inconceivably
astronomy
n. the scientific study of the stars, planets, and other natural objects in space 天文学
array
n. collection; an impressive display of numerous persons or objects 列阵
detector
n. an instrument for discovering the presence of sth.
dedicated
vt. devoted
dedicate
vt. set apart for a special use or purpose
operationally
ad. in respect to operation
operational
a.
galaxy
n. any of the large groups of stars which make up the universe 星系
the Milky Way Galaxy
银河系
assign
vt. fix; decide on
quantity
n. an amount or number
abundance
n. a great quantity; plenty
planetary
a. of a planet; having sth. to do with planets
likelihood
n. the degree to which sth. can reasonably be expected to happen; probability probability
n. the condition of being likely to happen
characteristically
ad. in a characteristic manner
characteristic
n. a special feature or quality that makes sb. or sth. different from others
a. showing a special feature or identity
breathtakingly
ad. astonishingly
exhilarating
a. very exciting; causing happiness
diversity
n. difference; variety
diverse
a.
lifestyle
n. a way of living
commerce
n. the buying and selling of goods; trade 商业
candidate
n. a person or thing that is regarded as being suitable for a particular purpose or as being likely to do or be a particular thing
astronaut
n. a person trained to travel in a spacecraft 宇航员
visitation
n. the act of visiting; visit
remote
a. distant in space or time
inexpensive
a. that which does not cost much; reasonable in price
anthropocentric
a. regarding men as the central fact, and his existence and welfare as the ultimate aim, of the universe 以人类为宇宙中心的
electromagnetic
a. of magnetic force produced by an electric current 电磁的
spectrum
n. a set of bands of colored light in the order of their wavelengths into which a beam of light may be separated; a range of any of various kinds of waves 光谱；波谱ray
n. a beam of light, heat, electricity or some other form of energy
gamma ray （usu. pl.）
a beam of light of short wavelength which goes through solid objects Y射线，光（量）子
peer
n. an equal in rank, quality or worth
backward
a. late in development
observatory
n. a place from which scientists watch stars and other heavenly bodies 天文台princess
n. the daughter of a king or queen; a prince's wife 公主；王妃
optimistic
a. tending to see the bright side of things
imply
vt. express, show or mean indirectly; suggest
stellar
a. of or concerning stars
muster
vt. gather or collect; summon
respectability
n. the quality of being respectable
Mars
n. 火星
mission
n. an important task, esp. one that involves traveling abroad
burgeon
vi. bud; grow or develop rapidly
lately
ad. not long ago; recently
manifestation
n. sign of the existence or presence of a person, object or quality
manifest vt.
skeptic
n. person who questions the truth of theories or apparent facts
skeptical
a.
interstellar
n. （placed or moving）between the stars
spacecraft
n. a vehicle used for traveling in outer space 宇宙飞船
ply
v. make regular journeys （between）; sail
conveniently
ad. with ease
convenient
a.
colony
n. the area settled by a group of people who leave their country to live in another place 殖民地
premature
a. appearing, happening, or done before the usual, expected or correct time
surmise
vt. guess; suppose
detect
vt. notice or find the presence of
international
a. of or between two or more nations
traffic
n. vehicles, people, ships or aircraft moving along a route
incompletely
ad. not completely; partially
modulation
n. variation of the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier wave in accordance with the sound wave or other signals being sent 调制
pulsar
n. an astronomical source or powerful radio waves emitted in short, intense bursts or pulses at very precise intervals 脉冲星
quasar
n. a heavenly object which emits powerful blue light and radio waves; quasi-stellar objects 类星体
galactic
a. of or having to do with the Milky Way or with other galaxies
ethic
n. system of moral behavior 伦理
noninterference
n. the practice of not taking part in or trying to influence the affairs of other people, countries, etc.
appropriate
a. correct or suitable for a particular situation or occasion
immortality
n. the state of being immortal; never-ending life or endless fame 不朽，永存；不灭的声望
motivation
n. need; desire 动因；动力
motivate
vt.
gallivant
vi. go around amusing oneself; wander
adolescent
a. growing up from childhood to adulthood; immature
n. belief in one's own ability; confidence
brim
vi. be full to the brim
amenable
a. that can be tested （by）
verification
n. proof by evidence; confirmation 证明；核实extensive
a. large in amount, area or range
organism
n. a living being
Phrases & Expressions
if any
possibly none
seek out
find （sb. or sth.）by looking hard
might very well
be （very）likely to
to date
until today; yet
band in hand with
together with
be dedicated to
be devoted to; be intended to be used for
along with
together with
depend on
following directly or logically from; turn on
so as to
in order to
in a position to
able to
brim over with
have an abundance of
cry out for
need badly
Proper Names
Carl Sagan
卡尔.萨根
Greenbank
格林班克
West Virginia
西弗吉尼亚州
弗兰克.德雷克
Cornell University
康乃尔大学
the Land of Oz
奥兹国
the Soviet Union
苏联
the Amazon
亚马逊河
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在读证明 兹证明xxx，女，出生于xxxx年10月25日，学号xxxxxxx，于2013年9月进入西华师范大学计算机学院学习4年制本科课程，专业为计算机科学与技术，现为大四在籍学生。已完成学期数7。根据《中华人民共和国学位管理条例》的规定，如果学生所有科目合格，预计在2017年7月毕业，并获取学士学位证书和本科毕业证书。 特此证明! 西华师范大学教务处 2017年5月19日 Studying Certificate This is to certify that Student xxx, female, born on October 25, x xxx, student No. xxxxxxxx, entered the Computer School Of China West Normal University in September 2013 studying 4-year under graduate courses. Her major is Computer Science and Technology an d is studying in the 4th academic year at our university. The number of completed semesters is 7. According to the 《Degree Manageme nt Statute of P. R. China 》, if the courses that the student studied ar e qualified, she will graduate in July 2017 and will obtain the Gradua te Certificate and Bachelor Degree Certificate. This is the very certificate! Academic Affairs Office, China West Normal University Date of Certification: May 19, 2017
第一单元 1.她砰地关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间 那场争执就此结束。 Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word. 2. 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气 感到有点意外。 The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American. 3. 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。 Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone. 4. 当全部乘客都向出口处(exit) 走去时，他却独自留在座位上，好像不愿意离开这架飞机似的。 While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if unwilling to leave the plane. 5. 这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。 The letter is to be handed to Dr. Wilson himself. 6. 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。 While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth. 7. 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他 What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home 8. 猎人一看见有只狐狸从树丛中出现并向他设下(lay) 的陷阱(trap) 方向跑去，脸上顿时闪出了兴奋的表情。 The hunter’s face lit up with excitement as soon as he saw a fox emerge from among the bushes and run in the direction of / make for the trap he had laid 第二单元 1) 会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。 It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution. 2) 这些青年科学家通过现场观察，获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。 By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work. 3) 他很可能会因视力不好而被拒收入伍。 It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight. 4) 委员会成员在新机场最佳选址(location) 这一问题上持有不同意见。 The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport. 5) 亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。 Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's. 6) 我们产品质量的稳步提高在很大程度上是由于设备有所改进。 The steady rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of our equipment. 7) 吉姆本想按照自己的判断行事，但他没有这样做，因为作为军人他得服从命令。Jim would have preferred to act on his own judgment, but he didn't because as a soldier he had to obey the order.
2014101018 第五单元 Translation of Text A 夜莺与玫瑰 1 “她说如果我给她带去红玫瑰，她愿意和我一起跳舞。”年轻的学生哭喊道，“但满院子都没有一朵红玫瑰。” 2 这番话给在老橡树上自己巢中的夜莺听见了，她通过橡树叶张望，心中诧异。 3 “在我的花园没有红玫瑰！”他哭着说，他美丽的大眼满含泪水：“啊，圣贤之书我已读完，哲学奥妙尽藏心中，然而缺少一朵红玫瑰却使我的生活瞬时暗淡！” 4 “终于有一位重感情的人了，”夜莺说，“我曾日日夜夜为他歌唱，现在我终于见到他了。” 5 “王子明晚将举行一个舞会，”年轻的学生喃喃道：“我的爱人也将前往我若为他采得红玫瑰，她将和我一直跳舞到天亮。我会揽她入怀，而她也会偎依在我的肩头。但在我的花园没有红玫瑰，因此我只能独自坐那儿黯然神伤，心痛无比。” 6 “他确实是一个重感情的人，”夜莺说。真爱是美好的，它价胜千金。 7 “乐师们将奏乐助兴，”年轻的学生道，“我的爱人将和着竖琴和小提琴声翩翩起舞。她的身姿是如此的轻盈宛似蜻蜓点水般。但他是不会和我一起跳的，因为我没有红玫瑰献给她。”于是他扑倒在草地上，双手捂着脸放声痛哭起来。 8 “他为什么哭泣呢？”一只绿色的蜥蜴翘着尾巴经过他身边时问道。 9 “是啊，到底为什么呢？”一只在阳光下挥动着翅膀的蝴蝶问道。 10 “到底为什么呢？”一朵雏菊用低沉的声音对他的邻居说道. 11 “他为一只红玫瑰哭泣。”夜莺说。 12 “为了一朵红玫瑰？”他们叫道，“太荒谬了！”那本来就有点愤世嫉俗的小蜥蜴肆无忌惮的笑道。但是夜莺了解男孩的悲痛，默默无声地坐在橡树上。 13 突然她张开自己棕色的双翼，向空中飞去。她犹如影子般穿越树林，又如影子般越过花园。 14 在草地的中心一棵美丽的红玫瑰树傲然屹立。她看到后立即向它飞去：“给
大学英语精读第二册（第三版）book2Unit1答案上海外语教育出版社 一） 1. bare 2. empty 3. empty 4. bare 5. empty 6.empty 二） 1. shortly 2.track down 3.faint 4.motioned 5.at the sight of 6.feel like 7.slamming 8.rang out 9.contract 10.made for 11.heated 12.emerged 三） 1. host 2. sprang up/rang out 3. impulse 4. came to 5. track down 6. unexpected 7. outgrow 8. widened 9. shortly 10. emerge / spring up 11. at the sight of 12. made for 13. crisis 14. colonial 四） 1. Jimmy has outgrown the shirts his aunt made for him a few years ago. 2. Does the doctor think the elderly lady is likely to survive the operation / it is likely that the elderly lady will survive the operation? 3. The other day your cousin paid us an unexpected visit. 4. Don't you see the nurse motioning us to be silent? 5. Her face lit up with joy at his return.
Nettles Our farm was small-nine acres. It was small enough for me to have explored every part of it. Each of the trees on the place had an attitude and a presence-the elm looked serene and the oak threatening, the maples friendly, the hawthorn old and crabby. Even the pits on the river flats had their flats had their distinct character. The girls as well as the boys were divided into two sides. Each girl had her own pile of balls and was working for paticular soldiers, and when a soldier fell wounded he would call out a girl’s name, so that she could drag him away and dress his wounds as quickly as possible. I made weapons for Mike, and mine ws the name he called. There was a keen alarm when the cry came, a wire zinging through your whole body, a fanatic feeling of devotion. When Mike was wounded he never opened his eyes. He lay limp and still while I pressed slimy large leaves to his forehead and throat and-pulling out his shirt-to his pale tender stomach, with its sweet and vulnerable belly button. One morning, of course, the job was all finished, the well capped, the pump reinstated, the fresh water marvelled at. And the truck did not come. There were two fewer chairs at the table for the noon meal. Mike and I had barely looked at each other during those meals. He liked to put ketcup on his bread. His father talked to my father, and the talk was mostly about well, accidents, water tables. A serious man. All work, my father said. Yet- he-Mike’s father-ended nearly every speech with a laugh. The laugh had a lonely boom in it, as if he were still down the well. Sunny and I had been friends in Vancouver years before. Our pregnancies had dovetailed, so that we had managed with one set of maternity clothes. In my kitchen or in hers, once a week or so, distracted by our children and sometimes reeling for lack of sleep, we stoked ourselves up on strong coffee and cigarettes and launched out on a rampage of talk about our marriages, our personal deficiencies, our interesting and discreditable motives, and our forgone ambitions. We read Jung at the same time and tried to keep track of our dreams. During that time of life that is supposed to be a reproductive daze, with the woman’s mind all swamped by maternal juices, we were still compelled to discuss Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and “The Cocktail Party”. He had slept in the guest bedroom the night before but tonight he’d moved downstairs to the fold-out sofa in the front room. Sunny had given him fresh sheets rather than unmarking and making up again the bed he had left for me. Lying in those same sheets did not make for a peaceful night. I knew that he wouldn’t come to see, no matter how small the risk was. It would be a sleazy thing to do, in the house of his friends. And how could he be sure that it was what I wanted? Or that it was what he really wanted? Even I was not sure of it. Up till now, I had always been able to think of myself as a woman who was faithful to the person who she was sleeping with at any given time. My sleep was shallow, my dreams monotonously lustful, with irritating and unpleasant subplots. All night-or at least whenener I woke up-the crickets wre singing outside my windows. At first I thought it was birds. I had lived in cities long enough to have forgotten how crickets can make a perfect waterfall of noise. The bushes right at the edge of the grass looked impenetrable, but close up there were little openings, the narrow paths that animals or people looking for golf balls had made. The ground sloped slightly downward, and we could see a bit of the river. The water was steel gray, and lookedto be rolling. Between it and us there was a meadow of weeds, all in bloom-goldenrod, jewelweed with its red-and-yellow bells, and what I thought were flowering nettles with pinkish-
2014101018 第六单元 Translation of Text A 青香蕉 1尽管这种事情在任何地方都可能发生，但我与青香蕉的邂逅却源自于巴西腹地一条险峻的山路上。我那老式吉普车正吃力地穿过景色优美的乡村，这时，水箱突然漏水了，而离我最近的汽车修理站也还要十英里。发动机过热迫使我在临近的村庄停了下来。村里有一个小商店和分布在四处的几座房子。有村民围过来看，三股细细的热水柱从水箱外壳上的小孔喷出来。“这容易解决，”一个人说到。他让一个小男孩跑去拿些青香蕉来。这个人还拍了拍我的肩膀，安慰我问题会解决的。“青香蕉。”他笑了，其余的人都这么说着。 2我和他们闲聊起来，心里却一直在想他们用这青香蕉怎么能修补好水箱。毫无疑问，提问会暴露我的无知，因此我开始赞叹眼前美丽的乡村景色。耸立在我们周围巨大的岩石群，很像里约热内卢著名的糖面包山。“看见那边那块高高的岩石了吗？”那人指着一块特别高而且细长的黑色石柱问我，“那块岩石标志着世界的中心。” 3我看着他，想知道他是否在和我开玩笑，但他却表情严肃，反过来认真地审视着我，似乎想确定我是否领会了他那句话的深刻含义。这种情况要求我必须表现出认同。他点头说：“绝对是中心。这儿的人都知道。” 4这时，小男孩抱着青香蕉回来了。那个男子把其中一根掰成两半，将其断口处按在水箱的外壳上。香蕉遇到炙热的金属融成了胶，立刻就堵住了漏洞。面对如此情景，我惊呆了，我当时的表情一定是傻傻的，所有的人都笑了起来。他们把我的水箱装满水，又让我带上一些香蕉，以防沿途中水箱再出问题。路上，我又用了一次青香蕉，一个小时后，我开着车到达了目的地。当地的一修理工笑着问我：“谁教你用青香蕉的？”我告诉了他那个村子的名字。“他们有没有指给你看标志世界中心的那块岩石?”他问道。我告诉他，他们指给我看了。“我祖父就是那儿的人，”他说，“那的确是中心。一直以来这儿的人都知道。” 5作为美国教育的产物，除了把青香蕉当作还没长熟的水果，我从来就没注意过它。但突然在那条山路上，当我需要它时，它正巧出现了。可是仔细想一想，其实青香蕉一直在那儿存在着。时间可以追溯到香蕉的最初的起源。那个村子里的人都知道它已经很多年了，我现在也因此认识它了。我开始珍视村民们的聪明才智和青香蕉的特殊潜能。曾有一段时间，我一直困惑于教育家们提出的“领悟的瞬间”，而现在我知道自己刚刚同时经历了两个这样的瞬间。 6我又用了一些时间来领会村民们认为那块标志着世界中心的岩石的重要性。开始时我怀疑他们的说法，因为我知道实际上世界的中心是位于新英格兰的某个
西华师范大学高等教育自学考试省考课《学校管理学》试卷答案 一、名词解释（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 1、学校聘任制：是校长根据工作需要和职务要求，用签订合同和发放聘书的形式，聘用教师在一定时期内在学校任教、任职的制度。 2、教学管理：是管理者依据学校教育目标，遵循教育规律，不断强化正确的教学、合理组织教学活动要素，使教学活动有序高效运转，从而提高教学效益的过程。 3、德育管理：是学校管理者依据学校德育学和管理学的科学原理和方法，从实际出发，通过一定方式和手段有效地组织、调控学校德育工作，以实现学校德育目标的的活动。 4、目标管理：目标管理是用目标体系组合全体成员，以目标指导每个人的工作和行为的一种管理思想、管理制度和管理方法。 5、教学质量管理：是指为保证培养目标而对教学过程和效果进行组织、协调、指导和控制的活动。它与教学工作质量共同构成教学质量的基本保证。 6、学校领导体制：是指学校内部的机构设置、领导权限划分和隶属关系的组织体系及其制度的总称。 7、学校规章制度：学校规章制度是学校成员在贯彻教育方针，实现教育目标的过程中所必须遵循的行为规范或准则。它多以简明的文字条规或正式文件的形式由权力部门公之于众，成为相关人群共同遵守的规定、法规等。 8、学校管理过程：为实现以育人为中心的预期目标而循序展开的一系管理职能在主客体的相互作用中发生、发展和演变的基本程序。 9、教务行政管理：主要是指对组织协调教学活动、建立和维护正常的教学秩序等教学事务方面的管理活动。它为教育学服务，是教学活动得以
正常运转的中枢。 10、校长负责制：是指学校工作由校长统一领导和全面负责，党支部（或总支）在学校的核心地位和监督保证，教代会民主参与管理的学校内部的根本组织制度。 二、简答题 (本大题共5小题，每小题6分，共30分) 11、我们应树立哪些现代学校管理理念？ （1）开放观念； （2）战略观念； （3）创新观念； （4）系统观念； （5）竞争观念； （6）素质教育观念。 12、学校组织机构设置的原则是什么？ （1）精干效率原则； （2）统一指挥原则； （3）管理幅度原则； （4）职权责统一原则； （5）系统平衡原则。 13、简述学校管理过程的特点。 （1）以育人为本的教育性； （2）按阶段循序发展的稳定性和程序性； （3）目标成果形成的综合力和养成性； （4）目标控制的复杂性和困难性。 14、教学管理的任务是什么？ （1）端正教学思想； （2）是健全教学组织； （3）完善管理制度； （4）稳定教学秩序；
大学英语精读第二册课后习题答案Unit1 一） 1. bare 2. empty 3. empty 4. bare 5. empty 6.empty 二） 1. shortly 2.track down 3.faint 4.motioned 5.at the sight of 6.feel like 7.slamming 8.rang out 9.contract 10.made for 11.heated 12.emerged 三） 1. host 2. sprang up/rang out 3. impulse 4. came to 5. track down 6. unexpected 7. outgrow 8. widened 9. shortly
10. emerge / spring up 11. at the sight of 12. made for 13. crisis 14. colonial 四） 1. Jimmy has outgrown the shirts his aunt made for him a few years ago. 2. Does the doctor think the elderly lady is likely to survive the operation / it is likely that the elderly lady will survive the operation? 3. The other day your cousin paid us an unexpected visit. 4. Don't you see the nurse motioning us to be silent? 5. Her face lit up with joy at his return. 6. The sound of her footsteps grew fainter as she walked farther away. 五） 1. Additional advantageous Anxious conditional Courageous curious Dangerous educational Emotional famous Industrial intentional Medical mountionous Musical mysterious National occasional Personal practical 2. Heated colored pigtailed gifted bearded pointed experienced aged skilled diseased 六） 1.The people questioned gave very different opinions on the issue. 2. Can you see the man climbing on that rock? 3. Several days passed before they came up with a satisfactory solution to the problems discussed.
UNIT1 又一学年——为了什么？ 约翰·切阿迪 1.给你们讲讲我刚当老师时候的一次失败经历吧。那是1940年的1月，我从研究生院 毕业不久，在堪萨斯城大学开始第一学期的教学工作。一个瘦高，长得就像顶上有毛的豆角架一样的男学生走进我的课堂，坐下，双臂交叉放在胸前，看着我，好像在说：“好吧，教我一些东西。”两周后我们开始学习《哈姆雷特》。三周后他双手叉腰走进我的办公室，“看，”他说，“我来这是学习当药剂师的。我为什么必须读这个？”由于没有随身带着自己的书，他就指着桌子上放着的我的那本。 2.虽然我是位新老师，我本来可以告诉这个家伙许多事情的。我本来可以指出，他考 入的不是制药技工培训学校而是大学，而且他在毕业时，应该得到一张写有理学学士而不是“合格的磨药工”的学位证书。这证书会证明他专修过药剂学，但它还能进一步证明他曾经接触过一些人类发展史上产生的思想。换句话说，他上的不是技能培训学校而是大学，在大学里学生既要得到培训又要接受教育。 3.我本来可以把这些话都告诉他，但是很明显，他不会待很长时间，说了也没用。 4.但是，由于我当时很年轻而且责任感也很强，我尽量把我的意思这样表达出来：“在 你的余生中，”我说，“平均每天24小时左右。谈恋爱时，你会觉得它有点短；失恋时，你会觉得它有点长。但平均每天24小时会保持不变。在其余的大约8个小时的时间里，你会处于睡眠状态。 5.“然后在每个工作日8个小时左右的时间里，我希望你会忙于一些有用的事情。假 设你毕业于一所药科大学——或工程大学，法学院，或者其他什么大学——在那8个小时时间里，你将用到你的专业技能。作为一个药剂师，你要确保氯化物没有和阿斯匹林混在一起；作为一个工程师，你要确保一切都在你的掌控之中；作为一个律师，你要保证你的当事人没有因为你的无能而被处以电刑。这些都是有用的工作，它们涉及到的技能每个人都必须尊重，而且它们都能给你带来基本的满足。无论你还干些什么，这些技能都很可能是你养家糊口的本领。它们会给你带来收入；但愿你的收入总能够用。” 6.“但完成一天的工作后，剩下的8小时你做什么呢？比如说你可以回家，和你的家 人待在一起。你所供养的是一个什么样的家庭呢？孩子们在家里能接触到一点还算是精辟的思想吗？你主持的家庭中有民主气息吗？家里有书吗？有那种一般敏感的人看了不会发怵的画吗？孩子们会听到巴赫的音乐吗？” 7.这差不多就是我所说的，但这个讨厌鬼不感兴趣。“看，”他说，“你们教授用你 们的方法培养孩子；我会以我自己的方式抚养我自己的孩子。我呀，我会尽一切努力挣钱的。” 8.“我希望你能赚很多，”我告诉他，“因为你在开支票的余暇会愁没事干的。” 9.14年后的今天，我仍然在教书，在此我要告诉你们，大学的职责并不只是在于培训 你，它还要使你接触人类思想的精髓。如果你没时间看莎士比亚的作品，没时间看哲学入门，没时间欣赏艺术的存续，也没时间学习我们称之为历史的人类发展的课
120403 教育经济与管理 1、专业概况 为政府部门和非政府公共机构培养具有现代公共管理理论和公共政策素养，掌握先进分析方法及技术，与教育管理或教育政策的领导者、管理者、政策分析者以及相关公共服务的专家型通才。 2、就业前景 教育经济与管理专业是一门在教育领域，偏重于管理的热门专业，毕业后多进入教育机关或部门从事教学在教育学中相对而言是比较好的专业。 3、研究方向 知识与人力资源管理，学校行政管理，教育政策研究。 4、主要课程 管理经济学教育研究方法高等教育原理高等教育管理教育基本理论及前沿研究高等教育改革与发展学大学制度与学术权力学术管理研究教育政策与法规、教师发展与教学专业、学校的人力资源管理、管理测量与评估、学位与研究生教育专题研究、教育财政学、行政与组织理论组织变革、规划与发展、督导理共事业管理研究、行政法研究新公共管理研究、高等教育史、教育社会学、比较教育研究 5、推荐院校 北京大学华东师范大学华中科技大学北京师范大学 排名学校名称等级 1 北京师范大学 A+ 2 北京大学A+ 3 华东师范大学A+ 4 华南师范大学A+ 5 华中科技大学 A 2008，2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试初试合格资格线
其中： *A类考生：报考地处一区招生单位的考生。 *B类考生：报考地处二区招生单位的考生。 *C类考生：①报考地处三区招生单位的考生；或者②目前在三区就业且定向或委托培养回原单位一区系北京、天津、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、广东等11省(市)；二区系河北、山西、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、安徽、江西、重庆、四川、陕西等10省(市)； 三区系内蒙古、广西、海南、贵州、云南、西藏、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆等10省(区)。 北京师范大学:http:https://www.doczj.com/doc/b11315908.html,/NewsSpecialDetailsInfo.aspx?SID=938 北京大学:http:https://www.doczj.com/doc/b11315908.html,/NewsSpecialDetailsInfo.aspx?SID=135 华东师范大学:http:https://www.doczj.com/doc/b11315908.html,/NewsSpecialDetailsInfo.aspx?SID=7472 华南师范大学:http:https://www.doczj.com/doc/b11315908.html,/NewsSpecialDetailsInfo.aspx?SID=9971 华中科技大学:http:https://www.doczj.com/doc/b11315908.html,/NewsSpecialDetailsInfo.aspx?SID=11834 有该专业的部分院校分数一览 2008年录取分数线：
现代大学英语精读6课文翻译 1如何使我们不为穷人的存在而内疚 约翰·肯尼斯·高伯瑞(加尔布雷斯) 1.我很愿意严肃地考虑一种人类最古老的活动，这项活动持续了多年，实际上已经超过了几个世纪，那就是尝试怎样使我们不为穷人的存在而内疚。 2.贫穷和富有从一开始就共生在一起，彼此很不愉快有时还充满危险。普鲁塔克曾说，“贫富失衡乃共和政体最致命的宿疾。”富有和贫穷持续共存产生的问题，特别是如何证明在其 他人还贫穷时我们富有是有道理的这一问题，成为有思想有学问的人几百年来孜孜不倦地思 考探索的问题。直至当代状况依然如此。 3.《圣经》提出了最初的解决之道，在现世遭受贫穷的人来世会得到更好的回报。他们的贫穷是暂时的灾难，如果贫穷但却能顺从，他们将来就会成为世界的主人。在某种程度上这就是最理想的解决办法。由此，富人就可以一边嫉妒穷人的美好前途一边享受他们的财富。 4.很长时间之后，即在1776年《国富论》发表的二三十年之后——在英国工业革命开始 之后，贫富不均的问题及其解决办法开始具有了现代的形式。杰罗米·边沁，这位与亚当·斯密几乎是同时代的人，提出了这样一种准则，在某种程度上，美国人认为这一准则在英国几 乎50年来一直影响显著。这就是实用主义学说。“通过实用的原则，”边沁在1789年指出，“也就是通过这一原则来赞成或否定任何一种应运而生的看来似乎必定会增加或减少政党 幸福的行为或做法，尽管政党的利益总是在讨论之中。”实用，实际上一定是以自我为中心的。然而，社会中只有少数人拥有大量财富，却有更多人没有财富。只要遵循边沁的话—— “最大的利益给最多的人”，就能够解决社会问题。社会尽力满足更多的人，人们接受对于 很多利益没被满足的人来说，结果极其不幸。 5.在19世纪30年代，一种新的准则成为使我们不为穷人的存在感到内疚的有效办法，迄今为止它的影响也丝毫没有减弱。这是与股票家大卫·李嘉图和T·R·马尔萨斯神父联系 在一起的。它的本质很为人们所熟悉，穷人的贫穷是他们自己的错误。贫穷是他们过度生育 的结果。很遗憾，他们不能控制性欲，过度生育把地球具有的养活人口的能力推向极限。 6.这就是人口论。生育引起的贫穷意味着富人不应该为贫穷的产生和解决承担责任。然而，马尔萨斯本人并不是缺乏责任感的人，他极力主张婚姻的仪式应该包括对过度或不负责任的 性生活的警告——公平地讲，是一种警告，因为它还没有被看做是一种完全有效的控制生育 的方法。在近代，罗纳德·里根曾经说过控制人口的最佳形式存在于市场。(热恋中的夫妇应该上梅西百货公司，而不是回到新房。)应该说，马尔萨斯的建议至少沾点边。 7.19世纪中叶，一种新的解决这一问题的方案产生了很大影响，在美国影响尤其强烈。 这一学说与赫伯特·斯宾塞的名字联系在一起，就是社会学中的进化论。在经济生活中如同在生物进化过程中一样，主导的规律是适者生存。“适者生存”这个短语实际上并不出自查 尔斯·达尔文，而是出自斯宾塞，后者表达了对经济生活的看法。穷人被淘汰是大自然种族 进化的方式。弱的、不幸的人灭亡了，人类家庭的质量就会提高。 8.最著名的美国达尔文社会进化论的发言人之一约翰·洛克菲勒一一第一个洛克菲勒一一 在一次著名的演讲中说，“美国这朵玫瑰花以其华贵与芳香让观众倾倒，赞不绝口。而她之 所以能被培植出来，就是因为在早期其周围的花蕾被掐掉了。在经济生活中情况亦是如此。
Book 4-Unit 5 Text A The Telephone Anwar F. Accawi 1.When I was growing up in Magdaluna, a small Lebanese village in the terraced, rocky mountains east of Sidon, time didn't mean much to anybody, except maybe to those who were dying. In those days, there was no real need for a calendar or a watch to keep track of the hours, days, months, and years. We knew what to do and when to do it, just as the Iraqi geese knew when to fly north, driven by the hot wind that blew in from the desert. The only timepiece we had need of then was the sun. It rose and set, and the seasons rolled by and we sowed seed and harvested and ate and played and married our cousins and had babies who got whooping cough and chickenpox—and those children who survived grew up and married their cousins and had babies who got whooping cough and chickenpox. We lived and loved and toiled and died without ever needing to know what year it was, or even the time of day. 2.It wasn't that we had no system for keeping track of time and of the important events in our lives. But ours was a natural or, rather, a divine — calendar, because it was framed by acts of God: earthquakes and droughts and floods and locusts and pestilences. Simple as our calendar was, it worked just fine for us. 3.Take, for example, the birth date of Teta Im Khalil, the oldest woman in Magdaluna and all the surrounding villages. When I asked Grandma, "How old is Teta Im Khalil?" 4.Grandma had to think for a moment; then she said, "I've been told that Teta was born shortly after the big snow that caused the roof on the mayor's house to cave in." 5."And when was that?" I asked. 6."Oh, about the time we had the big earthquake that cracked the wall in the east room." 7.Well, that was enough for me. You couldn't be more accurate than that, now, could you? 8.And that's the way it was in our little village for as far back as anybody could remember. One of the most unusual of the dates was when a whirlwind struck during which fish and oranges fell from the sky. Incredible as it may sound, the story of the fish and oranges was true, because men who would not lie even to save their own souls told and retold that story until it was incorporated into Magdaluna's calendar. 9.The year of the fish-bearing whirlpool was not the last remarkable year. Many others followed in which strange and wonderful things happened. There was, for instance, the year of the drought, when the heavens were shut for months and the spring from which the entire village got its drinking water slowed to a trickle. The spring was about a mile from the village, in a ravine that opened at one end into a small, flat clearing covered with fine gray dust and hard, marble-sized goat droppings. In the year of the drought, that little clearing was always packed full of noisy kids with big brown eyes and sticky hands, and their mothers —sinewy, overworked young women with cracked, brown heels. The children ran around playing tag or hide-and-seek while the women talked, shooed flies, and awaited their turns to fill up their jars with drinking water to bring home to their napping men and wet babies. There were days when we had to wait from sunup until late afternoon just to fill a small clay jar with precious, cool water.