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张嫦娥论文初稿

张嫦娥论文初稿
张嫦娥论文初稿

中国地质大学(武汉)远程与继续教育学院本科毕业论文(设计)

题目:浅析美国报业发展与新闻自由

姓名:张嫦娥准考证号:014309210519

院(系)远程与继教学院专业:商务英语

指导老师:邬忠职称:讲师

评阅人:职称:

2012 年11月

原创性声明

本人呈交的学位论文,是在导师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果,所有数据、图片资料真实可靠。尽我所知,除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本学位论文的研究成果不包含他人享有著作权的内容。对本论文所涉及的研究工作做出贡献的其他个人和集体,均已在文中以明确的方式标明。本学位论文的知识产权归属于培养单位。

本人签名:日期:

摘要

新闻自由,或新闻自由权,通常指政府通过宪法或相关法律条文保障本国公民言论结社以及新闻出版界采访,报道,出版发行等的自由。

18世纪以来,新闻传播逐渐成为美国民主政治工具,在政治体制中发挥着有效地作用。从近代民主制度确立至今,新闻自由的理念已经根深蒂固。新闻自由被视为维系民主政治于不坠的重要基础之一。杰斐逊说,政治自由,“除了靠新闻,是得不到保证的,限制新闻自由,就一定有失去政治的危险。由此可见,新闻自由在美国的地位。

而报刊是表达新闻自由的最好媒介工具。报刊,作为一项信息传播工作,具有政治性,政策性和专业性,创造性的特点。作为一种商品销售工作,又具有商业性,中介性和服务性,多变性等特点。

关键词:新闻自由;传媒;报刊;出版

Abstract

Freedom of the press ; usually refers to the government through constitutional or legal provisions to protect their citizens remarks association as well as the news publishing industry interviews ,reports , published in the issue freedom..

Since the 18th century, news spread of becoming democratic political tool, it plays an effective role in the political system .From the modern democratic system has been established,the idea of the freedom of the press has been deeply rooted. Freedom of the press is regarded as an important foundation for sustained democracy in the fall one. Jefferson said,political freedom,“Addition to relying on the news ,is not guaranteed to limit the freedom of the press,and will certainly be in danger of losing political。”This shows that the status of freedom of the press in the United States.

Newspaper is the best media tools to express the freedom of the press .Newspaper ,as an information dissemination,it has the characteristics of political,policy ,professional and creativity. As a commodity sales ,it has the characteristics of commercial,intermediary,service and variability.

Key words:freedom of the press;media;newspaper ;publishing

CONTENTS

1 Introduction (1)

1.1 The essence and characteristic of the Freedom of the Press (2)

1.2 The development of American Newspaper Industry (2)

2 The dilemma of American Newspaper Industry (4)

2.1The history of newspaper (4)

2.2 The impact of new media on traditional newspaper (4)

2.3 Financial crisis lead to lay-off (5)

3 The legal root cause of the freedom of the press (6)

3.1Free speech and writing of the Greece and the Rome (6)

3.2 The liberal tradition of Britain (7)

3.3 The impact of American philosopher (8)

4 The relationship between American newspaper industry and freedom of the press (11)

Conclusion (13)

References (14)

1 Introduction

Freedom of the press in the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. This clause is generally understood as prohibiting the government from interfering with the printing and distribution of information or opinions,although freedom of the press,like freedom of speech,is subject to some restrictions , such as defamation law and copyright law.Every year, Reporters Borders establishes a ranking of countries in terms of their freedom of the press.

As famously said by journalist A.J. Libeling,“Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one .”The individuals,business,and organizations that own a means of publications are able to publish information and opinions without government interference,and cannot be compelled by the government to publish information and opinions that they disagree with. The philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of freedom of scientific research, publishing, pressing and printing the depth to which these law are entrenched in a country?s legal system can go as far down as its constitution.

1.1 The essence and characteristic of the Freedom of the Press

Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the freedom of communication and expression through vehicles including various electronic media and published materials .while such freedom mostly implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state,its preservation may be sought through constitutional or other legal protections. Freedom of he press is yearly report by US-based non-governmental organization Freedom House, measuring the level of freedom and editorial independence enjoyed by the press in every nation and significant disputed territories around the world.

With respect to government information ,any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive ,classified or secret and being otherwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest .

The right to freedom of press is recognized as a human right under Article 199 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Right States :“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference ,and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontier .”

1.2 The development of American Newspaper Industry

The united states is the largest newspaper publishing country in the world ,group companies mainly in the media industry is the most powerful. According to statistics ,there are 9000 kinds of newspaper in American ,daily newspaper is about 1500 kinds ,the daily circulation of 5.57 million,per thousand people owned daily newspaper 206 copies,each family order newspaper is about 0.6 copies. The United States newspaper revenue is come from issue revenue and advertising revenue.

A wide variety of material has been published in newspaper, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and obituaries; entertainment features such as crosswords, Sudoku and horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, food and other columns; reviews of radio, movies, television, plays and restaurant; classified ads; display ads; radio and television listings, inserts from local merchants, editorial cartoon, gag cartoons and comic strips.

On September 25 1960,Benjami n Harris published 《Public Occurrences both Foreign And Domestic》,it is the oldest newspaper in north American 。In 1704 ,Boston administrative secretary John Campbell founded 《Boston Business News》,it is continuous issue newspaper . The formation of American newspaper industry is by the newspaper between merger and acquisitions. The American newspaper group can be divided into three categories:1it is named after the family name,most of them are historic brand;2 it is named by core newspaper and form famous newspapers expand;3 it is neither family name nor the newspaper name,such as Murdoch?s News Corporation in the United States.

2 The dilemma of American Newspaper Industry

2.1The history of newspaper

Early American newspaper characteristics: Few newspapers existed;Most publishers were printers and postmasters;News was not very timely;Colonial authority didn?t support a“free press ”.《Public Occurrences both Foreign and Domestic》is the first newspaper in colonial era, he published without authority, upsets local official with “scandalous”story ,and it issue only one。《Boston News Letter》published with royal permission .James Franklin founded 《New England Courant》,it must be supported by the government,he jailed for publishing without prior authority. Ben Franklin proves can advertising copy can sell merchandise and shows journalism can be an honorable profession. He improves newspaper readability,he uses of headline so it much easier to read type fonts,the layout is cleaner and simpler。In 1841,Horace Greely starts the《New Y ork Tribune》。Writing appeals to reader intellect rather than emotion. The news content should come from the concerns of the elite class to the middle class. In ancient Rome, government announcement bulletins announcement bulletin, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places.Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now.

The Civil War and the telegraphic dispatch system change the way stories are written:it heralded the start of the lead and inverted pyramid formats。Joseph Pulitzer is the newspaper giant during the Civil War,it aims paper at diverse NYC audience particularly immigrants and stresses simple writing and generous use of picture.

2.2 The impact of new media on traditional newspaper

The IT revolution has a profound impact on the propagation environment,as represented by network and phone, new media is flourishing。With the extensive penetration of the internet on people?s life,the traditional newspaper industry has been the impact of the internet, the prospect of newspaper is not optimistic。Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing the newspaper itself—editorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising, although they are frequently referred to by a variety of other

names—as well as the non-newspaper-specific departments also found in other businesses of comparable size, such as accounting, marketing, human resources, and IT.

First,the traditional newspaper grim situation facing poor revenue,circulation continued to decline. In the past two years,《Los Angeles Times》and 《Wall Street Journal》have to cost saving through layoffs。。

Second,the rising price of paper and the cost of traditional newspaper printing going up,the newspaper media face enormous pressures。So the traditional newspaper must be carried out system reformation and mechanism innovation。

However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspaper continue to grow.

2.3 Financial crisis lead to lay-off

A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features, editorials, and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6,580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day. The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers closed or sharply retrenched operations.

The U.S. subprime mortgage crisis triggered a global financial crisis,it bring serious consequences to the world economy。In particular, the newspaper received a tremendous influence。The devastating impact of the financial crisis on the American newspaper industry reflected firstly in newspaper circulation. Among them,,the 《Times Daily》circulation go down 3.6%,《Los Angeles Times》,a decrease of 5.2%。The American newspaper advertising revenue in this financial crisis also declined substantially。The internal structure of the Newspaper Group have reorganized and restructured。The American newspaper launched of layoffs action.

3 The legal root cause of the freedom of the press

3.1Free speech and writing of the Greece and the Rome

Before the invention of the printing press, once created, could only be physically multiplied by the highly laborious and error-prone process of manual copying out. In response to the printing press, and the heresies it allowed to spread, the Roman Catholic Church moved to impose censorship. The Index Expurgator was administered by the Roman Inquisition, but enforced by local government authorities, and went against its doctrines. The origins of copy law in most European countries lie in efforts by the Roman Catholic Church and governments to regulate and control the output of printers. In 1501 Pope Alexander VI issued a Bill against the unlicensed printing of books and in 1559 Index Expurgator, or list of Prohibited Books, was issued for the first time.

Free speech and writing of the Greece and Rome means citizens have an equal right to speak in Citizens?Assembly。They think this is a political freedoms,it is historic contribution to the emergence and development of the modern freedom of press。The western capitalist put forward a series of theories about the interests of freedom of the press. The American founders influenced by the free speech of Greek deeply,therefore during this period, the idea of free writing is the source of the freedom of the press. Free speech and writing of the Greece and Rome means citizens have an equal right to speak in Citize ns?Assembly。They think this is a political freedoms,it is historic contribution to the emergence and development of the modern freedom of press。The western capitalist put forward a series of theories about the interests of freedom of the press. The American founders influenced by the free speech of Greek deeply,therefore during this period, the idea of free writing is the source of the freedom of the press.

It is thought that ancient Athens? democratic ideology of free speech may have emerged in the late 6th or early 5th century BC. Two of most cherished values of the Roman Public were freedom of religion and freedom of speech. In Islamic ethics, freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashid period by the caliph in the 7th century AD. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by a cousin in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convent through reason. The right to freedom of speech and expression is closely related to other rights, and may be limited when conflicting with other

rights. The right to freedom of speech is also related to the right a fair trial and court proceeding which may limit access to the search for information or determine the opportunity and means in which freedom of expression is manifested with court proceedings.

3.2 The liberal tradition of Britain

In North American ,there are thirteen states was a British colony. They inherited and accepted the Britain law. The basis of the United States Constitution is traditional British constitutionalism. Early in the Britain,the idea of the freedom of the press comes from philosopher John Milton. He was an English poet, polemicist, a scholarly man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. Milton?s defense of freedom of expression was grounded in a Protestant worldview and thought that the English people had the mission to work out the truth of Reformation, which would lead to the enlightenment of all people. But Milton also articulated the main strands of future discussions about freedom of expression. By defining scope of freedom of expression and harmful speech Milton argued of tolerance for a wide range of views.

John Milton advocates freedom, property and life is people?s natural rights that inviolability, people have right to overthrow the tyrant violations of freedom of the people. In Milton?s work, from the talent human right, the freedom of the press, the freedom of religious belief, the education freedom, which is inviolable, and thought the people are authorized to overthrow the tyrant who encroach upon the people freedom. He put forward the slogan of protecting the freedom of the press. American integrates these ideas into constitutional theory and practice. A succession of English thinkers was at the forefront of early discussion on a right to freedom of expression, among them John Milton and John Locke. Locke established the individual as the unit of value and the bearer of rights to life, liberty, property and the pursuit of happiness. However Locke ideas evolved primarily around the concept of the right to seek salvation for one?s soul, and were thus primarily concerned with theological matters. Locke did not support a universal toleration and freedom of speech, some groups, like atheists, should not be allowed according to his ideas.

John Stuart Mill argued that without human freedom there can be no progress in science, law or politics, which according to Mill required free discussion of opinion. Mill?s On Liberty, published in 1859 become a classic defend of the right to freedom of the expression of ideas,

true of false, should not be feared. Truth is not stable or fixed, but evolves with time. Mill argued that much of what we once considered true has turned out false. Therefore views should not be prohibited for their apparent falsity. Mill also argued that free discussion is necessary to prevent the deep slumber of a decided opinion. Discussion would drive the onwards match of truth by considering false views the basis of true views could be re-affirmed. Furthermore, Mill argued that an opinion only carries intrinsic value to the owner of that opinion, thus silencing the expression of that opinion is an injustice to a basic human right. For Mill, the only instance in which speech can be justifiably suppressed is in order to prevent harm from a clear and direct threat. Neither economic nor moral implications, nor the speakers own well-being would justify suppression of speech.

As the …menace?of printing spread, governments established centralized control mechanism. The French crown repressed printing and the printer Etienne was burned at the stake in 1546. In 1547, the British Crown thought to stem the flow of seditious and heretical books by chartering the Stationers? Company. The right to print was limit to the members of that guild, and thirty years later the Star Chamber was chartered to curtail the great enormities and abuses of contents and disorder persons.

The nation that the expression of dissent or subversive views should be tolerated, not censured or punished by law, developed alongside the rise of printing and the press. Church authorities had previously ensured without a license, Milton made an impossible plea for freedom of expression and toleration of falsehood, stating: “Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.”The right to print was restricted to two universities and to 21 existing in the city of London, which had 53 printing presses.

3.3 The impact of American philosopher

Thomas Jefferson is one of the most diligent thinkers and statesmen in American history. Jefferson has been memorialized in many ways, including buildings, sculptures, and currency. The spirit of freedom is the lofty idea in his life。He is the drafter of Independence of Declaration,promoter of Bill of Right and father of Freedom of Press in American. Jefferson?s theory has laid a solid foundation for the development of freedom of the press in American. He advocates that a democratic government must respect people?s freedom of

speech. Jefferson thinks the relationship between the power of country and the right of freedom of the press,the latter is first。Thomas Jefferson makes a significant contribution to the freedom of the freedom of the press.

During the French Revolution, Jefferson advocated rebellion and violence when necessary. In letter to James Madison on January 30 1787, Jefferson wrote, “A little rebellion, now and then, is a good thing, and as necessary in the political words as storms in the physical. It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government.” Similarly, in a letter to Abigail Adams on February 22 1787, he wrote “The spirit of resistance to government is so valuable on certain occasions that I wish it to be exercised at all. Concerning Shay?s Rebellion after he had heard of the bloodshed, on November 13 1787, Jefferson wrote to William Smith, “What signify a few lives lost in a century or two? The tree of liberty must from time to time be refreshed with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is natural manure. In another letter to Smith during 1787, Jefferson wrote and what country can preserve its liberties, if the rulers are not warmed from time to time, that this people preserve the spirit of resistance? From his initial viewpoint in Pairs at the time of Constitution?s ratification, Jefferson was transformed in office as president under a challenge which both strengthened the Union and Jefferson?s commitment to it. As late as 1804 before his second term began, Jefferson seemed at ease with the prospect of dividing the nation into separate democracies.

Jefferson idealized the independent yeoman as the best exemplar of republic virtues, distrusted cities and financiers, and often favored decentralized power. He suspended his qualms about exercising the power of the federal government to buy Louisiana. Jefferson?s republican political principles were strongly influenced by the 18th-century British opposition writers of the Whig Party. He had high regard for John Locke, France Bacon, and Isaac Newton. Jefferson?s legacy as a champion of Enlightenment ideas has been challenged by various modern historians, who find his continued ownership of hundreds of slaves at Monticello to be in conflict with his stated views on freedom and equality of men. Jefferson?s reputation since World War II as the slavery since he believed the inferiority of American were fix in nature and they needed supervision. Jefferson?s reputation reached new height as his presidency was seen as the final defeat of the moneyed classes. Wood argues that this predominated until the 1940s, when the progressive era view fell from favor, and Jefferson?s reputation declined from its prior heights. Jefferson has often been seen as a major American

icon of liberty, democracy and republicanism. Some have hailed him as one of the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution, and as a renaissance man who promoted science and scholarship. Abraham Lincoln called Jefferson “The most distinguished politician in our history.”They have noted his views on race and slavery, his controversial tenure as governor of Virginia, his disloyalty under Washington and Adams, his sometimes extreme political writings, his advocacy of nullification and secession, his personal spending excesses, and his troubled second term as president. Other historian, such as Richard and David, has criticized other aspects of his presidency, such as the harsh treatment of Native American under Jefferson.

Jefferson believed assimilation was best for American. Second best was removal to the west. He felt the worst outcome of the cultural and resources conflict between European American and Americans would be their attacking the whites. With the colonial and native civilization in collision, compounded by British incitement of Indian tribes and mounting hostilities between the two peoples, Jefferson?s administration took quick measures to avert another major conflict. His deal with Georgia was related to late measure to relocate the various Indian tribes to point future west.

4 The relationship between American newspaper industry and freedom of the press

In the United States, the overall manager or chief executive of the newspaper is the publisher. In small newspaper, the owner of the publication is usually the publisher. The publisher is legally responsible for the contents of the entire newspaper and also runs the business, including hiring editors, reporters, and other staff members. These are protected by the American government. The newspaper develops vigorously under the protection of the freedom of the press.

The emergence of the new media branch in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the publishing press derives its name. Medical journalists also face challenges due to potential conflicts of interest. The pharmaceutical industry has sponsored journalism contests that carry large prizes in cash or in overseas trips. The Association of Health Care Journalists urges journalists to consider these contests carefully before entering, and most journalists avoid them. The Center for Excellence in Health Care journalism, the supporting 501 for AHCJ, does not accept industry funding. The National Association of Science Writers does not accept such funding. The changing nature of news media has caused more reporters to work freelance, outside of traditional news organizations such as major metropolitan newspaper, which may have created more ways to sidestep conflict-of-interest standards, and the rise of blogs gas allowed nontraditional providers of news that lack these standards entirely.

The freedom of the press is to ensure citizen?s right to know,democratic politics construction is based on it. A newspaper is scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features, editorials, and advertising. The freedom of the press is the requirement of market economy. The essence of the freedom of the press is the free dissemination of information. It is fair and open dissemination of information. The freedom of the press provides information assurance to the country. Newspaper is the professional organization about provide information and opinions that they need. If the newspaper can not meet the information requirements of the citizens,it can not survive. The freedom of the press is important conditions of the Newspaper Industry.

Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of

freedom of expression. Whistle and those who leak stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspaper before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers has being curtailed. Recent research has examined the effects of a newspaper?s closing on the reelection of incumbents, voter turnout, and campaign spending.The future of newspapers in countries with easy internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation. In recent years the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen—especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001.Revenue has plunged while competition from internet media has squeezed older print publishers.The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has shaved profits,and as once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue.A common measure of a newspaper's health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy o f the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper's market area.

Conclusion

From the process of the establishment of the freedom of the press, it is not overnight. It is same with the other values of human freedom. It was being accepted and recognized by people gradually. Freedom of the press is inseparable part of the democratic political,it is the cornerstone of social freedom and American believe in。The origin of concept of freedom of the press is the freedom of expression。With the emergence and development of the news media become perfect,it become an independent right finally。In the bourgeois struggle against feudal despotism, the newspaper played an important role。In order oppose the oppression of the feudal rulers,the politician proposed initial“freedom of press”。And then,newspapers linked with the freedom of the press.The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has shaved profits, and as once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue.

In my opinion, Freedom of the Press is inseparable part of the democratic political,it is the cornerstone of social freedom and American believe in. The origin of concept of freedom of the press is the freedom of expression. With the emergence and development of the news media become perfect,it become an independent right finally. Newspapers linked with the freedom of the press.

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[25] 赵泓著,《揭示美国报业运作内幕》

怎样写论文初稿

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高等教育自学考试毕业设计(论文)

毕业设计(论文)评议意见书

毕业设计(论文)任务书 毕业设计(论文)题目:工会在企事业单位人力资源管理中作用的发挥 一、毕业设计(论文)内容 人力资源是企事业单位最重要的资源,是企事业单位核心竞争力的源泉。只有做好人力资源开发与管理工作,企事业单位才能做大做强,才会永远立于不败之地,反之,企事业单位就会停滞不前,甚至濒临倒闭和破产。 二、基本要求 文章主要通过对现代企事业单位工会现状及特点,以及工会组织的地位作用进行分析,分析工会代表企事业单位广大职工利益,能参与企事业单位人力资源管理。在企事业单位人力资源管理中发挥积极作用,为企事业单位的发展做出贡献。 三、重点研究问题: 社会主义和谐社会的构建为中国特色工会组织发展道路展示了广阔的前景,将在劳动关系领域发挥更重要的协调作用,从而对整个社会的和谐做出应有的贡献。因此,研究工会组织在企事业单位人力资源

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论文初稿写作方法

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毕业设计论文初稿

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惠州市广播电视大学13春工商管理专科 集中实践环节工作实施方案 根据“中央广播电视大学开放教育试点工商管理专业(专科)集中实践环节教学大纲”要求,学生毕业前一学期要根据所学专业,结合工作实际,完成毕业论文的撰写。今年,13春工商管理班级(79)将于2015年7月份毕业,毕业前必需完成毕业论文。现特制定本实施方案。 一、集中性实践环节的组织领导 学校成立2015届秋季毕业论文工作领导小组,其组成人员为: 组长: 副组长: 组员: 秘书: 指导教师: 毕业论文负责部门:教务科 指导小组主要负责本届学生毕业论文工作实施方案的制定,指导教师的聘任,学生的分组,具体写作时间的安排。 二、具体时间要求: 2.2015年4月15日前,学生向指导教师汇报毕业论文的选题构思,指导教师予以具体指导,学生在指导教师的指导下确定写作提纲。 3.2015年5月15日前,学生提交毕业论文初稿。 4.2015年6月10日前,指导教师指导学生对毕业论文进行第二、三稿修改。辅导员收取社会调查并评定成绩。 5.2015年6月20日前,学生在教师指导下修改论文及报告直至定稿。定稿时,指导教师应给出“可以定稿”的评定。学生将定稿的毕业论文严格按格式打印提交给指导教师。 6.2015年6月30日前,指导教师评阅学生的毕业论文,写出评语,提出建议成绩,填写毕业论文过程表,连同全部毕业论文一起交电大教务科,组织成绩验收和确认。 三、集中实践环节的要求 (一)社会调查 社会调查是培养、训练学生观察社会、认识社会以及提高学员分析和解决问题能力的重要教学环节。调查报告的内容应包括:调查对象一般情况、调查内容,调查结果,调查体会。字数要求不少于2000字。调查报告要求语言简练、准确;叙述清楚、明白;数据、资料可靠;结论有理、有据。调查报告采用A4纸打印稿,标题用3号黑体,正文用小4号宋体。 (二)毕业论文 毕业论文是完成各专业教学计划、实现培养目标的基本要求,旨在检验学生所学知识和理论的综合运用能力。通过毕业论文,可以进一步培养学生的专业研究素养,提高分析问题和解决问题的能力,提升学生的创新意识和专业素质。 毕业论文的选题应当在各专业范围之内,并符合本专业的特点。毕业论文选题主要为自选命题。选题需要结合各专业的实践,提倡选择应用性较强的课题,特别鼓励结合当前社会实践亟待解决的实际问题进行研究。

论文初稿模板(DOC)

摘要 经过二十多年的改革和发展,我国中小企业得到了迅速的发展。中小企业已是国民经济的重要组成部分,是当前经济生活中最活跃的因素,对经济发展和社会稳定起着举足轻重的促进作用。但由于其产出规模小、资本和技术构成较低、受传统体制和外部宏观经济影响大等因素,使得中小企业在财务管理方面存在着与自身发展和市场经济均不适应的情况,导致其应对激烈的市场竞争面临巨大的困难。我国中小企业经过改革开放20多年的发展,已取得了辉煌的成绩,在我国国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。但是,目前中小企业举步维艰,失败率较高,企业平均寿命只有3—5年,一个极其重要的原因就在于财务管理工作跟不上企业发展的需要。在市场经济条件下,企业要生存、发展和盈利就必须建立现代企业制度,科学地进行资本运营,而这一切都需强化财务管理。 关键词:中小企业;财务管理;问题;对策

目录 第一章引言 (1) 第二章财务管理的基本理论 (2) 2.1财务管理的概念 (2) 2.2财务管理的基本要素 (2) 2.3财务管理的重要作用 (2) 第三章我国中小企业财务管理存在的问题 (3) 3.1财务管理目标定位不妥 (3) 3.2管理观念陈旧,制度缺损 (3) 3.3财务管理不严,流动资产管理混乱 (3) 3.4财务管理人员素质不高 (3) 第四章中小企业财务管理的解决对策 (4) 4.1建立科学规范的财务分析机制 (4) 4.2预防资金链断裂,加速现金周转 (4) 4.2.1强化资金管理,提高应收款项管理水平 (4) 4.2.2 加强存货管理,努力防止资金沉淀 (5) 4.2.3 拓宽进货渠道,降低外购成本 (5) 4.3科学地建立财务管理制度 (5) 4.3.1建立明确的责权利机制 (6) 4.3.2 健全实物资产控制制度 (6) 4.3.3 加强筹集资金的能力,正确进行投资决策 (6)

专升本毕业论文正文 - 副本

建筑工程质量管理中存在的问题分析及解决措施 摘要:建筑工程问题是关系到国计民生、社会稳定的重大问题。建筑工程质量的优劣直接关系到建筑企业的生存和发展,在整个工程中,任何的决策过失和不当行为都有可能给国家、人民的生命财产造成直接损失。因此,各个建筑企业要把加强建筑施工的质量控制作为头等大事抓紧抓好。本文分析了我国目前建筑市场、建设工程质量存在的问题以及因素,并针对存在的这些问题提出相应的解决方法。 关键词:建筑工程质量管理问题分析措施 建筑业是我国的基础产业之一,在我国的国民经济和社会发展中占有重要地位。人们的生活,学习及工作都离不开建筑工程,建筑工程质量的好坏直接影响人们的生存环境甚至是人生安全,必须采取有效可行的措施加强管理。若不能对建筑工程施工质量进行有效的监督管理,很有可能会影响相关工程的正常使用,甚至造成严重安全事故的发生,危及国家及人们的生命财产安全,更阻碍了我国经济的迅速发展。另一方面,随着我国经济实力的不断增强,建筑市场蓬勃发展并迅速向外开放,带来机遇的同时也带来了挑战与竞争。为了在竞争不断激化的市场中稳住阵脚,也必须采取一系列措施提高建筑工程施工质量,加强施工质量控制管理。 一、建筑工程质量管理存在的问题 随着我国建筑行业的不断发展,城市的投资环境逐步得以优化,城市人口的居住水平不断提高,我国建筑工程质量呈稳步上升趋势,但不可否认,一些在建工程和已投入使用的工程尚存在不少的质量问题,有些甚至严重危害到建筑结构和使用安全功能,如:水泥地面空鼓、开裂、起皮、起砂,厨卫、屋面、外墙渗漏严重,门窗缝隙大,下水道堵塞,厕浴间地面倒坡、积水,滴水线向内斜导等等现象,有的建筑出现严重的不均匀沉降,个别建筑甚至发生整体坍塌事故。对于诸如此类建设工程质量管理存在的问题分析如下: (一)施工单位方面的问题 (1)无证或超越资质等级承包、非法挂靠、转包或非法分包。 (2)采取不正当竞争手段,不顾后果以垫资、压价,甚至行贿等违法手段承揽工程。 (3)为牟取利润,不计后果压低成本,自行或串通设计人员乱改设计,使用低价劣质材料,甚至偷工减料,放任职工不按技术规范操作,粗制滥造。 (4)在竣工验收中弄虚作假,掩盖工程质量缺陷,提供虚假质量保证资料。 (5)私招乱雇,工人队伍素质低下。

论文初稿

厦门海洋职业技术学院 毕业设计(论文)题目: C语言的特点分析 系别:信息技术系 班级:****** 姓名: *** 学号: ******** 指导教师: ***** 2016年 3 月 28 日

摘要 C语言是一种计算机程序设计语言。它既有高级语言的特点,又具有汇编语言的特点。它可以作为系统设计语言,编写工作系统应用程序,也可以作为应用程序设计语言,编写不依赖计算机硬件的应用程序。因此,它的应用范围广泛。C语言在很多方面都可以用,不仅仅是在软件开发上,各类科研都是需要用到C语言的。具体应用比如我是学硬件的,单片机以及嵌入式系统都可以用C来开发。学习C语言程序设计课程旨在使学生掌握C语言的基本语法、基本语句、基本控制结构以及自顶向下结构化程序设计的基本方法,使学生认识到算法、良好的程序设计风格以及实践在该课程学习中的重要性,培养学生熟练使用C语言编程分析和解决实际问题的能力。对—个初学计算机语言的人来说,最重要的就是要有正确的程序流程概念,不仅要懂得而且要灵活应用。由此可见,用结构化方法设计的结构是清晰的,有利于编写出结构良好的程序。因此。结构化程序设计方法的主要原则可以概括为自顶向下,逐步求精,模块化,限制使用goto 语句。将程序设计针对的问题进行分解,直到分解到对应于一个个功能更简单,又独立的模块,每个模块再分解到上述3种基本程序结构。实质上,结构化程序设计主要强调的是程序。程序=算法+数据结构+程序设计方法+语言工具和环境,其中算法是灵魂。 关键词: C语言特点结构化程序设计 C语言的基本元素经典案例

目录 摘要..........................................................- 2 - 第一章、了解C语言................................ 错误!未定义书签。 1.1 C语言的结构特点 (4) 1.2 什么是C语言程序设计......................... 错误!未定义书签。 1.3 为什么要学习C语言程序设计 (4) 1. 4 个人的心得体会 (6) 第二章、结构化程序设计 (8) 2.1 结构化程序设计的概念 (8) 2.2 结构化程序的思想............................. 错误!未定义书签。第三章、C语言的基础组成. (10) 3.1 C语言的基本元素 (10) 3.2 C的数据类型 (10) 3.3 常量与变量 (10) 3.4 基本类型 (10) 3.5 变量 (11) 第四章、经典案例 (13) 4.1 案例一 (13) 4.2 案例二 (14) 致谢 (15) 参考文献......................................... 错误!未定义书签。6 读书笔记.. (17)

【开题报告】毕业论文开题报告初稿

毕业论文开题报告初稿 论文题目:网络虚拟财产的法律保护 研究类型 基础研究;(V)应用理论研究;应用研究 开题报告内容 1、选题(1、选题的目的、意义; 2、国内外研究现状、发展趋势及研究基础,并列出 主要参考资料) 1。选题的目的和意义: 21世纪是网络经济的时代,伴随着中国网络用户的急剧增长,网络游戏玩家人数与日俱增,网络游戏交流所衍生的虚拟交易日渐频繁,其交易主体“虚拟财产”也随之产生。虚拟财产,即在网络空间存在的数字化p非物化的财产形式,包括网络游戏账号p游戏货币p游戏账号拥有的各种装备以及网民的电子邮件,网络寻呼等1系列信息类产品。由于其特殊的财产性质,使得虚拟物品交易中出现的众多问题,诸如虚拟物品纠纷中运营商责任的界定、虚拟物品的物权归属、玩家权益维护等问题,都因虚拟财产法律性质的不明确而难以解决,玩家利益受到侵害后往往得不到应有的法律救济。 对虚拟财产的社会关系加以明确,对虚拟财产交易进行法律规制。无论是对保护玩家的权益,还是对促进网络游戏业健康发展,进而促进国民经济的发展,都有着重要的意义。

本文旨在对虚拟财产进行法律界定的基础上,对虚拟财产的法律保护进行初步探讨。 2。国内外的研究状况 在我国,网络上的虚拟财产并没有得到有效的保护,尽管我国《宪法》和《民法通则》中对公民的合法收入、储蓄、房屋和其他合法财产予以认可,明确规定了公民合法的私有财产不受侵犯,20xx年出台的《关于维护互联网安全的决定》也规定了“利用互联网犯罪,追究刑事责任;侵犯他人合法权益,依法承担民事责任。”但是时至今日并没有哪部法律条文对虚拟财产作出明确规定。导致以电磁记录方式存储的数据的丢失导致的纠纷无法界定责任人,虚拟财产的被盗,若欲以刑法来救济,要面临虚拟财产的合法性等1系列问题产生。 而韩国以及我国台湾、香港地区立法和司法均已明确承认虚拟财产的价值并加以刑法保护,对于侵犯虚拟财产的犯罪案件,已出现诸多涉及徒刑的刑事判例,立法上也新增诸多罪名。韩国规定,网络游戏中的虚拟角色和虚拟物品独立于服务商而具有财产价值,网络财物的性质与银行账号中的钱财并无本质的区别。我国台湾有关部门也作出规定,确定网络游戏中的虚拟财物和账户都属存在于服务器的“电磁记录”,在诈骗罪及盗窃罪中均可看作“动产”,被视为私人财产的1部分。 3.发展趋势: 在立法和司法上承认网络虚拟财产已经成为1种趋势,主要体现在:最高人民法院出具司法解释,将虚拟财产纳入刑法保护的范畴,对侵犯虚拟财产的行为引用传统侵犯财产犯罪的条款加以惩治,维护虚拟财产的拥有人应有权益的保护,是适应时代发展进步势不可挡的趋势。对于虚拟财产纠纷发生后,为

论文标准格式(讲解时用) - 副本

华中师范大学武汉传媒学院毕业论文(设计) X X X X X X X (一号黑体字) 院系:XX系(三号黑体字,下同) 专业:艺术设计(环境艺术设计方向) 班级:0707班 姓名:X X X 学号:2006XXXXXXX 指导教师:X X X 20XX年X月X日

X X X X X X X (一号黑体字) Dissolution of labor contract (一号Times New Roman 字体)

摘要(三号黑体字居中排写) (空一行) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX……………………(小四号宋体字) (空一行) 关键词(顶格四号黑体字):XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX(用小四号宋体书写词条,各词条间用一个汉字空格隔开) 要求:摘要是对毕业论文(设计)内容的简短陈述,要求扼要说明研究工作的目的、主要材料和方法、研究结果、结论、科学意义或应用价值等,(参考开题报告)是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文。中文摘要一般为200-300 字,中、外文摘要内容一致。

Abstract (Times New Roman字体,小二号加粗,居中) (空一行) The dissolution of labour contract by employer………………………………(小四号Times New Roman字体) Key words(顶格四号Times New Roman字体,加粗):labor contract dissolute by employer dissolute right away(用小四号Times New Roman书写词条,各词条间用两个英文空格隔开,其它格式同中文摘要)

论文初稿要求

关于论文要求简要说明 毕业论文应包括以下内容: 1、题目(要求简洁、确切、鲜明,字数不宜超过20 个字) 2、摘要(扼要叙述本设计的主要内容、特点,文字要精练。中文摘要约300 汉字; 英文摘要约250 个实词。) 3、关键词(从标题或正文中挑选3 ~5 个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词,同时 有中、英文对照) 4、目录(列出目录,标明页码。) 5、正文:包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。 (1)前言(引言):是论文的开头部分,主要说明论文撰写的目的、国内外研究现状及现实意义、对所研究问题的认识,并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要,篇幅不要太长。 (2)本论:是毕业论文的主体,包括研究内容与方法、结果与分析(讨论)等。在本部分要运用相应的研究方法,分析问题、论证观点,尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。(3)结论:是毕业论文的收尾部分,结束语。概括说明论文的结果和价值,分析其性能指标,指出其优点和特色,并说明其中存在的问题和今后改进的方向。 其基本的要点就是总结全文、加深题意,突出研究的新进展或主要结论性成果。 6、谢辞:简述自己通过设计的体会,并对指导教师和协助完成设计的有关人员表示谢意。 7、参考文献:在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中所参考的专著、论文及其他资料,所列参考文献应按论文参考或引证的先后顺序排列。 参考文献格式 书籍专著:[序号]编著者,译者,书名[M](文集用[C]),版本,出版地,出版者,出版年,页码 期刊论文:[序号]作者,篇名[J],刊名,出版年,卷号(期号),页码 学位论文:[序号]作者,篇名,**单位博(硕)论文,年。 8、论文A4纸:字体要求 (1)毕业设计(论文)第一层(章)中文题目和题序用小三号黑体字 (2)第二层次(节)的题序和标题用四号黑体字 (3)第三层次(条)的题序和标题用小四号黑体字 (4)正文用宋体小四号(英文用Times New Roman 体12号);采用单倍行距,标准字符间距。(5)页码一律用小5号标明; (6)图纸尺寸按国家标准、布局合理(不允许有抄袭或网络下载痕迹) (7)注释用页末注,即把注文放在加注处一页的下端 (8)公式、图表就按顺序编号并与正文对应 总字数0.3-0.6万字。

论文初稿的十二个程序

论文初稿的十二个程序 你需要准备好完成初稿所须的详细资料,如果没有,你可以为每一节预备 好一系列的不同要点的主标题,副标题和段落。有人推荐你从介绍并按顺序写起,以确保流畅,另一些人建议你从最简单的材料与方法开始写起,然后是讨论、结论、介绍和文献部分以及标题,把摘要放在最后。无论如何,头等要事 是动手开始写作,而不是空谈。 1. 准备好所有资料。保证你已经将写作所需要的资料准备齐全,比如数据、文献、图表和图片等。 2. 选择期刊。决定你计划投稿的期刊,并按期刊的要求写作。写作要求可以参考所选择期刊近期的出版物。 3. 开始写作。写作初稿时,只须写下来,只要保证抓住了文章的要点和主题,语句不全或是语法错误无关紧要。在你思想活跃时写作,而不要选择在疲 劳时。试着找一个你能专心思考和写作的时间和地点。 4. 快速的写作。初写时,不要担心语句,拼写或者标点,有想法就写下来,保持这样的节奏。疑点放在最后。试着快速和顺畅地写作。用缩写词并为不能 马上想起的句子留下空白。 5. 用自己的声音写作。表达你自己的想法有助于清晰地写作,这样也可以帮助读者更容易理解你的思想。 6. 不要修改。不要想着初稿就能搞定一切,不要修改你写的内容,否则你会走弯路和浪费时间,如果你想边修改边写作,那你一个也做不好。 7. 不断构思你的提纲。用标题来说明你想说明的内容。如果离题,停下来从下一个主题写起。 8. 分段写作。不要试着一次完成写作,而要把每一部分写成小的评论。看你的资料,想清楚特定章节的.目标和你想要完成和表达的东西。 9. 将初稿放在一边。将初稿置于脑后,这是为了让你保持清醒,一个人很难去校正和修改自己的作品,一天或者更多的停顿可以帮助你更正自己。 10. 修改。不断地修改文章直到你认为已经无法提高。不要以本文作者而 是以公正和苛刻的批评者的立场去审视你的文章。每一个句子是否通顺?长句子是否能够说明主题?长句子是否表意清楚,或者可以将它们分成短句?这都是需 要自我检查的问题。 11. 清楚和精练。以简洁为标准来修改句子和段落。最大程度地保证可读性,大多数的句子最好在15-20个单词之间。对于科学来说,每段150个单词 是最合适的。避免无用的句子。

企业存货管理论文初稿doc

企业存货管理论文初稿 篇一:存货管理开题报告 一、选题的目的、意义和国内外研究现状 1.选题的目的 存货是企业在日常活动中持有以备出售的产成品或商品,处在生产过程中的产品、在生产过程或提供劳务过程中耗用的材料和物料等。[1] 存货管理指存货的信息管理和在此基础上的决策分析,进行有效控制,最终达到提高企业经济效益,增强企业综合实力和竞争力,以最低的成本提供维持生产经营活动所需的存货的目的。 2.选题的意义 加强存货管理,可以避免存货过多造成资金积压,以及缺货所带来的威胁。企业置留存货的原因一方面是为了保证生产或销售的经营需要,另一方面是出自价格的考虑,零购物资的价格往往较高,而整批购买在价格上有优惠。但是,过多地存货要占用较多资金,并且会增加包括仓储费、保险费、维护费、管理人员工资在内的各项开支,因此,进行存货管理目标就是尽力在各种成本与存货效益之间做出权衡,达到两者的最佳结合,这就是存货管理的目标。存货作为

一项重要的流动资产,它的存在势必占用大量的流动资金。一般情况下,存货占工业企业总资产的30%左右,商业流通企业的则更高,其管理利用情况如何,直接关系到企业的资金占用水平以及资产运作效率。因此,一个企业若要保持较高的盈利能力,应当十分重视存货的管理。在不同的存货管理水平下,企业的平均资金占用水平差别是很大的。通过实施正确的存货管理方法,来降低企业的平均资金占用水平,提高存货的流转速度和总资产周转率,才能最终提高企业的经济效益。 3.国内外研究现状 3.1我国企业存货管理的现状 目前我国大多数企业对存货的管理不够重视,还是将主要精力投入到提高销售和扩大规模上,因此存货管理的各个方面都存在着许多问题,存货的收入、发出、核算等都不健全,管理机制也比较薄弱,而且不少企业还将存货作为调节利润、偷逃国家税费基金的调节器。 3.1.1由于消费的疲软,美国库存在第二季度加速调整,“补库存”并不代表其企业的整体情况。 3.1.2从零售额、OECD领先指标以及分项数据综合分析,未来一年内,库存的下降速度都会逐渐放缓并进而有所增加,

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广东工业大学华立学院本科生毕业设计(论文)教师拟题审批表适用系部:经济学部适用专业:经济学适用年级:_2008级_

选题。

广东工业大学华立学院本科生毕业设计(论文)学生选题审批表 系部:经济学部专业班级: 08经济学7 班姓名:张三学号: 16020705020 注:1.本表由学生填写;2.在毕业设计开始1周前完成; 专业负责人签章:年月日

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论文初稿

摘要 商品仓库管理系统的开发是将出库、入库、盘点等一系列复杂容易出错的工作信息化。从根本上简化了原来的人工操作,这是一个使用Microsoft Visual c++ 6.0开发工具和sql server 2005数据库实现的一个C/S模式的系统。 该系统实现对商品的添加、删除、修改、查找,对商品的入库、出库、清单、核对、库存盘点等功能。描述了出库、入库、商品几个模块之间的联系和实施过程中得技术和设计要点。 关键字:商品仓库;VC/MFC;sql server 2005数据库;C/S

Abstract Goods storage management system development is will the outbound, inventory, inventory and a series of complex information of easy to make a mistake. Fundamentally simplified the original artificial operation, which is a used Microsoft Visual c++ 6.0 development tools and SQL server 2005 database, and implements a C/S mode of the system. The system of product add, delete, modify, search, the storage of goods, outbound and list, check, stock, and other functions. Describes the outbound and inbound, commodity several modules of the relationship between the technology and implementation to and key points of the design. Keyword:Goods storage management VC/MFC sql server 2005 C/S

论文初稿范文

浙江大学远程教育学院 大专生毕业作业 题目浅谈网络营销的策略 专业工商管理 学习中心石家庄学习中心 姓名梅常彬学号710101028005指导教师李燕桥 2012年9月28日

目录 一、网络营销概述 (1) (一)网络营销的概念 (1) (二)网络营销的背景 (1) (三)网络营销的特点 (1) (四)网络营销与传统营销的区别 (2) 二、常见的几种网络营销策略 (3) (一)网络营销的分类 (3) (二)分析网络营销策略的优缺点 (3) 三、现阶段我国网络营销存在的问题分析 (5) (一)我国网络营销的现状 (5) (二)网络营销忽略的细节问题 (5) 四、从我国国情分析,网络营销的迫切性和必然性 (5) (一)网络营销的迫切性 (5) (二)网络营销的必然性 (5) 五、我国网络营销的发展对策 (6) (一)大力发展搜索与电子商务的结合 (6) (二)加强网站建设 (6) (三)建立完善的网络法律法规及监督措施 (6) 六、结论 (6) 七、参考文献 (6)

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