毕业设计（论文）外文参考
资料及译文
设计（论文）题目：影响国际间企业网络营销成功的因素
学生姓名：秦冬学号：0822110325 专业：市场营销
所在学院：商学院
指导教师：谷虤
职称：讲师
2013年12月27日
Factors affecting the success of business-to-business international Internet marketing(B-to-B IIm): an empirical study of UH companies节选
Riyad Eid awd
Wolverhampton Yniversity
Senior Lecturer in the Marketing Department
Myfawvy Truewaw
Bradford Yniversity
School of Management, Bradford, YK.
ABSTRACT
Business-to-business international Internet marketing is one of the key drivers in sustaining an organisation's competitive advantage. The challenge for organisations today is to understand the factors that play a critical role in utilising Internet capabilities and their implications on business strategic objectives to enable them to compete successfully in the electronic age. Proposes 33 critical factors classified into five categories and validated empirically through a sample of 123 YK companies. Discusses the significance, importance and implications for each category and makes recommendations.
KEYWOR: Internet marketing, Business-to-business marketing, Critical success factors
INTRODUCTION
In recent years business-to-business international Internet marketing (B-to-B IIM) has received widespread attention. Avlonitis and Karayanni (SOOO), Duffy and Dale (SOOS), Hamill and Cregory (l99P), Hoffman es al. (l999), Lorter (SOOl) and Quelch and Klien (l996) conducted in-depth studies to understand those factors that are needed to enhance B-to-B IIM implementation. They conclude that organisations need to understand how to identify the critical factors that affect the implementation
process and address them effectively to ensure that the promised benefits can be realised and failures can be avoided.
However, research in business-to-business Internet marketing is still in its infancy. Most research on Internet marketing has been either descriptive or theoretical/speculative. There is a lack of solid research models to guide future research in this area. There have been a number of attempts to identify the CSFs for B-to-B international Internet marketing (Archer and Yuan, SOOO; Avlonitis and Karayanni, SOOO; Berthon es al., l996a; Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Duffy and Dale, SOOS; Furnell and Karweni, l999; Honeycutt es al., l998; Lord, SOOl; Lynn es al., SOOS; Soh es al., l99P); however, few of them can provide strong theoretical or statistical support for the existence of these CSFs. This may be because of the exploratory nature of these studies. As such they deal more with the potential than the reality of the Internet's impact. Hence, full- scale research conducted in a highly scientific manner must be undertaKen.
To fill this gap various articles, empirical research, and secondary case studies on B-to-B, Internet, International marketing, and information technology were studied. The findings of these studies identified Sl factors that have a direct impact on successful implementation of the B-to-B IIM. These factors were classified into five categories:
(1) marketing strategy;
(2) Web site;
(3) global dimension;
(4) internal related factors; and
(5) external related factors.
Definitions, techniques and discussion on these factors are described in the following sections. Further discussion on each category is also underpinned.
1.PROPOSED FACTORS
A number of studies were carried out to identify those factors most critical to
B-to-B IIM success. Avlonitis and Karayanni (SOOO) noted that sales force has
a central role to play in the Internet marketing strategies implementation if the appropriate training is provided. However top management team's support is one of the Keys to integrate the Internet effectively with the strategic marketing plan. Bremer (l996) agreed that correct planning for training sessions, management support and staff awareness programmes are important to B-to-B IIM implementation.
Chan and Swatman (SOOO) pointed out other factors such as supplier and customer involvement, culture and the use of both the traditional and online marketing. Cronin (l996a) added the security factor to the marketing strategy and culture. Damanpour (SOOl) showed the importance of meeting client demand as necessary to fulfil obligations in Internet-based marketing. Being flexible when collaborating with the trading community, identifying potential valuable partners, thinking globally and doing business in the Internet time (speed) are critical factors for the successful implementation of B-to-B IIM.
Duggan and Deveney (SOOO) indicated that the integration between off and on-line marketing efforts, as well as, customer acceptance and the language used were also critical success factors. Furnell and Karweni (l999) agreed that the development of successful inter-organisational relationships is another critical factor, which is based primarily on the quality and quantity of information exchanged over the Internet. Cogan (l99P) cited that selecting the appropriate technologies infrastructure is a Key factor for Internet marketing. Hamill and Cregory (l99P) suggested that well designed Web sites provide an organisation with a leading edge in the global market. Herbig and Hale (l99P) emphasise that customer needs must be identified.
Loon and Jevons (l99P), Hoffman es al. (l999) and Zairi (SOOla, b) all agreed that trust and confidence between vendor and potential customer is another critical factor. E-commerce is not a technology play! It is a relationship; partnership, organisational and communications play made possible by new technology.
2.RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHSES
The model tested in this research examines how different CSFs affect B-to-B IIM success. Figure S depicts the research modeland illustrates the propositions tested in this study.
First, many researchers and practitioners have increasingly considered factors related to marketing strategy as a vital component of successful B-to-B IIM. These include, top management support, setting the strategic goals, integrating Internet marketing with marketing strategy, collaboration (strategic partners), and deciding the potential audience are the most important factors related to marketing strategy for successful B-to-B IIM implementation (Avlonitis and Karayanni, SOOO; Chaffey es al., SOOO; Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Cronin, l996b; Damanpour, SOOl; Duggan and Deveney, SOOO; Curau es al., SOOl; HofacKer, SOOl; Honeycutt es al., l998; Lynn es al., SOOS; Naude and Holland, l996; Lerry and BodKin, SOOS; Lorter, SOOl; Quelch and Klein, l996; Wilson and Abel, SOOS). To see the role of the marketing strategy related factors in B-to-B IIM success the following hypothesis is proposed:
H1. Marketing strategy related factors affect the success of B-to-B international Internet marketing.
Second, many researchers have considered the Web site as a crucial component of any B-to-B IIM efforts. These include, well-designed site and effective marketing of the site are the most important factors that contribute to success of B-to-B IIM efforts (Anderson, l996; Hamill and Cregory, l99P; Herbig and Hale, l99P; HofacKer, SOOl; Kotab and Helsen, SOOO; Lynn es al., SOOS; Quelch and Klien, l996; Samiee, l998). Accordingly, the following hypotheses are proposed: H2. Web site related factors affect the success of B-to-B international Inter net marketing.
Third, many authors have considered global dimension related factors as a vital component of successful B-to-B IIM efforts. These factors include in-depth understanding of foreign marketing environment, resources required to work
globally, multilanguage Web site to successfully reach target customers, culture consideration, and availability of delivery channel such as international shipping (intermediaries-shipping information-charges) (Chaffey es al., SOOO; Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Duggan and Deveney, SOOO; Cogan, l99P; Hamill and Cregory, l99P; Herbig and Hale, l99P; HofacKer, SOOl; Kotab and Helsen, SOOO; Quelch and Klien, l996; Samiee, l998; White, l99P). Thus, the followin g hypothesis is proposed:
H3. Clobal dimension related factors affect the success of B-to-B international Internet marketing.
Fourth, many researchers and practitioners have increasingly considered factors related to internal environment as a critical component of successful B-to-B IIM efforts. These factors include technological infrastructure, appropriate internal culture, effective relationship between the marketing and IS/MIS department and a well trained sales force that all contribute to the success of B-to-B IIM efforts (Avlonitis and Karayanni, SOOO; Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Duggan and Deveney, SOOO; Cogan, l99P; Lynn es al., SOOS; Quelch and Klein, l996; Samiee, l998) Accordingly, the following hypotheses are proposed: H4. External factors affect the success of B-to-B international Internet marketing.
Finally, many researchers and practitioners have increasingly considered factors related to external environment as another Key component of successful Internet marketing implementation. These factors include, trust, security, successful relationship, easy and affordable access to the Internet, and customer acceptance and all contribute to successful B-to-B IIM practice (Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Duggan and Deveney, SOOO; Furnell and Karweni, l999; Loon and Jevons, l99P; Quelch and Klien, l996; Ratnasingham, l998; Urban es al., SOOO; Wilson and Abel, SOOS; Zairi, SOOla, b) therefore the following hypothesis is offered.
Research methodology
Popu1atiom and samp1e
This research has used three basic characteristics that must be presented in each company if it is to be selected in the research sample:
(l) the company should be business-to-business;
(2) use the Internet for marketing purposes;
(3) work globally to sell its products on the international market via agent, distributor, or subsidiary.
The aim was to select a population of UK business-to-business international companies that use the Internet for their marketing activities. Unfortunately, there is no database that contains such companies. In addition, there are no reliable methods that can be used to distinguish between international and local companies. To determine companies that meet these criteria, a list of
business-to-business
Web addresses was obtained from Yahoo directory, which listed the majority of the business-to-business Web addresses available at that time of study, totaling l,S3Oaddresses. It is the Web's most popular search engine (Search Engine Watch)[l]. It is the oldest major Web site directory, having launched in late l994. However, although many authors have used it to determine the study population (Avlonitis and Karayanni, SOOO; Bennet,l99P; Shama, SOOl), this study did not accept it as it is for many reasons that can be discussed below:
?some sites classified as business-to-business are actually
business-to-customer;
?some companies that are supposed to be UK companies are only based in the USA;
?many companies appear more than once under different titles within business-to- business;
?some companies have many links on the directory and therefore are counted more than once.
Consequently, without careful modifications the Yahoo directory may lead to defected results and destroy the random base for a research sample.
Imp1ememtatiom of companies scammimg Consequently, a companies scanning exercise was used in identifying and collecting various companies that appeared in the Yahoo directory over a specific period of time (l December SOOl-3l January SOOS). The actual procedures involved are discussed in the following section.
Popu1atiom imdustries
This study planned to obtain responses from different industries so that generalisation of the findings could be established. Consequently, the population comprises the companies addressed in the Yahoo directory in six specific industries:
(l) aerospace;
(2) agriculture;
(3) textile;
(4) chemicals;
(5) computers; and
(6) industrial supplies.
Finally, S?O qu estionnaires were mailed to the selected organizations. Of the S?O companies, a total of l6l questionnaires were returned. This included nine returned not completed with a label stating ‘‘Cone away – please remove from mail list''. A further S4 were returned with a covering letter explaining why they had not completed the questionnaire. Most of the responses indicated that it was not company policy to participate in surveys or lack of time due to work pressures. Therefore, the number of returned completed questionnaires was lS8
(including five unusable questionnaires, usable questionnaires = lS3). A summary of the responses' distribution and rate is:
?total number of questionnaires distributed(S?O);
?number of completed and returned questionnaires (lS8);
?unreachable companies (nine);
?declined participation (S4); and
?response rate (?8.98 per cent).
The response rate was calculated using the method proposed by De Vaus (l99l, p.
99) and was ?8.98 per cent. This high ?8.?S per cent response rate may be explained by several factors:
?First, the questionnaire was designed in such a way that means it takes only SO minutes to be completed.
?Second, attempts were made to contact each organisation up to five times viae-mails and phone calls before the firm was dropped from the sample. ?Third, most companies studied were likely to perceive their participation in the study as further evidence of their success regarding using the Internet for marketing purposes.
Measurement deve1opmemt
In order to develop and validate the instrument, several steps were taken:
(l) development of the measure from the literature;
(2) initial pre-test;
(3) pilot test of the measure.
In this regard, the questionnaire was reviewed first by six academic researchers experienced in questionnaire design. They were asked to provide feedback on the overall design, particularly the measurement scales.
Analysis and results
This section presents the statistics and analytic results of the study.
Descriptive stati stics Detailed descriptive statistics relating to the responding organizations and respondents are shown in Table I.
Construct va1idity and re1iabi1ity Discrimination validity was assessed using factor analysis. The 33 items (variables) measuring the five CSF s in the research model were subjected to principal component factor analysis. Eigen values and screen plot were used to determine the number of factors to be extracted. Moreover, in order to ensure the use of factor analysis, the Better test of sphericity (BTS) and
Kaiser-Meyer-Olin (KMO) test of appropriateness were carried out accordingly (see Table II). The results (the BTS ranged from 3P3.O?? to 8S?.P68 and the level of significance at p = O.OOO) indicated that the data is appropriate for the purpose of factor anal ysi s.
A varimax rotation was also performed. All items loaded on to the expected factors as they were originally designed. Only one item of Web site related factors, real time on-line interactive elements, has a factor loading less than the accepted level, so we decided to ignore it in our further analysis. The reliability of all constructs was assessed by the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient and exceeded Nunnally's standards for research (Nunnally, l9P8) (see Table III).
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影响国际间企业网络营销成功的因素（节选）
摘要
国际间企业与企业的电子商务成为企业保持竞争优势的关键因素之一。目前企业所面临的挑战就是在电子商务时代，企业要明白要把互联网的性能，意义，以及一些关键的因素用在商业客观的战略上，是企业在竞争中立于不败之地。本文将提出来的33个关键的因素分为五大类别，并通过123家企业进行了实际的验证。讨论了每一类别的价值，重要性和含义，并提出了一些建议。
关键词：电子商务;B2B营销策略；影响因素；
1.引言
近年，国际间的电子商务得到了广泛的关注。Avlonitis and Karayanni (SOOO), Duffy and Dale (SOOS), Hamill and Cregory (l99P), Hoffman es al. (l999), Lorter (SOOl) and Quelch and Klien (l996) 进行了深入的研究，目的是去了解这些关键因素提高了国际间电子商务的可行性。其中包括企业必须去了解如何辨别影响实施进程的关键因素，并促使其有效的实施，这样才能确保承诺的利益的实现，避免失败。
但是，关于国际间电子商务的研究目前还处于初期阶段。大多数关于电子商务的研究都是描述性的或是理论性的。在这一领域缺乏实体研究模型去引导未来的研究方向。现在也有一部分人进行一些尝试去识别CSF对国际间电子商务的作用，但是，他们中很少有人可以提供强有力的理论或是统计数据去说明CSF的存在性。这可能是研究项目的本质所决定的。在英特网的影响方面，他们处理的潜在因素要比现实性因素要多的多。因此，在科学基础上的调查行为必须要开展。
为了满足形形色色的课题，实证研究和作为第二课题的B2B，网络，网络营销和信息技术，这些都是要学习的。研究表明，这些因素对企业在B2B上的成功起着直接的影响。这些因素可以分为五大类：
（1）营销战略
（2）网站
（3）全球层面
（4）内部相关因素
(5) 外部相关因素
对于这些因素的定义，技术和讨论会在下面部分涉及到。对于每一分类的深层次研究也是最基础的。
2.提出的影响因素
大量的实验被用来鉴定这些企业对企业国际网络营销成功的因素。Avlonitis 和Karayanni指出如果提供恰当的训练那么销售人员在网络营销策略的实施中会起到很重要的作用。然而通过市场营销战略计划高层管理团队的支持是能够有效地整合互联网的关键点之一。Bremer认同正确的计划来实施培训班，管理支持和工作人员认识方案对于企业对企业国际网络营销的执行都是很重要的。
Chan 和Swatman指出例如供应商和顾客的参与，文化和传统及网络营销等等一些其他的因素，Cronin 还提出了营销战略和文化的安全因素。
Damanpour表明了满足客户需求的重要性正如在以互联网为基础的市场中要遵守条规的重要性灵活的与交易团队合作，确定潜在的有价值的合作伙伴，全球战略和迅捷的交易速度都是对于企业对企业国际网络营销的执行成功很重要的影响因素。
Duggan 和Deveney表明整合市场和网络营销的努力，客户验收以及语言应用都是影响成功的因素。Furnell and Karweni赞同成功的国际组织间关系的发展是另外一个重要因素，其主要建立在通过网络的信息质量和数量的基础上。Cogan 引证选择正确的技术基础设施是国际网络营销的关键因素。Hamill 和Cregory建议设计优秀的网址可以提供一个在全球市场中领先优势的组织。
Herbig 和Hale重点强调了顾客的需求必须要弄清楚。
Loon ，Jevons , Hoffman es al.和Zairi 全部都赞同供应商和潜在客户之间的信任和信心是另外一个重要因素，电子商务不是一个技术游戏，它是人际关系。合作关系，组织，交流都通过新技术而可能成功现实。
3.研究模型和假设
这次研究中测试的模型检验了不同的CSFs 是怎样影响企业对企业国际网络营销的成功。数据s描绘了研究模型解释了此次试验中测试的命题。
首先，许多研究人员和从业人员都更加认为与营销策略有关的因素是企业对企业国际网络营销成功的重要构成因素。这些因素包括高层管理管理团队的支持，设置战略目标，用营销策略来整合网络营销，合作，和确定潜在客户，这些都是和营销策略有关的成功的企业对企业国际网络营销建设的重要因素。
假设1.与市场营销策略有关的因素影响企业对企业国际网络营销的成功
第二，许多研究者都认为网址是任何企业对企业国际网络营销努力的重要组成部分，这些包括良好的网址设计和该网址有效的营销，这些都是企业对企业国际网络营销建设成功的重要因素。
假设3.影响企业对企业国际网络营销成功的全局方寸
第四，许多研究人员和从业人员更加认同与内部环境有关的因素企业对企业国际网络营销成功的重要构成因素。这些因素包括技术基础设施，适当的内部文化，有效的营销与信息部门之间的关系以及受到良好训练的销售人员，这些都对企业对企业国际网络营销成功有着很大的作用。根据这些，可以提出接下来的假设。
假设4.影响企业对企业国际网络营销成功的外部因素
最后，许多研究员和从业人员都增信许多和外部有关的因素是成功的市场营销实施的另一个重要组成。这些因素包括信任，保障，成功的人际关系，容易和经济实惠的网络途径，消费者的欢迎程度，这些对企业对企业国际网络营销的成功都有贡献。
研究方法论
总体和样本
这次试验运用了每个被此次试验选中的公司所需呈现的三个基本特点
（1）公司应企业对企业
（2）利用网络达到市场营销目的
（3）通过代理，经销商和子公司在国际市场出售商品
目的是选择一个英国本土企业对企业的国际公司运用网络进行市场营销活动。不幸的是，没有数据库里有这样的公司，此外没有可靠的方法可以区分国际和当地公司。为了选出符合这些准则的公司，一系列企业对企业的在雅虎目录上的网站地址，在研究期间该目录展示了主要的企业对企业网址，一共1230个。它是最热门的搜索引擎，也是最久远的大型网址目录，在1994年登陆。然而，虽然很多学者用它来选出研究总体。本次试验却因为许多原因没有选择它，接下来我们将陈列这些理由。
（1）有的网站定义的企业对企业实际上是企业对消费者
（2）有的被认为是英国的公司实际上在美国
（3）在企业与企业的搜索条列里许多企业因为用了不同的标题而显示出来不止一次
（4）有的公司有许多链接所以也被点了不止一次
因此，如果没有经过细心的修改，运用雅虎目录可能会导致失败的结果和因为一个样本而毁坏随机基地。
实现公司扫描
因此，公司扫描运动被用来分辨和收集大量在特殊时间短里出现在雅虎目录里的公司。实际运行程序在下个章节里讨论。
企业总体
此次研究计划包含不同企业的结果，这样大体的结论可以建立。因此总体包括在雅虎目录里有六个特征的企业
（1）航空航天
（2）农业
（3）纺织品
（4）化学品
（5）计算机
（6）工业用品
最后，问卷被邮给被选中的公司组织。一共有161份问卷回送过来。这些包括9份没填的贴着：走开，请删除邮件列表的标签。还有24封附带说明书的解释为什么没有填全。大多数的恢复都表明因为工作压力，这并不是公司政策去参
加研究或时间不足。因此，完成问卷的是128份（包括五份没用的问卷，有用的为123份）。回复的分布和反应律的总结是
问卷调查的总人数（128）
无法接触的公司（9）
拒绝参与的（24）
回复率的计算是通过De Vaus 提出的方法，为18.98%，这份高回复率可以用几个因素来解释
首先问卷是设计成只需20分钟就可完成的形式
第二,尝试在该样本公司被抛弃前通过电子邮件和电话联系每个组织达到5次
第三，大多数公司是为了有更多的市场营销的成功机会
发展方法
为了发展和验证，需要采取一些步骤
1.从文化中发展
2.最初的试探
3.试点测试的措施
在这方面，在问卷设计时问卷首先经过6位学术研究者之手。他们被要求提供关于整个问卷设计的反馈，尤其是提问尺度的掌握。在改进问卷设计时有考虑到他们的反馈。
分析及结果
这个部分主要展现这次试验的数据和分析结果
在表格1中会展示受访者和回应的组织相关的详细描述性统计
通过运用影响因素来正确稳定的构建和判别。这次研究模型中用来测量5项CSF的33个项目是主要分析构成因素。特征值被用来决定要提取的影响因素的数量。而且，为了要确保影响因素的分析运用，相应的BTS和KMO 测试用来恰当的测试。结果和水平的意义都暗示这些数据对于影响因素的研究目的都是合适精准的。
根据统计学，这就意味着在这些变量中存在着关系而且在分析中可以准确的被概括出来。就像在抽样充足中展现的结果一样，反应了高抽样充足。五个
影响因素中的33个项目正如建议的运用标准的一个特征值。
方差轮换进行。所有的物品的预期因素作为他们最初的设计。只有一个网址有关的因素，实时在线互动元素，比接受水平低。所以我们决定在我们进一步的分析中忽略他。
英文 小四号字，单倍行距，首行缩进2个字符，不能定义文档网格。约3千英文单词。 MCU Description SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL's Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways. 一、SCM history SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages. SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed. MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control.It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore,the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History. 二、Embedded Systems Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SoC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications. 三、MCU applications SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and
Household Register Under Supervision of The Ministry of Public Security of P.R.C. Points for Attention 1. The Household Register has a legal force to identify the status of a citizen and the relationship of family members. It is a main basis for the household registration office to make residence investigation and check. When the household registration office makes residence investigation and check, the householder or anyone of the family members shall bring forth on his/her own initiative the Household Register. 2. The Household Register shall be under proper keep of the householder. No alter, transfer and lease is allowed. The loss of the Household Register must be reported to the household registration office promptly. 3. Only the household registration office has the power to make registration on the Household Register. No any other units and individuals are allowed to make any records on it. 4. Any increase or decrease of family members in the household or any alteration of the registration items shall be registered on the Household Register by reporting to the household registration office. 5. If the whole family has moved out of the jurisdictional area of the residence, the Household Register shall be submitted to the household registration office for cancellation.
哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文） 英文原文（原文也可以直接将PDF版打印） ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量？ 本文：2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年，信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中，首先他们未能发现问题，导致安然和世通破产；其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑，但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍，然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起（错综复杂）的来源：1）和信贷质量相关的信息；2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据，我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式，在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1
英语四级满分作文附翻译欣赏 英语作文作为英语四级考试的一个重要题型，想要提高英语作文写作能力，那就要多学习优秀范文的写作技巧。下面为大家带来英语四级满分作文，希望对大家有所帮助。 Internet does exert such a profound effect on our life that it revolutionizes the way of people’s living and thinking. As is subtly revealed in the portrayal，there are two parents sitting in the front of computer，who are chatting with their child on the internet. What a meaningful picture! 互联网也产生了深刻影响我们的生活，它变革了人们的生活方式和思维方式。正如在描绘中所揭示的那样，在电脑前有2个父母坐在电脑前，他们在网上和孩子聊天。一幅有意义的画! From my perspective, the electronic contact cannot replace face to face communication owing to the following factors. To begin with, over-reliance on electronic contact will damage the interpersonal relationship, for the cold machine never replaces a warm-hearted greeting face to face. For example, the aged parents would like their only son who works far away home to come back home more often rather than to talk with him on the internet occasionally.
?During the meeting,hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him 他一开始说话，就被听众打断了 ?surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had no choices but to surrender on the spot (没有选择，只能投降) 若是everything 等则不加 to ?The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son's having been admi tted to the university(她的儿子被大学入取了) ?The lecture was so boring that the students couldn't help yawning(学生忍不住打起哈欠) ?I‘ll be very grateful if you could be kind enough to give me a ride to school (好心载我一程去学校) ?(除非你和保险公司签订了货物保险合同)Unless you sign a contract with the insu rance company for your goods, you are not entitled to a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery. ?It is reported that local health organization was established 25 years ago(据说当地的卫生组织25年前就成立了)when Dr.Mark became its first president. ?Mrs.Smith shut the window lest 以免 the noise outside (should) interfere with h er son's sleep(外面的噪声会影响她儿子睡觉)虚拟语气 ?The new mayor was charged with failure to fulfill his promise to decrease the inflation rate(未能履行他降低通货膨胀率的承诺) ?When confronted with such question, my mind goes blank(每当我遇到这类问题，我脑袋一篇空白)，and I can hardly remember my won date of birth. ?The customer complained that no sooner had he started the computer than it sto pped working(他刚启动计算机，它就不运转了) ?What upset me was not what he said but the way he said it.(不是他说的话，二十他说话的方式) ?This piece of writing is more like a news report than a short story.(与其说是短篇小说，还不如说是新闻报道) ?The court ruling deprive him of his political right.(剥夺他的政治权力) ?Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, while animal behavior depen ds mostly on instinct.(然而动物的行为主要依靠本能)。
最新高考英语的作文范文赏析，附翻译 微笑的力量The Power of Smile As time goes by, people are being busier and busier with working. In this circumstance, people forget our most excellent skill--smile. There are a great many kinds of power of smile. First of all, common touch can be showed by a kind smile. Imagine that you go to a company to attend an audition. With a confident smile, you are more likely to answer the question better. Furthermore, smile can eliminate angry. As a philosopher said, smile before you begin to get angry. The last but not the least, it reflects calm of a person when he is in danger or in trouble. The beneficial aspects cannot be stated completely in this passage. But you can understand its power when you smile. 随着时间的推移，人们在工作上越来越忙。在这种情况下，人们忘记了我们最优秀的技能——微笑。
（英语）高考英语翻译易错剖析含解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translation: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．究竟是什么激发小王学习电子工程的积极性？(motivate) 2．网上支付方便了客户，但是牺牲了他们的隐私。(at the cost of) 3．让我的父母非常满意的是，从这个公寓的餐厅可以俯视街对面的世纪公园，从起居室也可以。(so) 4．博物馆疏于管理，展品积灰，门厅冷落，急需改善。(whose) 【答案】 1．What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room. 或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．This museum is not well managed, whose exhibits are covered with dust, and there are few visitors, so everything is badly in need of improvement. 或The museum whose management is reckless, whose exhibits are piled with dust and whose lobby is deserted, requires immediate improvement. 【解析】 1．motivate sb to do sth 激发某人做某事，on earth究竟，major in 以…为专业，enthusiasm/ initiative热情/积极性，故翻译为What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．online payment网上支付，brings convenience to给…带来方便，at the cost of以…为代价，privacy隐私，故翻译为Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction令我父母满意的是，后者也那样so it is with。也可以用主语从句What makes my parents really satisfy 表语从句thatthey can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment。overlooks俯视，opposite the street街对面，living room 起居室。故翻译为To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room.或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．not well managed/ management is reckless疏于管理，be covered with dust/ be piled with dust被灰尘覆盖，few visitors游客稀少，be badly in need of improvement/ requires immediate improvement亟需改善。故翻译为his museum is not well managed, whose exhibits
ANNOUNCEMENTS 1.Household register has the legal validity that certifies the attorneyship of a citizen and the relationship of family members, and it is the main reference for the censor and checkup of domiciliary register which is undertaking by the household registration authority. When the functionary of household registration authority censor and verify the household register, the familia and members of this family shall take the initiative in presenting the household register. 2.The familia shall take the household register in safekeeping, the household register is prohibited to be alterred, transferred and leased. In case of that the household register is lost, the household registration authority should be informed. 3.The right for registering the household register shall be performed by the household registration authority, any other unit and individual shall not make any records on the booklet. 4.The member of this family shall go to the household registration authority for transacting the declaration and registration, applying bring with the booklet, in case of the increase and decrease of the members and the alteration of registration items. 5.In case of that the whole family moves out of the residency, the Household register shall be turned in and cancelled.
河北建筑工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译 系别：机械工程系 专业：机械电子工程 班级：机电（本）091 姓名：张少强 学号： 2009322110 外文出处：English in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。 指导教师评语： 签字： 年月日 金属热处理 普遍接受的金属和金属合金的热处理定义是“在某种程度上加热和冷却金属或金属合金，以获得特定的条件和属性。”加热的唯一目的是进行热加工，锻造操作是被排除在这个定义之外的。热处理有时候也用产品表示，同样玻璃和塑料也被排除在这个定义之外。 变换曲线 热处理的基础是在一个单一的图表上绘制的包含三个所有的等温转变曲线或TTT曲线。因为曲线的形状，他们有时候也称为c曲线或s曲线。 TTT曲线绘制，特定的钢在给定的条件下和预定的时间间隔内记录以检查的组织结构转换的
数量。众所周知共析钢（T80）在超过723℃形成的是奥氏体，在此温度下形成的是珠光体。为了形成珠光体碳原子应该分散形成渗碳体。扩散是一个过程需要足够的时间来完成奥氏体向珠光体的转变。我们可以注意到在不同的样本内在任何的温度下数量都在发生变化。这些点被绘制在以时间和温度为轴的坐标内。通过这些点共析钢的变换曲线如图1所示。曲线的左极端代表在任何给定的温度下奥氏体向珠光体的转变。同样的右极端代表完成所需要的时间。这两个曲线之间转换的点代表部分转换。水平线条s M和f M发代表开始和完成的马氏体转变。 热处理工艺的分类 在某些情况下，热处理在技术和使用程序上是分开的。而在其他情况下，,描述或简单的解释是不够的，因为相同的技术常常可以获得不同的目标。例如，应力消除和回火需要相同的设备和利用相同时间和温度循环。然而这是两个不同的过程。 图8.1 T80钢在等温间隔下的热处理图 以下对热处理的描述主要是根据他们之间的关系来安排的。正火指加热铁合金到高于它转变温度上的一个合适温度(通常是50°F到100°F或28℃到56℃)。接下来是在精致空气至少是在低于其转变温度范围下冷却。由此产生的结构和性能和通过完全退火是一样的。对大多数铁合金来说正火和退火是不一样的。 正火通常被用作调节处理，尤其是没有经过高温锻造或其他热加工的精炼粒钢。正火的成功通常由另一个热处理来完成如奥氏体化的淬火、退火或回火。 退火是一个通用术语，它表示一个热处理，包括加热和保持在一个合适的温度后以一个合适的冷却速度冷却。它主要用来软化金属材料，但它同时也会产生其他属性或期望的微观结构。
原文 巷 柯灵译者-张培基 巷，是城市建筑艺术中一篇飘逸恬静的散文，一幅古雅冲淡的图画①。这种巷，常在江南的小城市中，有如古代的少女，躲在僻静的深闺，轻易不肯抛头露面②。你要在这种城市里住久了,和它真正成了莫逆，你才有机会看见她③，接触到她优娴贞静的风度。 人耐心静静走去，要老半天才走完。它又这么曲折, 什么时候，你向巷中踅去，都如宁静的黄昏，可以清晰地听到自己的 斑斑驳驳的苔痕，墙上挂着一串串苍翠欲滴 的藤萝，简直像古朴的屏风。春来 小巷的动人处就是它无比的悠闲。无论是谁， 你的心情就会如巷尾不波的古井，那是一种和平的静穆，而不是阴森和肃杀⑩。它闹中取静，别有天地，仍是人间。它可能是一条现代的乌衣巷(11)，家家有自 己的一本哀乐帐， 使人忘忧。 译文 The Lane Ke Ling The lane, in terms of the art of urban architecture, is like a piece of prose of gentle gracefulness or a painting of classic elegance and simplicity①.
a small the lane, a maiden of ancient times hidden away in a secluded boudoir, is reluctant to make its appearance long time.③ The does not taste of the countryside at all. It is long and deep, so it will take you a long while to walk patiently and quietly through it from end to end. It is also so winding that it seems ⑤when you look far ahead, but if you keep walking until you take a turning, you’ll find it again lying endless and still more quiet. There is nothing but stillness there⑥. At any hour of day, you can even distinctly hear in the , which, moss-covered and hung with clusters of fresh green wisteria, look almost like screens of primitive simplicity. Inside the walls are residents’ gardens with In spring, beautiful peach and apricot blossoms atop the walls, ⑧waving their red sleeves, will sway hospitably to beckon the pedestrians. The charm of the lane lies in its absolute serenity. No matter who you are, if you in the lane for a while⑨, your mind will become as unruffled as the ancient well at the end of the lane. There you will a kind of peaceful calmness rather than gloomy sternness⑩. There reigns peace and quiet in the midst of noisy bustle. It is a world of its own on earth. It may be a modern (11)where each family, secluded behind closed doors, has its own covered-up story of （12）The all-pervading and all-purifying atmosphere of water-like placidness makes one forget all cares and worries.
【英语】高考英语翻译试题经典及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。（visit） 2．街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。（bring） 3．在你生命中，如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起，那么就去向他道歉吧。（apology）4．这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。（what） 5．申请材料需要精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面、准确地了解。（in order that） 【答案】 1．Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【解析】 【分析】 1．本句重点考察两个知识点。一个是乐趣之一，说明此处的乐趣应该用复数，必须是可数名词，因此选择pleasure。另一个是题目中给出的visit，需要谨慎处理，是用做动词还是名词。此处我们给出一个时间状语从句when people visit Shanghai，同时还可使用其他从句进行处理。所以答案是Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．本题难度不大，重点是明亮的色彩的表达，可以使用bright colors, 也可以使用bright and vivid colors. 所以答案是Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．本题考查there be + 定语从句从而构成条件状语从句。另外考察“道歉”用“make apology to sb.”。所以答案是If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．本题考察what引导的主语从句，以及“be peculiar to”的用法。所以答案是What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．本题主要考固定词组的掌握，为了使用in order that引导出的目的状语从句。另外也考查 preferred school，have…knowledge/ understanding of…，overall，accurate等。所以答案是The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【考点定位】翻译句子
汉译英翻译格式规范 I 格式规范 1. 正文标题、机构名称、图表格名称和表头中所有单词（除虚词外）的首字母均大 写；但标题为句子的情况除外； 2. 译文中出现的标准、规范名称，单独出现时每个单词首字母均应大写并斜体，不 加引号；在表格中出现时不用斜体； 3. 摄氏度符号统一从“符号”“Times new roman”中找到“°”（位于最右一列）插 入，然后在后面加上大写“C”，即“°C”； 4. 排比和并列的内容，标点应统一。一般做法是中间采用“;”，最后一个采用“.”， 最后一个与倒数第二个之间用“; and”； 5. 数值范围的表示形式应是：110-220 kV，而不是110 kV～220 kV；注意：数字和 连字符之间没有空格，数字和单位之间有空格数字与单位之间要加一个空格，但“°C”、“°F”和“%”除外； 6. 在英文中，百分号应采用英文半角“%”，而不可采用中文全角“%”； 7. 公式中的符号从“插入公式”中选择； 8. 文本框中第一个单词首字母大写； 9. 1号机组和2号机组、一期和二期的表示方法：Unit 1 & 2；Phase I & II； 10. 第x条（款、项）和第y条（款、项）的表示方法：Article x and Article y，即表 示条（款、项）的词不能省略； 11. 文件中出现公式时，公式后说明性文字的“其中”、“式中”统一译为“Where:”， 注意其后加冒号；对公式中的字母和符号进行解释时，采用“-”，其前后均不空格，“-”后的首字母为小写；公式后的说明要用分号，最后采用句号。例如： Where: F sc-short circuit current force (lb/ft); V-velocity; P-gas density. 12. 冒号后首字母小写； 13. 大于号、小于号、等号两边均有空格； 14. 表格的标题和标题栏字体加粗； 15. 注意上下标与原文一致； 16. 直径符号φ的输入方法：插入，符号，字体选择Symbol，然后选择输入φ，并采用 斜体；