英语专业本科毕业论文（跨文化交际类）届毕业论文
美国价值观与中国传统文化元素的融合与冲突——以动画
片《花木兰》和《功夫熊猫》为例
The Compatibility and Conflicts between American Values and Chinese Elements in Animated Movies Mulan and Kung Fu Panda
院部外国语学院
专业英语专业
姓名
班级学号
指导教师
完成时间:年月
The Compatibility and Conflicts between American Values and Chinese Elements in Animated Movies Mulan and Kung Fu Panda
by
author’s name
Under the Supervision of
Professor name
School of Foreign Languages
School Name
Date
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all the teachers of (school name) whose instructions and guidance have made my four years at this university a rewarding experience.
My special gratitude goes to Professor John Doe, my supervisor, for the support and inspiration he gave me during the course of my thesis writing. Without his kind encouragement, sound advice and patient instruction, this thesis could not have been accomplished.
My appreciation also goes to my classmates who have accompanied me through my four-year education. I wish to thank them for incessant care and encouragement. I am likewise indebted to all my friends whose warm encouragement and caring comfort meant a lot to me when my confidence in fulfilling this thesis almost shattered.
My parents, who have been an unfailing source of support and encouragement，especially in time of difficulty and frustration，deserves
my whole-hearted thanks. I wish to dedicate this thesis to my family for their love and support.
The Compatibility and Conflicts between American Values
and Chinese Elements in Animated Movies Mulan and
Kung Fu Panda
Abstract
Mulan and Kung Fu Panda are two animated films produced by
American Hollywood industry in 1998 and 2008 respectively. With the cultural background and characters originating in ancient China, the films present a fascinating audio-visual world to the audience in which the compatibility and conflicts of the American values and Chinese traditional elements exist simultaneously.
The compatibility is a result of the ongoing cultural globalization while the conflicts arise as a sign that there are still some irreplaceable peculiarities of Chinese traditional culture.
In terms of cross-culture study, the attitude of American film makers towards Chinese culture is worthy of our penetrating thinking. Besides, how should Chinese deal with the products that contains Chinese traditional element but are produced by foreigners also needs our discussion.
Keywords: Mulan; Kung Fu Panda; American values; Chinese elements;
compatibility; conflicts; cultural globalization; cross-culture
I
美国价值观与中国传统文化元素的融合与冲突——以动画
片《花木兰》和《功夫熊猫》为例
摘要
美国好莱坞的迪斯尼公司和梦工厂公司分别于1998年和2008年制作了两部动画巨片——《花木兰》和《功夫熊猫》。通过把故事背景和角色设定在古代中国，影片给观众创造了一个神秘古老的东方世界。同时，影片中美国价值观与中国传统元素的融合与冲突也是两部影片不可忽视的特点。
作为文化全球化的产物，美国价值观与中国元素的融合是合情合理的。但是那些不可避免的冲突也在提醒着我们，中国文化依旧有一些无可取代的特性，它们绝不会随着文化全球化的深入而消失殆尽。
从跨文化研究的角度来看，美国电影人对待中国文化的理解和态度值得我们深思。同时，中国应以何种姿态应对这种文化借用也是需要我们讨论的问题。
关键词: 花木兰;功夫熊猫;美国价值观;中国元素;融合;冲突;文化全球化;跨文化
II
Contents
Acknowledgments
Abstract ........................................................... ....................................... I 摘
要 ..................................................................... ................................... II
Contents ............................................................... ................................ III I
Introduction ........................................................... (1)
1.1 The Synopsis of
Mulan .................................................................
1
1.2 The Synopsis of Kung Fu Panda................................................... 2 II the Compatibility of American Values and Chinese Elements .. (3)
2.1 The
characters ............................................................. .. (3)
2.2 Scenery, Architecture and other
Details (4)
2.3 Martial
Arts ................................................................... (5)
2.4 Chinese
Philosophy ............................................................. ......... 6 III. Conflicts of American Values and Chinese
Elements (8)
3.1 Conservatism VS Free
Spirit (8)
3.2 Family Priority&
Individualism ................................................. 10 IV. Conclusion ............................................................. . (12)
4.1 General Summary of the
Study (12)
Bibliography ........................................................... (14)
III
The Compatibility and Conflicts between American Values and
Chinese Elements in Animated Movies Mulan and Kung Fu
Panda
I Introduction
1.1 The Synopsis of Mulan
As one of the representative work of ballads in ancient China,
Ballad of
Mulan is a celebrated folk tale which has been widely told from generation to generation in China for hundreds of years. It tells a story about a girl named Hua Mulan who is born and raised in a
traditional Chinese family. However, unlike other populous Chinese families, Mulan has neither brothers nor sisters. When the war breaks out, Mulan substitutes for her aged father and joins the army to defend the country against northern invaders. Mulan’s fi lial loyalty, valiantness and outstanding military ability make her one of the most respected heroine in Chinese history.
In 1998, American film tycoon, Disney company produced an animated film Mulan based on this well-known Chinese folk tale. The main characters and plot remain same: the brave Mulan, her old, sick father and the vicious enemies. However, while the yellow-skinned, black-haired girl evokes some warm and approachable feelings in many Chinese audiences’ hearts, some of
them find that the image of Mulan which represented in the American film is somewhat different from the traditional heroine image in Chinese textbooks. Therefore, the film Mulan is a story with a Chinese
traditional structure but in essence, it is filled of American spirit
and western values.
1
1.2 The Synopsis of Kung Fu Panda
In June, 2008, DreamWorks Animation Studio released globally another animated blockbuster Kung Fu Panda, choosing one of the most popular and renowned Chinese traditional elements, martial arts as the core element of the film.
The synopsis of Kung Fu Panda looks like something like this: a clumsy
panda named Po lives with his foster father, a duck, in Peace Valley. On the surface, Po may look like just like another portly panda, but beneath his fur, he bears the mark of the chosen one. By day, Po works faithfully in his family’s noodle shop, but by night, he dreams of becoming a true master of the martial arts. When an ancient prophecy has come to pass, Po realizes that he is the only one who can save his
people from certain destruction. In the end, with the help of the legendary Furious Five, Tigress, Crane, Mantis, Viper, Monkey and their wise mentor, Master Shifu, the noble Po masters the martial arts and somehow transforms his greatest weakness into his greatest strengths. It is these incredible strengths that beat the malevolent snow leopard Tai Lung. He fulfills his destiny as the hero who saves his people during their darkest hour.
It is not difficult to find that instead of applying the Chinese elements simply to film-making, the producers of Kung Fu Panda take some typical
oriental philosophical themes, such as life, destiny, living and death into thorough consideration. The producers made great efforts to maximize the compatibility of American values and Chinese traditional culture and minimize the conflicts. If what Mulan presents can be generalize as Chinese
form and American theme, Kung Fu Panda is more like a combination of Chinese essence and American spirit.
2
II the Compatibility of American Values and Chinese Elements
2.1 The characters
The title says it all with Mulan, a famous Chinese classic which
tells a
story about how an ordinary girl manages to be an honorable heroine. Since the plot background is set to be in ancient China, no wonder the characters closely resemble the Asian in terms of appearance.
Besides those black-eyed, yellow-skinned characters, there is also a little dragon which attracts much attention from the audience. Dragon used to be the symbol of Chinese royalty in feudal period. It stands for nobility, power and endless fortune. Even in today’s communist society, dragon continues to
serve as the mascot of the Chinese nation. Even if Muxu( the name of the dragon) is nothing like the noble and fierce dragon which represents the temperament of the Chinese nation，the adorable little dragon successfully
bring about laughter and make the whole film much interesting.
The panda Po in Kung Fu Panda is another Chinese symbol which is probably even more popular than dragon in western world. While the dragon has historically served as China's national emblem, in recent decades the Giant Panda has also served as an emblem for the country.
Its image appears on a large number of modern Chinese commemorative silver, gold, and platinum coins.
However, unlike a real black-eyed panda, the American panda Po has a pair of green eyes which resemble the Caucasian. In Kung Fu Panda Po is not
a docile panda that everyone loves. On the contrary, he is chatty, obese, slothful, gluttonous, and has interpersonal relationship issue. Undoubtedly, the film aims to tell another typical “American Dream” story of how an extremely
ordinary character manages to succeed in achieving a great accomplishment. All these seem to be reminding the audience that, this is, after all, an animated
3
film made in the United States. No matter how much Chineseness the producers have attached in the film, it is impossible to get rid of American spirit.
2.2 Scenery, Architecture and other Details
The first scene of Mulan is when the invaders are about to invade China,
the messenger takes the message to his commander. Here comes the significant Chinese symbol—the Great Wall.
thThe construction of the Great Wall started in the 7 century B.C. when
the vassal states under the Zhou Dynasty in the northern parts of
the country built their own walls for self-defense. After the states of Qin unified China in 221 B.C., the separate walls were interconnected and extended to more than 10000 miles. Constructed of masonry, rocks and packed-earth, the Great Wall is landmark of the earth. The Great Wall has long been incorporated into Chinese mythology and popular symbolism. As a film whose background is set in ancient China, the Great Wall is certainly an indispensable element.
Besides, there are many other Chinese architecture and decorations
in film Mulan, such as drawbridge in the valley, tapestry hanging on the wall, festive red lanterns decorating the eaves. All these details give full expression to the oriental styles.
Likewise, in Kung Fu Panda, the producers also add a bunch of Chinese
images and even present them in a more exquisite way. Audience may find the flying petals, tortuous paths, distant pavilion and terrace are as picturesque as the scenery that is depicted in many Chinese ancient poetry.
4
Moreover, the loanwords used in the movie make it more hilarious. By keeping the Mandarin pronunciation of words, such as “shifu” (master), “wugui” (turtle), “bingbong” (ice-cream), the producers shorten the distance between the English-speaking panda Po and Chinese people.
2.3 Martial Arts
Chinese martial arts have a long history, converging Chinese philosophy, medicine, military strategy, techniques, education, aesthetics, etc. and mirroring the character and sagacity of the Chinese people. With vigorous, graceful and somewhat laborious movements, Chinese martial arts provide the exercisers with beauty and strength. With the ongoing globalization and revitalization of the great Chinese civilization, more and more westerners find Chinese culture very attractive thus want to learn something more about it. However, for most westerns, it is never easy to fully comprehend the traditional Chinese ideology. Under the circumstances, martial arts appear as the perfect breakthrough point to start with.
In Mulan, when the army is in danger, there are several well-designed fighting scenes. At that time, martial arts are used fictitiously. Ten years later, in Kung Fu Panda, martial arts have
become a necessity. The title Kung Fu has said it all. What is more comforting is that martial arts in Kung Fu Panda
do not equal to superficially showing some fighting skills.
The top concern of the Chinese martial arts is to settle the relationship
5
between the body and muscles and the internal exercises for breath. The functions of the martial arts in fighting are: defending oneself against the opponent, checking the attacks and winning the fight. On the level of philosophy, the martial arts stress “unification of man and nature”, i. e, the
unification of existence and nonexistence, acting and stopping, Ying and Yang. On the social level, the martial arts stress cultivation of mind and personality, awareness of the natural law and complacency. They thus break all prejudices with regard to winning and losing and to success and failures, and take a calm attitude.
In Kung Fu Panda, the invincible secret of martial arts is supposed to be recorded in the dragon warrior scroll. However, when Po unfolds the scroll, to his great amazement, there is nothing written on it. Not even a single word. This “assume formlessness” method is the highest degree of martial arts to a
certain extent, and the tactic does not rigidly adhere to a style. Instead of indiscriminately imitating the movements and techniques, the
producers of Kung Fu Panda grasped the marrow of the Chinese martial arts.
2.4 Chinese Philosophy
In these two films, both Mulan and Po have been stuck in perilous situations. Mulan has to win a life-and-death battle for her country at the risk of being found out her real sex identity. And as for Po, he has to defeat Tai Lung, whose power is obviously several times greater than him. Although the
6
hope of winning seems to be distant and dim, neither of them gives
up on themselves. Their positive attitude can find its origin in Chinese Confucian philosophy.
The situation what Mulan and Po are facing in the films is very much like what sage Confucius and his disciple Yan Hui, were going through hundreds of years ago. How could they find delight and joy from critical time and harsh living conditions? There are two key possibilities. Firstly, none of them were ever depressed or in despair. They were optimists, holding fast to a philosophical attitude toward the status that downplayed their plight. Second, they were capable of self-reliance and tolerance, not in the sense of being content with what they were and what they had, but of being acceptance of whatever destiny might bring them.
Compared to the intelligence Mulan, the sloppy Po is even more unlikely to become a historic savior. Even if Master Oogway sticks to
the idea that Po is the chosen one and the only dragon warrior who has formidable strength underneath, Master Shifu highly doubts it and treats Po as a joke. After a series of frustration, Master Shifu happened to know Po’s biggest hobby—
food. He thus decides to make full use of it to train Po who is seemingly incorrigible at that time. As expected, Po somehow transforms his biggest weakness into biggest strength and becomes a real martial-arts master.
Master Shifu’s strategy seems to be superficial but on looking deeper, another more subtle truth emerges. His strategy makes the best use of Po’s
7
weakness according to the specific situation. It turns out, fortunately, very effective. This dialectical speculation which had been prevailing in ancient China indicates that everything has two aspects that are in a state of continuous opposition and mutual transformation.
There is another very impressive scene in Kung Fu Panda where Master Oogway is bidding farewell to Master Shifu. With the pink petals dancing about in the wind, Oogway is more like vanishing into the other world rather than “pass away”, as we usually call it.
This scene represents another Chinese philosophical thought in two aspects. Firstly, many philosophers believe that the circle of life is just like the blooming and withering of a flower. Oogway’s disappearing with the withered
petals implies the end of his life. Secondly, the beautiful and romantic scene seems to be telling the audience that Oogway is not “dead” literally but is
integrating into the entire universe. His flesh and blood may no longer exist but his soul has raise to higher level thus can remain immortal. This is very much similar to one of the most ideal concepts which are promoted by Taoism— Heaven-Man Oneness, in which the famous Taoist Zhuang Zi pictured the paramount level of human life that Chinese people have been always longing for.
III. Conflicts of American Values and Chinese Elements
3.1 Conservatism VS Free Spirit
As a country with a continued uninterrupted history of five thousands years, China has a unique cultural system which is deeply rooted in Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. This cultural system had been ruling
8
Chinese people throughout the whole feudal time. One of the most distinguished scholars in China, Lin Yutang once wrote in his book, “one of
the most notable characteristics of this system (Chinese cultural system) is that it not only asked about the meaning of life but also answered it in a way that left people satisfied with having found the meaning of human existence.”
The answer was solid and clear, so that it left people with no
desire to speculate about the future life or to change the present one. Man naturally becomes conservative when he realizes he has got something that work and therefore something that is true. The Chinese people saw no other way of life, thought no other way possible.
The first sentence of Ballad of Mulan described a traditional Chinese girl
who was weaving cloth. (唧唧复唧唧，木兰当户织。) Several years later,
when Mulan returned from the army, the first thing she did was redid her hair and made up.(当窗理云鬓，对镜贴花黄。)This implies that no matter how
many years Mulan had been pretending to be a man, she was still the same traditional Chinese girl at heart. It was never going to change. Even Mulan, the marvelous heroine herself, were unwilling to change.
In comparison with ancient China, the United States has a comparatively short history of no more than 300 years. The earliest immigration from Europe came to the American continent for the purpose of breaking the shackles of feudalistic autocracy and establishing an ideal society of their own. Due to the characteristics which had been shaping from the initial stage of American history, Americans view themselves as highly individualistic in their thoughts and actions. They value the individual freedom as one of the most indispensable rights
that everybody is born with. They have been trained since very early in
their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situation in life and their own destinies. In film Mulan, Mulan is anything but a conservative Chinese girl. She knows little
9
about the traditional manners, pays little attention to her appearance. Mulan maybe a Chinese girl by face, but by heart, she is totally a rebellious modern American girl.
3.2 Family Priority& Individualism
The whole Chinese ethic system is based on the solid family
structure while the American values are rooted in individualism.
The Chinese say that if you know the family. You do not need to know the individual. In China, family members share property, all material possessions, food, work and love, perform religious rituals together and often live under the same roof. An important Chinese culture value is filial piety. Traditionally, Chinese children felt a lifelong obligation to their parents, ideally exemplified by an unreserved devotion to please them in every possible way.
The Confucianism placed tremendous emphasis on filial piety, which
is regarded as the “first of all virtues”. So explains the Classics of Filial Piety
(《孝经》).
Confucius said: “The reason why the gentleman teaches filial piety is not because it is to be seen in the home and everyday life. He
teaches filial piety in order that man may respect all those who are fathers in the world. He teaches brotherliness in the younger brother in order that man may respect all those who are elder brothers in the world. He teaches the duty of the subject, in order that man may respect all who are rulers in the world. …… Those who
love their parents dare not show hatred to others. Those who respect their parents dare not show rudeness to others.”
The family loyalty is the core of Chinese ethics and loyalty to the whole nation is the extension version. It is firmly believed that a nation of good brothers and good friends should make a good nation. In Ballad of Mulan, two
10
parts were emphasized. One part is how Mulan made up her mind to
join the army for her father and the other is how she returned home with tremendous honor. Why are these two parts so important? Because they represented the ultimate concern of Chinese ethics, that are, filial
piety and patriotism.
However, in American values system, there is no such thing as filial piety. Although they also give much importance to family as Chinese people do, they treat each of their family members as independent individual rather than a relative they can depend on. For Americans, individual rights and obligations come first. There is a strong emphasis on individual rights and competition, which are enshrined in law like
the Bill of Rights in the US
Constitution, protected by the adversarial system in the courts, which is shared with other Anglo-Saxon countries, and incorporated into elaborate procedures to ensure fairness in examinations at school, and hiring for jobs and the like. In America, being born into lower class does not prevent them from success. It is important to understand what Americans mean when they say they believe in equality of opportunities. They do not necessarily mean that everyone is and should be equal. They mean that each individual should have an equal chance for success.
The film consciously avoids the filial piety and strong patriotism
in Ballad of Mulan, instead, it stresses the American individualism in which the realization of individual values matters. When Muxu tries to comfort Mulan when she is frustrated, Mulan tells him that the purpose of her joining the army is not only helping out aged father, but also craving for proving to others that no matter how terrible she is at sewing or weaving, she is still a valuable person to her family or even to the whole country. We can see from it that the realization of individual values has replaced the filial piety and become the theme of the film.
The same theme also works well for Kung Fu Panda. The Furious Five
11
are all mighty martial-arts masters yet Po, the not so mighty dragon warrior is the only one who can defeat Tai Lung. Would it be much easier if the six unite together? It might be. But the producers are not going to let that happen. If it is a team that eliminates the enemy, how can
it present the typical American heroism in which most of the heroes are extraordinary lone rangers? IV. Conclusion
4.1 General Summary of the Study
By studying these two animated movies, Mulan and Kung Fu Panda
thoroughly, we can get to the conclusion that both of the two is a successful combination of American values and Chinese elements. The compatibility and conflicts exist simultaneously as inevitable outcomes of the cultural globalization.
Some cultural pessimists define this phenomenon as a bad thing because they think that wearing the bonds of nationality loosely may lead to the death of national identity. Certainly, it is often a shame if Chinese cultural traditions are lost. We should do our best to preserve them and keep them alive as possible. However, it is not always beneficial if we keep our extraordinary traditional cultures to ourselves. Only by sharing them with the world can our cultures be known and loved by more and more people all over the world.
It seems to be pointless to discuss whether it is good or bad that our traditional cultures are used by others and bring them considerable fortune since it is the evitable result of the ongoing globalization.
The only question which deserves our contemplation is that how to deal with the phenomenon that more and more products are using Chinese elements but are produced by non-Chinese. Since our culture is so fascinating and attractive, why can we make the best of it and spread it to every corner of
英语知识 一、导论 20 世纪90 年代,语篇分析开始在翻译研究中占主导地位。语篇分析法侧重于描述语言意义交流及建立社会和权力关系的运作方式。翻译研究中, 最具影响力的语篇分析模式当数礼德的系统功能语篇分析。语篇分析模式引入翻译研究后,对翻译研究那种众说纷纭,莫衷一是的混乱局面无疑注入了一塘清水,尤其对中国翻译界挥之不去的语文学式的翻译研究产生了重要影响。西方翻译研究者把语篇分析引入翻译研究后,已经取得了重要进展,出版了几部重要作品,主要有:J uliane House 的《翻译质量评估模式:一种重访模式》( Translation QualityAssessment : A Model Revisited ) ,[ 1 ]Mona Baker 的《换言之: 翻译教程》( In Other Words : A CourseBook on Translation ) ,[ 2 ] Bell 的《翻译的理论与实践》( Translation and Translating ) ,[ 3 ] Basil Hatim和Ian Mason 合著的《语篇与译者》( Discourse andthe Translator ) [ 4 ] 和《作为交际者的译者》(The ranslator as Communicator ) ,[ 5 ] Basil的《跨文化交际—翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》(Communication across Cultures : Translation Theoryand Cont rastive ) 。[6 ] J uliane House 通过对原文和译文进行语域对比分析以确定译作评估模式,并分析了显性翻译(overt translation) 和隐形翻译(coverttranslation) 。显性翻译自称不是翻译,隐形翻译则被定义为在译语文化中享有和源语文本平等的地位。Baker 探讨了翻译中语言各层次尤其是语篇和语用层次上的对等。Basil Hatim 和Ian Mason 将符号层上的语篇融入其翻译研究模式,代表了更广泛意义上的话语观。在我国,将语篇分析模式引入翻译研究的应首推黄国文和美芳二教授。黄国文在《外语与外语
关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。）论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 文学方向的请务必参考此范文（语言学教学、文化类也可参考）。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文2 题目：论《诺桑觉寺》的反哥特观念 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0801（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学号67 姓名李晓慧 指导教师王俊华 山东财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月
山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日
On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
毕 业 文 学生姓名： 艾中华 专业班级： 英语2011级1班 指导教师： 赵莉 教授 学 院： 外国语学院 2017年6月 中文题名，一般不宜超过21 字，如果有些细节必须放进标题， 为避免冗长可分成主标题和副标 题。楷体小一 副标题的破折号：插入—>符号—>特殊符号 长划线 ★注意：为避免改变模版格式，题 目建议手工输入。 参照此处格式替换姓名、 班级等内容。楷体小三居中 ★注意：为避免改变模版格式， 此处内容请手工输入替换。 ★注意：为避免改变模版格式，此处内容请手 工输入替换。
论文英文题目 Keywords
摘要 Abstract 1 1.1 1.1.1三级标题一 (1) 1.1.2三级标题二 (1) 1.2二级标题二 (1) 2[单击此处输入标题，页眉会自动更新].................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 2.1二级标题一 (2) 2.1.1三级标题一 (2) 2.1.2三级标题二 (2) 2.2二级标题二 (2) 2.3 Summary ................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。3[单击此处输入标题，页眉会自动更新]. (3) 3.1二级标题一 (3) 3.1.1三级标题一 (3) 3.1.2三级标题二 (3) 3.2二级标题二 (3) 3.3 Summary ................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。4[单击此处输入标题，页眉会自动更新]. (4) 4.1二级标题一 (4) 4.1.1三级标题一 (4) 4.1.2三级标题二 (4) 4.2二级标题二 (4) 4.2.1三级标题一 (4) 4.2.2三级标题二 (4) 4.3二级标题三 (4) 4.4 Summary (4) Conclusion .................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
英语教育中小组合作学习与友爱精神 摘要 新课标英语提倡学生进行小组合作式学习活动。小组合作学习内容丰富、形式多样，在学习过程中，可以使教师和学生的作用相得益彰，对英语教学大有裨益。同时，小组合作学习在实际应用中也存在诸多不足，原因之一在于友爱精神的缺乏。友爱精神，是情感教育的一部分，在学习活动中，体现为一种积极关怀的心态，对促进英语学习有重要意义。因此，把小组合作学习与友爱精神相结合具有可行性和必要性。本文主要论述了小组合作学习与友爱精神在英语教育中的重要作用及两者相结合的建议，以利于英语学习。 关键词：小组合作学习；友爱精神；英语教育
Group Cooperation and Friendly Spirit in English Education Abstract New Standard English promotes cooperative learning activities. Group cooperation contains various contents and forms. In the process of learning, it can complement the role of teachers and students, greatly benefitting for English teaching. Meanwhile, there are also many disadvantages in application; one of the reasons is the lack of brotherhood. Friendly spirit is the emotional part of education, which reflected in a positive and caring attitude in learning activities. It can facilitate English teaching. Therefore, it is feasible and necessary to combine group cooperation and friendly spirit. This paper discusses the important role of group cooperation and friendly spirit in English education, suggests the combination of the two proposals, so as to facilitate the learning of English. Key words: group cooperation; friendly spirit; English education
学号：091502042 如何培养英语学习兴趣 Name 导师 Name -----外国语学院 2011年8月
目录
一、学生应注意培养自己在英语学习方面的兴趣（一）英语学习至关重要 1、英语应用渗透诸多方面 2、英语学习获益无穷 3、英语与我们的生活息息相关 （二）善于发现学习英语的乐趣 1、快快乐乐学习英语 2、影剧、歌曲中欢乐英语 3、使用英语的乐趣 4、英语给我们自信 5、英语怡情 （三）热爱英语、热爱老师 （四）学会学习 二、老师应怎样帮助学生培养学习英语的兴趣 （一）建立融洽师生关系，争做良师益友 （二）在教学环境中培养学生学习兴趣 1、认真备课，胸有成竹 2、了解自己的学生，游刃有余 3、展现语言魅力，妙趣横生 （三）寓教于乐，激发与培养学生学习兴趣 1、教学方法灵活多样，吸引学生注意力，增强学习积极性 2、用英语组织教学，营造良好语言学习氛围 3、教学方法新颖独特，形象生动 （四）增强实践，开展有益课内外活动，丰富学习经历三、结束语 参考文献 摘要
本文的主体是如何培养英语学习兴趣。通过从学与教，即学生自己与教师方面分别阐述。对学生自己来说他们应注意培养自己在英语学习方面的兴趣：首先，英语学习至关重要,对此要有学生明确的意识。其次，善于发现学习英语的乐趣，求学历程不易，活学乐学，趣味无穷。再次学会学习，学习没有捷径，却有很多有效帮助学习的法宝。最后，热爱英语、热爱老师，更是学习的态度问题，产生兴趣本身就是一种热爱。对于教师而言，这些教学活动的指导者应做到如下：建立融洽师生关系，争做良师益友；在教学环境中培养学生学习兴趣；寓教于乐，激发与培养学生兴趣；增强实践，开展有益课内外活动，丰富学生学习经历。总之，兴趣是成功的基础，一旦学生对英语学习产生浓厚兴趣，就会不知不觉热爱英语，并且对英语学习感到乐此不疲。 关键词：英语学习兴趣培养热爱乐学成功 如何培养英语学习兴趣
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture
英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式 中英文摘要对应，内容要基本保持一致；中文在前，英文在后。字数为300-500字左右。 1．中文摘要 ①首行居中打印论文中文标题（宋体四号加粗） ②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字（宋体小四号加粗），字间空一字符。 ③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容（宋体小四号）。 ④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字（宋体小四号加粗），其后接 着打印关键词（3－7个，宋体小四号），各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最 后一个关键词后不打标点符号。 2．英文摘要 ①首行居中打印论文英文标题（Times New Roman四号加粗） ②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”（Times New Roman小四号加粗）。 ③下空一行打印摘要内容（Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，两端对齐） ④摘要内容后下空一行打印“Key Words”（Times New Roman 小四 号加粗），其后接着打印关键词（3－7个关键词，Times New
Roman 小四号）。除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键 词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。 ⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。 （空1 行） （空1行） Having such a After she relationship with she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion. she comes to know that feelings can not should not force her own idea on beginning of Emma’s self -knowledge. （空1行） Key Words: Emma; characters; match-making; self-knowledge
英语系毕业论文选题参考 以下选题包括语言及语言学、英美文学、翻译理论及实践等方面。所有选题仅作参考。 Part One LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 语言及语言学 1． On Attitude and Motivation in Second Language Learning论第二语言学习的态度及动机 2． Needs Analysis of English Language learners英语语言学习者的需求分析 3． On Teacher-Learner Classroom Communication论教师——学习者课堂交流 4． Influence of Science and Technology on English Vocabulary科学技术对英语词汇的影响 5． A study of English Transitional Words and Expressions英语过渡词及表达法的研究 6.Sex Differentiation and Sexism in English Language英语中的性别及性别歧视 7. Pragmatic Failures in Communication交际中的语用失误探析 8.Euphemistic Expressions in English Language 英语中的委婉语表达 9..On the Functions of Ambiguity in English论英语歧义的功能 10.On Chinese-English Linguistic Taboos论汉英语言禁忌 11.On Cultural Context and its influence toward English learning 论文化语境及其对英语学习的影响 12.Symbolism in Idiomatic Expressions论习语中的象征意义 13.Linguistic Features of Abraham Lincoln’s Address论林肯演说的语言特征 14.A Study of student-Centered English Vocabulary Teaching以学生为中心的英语词汇教学 15.Application of English Idioms in Daily Life英语习语在日常生活中的运用
汉硕案例分析答题技巧 最近很多人问关于汉语国际教育考试中的案例分析题该怎样答，我根据自己的粗浅经验，现总结如下： 1.答题思路：按照发现问题-- 分析问题-- 解决问题的思路。具体如下：（1）发现问题：也就是提出问题。在所给的案例中，某个出国教汉语的志愿者教师或来中国教外语的外教等，遇到了什么样的困难。遇到的困难可能是课堂教学时的，比如学生上课都不积极回答问题，不愿意参与老师精心设计的课堂活动，或者问老师一些可能涉及到“隐私”的问题；也可以是这位老师在生活上遇到的问题，比如无法与当地人沟通或交流（语言障碍，文化障碍），无法适应当地人的生活，或不理解当地人做某事时为什么会采取那样的方式，等等。注意：遇到的问题可能是多方面的，要从多角度分析，一般情况下，也不只是一个问题，所以，要按条来答。 （2）分析问题：要求你具体分析一下这位老师或某人遇到这种困难是什么原因引起的，主要是文化方面的原因，可能还涉及到一些他所采用的文化策略等。比如，他由于对对方国家文化不了解，对方国家可能很注重“隐私”，而在我们国家这不被看做是“隐私”。同时要求你分析出我们的母语文化具有什么样的特点，最主要的是和对方国家有什么不一样，哪里不一样，因此造成了他在文化方面的不适应，以至于教学和生活中都出现了问题或遇到了困难。关于他所使用的文化策略，主要就是他自身有没有做到尊重当地的文化，有没有试着去融入这种文化，接受这种文化，还是一味的采取排斥策略，认为自己的一切都好，别人的一切都不好。这就是分析问题了。 （3）解决问题：这是最关键的部分了。怎么解决他遇到的问题或困难？你自己提出个对策就行了，当然，要根据一些你所知道的文化常识和应对策略。比如首先尊重当地文化，多和当地人交流，努力让自己适应当地人的文化和生活方式，做到求同存异，等等。这里需要注意的就是，有些文化的知识是很灵活的，比如中国人的谦虚、中庸的思想等等，都是我们日常生活就知道的，就是稍微总结一下，理顺一下，就能答题了。关于这个，如果时间还来得及，就看一下程裕祯的《中国文化要略》，看一下中国文化的特点等，很多东西是很细致的，自己要稍加总结。如果时间不是很充分了，就把刘珣的《对外汉语教育学引论》上的关于“跨文化交际”的那个章节仔细看一下，我觉得应对这道题应该够用了。 2.答题方法：其实思路清晰了就很好弄了，老师会看你的逻辑分析能力。强烈建议大家一定要分条论述，千万别想到哪说到哪，写出一大片，阅卷老师还得自己去给你找点，这样，老师会很疲劳的，老师最不喜欢的就是这种思维混乱的。所以说，大家答题时我觉得可以按两种方法来写： 第一种：按发现问题---分析问题---解决问题来写，一共三条，然后在每条的下边分几个小点，因为发现的问题肯定不止一个，相应的分析问题和解决问题也会不止一条。 第二种：按一共出现了几个问题分条，第一条，问题1：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题2：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题3--以此类推。 总结一下，以上两种方法都各有利弊，因为有时不同的问题是由同一个原因产生的，或者需要同一种解决策略。所以，大家可以根据自己的喜好来选择其中一种。按以上的问题全部分析完以后，最好再来个综述，大致总结一下，字数不用太多，就是有个小结尾。 最后，要跟大家说的是，字数和字迹的问题。这个案例分析要求是1000字以上
英语本科毕业论文格式模板
Liaoning Normal University （2016届） 本科生毕业论文(设计) 题目：记忆策略在英语学习中的应用 学院：外国语学院 专业：英语（师范） 班级序号：1班18号 学号：20121154010155 学生姓名：XX 指导教师：XX 2016年5月
The Application of Memory Strategy in English Learning Li Qian A Paper Submitted In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of the Degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS School of Foreign Languages LIAONING NORMAL UNIVERSITY May, 2016
Abstract M emory is the most important factor in one’s intellige nce ，and most people get good memory by means of proper training. Memory also plays an important part in English teaching. Thus nowadays many foreign language teachers unify memory strategy into the process of English teaching and obtain the remarkable teaching effect. The application of memory strategy has been studied from different perspectives, for example, from psycholinguistics' perspective, the cognitive psychology perspective, and from the linguistics perspective. However, no matter what methods the teacher uses, the final goal is to help the students to use the appropriate memory strategy to improve the efficiency of English learning. By clarifying something about the content of memory theory, elaborating the memory effect of learning under different stages and the important factors of affecting memory, this paper aims to point out the classification of memory strategy, analyzing the memorization of vocabulary, sentence and discourse. It also discusses how the teachers apply memory strategy to teaching practice and unifies the characteristics of original teaching. Keywords: English learning; memory; memory strategy （注意：关键词3-5个，词与词之间用分号分开，除专有名词外，其他单词首字母不大写） 摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇完整的、可以独 立使用的短文，因而必须具有自含性，即：读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息，以判断有无必要阅读全文。 摘要一般应包括 （1） 研究题目的选择理由和目的； （2） 研究的方法或者过程； 英文摘要标题Abstract ： 英文摘要 正文 每段缩进5格或1个制
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view o f history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a pers istent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by sp ace, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about m any of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as globa l. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as w ell as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from si mple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it i mperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understan d people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with p eople who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only i n our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peac e. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from
英语专业本科毕业论文范文 [摘要]英语专业本科写作是本科生在毕业之前最重要的一项学习任务。文章针对目 前毕业论文中存在的主要问题，如写作基本功欠缺、学术基础和意识薄弱、选题不合适及论文缺乏深度和创新等问题并对其原因进行了探讨，据此提出相应的改进措施，以期提高毕业的质量。 [关键词]毕业论文;问题;改进措施 高校英语专业英语教学大纲认为毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。在2004年开始实行的高等学校外语专业本科教学评估方案中毕业论文的质量 被列为一级指标“学生创新能力”的主要观测点(教育部高等教育司， 2004)。根据英语专业教学大纲的精神，学生的毕业论文写作不仅是对学生学业和专业成绩的一次综合测评，也是对学校设置和培养方案以及教师教学活动的一次考验。毕业论文写作是高等院校英语专业教学计划中一个不可缺少的组成部分和实践性环节，是考查学生综合能力、评价学生成绩的一个重要方式。 一、毕业论文写作的现状 在国内，近年来各高校英语专业对学生毕业论文的撰写比较重视。为了提高论文的质量，加强论文的严谨性和规范性，各高校近年来都出台了一系列政策，如的撰写、中期检查、抽查评估，有些高等院校从三年级开始增设学年论文教学环节等等。英语专业本科毕业论文的质量虽然有一定的进步，但也存在着一些问题。原上海外国语大学校长戴炜栋教授等的研究和调查证实了高等学校英语专业毕业论文质量的滑坡趋势(戴炜栋2007)。学 生在论文实际的撰写过程中，出现了写作基本功、格式规范、选题、论文的深度、外文资料不足的问题。其中的原因是多方面的，例如:在培养中偏重技能训练，轻视知识吸纳的 连贯性，使学生缺乏学术的内涵和深度，缺乏认识能力和思辨能力(文秋芳2006);在第八 学期才开始毕业论文的写作，不仅毕业生在短时间内无从选题，而且导致论文质量下降。这种现象对本科教学带来的负面影响应引起各高校英语专业的高度关注。 二、毕业论文写作存在的主要问题 目前高校毕业论文存在不少问题，如语言技能较弱，查阅文献资料的能力比较差，不知道怎样确立自己的观点等等，但以下几个方面的问题尤为明显:第一，写作基本功欠缺。英语专业毕业论文中一个显著的问题就是学生的写作能力较差，反映出学生英语语言能力欠缺。例如:论文结构不严谨、松散;一篇论文有多个中心论点;章节之间缺乏连贯性;语法、拼写错误多;学生随意使用非正式文体，书面语和口语混用的现象比比皆是。
第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程 跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。 有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。 有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。 主流文化亚文化地区文化小群体文化 （不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化）第二章跨文化交际学 一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970年是具有重要意义的一年，在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 4.70年代，影响最大的书籍。《跨文化交际学选读》 5.跨文化交际学内容：
英语教育专业毕业论文如何选题 一、文学 1、一个值得同情的复仇者--- 评希思克力夫被扭曲的心路历程 2、小议《红字》中红字的寓意 3、试论马克?吐温短篇小说的幽默特色 4、惠特曼的死亡哲学 5、“罪”与“罚”的对立统一--- 浅析《红字》的主要人物 6、一个复杂的人--- 《呼啸山庄》男主人公希克后性格分析 7、论《呼啸山庄》--- 原始古朴与文明理性的交错色彩 8、一人分饰两角--- 论《了不起的盖茨比》中“二元主角”手法的运用 9、思嘉的精神家园--- 陶乐 10、是母亲，还是情人--- 论《儿子与情人》中莫雷尔太太的任务性格 11、善恶交织的心灵挣扎--- 透过小说《威廉?威尔逊》和《黑猫》看艾伦?坡的善恶观 12、五颜六色的语言世界--- 论英汉语言中的颜色与颜色词 13、恐怖与美丽--- 浅议爱德加?艾伦?坡的恐怖小说 14、论《美国丽人》一片中任务的两面性 15、爱的超越--- 浅析《查泰莱夫人的情人》中的性的描写 16、《简?爱》中的女权思想评析 17、死亡，人生永恒的主题--- 《因为我不能停步等待死神》与《死之念》之比较 18、论海明威小说中的死亡主题 19、The Charm of Lady Chatterley 20、奏响生命的新乐章--- 浅析艾立丝?沃克的《紫颜色》 21、安诺波佩--- 南太平洋上美国社会的幻灯片 22、站在传统和现代之间--- 《荆棘鸟》和《穆斯林的葬礼》的比较赏析 23、Domby and Son --- the Portrait of a Capitalist 24、“女权主义”运动与英语语言中的“性别歧视”现象 25、从《苔丝》看哈代小说的悲剧意识 26、谈简?爱的叛逆性格 二、教学法 1、激发学生学习兴趣，提高学生学习能力 2、中学外语教学：问题与思考 3、谈交际法与中学英语课堂教学 4、论Internet对我国外语教学的影响 5、试谈简笔画教学法 6、试论英语教学的情景创设 7、谈如何建立一个轻松活跃的英语课堂 8、重视语篇结构分析，提高高中英语阅读课的教学质量 9、如何在英语教学中培养学生的学习兴趣 10、双重活动教学法中跨文化教学 11、高中生心理特征与英语教学 12、外语教学的和谐气氛与有效交际 13、第二语言习得与幼儿英语教育 14、试谈提高初中英语课堂教学效率