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心理与教育统计学练习题及概念

心理与教育统计学练习题及概念
心理与教育统计学练习题及概念

教育统计学练习题及概念

心理与教育统计学练习题及概念

刚整理好,请与课本对照一下,以免有错。另外,有些负号如:约等于,欧米加方,平均数上面的横线,各种脚标,在这都变形了,请注意一下,否则我可负不了责任呀

1. 心理统计方法:_______的原理和_______的方法在心理学领域中的运用。

2. 心理统计方法包括_______和_______两大部分。

3. 实验数据可分为两类:_______和_______。

4. 确定组距以后,要考虑_______从哪开始。显然,最小的一组应包含整个系列中的_______。

5. 在心理实验中常用的表格有三类:_______,_______和_______。

6. 表示实验结果的图有:_______和_______。

7. 平面图一般分为:_______和_______两类。

8. 平面图有两个坐标,_______代表心理实验中的刺激变量或自变量,_______代表反应变量或因变量。当横坐标代表的数量是连续的,可画_______图或_______图;当横坐标代表的数量不是连续的变量,而是不同类别时,就只能画_______图,其纵坐标必须从_______开始。

9. 累加次数分布图的横坐标是各组数据的_______。

10. 平均数指的是_______。

11. 众数是最_______的集中趋势指标,但众数不如平均数和中数_______。

12. 分组不适合会出现双峰,可调整组距。真正的双峰出现的原因是_______。

13. 在偏斜的分布中,平均数总是处于_______的一端,而_______则永远把一个分布曲线下的面积分成相等的两部分。

14. q2-q1q3-q2时,分布向_______偏斜。

15. 表示两个变量之间相关性质和程度的图,叫_______。如果图中所有的点形成一条直线,说明是一个_______的散布图;如果是椭圆,这个椭圆越窄,说明相关程度越_______。

16. 从样本估计总体是以_______为基础的,如果样本中只包括随机误差就不致产生对总体偏性的估计;如果样本中还包括系统误差在内,就会产生_______。

17. 当一个总体中的成分只分成两类时,根据传统,把_______发生的概率叫p;_______发生的概率叫q。

18. 在一系列正态分布中,有一个标准的正态分布,其平均数为_______,标准差为_______。

19. 当实验数据有_______以上时,而且都是_______的变量时,要检验各组间的差异是否显著就需要用c2分布进行计算。

20. 统计结果检验时:

1)w2_______时,实验效果较强,统计结果可信。

2)w2_______时,实验效果中等,统计结果可信度一般。

3)w2_______时,实验效果很差,统计结果不可信。

21. 用d值说明实验效果时:

1)d?_______时,实验效果较小;2)d?_______时,效果中等;3)d?_______时,效果较大。

填空答案

1.统计学,数学

2.描述统计,推理统计

3.准确数,近似值

4.最小的一组,最小数值

5.原始数据登记表,经过分组整理的次数分布表,带有对实验结果总结性质的表

6.平面图,立体图

7.曲线图,直方图

8.横坐标,纵坐标,曲线图,直方图,直方图,0

9.上限

10.算术平均数

11.明显,稳定

12.有两种性质不同的数据

13.偏斜,中数

14.右,对称,左(哪方大则朝哪方偏斜)

15.散布图,完全正相关,高

16.概率原则,偏性估计

17.希望得到的结果,不希望得到的结果

18. 0,1

19.二组,不连续

20.30.14,?0.06?0。01

21. 0.2,0.5,0.8

概念

1.描述统计:是对成组数据概括的描述。描述统计的指标有三类:数据的集中趋势,数据的离中趋势,数据间的相关。

2.推论统计:方法包括从样本的数量特性推测总体数量特性的一系列问题:推论假设,推论的各种方法和步骤,以及检验推测可靠性的各种方法。

3.组距:每一组上限和下限的差。(组距习惯上常用2,3,5,10,20)

4.中点:在某一组的下限和上限当中的那一点。

5.集中趋势:是代表一系列数据的典型水平的数字指标,代表集中趋势的指标有平均数,中数和众数。

6.平均数(x):是一组数据总和的平均值。

7.中数(mdn):一系列按大小顺序排列的数据中的一个点,在这个系列中有一半数据在这个点以上,有一半数据在这个点以下。

8.众数(mo):在一系列数据中出现次数最多的那个数。

9.全距:一个分布中最大的数值的上限减去最小数值的下限,就得到全距。(全距大,说明这组数据分散;全距小,则较集中。使用时注意:1、无极端值;2、比较两个分布的全距时,当两个分布所包含数据的数目相等或差不多时才能使用)

10.离中趋势:是表示一组数据分散程度的指标,常用的指标有:全距,四分差,平均差和标准差。(如果离中趋势很小,说明数据分布都在平均数附近变动,因此平均数的代表性很大;如果离中趋势太大,说明数据分布太分散)

11.四分差(q):是数据的离中趋势的指标之一,四分差说明按大小顺序排列的一系列数据中间50%个数据的分散程度。(如果一个分布中间部分的数据比较集中,则两个四分点q3与q1就离得近些,q的值就小些。)

12.百分点:某次数分布中处于某百分等级的数值。

13.百分等级:某数值在某次数分布中所处的位置。

14.平均差(ad):一个分布中每个变量和平均数的差的绝对值的平均值。

15.标准差:s2开方后的正值就叫标准差,是数据的离中趋势的指标之一。

16.离中系数(cv):用相对量来表示数据分散程度的数字指标。

17.相关程度:指相关是否密切,可分为无相关;部分相关;完全相关。

18.相关:是描述两种数量关系的一个指标,如果一个变量随另一个变量的增加(减小)而增加(减小),则两个变量之间存在着相关。

19. z分数(标准分数):是以标准差为单位所表示的原始分数(x)与平均数的偏离,也可以说是一个以标准差为单位来表示的偏离分数。

20.总体;某类事物的全部称为总体。

21.样本:从全部抽出的部分叫样本。

22.推论统计:从局部推测全部,从样本推测总体的统计程序。

23.随机抽选样本:指总体中每个成分都有同等的机会被抽选。

24.分层抽样:用分层抽样的方法,必须对总体有一定的了解,事先对于影响所研究问题的诸因素做适当安排。

25.样本分布:从很多个样本中算出的很多个平均数的次数分配叫样本分布。

26.正态分布:是一个中间高,两侧逐渐下降,两端永远不与横轴相交,两侧完全对称的钟形曲线。

27.平均数的标准误(sx):为了和单个样本的标准差有所区别,把样本分布的标准差称做平均数的标准误。

28.自由度(df):能够独立变化的数据的数目。

29.平均数差的标准误(sxd):分别从两个总体中抽取出的多个样本平均数的差(xd)的分布,这个分布的标准差叫做平均数差的标准误。

30.虚无假设(ho):除概率以外不加任何其它假定,即假设二总体的平均数差异为0。31.备则假设(ha):假设两个总体平均数之间差异中除了抽样误差外,还包括有两个总体平均数之间的差异,即备则假设是个总体平均数之间差异不为0。

32.显著性水平(p):我们所选择的推翻虚无假设的概率叫做检验的显著性水平。

33.第一类错误:当虚无假设不应推翻时而被推翻了,这意味着把样本的平均数差别认为是代表了总体平均数的差异。

34.第二类错误:当应该推翻虚无假设时而不推翻,这意味着把样本的平均数差别是代表总体平均数的差别这一事实给否认了。

35.显著性检验:通过样本平均数的差别来推论总体平均数是否真正存在差别,并确定存在何种水平。

36.回归:当两种变量间存在着一定程度的相关时,一种变量有向另一种变量的平均数趋近的现象,这种现象叫回归。

37.回归方程式:从一变量的数值预测另一变量的相应数值的直线方程式,当两个变量部分相关时,有两个回归方程式。

38.回归系数(byx):由x变量预测y变量的回归方程式的斜率。

39. c2检验:是实际观察次数与假设次数偏离程度的指标。

40.方差分析:根据组间和组内方差的比值,来比较两组或多组数据的差异是否达到显著。41.组间变异:在两组之间所产生的因变量的变异,就是系统变异,也就是由自变量引起的变异。因为这种变异发生在两组之间,所以又叫组间变异。

42.组内变异:同一组内的因变量的变异,就不是由于自变量的情况不同引起的,而只是由于

未加控制的变量引起的。因为这种变异发生在同一组内,所以叫做组内变异。43.组间设计:每个被试只参加1个水平的实验

44.组内实际:每个被试参加所有水平的实验。

45.主效应:自变量所引起的平均数差异

46.交互作用:一个自变量对反应变量的影响因另一个自变量的变化而发生

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