下载文档原格式
英语本科毕业论文范文欣赏（共7篇）第一篇：美国文学作品中的女性形象研究摘要：本文以美国文学作品为研究对象，通过分析不同时期作品中的女性形象，探讨女性角色在美国社会历史背景下的变迁。
本文选取了《红字》、《嘉莉妹妹》和《飘》三部作品，分别代表19世纪、20世纪初和20世纪中叶的美国文学，旨在揭示女性在追求独立、自由和平等过程中的心路历程。
一、引言美国文学作品中，女性形象丰富多彩，她们或勇敢追求真爱，或为独立自由而奋斗。
本文将通过分析三部经典作品中的女性角色，带您领略美国文学中的女性魅力。
二、19世纪的女性形象——《红字》中的海丝特·白兰在纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》中，海丝特·白兰勇敢地面对世俗的偏见，坚定地追求真爱。
她的形象代表了19世纪美国女性在封建礼教束缚下，对自由和爱情的渴望。
三、20世纪初的女性形象——《嘉莉妹妹》中的嘉莉西奥多·德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》描绘了一个从乡村到城市的女性奋斗史。
嘉莉在追求物质生活改善的过程中，逐渐觉醒，开始寻求精神独立。
她的形象反映了20世纪初美国女性在工业化进程中的困惑与挣扎。
英语本科毕业论文范文欣赏（共7篇）第二篇：跨文化交际中的英语语用失误分析摘要：随着全球化进程的加快，跨文化交际日益频繁。
本文聚焦于英语语用失误，分析其在跨文化交际中的表现形式及其产生的原因。
通过对具体案例的深入探讨，本文旨在为英语学习者提供有效的跨文化交际策略。
四、语用失误的定义与分类语用失误是指在交际过程中，由于语言使用不当导致交际目的未能实现的现象。
本文将语用失误分为两类：语用语言失误和社交语用失误，并分别进行阐述。
五、跨文化交际中的语用语言失误案例分析本章节通过具体案例分析，展示了英语学习者在词汇、语法和语篇层面可能出现的语用语言失误，并探讨了这些失误背后的文化差异。
六、跨文化交际中的社交语用失误案例分析社交语用失误往往涉及交际双方的社交规范和文化习俗。
A Study of Social Pragmatic Failures in Cross-culturalCommunicationAbstract: Pragmatic failure is one of the main sources that give rise to cross-cultural communication breakdowns. Due to the different interpretations of politeness between Chinese and English cultures, pragmatic failures often exist in cross-cultural communications, resulting in communication breakdowns. This paper focuses on a study of politeness in its manifestations in Chinese and English cultures. It provides basic theories of politeness, cross-cultural communication and cross-cultural pragmatic failure, and points out the differences in interpretation of politeness between Chinese and English cultures, with the purpose of exploring the resources of those differences, so as to avoid pragmatic failures of politeness and effect successful cross-cultural communications. In brief, the findings of this paper support the view that pragmatic failures do exist in greeting, accepting gifts, table manner and many other aspects of daily communicat ion because of people’s different interpretations of politeness between Chinese and English cultures. Therefore, it is of great necessity to understand cultural differences, so as to avoid misunderstandings and miscommunications.Key Word: politeness; cross-cultural pragmatic failure; cultural differences摘要：语用失误是造成跨文化交际障碍的主要原因之一。
My own culture storyEveryone has his own hometown so that everyone has his own culture story. Some of them are from the north of China , others are from the west of China. These different background leads to their different ways of customs and identity. However, I am from the south of China which is named Dong guan. Now let me tell you my own story to you.To start with , Let me tell you some famous customs of Dong guan to you. As the Spring festival is approaching, people will do a must which it is said that will bring a good luck to their daily life. The must is climbing Huan qi Mountain which is also called Qi Feng Mountain on the first day of a year. This is one of famous mountains in Dong guan. Huangqi Mountain inside the park is 189 meters high. It looks like an unfolding flag in shape and is the symbol of Dongguan. The “hanging lanterns on top of Huangqi Mountain” is the first piece of scenery in the eight legendary sceneries of Dongguan. At the foot of the mountain there is a temple called Huangqi Kwan-yin (Buddha) Ancient Temple, which was built in Song Dynasty. (The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279).According to the custom, people will bring many incenses and firework to the temple of this mountain. Often, old people will make a pray in from of the guanying status for their family. So on the morning of that day, the mountain is very lively and it is fll of smoke around the temple of the mountain. However, many young people will climb this mountain during the eve of the year. I have some experience of this, because I used to climb the mountain with my parents when I was a child. But I went there with my friend rather than with my parents. Though there are a lot of people and the weather is very cold, but my friends and I were still very happy and we insisted on climbing to the top of the mountain.In addition, As it is known to all, Feb 14th is the one of the most popular festivals in the world, called "Valentine's Day". Many couples or young lovers will get together and do some romantic things to celebrate on that day. In China, we also have our own "Valentine's Day", it's on Jul 7th Lunar Calendar. It has a romantic legend! The Chinese people believe that the Star Vega, east of the Milky Way is Zhi Nv. At the constellation of Aquila, on the western side of the Milky Way, Niu Lang waits for his wife. On the Double Sevenths Day ‘s night, many girls are with the help of their mother to pray their future marriage . They will use a special mirror and some red rope to express their wish to the Seven Lady . I got this experience because I also want a happy marriage.Furthermore, it’s the Cantonese opera. It is very famous Cantonese Opera Cantonese opera is one of the major Chinese opera categories. It is a traditional Chinese art form that originated in southern China’s Cantonese culture, and involves music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics and acting. Maybe you think it is very out of date, but it is very popular in Dongguan.In the capital of Dongguan – guancheng ., there are a lot of place to hold Cantonese opera , such as People Park and Yulan Opera. As many old people know that there is one opera show in the evening of weekend. During the nights , the square in front of People Park will be very lively ,because there are many people watching the opera. I have some experience of watching the opera show. Sometimes you don’t know what the actor sing ,but you will know what the show means .At last, I will talk about the story about famous Dongguan food. Firstly, Rice Noodles with Roasted Goose on Houjie Street is the most famous food. The highlight of this dish is the broth, which is made from chicken, pork, bone and various spices and ingredients. Roasted goose and lai fen, a special rice noodle made in Guangdong, are added to the savory broth, completing this traditional Dongguan dish. I still remember the sense that I went to Houjie with my classmate and she taught me how to make a traditional this kind of food. But I don’t think it’s easy to make. Secondly, Steamed Rice Dumplings Wrapped in Leaves in Daojiao Town is another deliciousfood. It is said that Daojiao zongzi is made of sticky rice and filled with quality egg yolk, mung beans, lotus root, streaky pork, garlic, ginger and various spices. Water cannot pass through the leaves into the body of the rice dumpling. To eat it, you should peel off the leaf outside and put some sugar on the rice. Those who enjoy sweet food will savor this snack the most. My mon is the biggest fans of Daojiao zongzi. She would like to make this food every year. And I will help her to do wrap the zongzi, it is very funny and and interesting . After finishing making , we will send these food to the relationships. What’s more , Sanhe Banquet is a very special food, The word sanhe refers to the three main ingredients of the dishes served at the banquet: rice worms, yellow-breasted bunting and carp. The yellow-breasted bunting is now a protected species, however, and has been replaced in the dish by sparrow, but the name sanhe is still preserved. The three main ingredients can be steamed, fried or baked to make a unique banquet likely to be enjoyed by travelers. Frankly speaking, I don’t like this food very much because one ingredient is insects. Sometimes I think is very hard to put into my mouth. But many people like it. Maybe different people have different taste.All in all ,this is my own culture story and I like my hometown .。
论文题目：基于跨文化交际视角的英语专业学生跨文化能力培养研究摘要：关键词：跨文化交际；英语专业；跨文化能力；培养策略第一章引言1.1 研究背景1.2 研究目的与意义1.3 研究方法与论文结构第二章文献综述2.1 跨文化交际理论概述2.2 英语专业学生跨文化能力研究现状2.3 跨文化能力培养策略研究第三章英语专业学生跨文化能力现状分析3.1 英语专业学生跨文化能力现状调查3.2 英语专业学生跨文化能力存在的问题第四章跨文化能力培养策略4.1 课程设置与教学内容改革4.2 教学方法与手段创新4.3 实践教学与文化交流4.4 跨文化能力评价体系构建第五章案例分析5.1 案例一：跨文化交际课程设计5.2 案例二：跨文化实践活动组织5.3 案例三：跨文化能力评价体系实施第六章结论与建议6.1 研究结论6.2 对英语专业教学改革的建议附录：[此处可附上相关调查问卷、访谈记录等资料]摘要：关键词：跨文化交际；英语专业；跨文化能力；培养策略第一章引言1.1 研究背景随着经济全球化和文化交流的深入，跨文化交际能力在职场、学术和社会生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
英语专业作为培养国际交流人才的摇篮，其学生的跨文化交际能力直接关系到我国在国际舞台上的形象和竞争力。
1.2 研究目的与意义1.3 研究方法与论文结构本研究采用文献研究法、调查法和案例分析法。
论文结构分为引言、文献综述、现状分析、培养策略、案例分析、结论与建议等六个部分。
第二章文献综述2.1 跨文化交际理论概述跨文化交际理论主要包括文化差异理论、交际障碍理论、交际适应理论等。
这些理论为我们理解跨文化交际提供了重要的理论支撑。
2.2 英语专业学生跨文化能力研究现状近年来，国内外学者对英语专业学生跨文化能力的研究主要集中在跨文化交际能力的构成、培养策略等方面。
2.3 跨文化能力培养策略研究跨文化能力培养策略主要包括课程设置、教学方法、实践教学和文化交流等方面。
第三章英语专业学生跨文化能力现状分析3.1 英语专业学生跨文化能力现状调查（1）对文化差异的认识不足；（2）跨文化交际技巧缺乏；（3）跨文化交际意识薄弱。
跨文化交际毕业论文跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人们之间进行交流与沟通的过程。
在全球化的背景下，跨文化交际已经成为一个重要的课题。
本文将从不同角度探讨跨文化交际的问题。
首先，跨文化交际可能存在的问题之一是语言障碍。
不同文化之间存在着不同的语言和语言习惯。
这导致了跨文化交际中的语言障碍。
比如，英语是一种广泛使用的国际语言，但是即使是使用英语进行跨文化交际，语言障碍依然可能存在。
因为不同的国家和地区有不同的英语口音和语法习惯，这可能导致误解和困惑。
因此，学习和理解不同文化的语言和语言习惯是跨文化交际的一个重要方面。
另一个可能存在的问题是文化差异。
不同文化有不同的价值观、信仰和行为方式。
这可能导致跨文化交际中的误解和冲突。
比如，在一些西方国家，个人主义是一种重要的价值观，注重个人的权利和自由。
而在一些东方国家，集体主义是更为重要的价值观，注重团队合作和社会关系。
因此，如果不了解对方文化的价值观和行为方式，就容易产生误解和冲突。
因此，了解和尊重对方的文化差异是跨文化交际的一个重要方面。
此外，跨文化交际还可能涉及到非语言交流的问题。
不同文化之间存在着不同的非语言交流方式，比如肢体语言、面部表情和目光接触。
这些非语言信号可能在不同的文化中具有不同的含义。
比如，在一些西方国家，直接眼神接触被认为是礼貌和尊重的表现，而在一些东方国家，直接眼神接触被认为是不尊重和冒犯的行为。
因此，在跨文化交际中，理解和适应对方的非语言交流方式是非常重要的。
综上所述，跨文化交际是一个复杂而重要的过程。
在跨文化交际中，语言障碍、文化差异和非语言交流都可能存在问题。
因此，学习和理解不同文化的语言和语言习惯，了解和尊重对方的文化差异，以及适应对方的非语言交流方式，都是促进跨文化交际的关键因素。
跨文化交际英语教学论文范文随着国家之间的交流日益密切，跨文化交际中英语的使用频率也越来越高。
下面是店铺带来的关于跨文化交际英语论文的内容，欢迎阅读参考!跨文化交际英语论文篇1：《浅谈跨文化交际与中学英语教学》摘要：任何语言都有歧义现象，英语也不例外。
从交际效应的角度出发，把交际过程中出现的歧义现象分为有意歧义和无意歧义。
无意歧义会造成交际活动的障碍，应被避免和消解、排除;而有意歧义的巧妙使用，又可以达到特殊的交际效果。
交际教学强调在语言使用中进行语言学习，交际活动中产生的大量语料又为歧义研究提供了活的研究素材。
将英语歧义研究与交际教学相联系，无疑牛津英语具有教学和语言学两方面的意义。
关键词：无意歧义;有意歧义;交际教学歧义是一种普遍的语言现象，存在于一切的自然语言中。
在交流中，人们总喜欢用自己的说话方式来解释对方的话语，这就可能对对方的话语做出不准确的推论，从而产生歧义。
其实，在英语语言运用中，我们也会发现在大于句子的语段和语篇中存在歧义现象。
针对此种现象，我主要从语言交际效应的角度出发，把交际过程中出现的歧义现象分为有意歧义和无意歧义，并分别结合自己牛津英语语法教学实践加以分析举例。
有意歧义是话语接受者充分理解对方话语意图的前提下故意引发的，会产生积极的语用效果;而无意性歧义则是话语接受者因某种局限对对方话语意图产生曲解，会起到消极的语用作用。
按照这样的分类在牛津英语教学中区别对待，无疑会得到扬其利避其弊、事半功倍的效果。
一概念“跨文化交际”这个概念是从英文的“intercultural communication”翻译过来的，指的是不同文化背景的个人之间的交际.也就是不同文化背景的人之间所发生的相互作用。
由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质、社会及宗教等环境不同，因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化、风土人情等等语境因素。
不同文化背景造成人们说话方式或习惯不尽相同。
正因为如此，本人想谈谈对这一主题的粗浅认识。
跨文化交际英语论文(5篇)跨文化交际英语论文(5篇)跨文化交际英语论文范文第1篇在社会经济不断进展的背景下，英语的重要性已经不言而喻。
这就促使众多高校不断提高英语教学的质量和效率，要提高同学的英语综合力量，并有效提升同学的跨文化交际力量。
但从实践调查的结果显示，大部分高校并没有将培育同学的跨文化交际力量当作主要的英语教学目标，导致英语教学始终难以达到预期抱负的目的，也无法让同学利用英语进行顺当的沟通，无法迎合市场进展的趋势。
基于此，本文在此从跨文化交际力量培育谈高校英语教学模式，以期能够为相关人士供应有益参考与借鉴，促进高校英语教学的进一步进展与建设，达到推动高校英语教学进展的目的。
二、跨文化交际力量的组成老师要在高校英语教学中培育同学的跨文化交际力量，首先要做的是明确跨文化交际力量的组成要素，并以此为基础对当前的高校英语教学模式进行改革与创新。
（一）语言力量语言力量是跨文化交际力量的基本组成要素。
从本质上说，同学必需要把握相应的语言力量，包括语法学问、句型结构等等才能够组织语言正确的表达自己的观点，才能够进行跨文化交际。
（二）语言环境在此基础上，语言环境是跨文化交际力量的组成要素之一。
详细地说，语言环境可以归结为语言发生的情景、各地的风俗文化等等。
不同的地区拥有不同的文化习俗，导致其语言的思维不同，其所表达的意思也并不一样。
在正常的跨文化交际中，由于语言环境不同所导致的问题并不少见。
（三）文化底蕴另一方面，沟通者的文化底蕴也是跨文化交际的组成要素之一。
从根本上说，语言是某个地区或某个聚落在文明和文化不断进展与进步中逐步形成的，当地的文化与历史造就了各地语言的差异。
在跨文化交际中，沟通者需要查找相应的话题，需要进入相应的语境，需要依据沟通的文化背景来说出得体的话。
换言之，假如同学没有相应的文化底蕴，这就简单导致同学无法正确理解他人的语言思维，也无法查找相应的话题并使用得体的语言进行良好有效的沟通。
《大学英语跨文化交际》结课论文随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入．西方社会的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野，在这种情况下，跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往将会与日俱增。
这就为我们提供了许多与西方人接触和交往的机会。
这对于加深我们的西方社会的理解是一件好事．但这并不是一件简单的事情，因为我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们遇然不同的人．在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象。
一．中西跨文化交际中经常出现的文化冲突在中西跨文化交际中出现的文化冲突多种多样，在这里我们不可能一一赘述，只能列出比较常见的几种以供分析。
1．隐私方面的冲突对中国人来讲询问对方的姓名、年龄．婚姻状况、工资收入、家庭生活等个人问题均被视为对对方的关心．是亲近的表示。
而西方人很讨厌别人问及年龄与收入等个人私事．认为触犯了个人的隐私权。
中国人路遇熟人总爱寒喧道．“吃饭了吗7”．“到哪儿去7”、“上班呀7”等。
在我们看来这是一种有礼貌的打招呼用语．可在西方文化里这不是属于问候语．而是实质性的问题。
他们会认为你想请他吃饭或者干涉其私事，会引起误解。
西方人见面，通常招呼道：“hello!”“How 8re you?”2．时间观方匿的冲突西方人的时间观和金钱观是联系在一起的．时间就是金钱的观念根深蒂固，所以他们非常珍惜时间。
在生活中往往对时问都做了精心的安排和计划．并养成了按时赴约的好习惯。
在西方，要拜访某人，必须事先通知或约定．并说明拜访的目的、时间和地点，经商定后方可进行。
即便临时有急事使拜访不能成行．也会在第一时问及时通知对方，说明原因并致歉。
而中国则属于多向时间习惯的国家。
中国人在时间的使用上具有很大的随意性，一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行．西方人对此往往感到不适应。
3．对子女的教育问题上的冲突中国人认为子女是自己的私人财产，在子女出生前就对其寄以巨大的希望．对孩子从小到大的人生经历中的每件事都要有所干预，使其按照事先安排好的规划线路来发展。
跨文化交际能力培养大学英语教育论文基于以上当前大学英语教育的现状，我们可以看到当前中国大学英语教育的体制已经呈现出的种种弊端。
一方面，老师为了追求成绩让学生死记硬背、搞题海战术，另一方面，学生在应试教育的体制下只能着眼于成绩的提高，二者相互影响、恶性循环，最终导致大学生毕业后，英语单词记住不少，却没有几个在日常生活中能够用的上的；语法背的滚瓜烂熟，等有一天在大街上碰到一个问路的外国友人时却突然语塞，抑或发现，外国友人视乎也有一些不符合语法规那么的。
这种英语教育体制导致当代的大学毕业生在英语的运用能力上更多的表达在读和写，在听和说的方面有所欠缺，从而出现了我国特有的“哑巴英语”的现象。
1跨文化交际能力的定义语言作为文化的承载体之一，也是文化最重要的承载体。
同时语言也是人们交流和交往的途径之一，也是人们交流和交往最重要的途径，所以，语言、文化、交流三者是相辅相成、不可分割的。
而随着经济的不断开展，全球一经济体化的程度越来越高，渐渐的局限于本族内的人与人之间的交流越来越不能满足经济的需要，所以，要学习其他民族的语言。
不同的语言必然会蕴含不同的文化，和其他民族之间的交流就是我们所指的跨文化交流。
过去，我们曾经有一个误区，那就是认为语言学习就是语言学习，学习语言的目的就是能和其他民族的人进展语言交流。
说这是一个误区是因为，语言和文化是“捆绑”的，文化不可能失去语言这一载体传承和开展，语言也不可能单纯的作为交流的工具而丝毫不蕴藏文化在其中，所以这种割裂语言和文化的方式是错误的。
只有掌握了该民族的文化，才能在交流的时候讲语言运用的娴熟。
例如，有些国家是以右为尊，有些国家是以左为尊的。
除了礼节方面由于语言和文化的差异带来的不同之外，还有些在语言的交流之中是不完全按照语法规那么去讲话的，所以，在掌握其文化，有助于对其的理解，因此，社会文化背景是语言交流的前提和根底。
综上所述，跨文化交际是一个多方面、多角度的概念，除了语言的交流，还有相互习惯的尊重与思考，自身文化与他族文化在不断的接触、冲击、融合。
沉默在跨文化交际中的角色分析摘要中国人强调和谐，大同，因此中国文化强调表达含蓄以达到心领神会的目的；不主张直接表达，将自己的情感毫无隐晦地体现在字句中。
这样的文化属于意会文化，也被称为高语境文化；高语境文化对应的是高体贴说话模式，人们强调沉默是金，尤其是中国和日本，一直遵循着这么一条“美德”。
该论文以中国文化为例，从其意会文化形成的背景出发，引用实例，探究沉默这一非语言交际方式在跨文化交际中的作用，分析其对交际造成的负面影响及找出应对对策；对促进不同文化之间的交流具有重要意义。
关键词高语境文化，低语境文化，高卷入，高体谅，沉默高低语境理论框架美国文化人类学家Edward T．Hall在他的《超越文化》一书中曾定义了两个重要的术语高语境交际与低语境交际。
高语境(HC)传播或讯息即是绝大部分信息或存于物质语境中或内化在个人身上，而极少数则处在清晰、被传递的编码讯息中。
语境(LC)传播正好相反，即将大量的信息置于清晰的编码中①。
简单而言，高语境文化交际中说话者要表达的意思不仅仅是词句的概念意思，同时也包括在交际情境下话语暗含的内容。
在此种语境文化下的人们说话含蓄，言简意赅。
低语境交际是指说话者要表达的意思就只有话语的概念意思，在此种语境下的人们说话直截了当，没有隐晦。
按照Edward T．Hall的这一理论，Gudykunst将十二个不同文化的国家按“低语境”到“高语境”的方式排列为：中国--日本--阿拉伯--希腊--西班牙--意大利--英国--法国--美国--斯堪德纳维亚--德国--瑞士②。
由此，可见中国文化是高语境程度最高的文化。
高介入说话模式与高体贴说话模式Yule在《Pragmatics》一书中，对两种会话方式下了明确的定义——“有一些人认为在会话中应该积极主动，语速相对较快，话轮转换间几乎没有停顿，甚至还会有一些重合和抢话。
这是一种会话方式，被称之为高介入式(high involvement style)。
英语专业本科毕业论文（跨文化交际类）届毕业论文美国价值观与中国传统文化元素的融合与冲突——以动画片《花木兰》和《功夫熊猫》为例The Compatibility and Conflicts between American Values and Chinese Elements in Animated Movies Mulan and Kung Fu Panda院部外国语学院专业英语专业姓名班级学号指导教师完成时间:年月The Compatibility and Conflicts between American Values and Chinese Elements in Animated Movies Mulan and Kung Fu Pandabyauthor’s nameUnder the Supervision ofProfessor nameSchool of Foreign LanguagesSchool NameDateAcknowledgementsI wish to express my sincere gratitude to all the teachers of (school name) whose instructions and guidance have made my four years at this university a rewarding experience.My special gratitude goes to Professor John Doe, my supervisor, for the support and inspiration he gave me during the course of my thesis writing. Without his kind encouragement, sound advice and patient instruction, this thesis could not have been accomplished.My appreciation also goes to my classmates who have accompanied me through my four-year education. I wish to thank them for incessant care and encouragement. I am likewise indebted to all my friends whose warm encouragement and caring comfort meant a lot to me when my confidence in fulfilling this thesis almost shattered.My parents, who have been an unfailing source of support and encouragement，especially in time of difficulty and frustration，deservesmy whole-hearted thanks. I wish to dedicate this thesis to my family for their love and support.The Compatibility and Conflicts between American Valuesand Chinese Elements in Animated Movies Mulan andKung Fu PandaAbstractMulan and Kung Fu Panda are two animated films produced byAmerican Hollywood industry in 1998 and 2008 respectively. With the cultural background and characters originating in ancient China, the films present a fascinating audio-visual world to the audience in which the compatibility and conflicts of the American values and Chinese traditional elements exist simultaneously.The compatibility is a result of the ongoing cultural globalization while the conflicts arise as a sign that there are still some irreplaceable peculiarities of Chinese traditional culture.In terms of cross-culture study, the attitude of American film makers towards Chinese culture is worthy of our penetrating thinking. Besides, how should Chinese deal with the products that contains Chinese traditional element but are produced by foreigners also needs our discussion.Keywords: Mulan; Kung Fu Panda; American values; Chinese elements;compatibility; conflicts; cultural globalization; cross-cultureI美国价值观与中国传统文化元素的融合与冲突——以动画片《花木兰》和《功夫熊猫》为例摘要美国好莱坞的迪斯尼公司和梦工厂公司分别于1998年和2008年制作了两部动画巨片——《花木兰》和《功夫熊猫》。
通过把故事背景和角色设定在古代中国，影片给观众创造了一个神秘古老的东方世界。
同时，影片中美国价值观与中国传统元素的融合与冲突也是两部影片不可忽视的特点。
作为文化全球化的产物，美国价值观与中国元素的融合是合情合理的。
但是那些不可避免的冲突也在提醒着我们，中国文化依旧有一些无可取代的特性，它们绝不会随着文化全球化的深入而消失殆尽。
从跨文化研究的角度来看，美国电影人对待中国文化的理解和态度值得我们深思。
同时，中国应以何种姿态应对这种文化借用也是需要我们讨论的问题。
关键词: 花木兰;功夫熊猫;美国价值观;中国元素;融合;冲突;文化全球化;跨文化IIContentsAcknowledgmentsAbstract ........................................................... ....................................... I 摘要 ..................................................................... ................................... IIContents ............................................................... ................................ III IIntroduction ........................................................... (1)1.1 The Synopsis ofMulan .................................................................11.2 The Synopsis of Kung Fu Panda................................................... 2 II the Compatibility of American Values and Chinese Elements .. (3)2.1 Thecharacters ............................................................. .. (3)2.2 Scenery, Architecture and otherDetails (4)2.3 MartialArts ................................................................... (5)2.4 ChinesePhilosophy ............................................................. ......... 6 III. Conflicts of American Values and ChineseElements (8)3.1 Conservatism VS FreeSpirit (8)3.2 Family Priority&Individualism ................................................. 10 IV. Conclusion ............................................................. . (12)4.1 General Summary of theStudy (12)Bibliography ........................................................... (14)IIIThe Compatibility and Conflicts between American Values andChinese Elements in Animated Movies Mulan and Kung FuPandaI Introduction1.1 The Synopsis of MulanAs one of the representative work of ballads in ancient China,Ballad ofMulan is a celebrated folk tale which has been widely told from generation to generation in China for hundreds of years. It tells a story about a girl named Hua Mulan who is born and raised in atraditional Chinese family. However, unlike other populous Chinese families, Mulan has neither brothers nor sisters. When the war breaks out, Mulan substitutes for her aged father and joins the army to defend the country against northern invaders. Mulan’s fi lial loyalty, valiantness and outstanding military ability make her one of the most respected heroine in Chinese history.In 1998, American film tycoon, Disney company produced an animated film Mulan based on this well-known Chinese folk tale. The main characters and plot remain same: the brave Mulan, her old, sick father and the vicious enemies. However, while the yellow-skinned, black-haired girl evokes some warm and approachable feelings in many Chinese audiences’ hearts, some ofthem find that the image of Mulan which represented in the American film is somewhat different from the traditional heroine image in Chinese textbooks. Therefore, the film Mulan is a story with a Chinesetraditional structure but in essence, it is filled of American spiritand western values.11.2 The Synopsis of Kung Fu PandaIn June, 2008, DreamWorks Animation Studio released globally another animated blockbuster Kung Fu Panda, choosing one of the most popular and renowned Chinese traditional elements, martial arts as the core element of the film.The synopsis of Kung Fu Panda looks like something like this: a clumsypanda named Po lives with his foster father, a duck, in Peace Valley. On the surface, Po may look like just like another portly panda, but beneath his fur, he bears the mark of the chosen one. By day, Po works faithfully in his family’s noodle shop, but by night, he dreams of becoming a true master of the martial arts. When an ancient prophecy has come to pass, Po realizes that he is the only one who can save hispeople from certain destruction. In the end, with the help of the legendary Furious Five, Tigress, Crane, Mantis, Viper, Monkey and their wise mentor, Master Shifu, the noble Po masters the martial arts and somehow transforms his greatest weakness into his greatest strengths. It is these incredible strengths that beat the malevolent snow leopard Tai Lung. He fulfills his destiny as the hero who saves his people during their darkest hour.It is not difficult to find that instead of applying the Chinese elements simply to film-making, the producers of Kung Fu Panda take some typicaloriental philosophical themes, such as life, destiny, living and death into thorough consideration. The producers made great efforts to maximize the compatibility of American values and Chinese traditional culture and minimize the conflicts. If what Mulan presents can be generalize as Chineseform and American theme, Kung Fu Panda is more like a combination of Chinese essence and American spirit.2II the Compatibility of American Values and Chinese Elements2.1 The charactersThe title says it all with Mulan, a famous Chinese classic whichtells astory about how an ordinary girl manages to be an honorable heroine. Since the plot background is set to be in ancient China, no wonder the characters closely resemble the Asian in terms of appearance.Besides those black-eyed, yellow-skinned characters, there is also a little dragon which attracts much attention from the audience. Dragon used to be the symbol of Chinese royalty in feudal period. It stands for nobility, power and endless fortune. Even in today’s communist society, dragon continues toserve as the mascot of the Chinese nation. Even if Muxu( the name of the dragon) is nothing like the noble and fierce dragon which represents the temperament of the Chinese nation，the adorable little dragon successfullybring about laughter and make the whole film much interesting.The panda Po in Kung Fu Panda is another Chinese symbol which is probably even more popular than dragon in western world. While the dragon has historically served as China's national emblem, in recent decades the Giant Panda has also served as an emblem for the country.Its image appears on a large number of modern Chinese commemorative silver, gold, and platinum coins.However, unlike a real black-eyed panda, the American panda Po has a pair of green eyes which resemble the Caucasian. In Kung Fu Panda Po is nota docile panda that everyone loves. On the contrary, he is chatty, obese, slothful, gluttonous, and has interpersonal relationship issue. Undoubtedly, the film aims to tell another typical “American Dream” story of how an extremelyordinary character manages to succeed in achieving a great accomplishment. All these seem to be reminding the audience that, this is, after all, an animated3film made in the United States. No matter how much Chineseness the producers have attached in the film, it is impossible to get rid of American spirit.2.2 Scenery, Architecture and other DetailsThe first scene of Mulan is when the invaders are about to invade China,the messenger takes the message to his commander. Here comes the significant Chinese symbol—the Great Wall.thThe construction of the Great Wall started in the 7 century B.C. whenthe vassal states under the Zhou Dynasty in the northern parts ofthe country built their own walls for self-defense. After the states of Qin unified China in 221 B.C., the separate walls were interconnected and extended to more than 10000 miles. Constructed of masonry, rocks and packed-earth, the Great Wall is landmark of the earth. The Great Wall has long been incorporated into Chinese mythology and popular symbolism. As a film whose background is set in ancient China, the Great Wall is certainly an indispensable element.Besides, there are many other Chinese architecture and decorationsin film Mulan, such as drawbridge in the valley, tapestry hanging on the wall, festive red lanterns decorating the eaves. All these details give full expression to the oriental styles.Likewise, in Kung Fu Panda, the producers also add a bunch of Chineseimages and even present them in a more exquisite way. Audience may find the flying petals, tortuous paths, distant pavilion and terrace are as picturesque as the scenery that is depicted in many Chinese ancient poetry.4Moreover, the loanwords used in the movie make it more hilarious. By keeping the Mandarin pronunciation of words, such as “shifu” (master), “wugui” (turtle), “bingbong” (ice-cream), the producers shorten the distance between the English-speaking panda Po and Chinese people.2.3 Martial ArtsChinese martial arts have a long history, converging Chinese philosophy, medicine, military strategy, techniques, education, aesthetics, etc. and mirroring the character and sagacity of the Chinese people. With vigorous, graceful and somewhat laborious movements, Chinese martial arts provide the exercisers with beauty and strength. With the ongoing globalization and revitalization of the great Chinese civilization, more and more westerners find Chinese culture very attractive thus want to learn something more about it. However, for most westerns, it is never easy to fully comprehend the traditional Chinese ideology. Under the circumstances, martial arts appear as the perfect breakthrough point to start with.In Mulan, when the army is in danger, there are several well-designed fighting scenes. At that time, martial arts are used fictitiously. Ten years later, in Kung Fu Panda, martial arts havebecome a necessity. The title Kung Fu has said it all. What is more comforting is that martial arts in Kung Fu Pandado not equal to superficially showing some fighting skills.The top concern of the Chinese martial arts is to settle the relationship5between the body and muscles and the internal exercises for breath. The functions of the martial arts in fighting are: defending oneself against the opponent, checking the attacks and winning the fight. On the level of philosophy, the martial arts stress “unification of man and nature”, i. e, theunification of existence and nonexistence, acting and stopping, Ying and Yang. On the social level, the martial arts stress cultivation of mind and personality, awareness of the natural law and complacency. They thus break all prejudices with regard to winning and losing and to success and failures, and take a calm attitude.In Kung Fu Panda, the invincible secret of martial arts is supposed to be recorded in the dragon warrior scroll. However, when Po unfolds the scroll, to his great amazement, there is nothing written on it. Not even a single word. This “assume formlessness” method is the highest degree of martial arts to acertain extent, and the tactic does not rigidly adhere to a style. Instead of indiscriminately imitating the movements and techniques, theproducers of Kung Fu Panda grasped the marrow of the Chinese martial arts.2.4 Chinese PhilosophyIn these two films, both Mulan and Po have been stuck in perilous situations. Mulan has to win a life-and-death battle for her country at the risk of being found out her real sex identity. And as for Po, he has to defeat Tai Lung, whose power is obviously several times greater than him. Although the6hope of winning seems to be distant and dim, neither of them givesup on themselves. Their positive attitude can find its origin in Chinese Confucian philosophy.The situation what Mulan and Po are facing in the films is very much like what sage Confucius and his disciple Yan Hui, were going through hundreds of years ago. How could they find delight and joy from critical time and harsh living conditions? There are two key possibilities. Firstly, none of them were ever depressed or in despair. They were optimists, holding fast to a philosophical attitude toward the status that downplayed their plight. Second, they were capable of self-reliance and tolerance, not in the sense of being content with what they were and what they had, but of being acceptance of whatever destiny might bring them.Compared to the intelligence Mulan, the sloppy Po is even more unlikely to become a historic savior. Even if Master Oogway sticks tothe idea that Po is the chosen one and the only dragon warrior who has formidable strength underneath, Master Shifu highly doubts it and treats Po as a joke. After a series of frustration, Master Shifu happened to know Po’s biggest hobby—food. He thus decides to make full use of it to train Po who is seemingly incorrigible at that time. As expected, Po somehow transforms his biggest weakness into biggest strength and becomes a real martial-arts master.Master Shifu’s strategy seems to be superficial but on looking deeper, another more subtle truth emerges. His strategy makes the best use of Po’s7weakness according to the specific situation. It turns out, fortunately, very effective. This dialectical speculation which had been prevailing in ancient China indicates that everything has two aspects that are in a state of continuous opposition and mutual transformation.There is another very impressive scene in Kung Fu Panda where Master Oogway is bidding farewell to Master Shifu. With the pink petals dancing about in the wind, Oogway is more like vanishing into the other world rather than “pass away”, as we usually call it.This scene represents another Chinese philosophical thought in two aspects. Firstly, many philosophers believe that the circle of life is just like the blooming and withering of a flower. Oogway’s disappearing with the witheredpetals implies the end of his life. Secondly, the beautiful and romantic scene seems to be telling the audience that Oogway is not “dead” literally but isintegrating into the entire universe. His flesh and blood may no longer exist but his soul has raise to higher level thus can remain immortal. This is very much similar to one of the most ideal concepts which are promoted by Taoism— Heaven-Man Oneness, in which the famous Taoist Zhuang Zi pictured the paramount level of human life that Chinese people have been always longing for.III. Conflicts of American Values and Chinese Elements3.1 Conservatism VS Free SpiritAs a country with a continued uninterrupted history of five thousands years, China has a unique cultural system which is deeply rooted in Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. This cultural system had been ruling8Chinese people throughout the whole feudal time. One of the most distinguished scholars in China, Lin Yutang once wrote in his book, “one ofthe most notable characteristics of this system (Chinese cultural system) is that it not only asked about the meaning of life but also answered it in a way that left people satisfied with having found the meaning of human existence.”The answer was solid and clear, so that it left people with nodesire to speculate about the future life or to change the present one. Man naturally becomes conservative when he realizes he has got something that work and therefore something that is true. The Chinese people saw no other way of life, thought no other way possible.The first sentence of Ballad of Mulan described a traditional Chinese girlwho was weaving cloth. (唧唧复唧唧，木兰当户织。
