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英译汉：（1)When I seek out the sources of my thoughts，I find they had their beginning in fragile chance, were born of little moments that shine for me curiously in the past。
Slight the impulse that made me take this turning at the crossroads，trivial and fortuitous the meeting，and light as gossamer the thread that first knit me to my friend。
These are full of wonder; more mysterious are the moments that must have brushed me with their wings and passed me by: when Fate beckoned and I did not see it, when new Life trembled for a second on the threshold; but the word was not spoken, the hand was not held out，and the Might—have-been shivered and vanished，dim as a dream, into the waste realms of nonexistence.So I never lose a sense of the whimsical and perilous charm of daily life，with its meetings and words and accidents. Why，to—day, perhaps，or next week, I may hear a voice, and, packing up my Glad-stone bag, follow it to the ends of the world.译文：当我找出我思想的来源时,发现他们源自过去我好奇那些脆弱而又转瞬即逝的机缘。
医学翻译样例-手术治疗方案泛瑞翻译原文：Recognition that urachal tumors are predominantly extravesical without the field defect associated with transitional cell urothelial tumors suggested the possibility that this cancer could be managed with a partial rather than complete cystectomy. Contemporary single-institution series suggest that long-term survival can be routinely achieved with this approach. In larger series, patients undergoing definitive surgical treatment had a 45–49% 5-year survival, with a median survival of approximately 48 months. The location of tumors in the bladder dome can frequently yield adequate residual bladder tissue to maintain a functional urinary reservoir. Patients should have a cystoscopy and EUA to provide proper assessment of whether a partial cystectomy will yield an adequate urinary reservoir with negative surgical margins. However, a complete cystectomy is indicated when needed to achieve negative margins. Leaving tumor at the margin substantially increases the risk for relapse; therefore, margins should not be sacrificed in the effort to maintain a functional urinary reservoir.译文：脐尿管肿瘤主要位于膀胱外，不存在尿路上皮移行细胞肿瘤相关的视野缺损。
常用英语短句1000句带翻译1.Hello! 你好！2.How are you? 你好吗？3.I’m fine, thank you. 我很好，谢谢你。
4.What’s your name? 你叫什么名字？5.My name is John. 我叫约翰。
6.Nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
7.Where are you from? 你是哪里人？8.I’m from China. 我来自中国。
9.How old are you? 你多大了？10.I am 25 years old. 我25岁了。
11.What do you do? 你干什么工作的？12.I am a teacher. 我是一名老师。
13.Where do you live? 你住在哪里？14.I live in Beijing. 我住在北京。
15.What is your favorite color? 你最喜欢的颜色是什么？16.My favorite color is blue. 我最喜欢的颜色是蓝色。
17.Can you help me? 你可以帮助我吗？18.Yes, of course. 是的，当然可以。
19.Sorry, I can’t help you. 抱歉，我不能帮助你。
20.How much is it? 这个多少钱？21.It’s 10 dollars. 十美元。
22.What time is it? 几点了？23.It’s 2 o’clock. 两点钟。
24.Do you speak English? 你会说英语吗？25.Yes, a little. 是的，一点点。
26.How to go to the library? 图书馆怎么走？27.Go straight and turn left. 直走然后左转。
28.I’m hungry. 我饿了。
29.Let’s have dinner. 我们去吃晚饭吧。
中英互译模板中英互译是指将中文翻译成英文或将英文翻译成中文的过程。
对于许多人来说，中英互译是一项具有挑战性和困难的任务。
然而，掌握一些基本的中英互译技巧和方法，可以帮助我们更好地完成这项任务。
中英互译模板是一个结构化的指导文件，它可以帮助我们组织我们的思维，确定翻译的主要要点，并确保翻译的准确性和一致性。
下面是一个常用的中英互译模板：1.标题翻译-中文标题：XXXX-英文标题：XXXX2.段落翻译i.原文段落XXXXXXXXiii.翻译说明XXXX（包括使用的翻译方法、工具或参考资料）3.重点句子翻译i.原文句子XXXXii.译文句子XXXXiii.翻译说明XXXX（包括使用的翻译方法、工具或参考资料）4.核心词汇翻译i.原文词汇XXXXXXXXiii.翻译说明XXXX（包括使用的翻译方法、工具或参考资料）5.语法翻译i.原文句子XXXXii.译文句子XXXXiii.翻译说明XXXX（包括使用的翻译方法、工具或参考资料）6.上下文翻译i.原文句子XXXXXXXXiii.翻译说明XXXX（包括使用的翻译方法、工具或参考资料）使用以上中英互译模板可以帮助我们规范翻译的过程，提高翻译的质量和准确性。
此外，还可以根据具体的翻译任务，灵活调整模板的内容和结构。
总结起来，中英互译模板是一种有组织的指导文件，可以帮助我们有效地进行中英互译。
通过使用模板，我们可以更好地组织翻译思路，确定要点，提高翻译质量和准确性。
这是一项非常有用的工具，特别是对于初学者和有需求的人来说。
希望这个中英互译模板对你有所帮助！。
英语单词带例句1. Apple - I ate an apple for breakfast. （苹果 - 我早餐吃了一个苹果）2. Cat - The cat is playing with a toy mouse. （猫 - 猫正在玩一个玩具老鼠）3. Book - He was reading a book in the library. （书 - 他在图书馆读书）4. Dog - My dog loves to go for walks in the park. （狗 - 我的狗喜欢在公园散步）5. Table - We sat around the table to have dinner. （桌子 - 我们围着桌子吃晚饭）6. Chair - I sat on a comfortable chair to watch TV. （椅子 - 我坐在一把舒适的椅子上看电视）7. Car - She drives a red car to work every day. （汽车 - 她每天开一辆红色的汽车去上班）8. House - We have a beautiful house with a big garden. （房子 - 我们有一所有着大花园的漂亮房子）9. Ball - The children were playing with a ball in the park. （球 - 孩子们在公园里玩球）10. Tree - The tall tree provides shade on hot summer days. （树 - 高大的树在炎热的夏天提供阴凉）11. Phone - She picked up the phone and answered the call. （电话 - 她拿起电话接听了电话）12. Computer - I use a computer for work and entertainment. （电脑- 我用电脑工作和娱乐）13. School - My sister goes to school every weekday. （学校 - 我妹妹每个工作日都去学校）14. Teacher - Mr. Johnson is an English teacher at our school. （老师 - 约翰逊先生是我们学校的英语老师）15. Student - The students were studying for their exams. （学生 - 学生们正在为考试而学习）16. Pen - Can I borrow your pen to write a note? （钢笔 - 我能借你的钢笔写个便条吗？）17. Paper - I need to print this document on a piece of paper. （纸- 我需要在一张纸上打印这个文件）18. Window - She opened the window to let some fresh air in. （窗户 - 她打开窗户让新鲜空气进来）19. Door - Please close the door behind you when you leave. （门 - 请在离开时关上门）20. Chair - We need to buy some chairs for the dining table. （椅子 - 我们需要为餐桌买些椅子）21. Bottle - He drank water from a plastic bottle. （瓶子 - 他从一个塑料瓶子里喝水）22. Bed - I love to sleep on a soft and comfortable bed. （床 - 我喜欢在柔软舒适的床上睡觉）23. Lamp - She turned on the lamp to brighten up the room. （灯 - 她打开灯照亮房间）24. Window - The bird flew into the window by accident. （窗户 - 鸟不小心飞进了窗户）25. Sun - The sun shines brightly in the sky during the day. （太阳 - 太阳在白天照耀得明亮）26. Moon - The moon is visible in the night sky. （月亮 - 月亮在夜空中可见）27. Earth - Our planet Earth is full of diverse ecosystems. （地球- 我们的地球充满了多样的生态系统）28. Ocean - The ocean is home to a variety of marine creatures. （海洋 - 海洋是各种海洋生物的家）29. Bookshelf - She organized her books neatly on the bookshelf. （书架 - 她把书整齐地放在书架上）30. Clock - The clock on the wall showed that it was already late. （时钟 - 墙上的时钟显示已经很晚了）31. Chair - He pulled out a chair for his guest to sit on. （椅子 - 他给客人拉出一把椅子坐）32. Kitchen - She loves cooking delicious meals in the kitchen. （厨房 - 她喜欢在厨房里烹饪美味的餐点）33. Coffee - I start my day with a cup of coffee. （咖啡 - 我以一杯咖啡开始我的一天）34. Music - The soothing music helped me relax after a long day. （音乐 - 安静的音乐帮助我放松一整天）35. Picture - She hung a beautiful picture on the wall. （图片 - 她把一幅漂亮的图片挂在墙上）36. Flower - He gave her a bouquet of flowers to express his love. （花 - 他送了她一束花表达他的爱）37. Beach - We spent the day relaxing on the sandy beach. （海滩 - 我们花了一天时间在沙滩上放松）38. Mountain - They hiked up the mountain to enjoy the breathtaking view. （山 - 他们爬上山顶欣赏令人惊叹的景色）39. Airplane - We flew to a different country on an airplane. （飞机 - 我们乘飞机去了一个不同的国家）40. Train - She takes the train to work every morning. （火车 - 她每天早上坐火车去上班）41. Wallet - He realized he left his wallet at home. （钱包 - 他意识到自己把钱包忘在家里了）42. Jacket - She wore a warm jacket to protect herself from the cold. （夹克 - 她穿着一件保暖的夹克抵御寒冷）43. Hat - He put on a hat to shield his face from the sun. （帽子 - 他戴上帽子遮挡阳光）44. Shoes - She bought a new pair of running shoes for her daily jog. （鞋子 - 她为了每天慢跑买了一双新跑鞋）45. Phone - The phone rang, interrupting our conversation. （手机 - 手机响了，打断了我们的对话）46. Camera - He captured the beautiful sunset with his camera. （相机 - 他用相机拍摄了美丽的日落）47. Bag - She packed her belongings into a large bag for the trip. （包 - 她把东西收拾进一个大包里准备旅行）48. Money - He saved up his money to buy a new car. （钱 - 他积攒了钱买了一辆新车）49. Map - He used a map to navigate through the unfamiliar city. （地图 - 他用地图在陌生的城市里导航）50. Wallet - She found her lost wallet under the couch. （钱包 - 她在沙发下找到了她丢失的钱包）。
不同级别的英语翻译水平例子
You say that you love rain, but you open your umbrella when it rains. You say that you love the sun, but you find a shadow spot when the sun shines. You say that you love the wind, but you close your windows when wind blows. This is why I am afraid, you say that you love me too (普通版)：你说你爱雨，但当细雨飘洒时你却撑开了伞；你说你爱太阳，但当它当空时你却看见了阳光下的暗影；你说你爱风，但当它轻拂时你却紧紧地关上了自己的窗子；你说你也爱我，而我却为此烦忧。
(文艺版)：你说烟雨微芒，兰亭远望；后来轻揽婆娑，深遮霓裳。
你说春光烂漫，绿袖红香；后来内掩西楼，静立卿旁。
你说软风轻拂，醉卧思量；后来紧掩门窗，漫帐成殇。
你说情丝柔肠，如何相忘；我却眼波微转，兀自成霜。
(诗经版)：子言慕雨，启伞避之。
子言好阳，寻荫拒之。
子言喜风，阖户离之。
子言偕老，吾所畏之。
英汉对照全译大全全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：英汉对照全译是指将英语原文逐字逐句地翻译成中文，以保留原文的语言风格和表达方式，同时也让读者更容易理解原文的含义。
英汉对照全译不仅可以帮助中文读者学习英语，还可以让熟练掌握英语的读者更加深入地理解原文的含义和细节。
下面将为大家制作一份关于【英汉对照全译大全】的文章，通过英汉对照的方式，为大家提供更多学习和阅读的机会。
1. Hello, how are you? 你好，你好吗？2. I’m fine, thank you. 我很好，谢谢你。
3. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字？4. My name is Lisa. 我的名字是丽莎。
6. I am from China. 我来自中国。
8. Yes, I like reading very much. 是的，我非常喜欢读书。
10. My favorite book is "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. 我最喜欢的书是简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》。
12. I am twenty years old. 我二十岁了。
13. What do you do for a living? 你是做什么工作的？14. I am a teacher. 我是一名教师。
16. I enjoy listening to music and watching movies. 我喜欢听音乐和看电影。
17. Have you ever traveled abroad? 你有没有去过国外旅行？21. Do you have any siblings? 你有兄弟姐妹吗？22. Yes, I have one brother and one sister. 是的，我有一个哥哥和一个妹妹。
23. Are you married? 你结婚了吗？26. I plan to further my education and travel around the world. 我计划继续教育并环游世界。
常用英语词汇以及它们的中文翻译1.Hello -你好2.Goodbye -再见3.Thank you -谢谢4.Sorry -对不起5.Yes -是的6.No -不是7.Please -请8.Hello/Hi -你好/嗨9.How are you? -你好吗？10.Fine -很好11.Good morning -早上好12.Good afternoon -下午好13.Good evening -晚上好14.What's your name? -你叫什么名字？15.My name is... -我的名字是...16.Nice to meet you -很高兴认识你17.See you later -待会儿见18.See you tomorrow -明天见19.Love -爱20.Like -喜欢21.Apple -苹果22.Banana -香蕉23.Orange -橙子24.Book -书25.Pen -钢笔26.Paper -纸27.Map -地图28.Chair -椅子29.Table -桌子30.Sofa -沙发31.Bed -床puter -电脑33.Phone -电话34.Key -钥匙35.Watch -手表36.Car -小汽车37.Bus -公交车38.Train -火车39.Plane -飞机40.Ship -船41.Hat -帽子42.Shoes -鞋子43.Shirt -衬衫44.Pants -裤子45.Coat -外套46.Glasses -眼镜47.Cup -杯子48.Plate -盘子49.Fork -叉子50.Knife -刀51.Spoon -勺子52.Bottle -瓶子53.Umbrella -雨伞54.Hatchet-斧头55.Camera-照相机56.Picture-图片；照片57.Song-歌曲58.Movie-电影59.Game-游戏；比赛ugh-笑；发笑61.Cry-哭泣；喊叫62.Happy-快乐的；幸福的；满意的；乐意的；心甘情愿的。
中英双语对照版纯英文版好的，以下是 20 个中英双语对照的单词示例，包括英语释义、短语、用法和双语例句：---1. **Love**- 释义：爱；热爱；喜欢- 短语：fall in love 坠入爱河；love at first sight 一见钟情- 用法：及物动词，可接名词、代词或动词 -ing 形式作宾语- 例句：- I love you. （我爱你。
）- She loves reading books. （她喜欢读书。
）2. **Happy**- 释义：高兴的；幸福的；满意的- 短语：be happy with 对...感到满意；happy birthday 生日快乐 - 用法：形容词，在句中作定语、表语或宾语补足语- 例句：- They are very happy. （他们非常高兴。
）- I'm happy to help you. （我很乐意帮助你。
）3. **Beautiful**- 释义：美丽的；出色的；迷人的- 短语：a beautiful view 美丽的景色；beautiful music 优美的音乐 - 用法：形容词，常用来修饰名词- 例句：- She is a beautiful girl. （她是个美丽的女孩。
）- The flower is very beautiful. （这朵花非常漂亮。
）4. **Strong**- 释义：强壮的；坚强的；强烈的- 短语：strong wind 强风；strong point 优点- 用法：形容词，可作定语或表语- 例句：- He is a strong man. （他是个强壮的男人。
）- Her will is very strong. （她的意志非常坚强。
）5. **Kind**- 释义：善良的；友好的；种类- 短语：a kind person 善良的人；all kinds of 各种各样的- 用法：形容词，常用来描述人的品质；作名词时表示“种类”- 例句：- She is kind to everyone. （她对每个人都很友好。
英语短句100句带翻译学习外语的过程中，熟练掌握常用的短句可以帮助我们更好地交流和表达自己的思想。
下面是100个常用的英语短句及其翻译，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
1.Hello! - 你好！2.How are you? - 你好吗？3.I’m fine, thank you. - 我很好，谢谢你。
4.What’s your name? - 你叫什么名字？5.Nice to meet you. - 很高兴认识你。
6.Where are you from? - 你来自哪里？7.I’m from China. - 我来自中国。
8.How old are you? - 你多大了？9.I am 25 years old. - 我25岁。
10.What do you do? - 你是做什么的？11.I am a teacher. - 我是一名老师。
12.Where do you live? - 你住在哪里？13.I live in Beijing. - 我住在北京。
14.What’s your favorite color? - 你最喜欢的颜色是什么？15.My favorite color is blue. - 我最喜欢的颜色是蓝色。
16.What’s your hobby? - 你的爱好是什么？17.My hobby is reading. - 我的爱好是阅读。
18.Can you speak English? - 你会说英语吗？19.Yes, I can speak English. - 是的，我会说英语。
20.Thank you. - 谢谢你。
21.You’re welcome. - 不用谢。
22.Excuse me. - 对不起。
23.I’m sorry. - 对不起。
24.Please. - 请。
25.May I ask a question? - 我可以问个问题吗？26.Of course. - 当然可以。
英语单词+例句1. Apple - 苹果
例句：I like to eat apples.
意思：我喜欢吃苹果。
2. Cat - 猫
例句：The cat is sleeping on the sofa.
意思：猫正在沙发上睡觉。
3. Dog - 狗
例句：My dog is very friendly.
意思：我的狗非常友好。
4. House - 房子
例句：We are going to buy a new house next year.意思：我们明年打算买一所新房子。
5. Car - 汽车
例句：He drives a red car to work every day.
意思：他每天开一辆红色的汽车去上班。
6. Book - 书
例句：I read a book before going to bed.
意思：我睡觉前会读一本书。
7. Chair - 椅子
例句：Please sit on the chair and wait for me.
意思：请坐在椅子上等我。
8. Table - 桌子
例句：There is a table in the dining room.
意思：餐厅里有一张桌子。
9. Computer - 电脑
例句：I use my computer to do homework every day.意思：我每天用电脑做作业。
10. Phone - 电话
例句：I left my phone at home this morning.
意思：今天早上我把手机落在家里了。
常用的英文短句和翻译1. Greetings 问候语•Hello! 你好！•Good morning! 早上好！•How are you? 你好吗？•Nice to meet you! 很高兴见到你！•What’s up? 最近怎么样？•Have a nice day! 祝你有美好的一天！2. Polite Expressions 礼貌用语•Please 请•Thank you! 谢谢！•You’re welcome! 不客气！•I’m sorry. 对不起。
•Excuse me. 请问。
•May I help you? 我可以帮你吗？3. Asking for Help 寻求帮助•Can you help me? 你可以帮我吗？•I don’t understand. 我不明白。
•Could you repeat that? 你可以再重复一遍吗？•Can you explain this to me? 你可以给我解释一下吗？•What does this mean? 这是什么意思？4. Expressing Opinions 表达观点•I think so. 我认为是的。
•In my opinio n… 在我看来…•I’m not sure. 我不太确定。
•It seems to me that… 在我看来…•I completely agree. 我完全同意。
5. Making Plans 安排计划•Let’s meet at 3 o’clock. 我们三点见面吧。
•What time shall we meet? 我们什么时候见面？•Do you want to go out later? 你想晚些出去吗？•I have an appointment tomorrow. 我明天有约会。
•Would you like to join us? 你想和我们一起吗？6. Giving Directions 给出方向•Go straight. 一直往前走。
附录ABridgesBridges are great symbols of mankind’s conquest of space. That day when you fall in the Pacific Ocean to see deep red grid of the golden gate bridge, or glide on the seas in the deep canyons, you will feel surprise and admiration for them the art of builders. They are the enduring expressions of mankind’s determination to remove all barriers in its pursuit of a better and freer world. Their design and building schemes are conceived in dream-like bison. But vision and determination are not enough. All the physical forces of nature and gravity must be understood with mathematical precision and such forces have to be resisted by manipulating the right materials in the right pattern. This requires both the inspiration of an artist and the skill of an artisan.Scientific knowledge about materials and structural behavior has expanded tremendously, and computing techniques are now widely available to manipulate complex theories in innumerable ways very quickly. Engineers have virtually revolutionized bridge design and construction methods in the past decade. The advances apply to short-medium and long-span bridges.For permanent bridge，the most commonly used materials are steel and concrete. Many different types of bridges are built with these materials, used singly or in combination. Timber may be used for temporary above-water construction, for the elements of a structure that lie below the waterline (particularly timber pile s), or for short-span bridges located on secondary roads. A few short-span aluminum bridges have been built in the United States on an experimental basis.The principal portions of a bridge m ay be said to be the “substructure” and the “superstructure.” This division is used here simply for convenience, since in many bridges there is no clear dividing lint between the two.Common elements of the substructure are abutments (usually at the bridge ends) and piers (between the abutments).Piers and abutments often rest on separately constructed foundations such as concrete spread footings or groups of bearing piles; these foundations are part of the substructure. Occasionally a bridge substructure comprises a series of pile bents in which the piles extend above the waterline and are topped by a pile cap that, in turn, supports the major structural elements of the superstructure. Such bents often are used in a repetitive fashion as part of along, low,over-water crossing.In recent years, the dividing lines between short-medium and long-span bridge have blurred somewhat. Currently, spans of 20 to 100 ft (6.1 to 30.5m) are regarded as short by many designers, who have developed many standardized designs to handle these spans economically. Medium spans range up to, per-haps, 400ft (121.9m) in modern bridge practice, depending on the organization involved and the materials used. Long spans range up to 4000ft (1219.2m) or more, but a clear span above 1000ft (304.8m) is comparatively rare.In the United States, highway bridges generally must meet loading, design, and construction requirements of the AASHTO Specification. The design and construction of railway bridges are governed by provisions of the AREA Manual for Railway Engineering. Design requirements for pedestrian crossings and bridges serving other purposes may be established by local or regional codes and specifications. ACI Code provisions are often incorporated by reference and in most cases serve as model provisions for other governing documents.Bridge spans to about 100 ft often consist of pre-cast integral-deck units. These units offer low initial cost, minimum maintenance, and fast easy construction, with traffic interruption. Such girders are generally pretensioned; the units are placed side by side, and are often post-tensioned laterally at intermediate diaphragm. After which shear keys between adjacent units are filled with non-shrinking mortar. For highway spans, an asphalt wearing surface may be applied directly to the top of the pre-cast concrete. In some cases, a cast-in-place slab is placed to provide composite action.For medium-span highway bridges, to about 120 ft, AASHTO standard I beams are generally used. He is intended for use with a composite cast-in-place roadway slab. Such girders often combine pre-tensioning of the pre-cast member with post-tensioning of the composite beam after the deck is placed.Pre-cast girders may not be used for spans much in excess of 120 ft because of the problems of transporting and erecting large, heavy units. On the other hand, there is a clear trend toward the use of longer spans for bridges. Highway safety is improved by eliminating central piers and moving outer piers away from the edge of divided highways. For elevated urban expressways, long spans facilitate access and minimize obstruction to activities below. Concern for environmental damage has led to the choice of long spans for continuous viaducts. For river crossing, intermediate piers may be impossible because of requirements of navigational clearance.Such requirements have led to the development in Europe, and more recently in the western hemisphere, of long span segmental pre-stressed concrete box girder bridges. In typical construction of this type, piers are cast-in-place, often using the slip-forming technique. A “hammerhead” section of box girder is then cast at the top of the pier, and construction proceeds in each direction by the balanced cantilever method. The construction is advanced using either cast-in-place or pre-cast segments, each post-tensioned to the previously completed construction. Finally, after the closing cast-in-place joint is made at mid-span, the structure is further post-tensioned for full continuity.Bridge may also be classed as “deck” or “through” types. In the deck type of bridge, the roadway is above the supporting structure; that is, the load-carrying elements of the superstructure are below the roadway. In the through type of bridge, the roadway passes between the elements of the super-structure, as in a through steel-truss bridge. Deck structures predominate: they have a clean appearance, provide the motorist with a better view of the surrounding area, and are easier to widen if future traffic requires it.Examples of short-span concrete bridges include cast-in-lace, reinforced concrete beam (and slab); simple-span, pre-stressed (this type incorporates pre-cast, pre-stressed I-girders or box girders topped by a cast-in-place deck); and cast-in place box girder.The designer of each medium-and long-span bridge tries to devise a structure that is best suited to the conditions encountered at that particular location. The result is an almost bewildering variety of structures that differ either in basic design principles or in design details.General categories of steel bridge are briefly described in the following paragraphs.Girder bridges come in two basic varieties-plate and box girders.Plate girders are used in the United States for medium spans. They generally are continuous structures with maximum depth of girder over the piers and minimum depth at mid-span. The plate girders generally have an across section; they are arranged in lines that support stringers, floor-beams, and, generally, a cast-in-lace concrete deck. The girders are shop-fabricated by welding; field connections generally are by high-strength bolts.Welded-steel box girder structures are generally similar to plate girder spans except for the configuration of the bridge cross section.Rigid frames are used occasionally, most often for spans in the range of 75 to 100 ft (22.9 to 30.5 m) and for grade0separation structures.Arch bridges are used for longer spans at locations where intermediate piers cannot be used and where good rock is available to withstand the thrusts at the arch abutments.Variations in the arch bridge are specially suited in the span range of 200 to 500m and thus provide a transition between the continuous box girder bridge and the stiffened suspension cable. The cables provided above the deck and connected to the towers would permit elimination of intermediate piers facilitating a larger width for purposes of navigation. Because of the damping effect of inclined cables, the cable-stayed decks are less prone to wind-induced oscillations than suspension bridges.Suspension bridges are used for very long spans or for shorter spans where intermediate piers cannot be built. An example is the Verrazano Narrows Bridge which was completed in 1964.The $305 million,4260ft(1298.5m)structure spans the entrance to New York Harbor to join Staten Island and Brooklyn.Concrete bridges come in nearly as great a variety as do steel bridges.The bridge construction in France benefits by a strong growth in rail and highway infrastructures. For the time being the competition with other material turns to the advantage of composite bridge solutions. Before presenting any features concerning the recent trends in composite bridge design it is important to clarify, the bridge market, through the analysis of some statistical data.In France, there is a very limited market for long span bridges. In the recent construction, the demand for bridges of span length higher than 200m is rather exceptional. The main market is for bridges of span length (or multi span length) less than 100m.In France 800 to 1200 bridges are built every year, which represent about 300,000m to 500,000m of deck surface. However the majority of bridges being erected each year are of small span length. Less than 10% of the bridge patrimony have span. Length greater than 30m and deck surface greater than 1000 ㎡. Now that the market has been identified lets have an idea, in term of competitiveness, of the French market situation between several bridge types. In 1977，it less than 2.5%.Of bridges were steel or composite bridges. The steel-concrete composite construction has continued to grow steadily over the last 15 years. This trend is mainly attributable to the gain in competitiveness of composite bridges against reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges.For short span length the majority of steel bridges are of concrete type. Bridges composed of steel beams encased in concrete are very often used for railway bridges of small span length in order to meet stiffness requirements.The recent statistical evaluation, performed by SETRA [1] on the bridges recently built in France between 1990 to 1993 by various owners (State, Highway concession companies, Departments and Communities, SNCF) shows that the competitive span length range for steel and concrete composite bridges is between 30 and 110 m with a very distinctive peak for the interval 60 to 80 m. In that range of spans length it is noticed that 85% of bridges being built belong to the composite category (Fig. 4).The statistical analysis of the deck cost per square meters of surface confirms that the average price for a composite bridge is less than the price for a concrete bridge for spans length within intervals of 40 to 60 m and 60 to 80 m. The difference being of 1 500 FF/㎡over a total cost of 8 200 FF/㎡(V AT excluded) in favor of the composite bridge. It means that an 18% cost difference represents a great shift in terms of competition.The last 15 years have seen a great simplification of composite bridges for both roadway and railway bridges, which have made them, as previously indicated, very competitive compared to prestressed and reinforced bridges. These composite bridges, that we will name them as classical, have however several features which are described hereafter. Then, from these classical features, improvements have been constantly brought to the design and execution of composite bridges, which will be depicted later on.The traditional composite roadway bridge is composed of two longitudinal girders which are connected to the concrete slab by shear connectors (usually welded stud are mostly met; however steel angle connectors are still used). A limited number of transverse cross beams joining the two longitudinal girders, usually not connected to the slab — see half cross section (a) are welded to the vertical stiffeners. The main girders have a few numbers of horizontal stiffeners, if any which are mostly needed to resist the stress state in the girder webs occurring at the launching phase.Plain concrete is formed form a hardened mixture of cement, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel), air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction of the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one-tenth of its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak-tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforced concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components f the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. That is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compaction the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients into suitable forms in which the plastic mass hardens. If the various ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system..The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a beam, a wall, a slab, a foundation, a mass concrete dam, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F . It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as thefailure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental conditions. Such an array of parameters has to be considered because of the fact that reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricate beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and-adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.The rapid growth from 1945 onwards in the prestressing of concrete shows that there was a real need for this high-quality material. The quality must be high because the worst conditions of loading normally occur at the beginning of the life of the member, at the transfer of stress later, when the concrete has become stronger and the stress in the steel has decreased because of creep in the steel and the concrete, and shrinkage of the concrete. Faulty members are therefore observed and thrown out early, before they enter the structure, or at least before it becomes inconvenient and expensive to remove them.The main advantages of prestressed concrete in comparison with reinforced concrete are:(a) The whole concrete cross-section resists load. In reinforced concrete about half the section, the cracked area below the Neutral layer does no useful work. Working deflections are smaller.(b) High working stresses are possible. In reinforced concrete they are notusually possible because hey result in severe cracking which is always ugly and may be dangerous if it causes rusting of the steel.(c) Cracking is almost completely avoided in prestressed concrete.The main disadvantage of prestressed concrete is that much more care is needed to make it than reinforced concrete and it is therefore more expensive, but because it is of higher quality less of it needs to be used.It can therefore happen that a solution of a structural problem may be cheaper in prestressed concrete than in reinforced concrete, and it does often happen that a solution is possible with prestressing but impossible without it.Prestressing of concrete is used in concrete under any load in the past, to make it by compression. This means that the section can be designed so that it takes no tension or very little under the full design load. It therefore has theoretically no cracks and in practice the concrete in which it is embedded has hardened. After the concrete has hardened enough to take the stress from the steel, some of the stress is transferred from the steel to the concrete. In a bridge with abutments able to resist thrust, the prestress can be applied without steel in the concrete. It is applied by jacks forcing the bridge inwards from the abutments. This method has the advantage that the jacking force, or prestress, can be varied during the life of the structure as required.In the ten years from 1950 to 1960 prestressed concrete ceased to be an experimental material and engineers won confidence in its use. With this confidence came an increase in the use of precast prestressed concrete particularly for long-span floors or the decks of motorways. Wherever the 500 m long, provided that most of the spans could be made the same and not much longer than 18 m, it became economical to use factory-precast prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory. Most of these beams are heat-cured so as to free the forms quickly or reuse.In this period also, in the United States, precast prestressed roof beams and floor beams were used in many school buildings, occasionally 32 m long or more. Such long beams over a single span could not possibly be successful in reinforced concrete unless they were cast on site because they would have to be much deeper and much heavier than prestressed concrete beams. They would certainly be less pleasing to the eye and often more expensive than the prestressed concrete beams. These school buildings have a strong, simple architectural appeal and will be a pleasure to look at for many years.The most important parts of a precast prestressed concrete beam are the tendonsand the concrete. The tendons, as the name implies, are the cables, rods or wires of steel which are under tension in the concrete. Before the concrete has hardened (before transfer of stress), the tendons are either unstressed (post-tensioned prestressing) or are stressed and held by abutments outside the concrete (pre-tensioned prestressing). While the concrete is hardening it grips each tendon more and more tightly by bond along its full length. End anchorages consisting of plates or blocks are placed on the ends of the tendons of post-tensioned prestressed units, and such tendons are stressed up at the time of transfer, when the concrete has hardened sufficiently. In the other type of presstressing, with pre-tensioned tondons, the tendons are released from external abutments at the moment of transfer, and act on the concrete through bond or anchorage or both, shortening it by compression, and themselves also shortening and losing some tension.Further shortening of the concrete (and therefore of the steel) takes place with time. The concrete is said to creep. This means that it shortens permanently under load and spreads the stresses more uniformly and thus more safely across its section. Steel also creeps, but rather less. The result of these two effects (and of the concrete shrinking when it dries) is that prestressed concrete beams are never more highly stressed than at the moment of transfer.The factory precasting of long prestressed concrete beams is likely to become more and more popular in the future, but one difficulty will be road transport. As the length of the beam increases, the lorry becomes less and less manoeuvrable until eventually the only suitable time for it to travel is in the middle of the night when traffic is at a minimum. The limit of length for road transport varies the traffic in the district and the route, whether the roads are straight or curved. Precasting at the site avoids these difficulties; it may be expensive, but it has often been used for large bridge beams.Materials for building must have certain physical properties to be structurally useful. Primarily, they must be able to carry a load, or weight, without changing shape permanently. When a load is applied to a structure member, it will deform; that is, a wire will stretch or a beam will bend. However, when the load is removed, the wire and the beam come back to the original positions. This material property is called elasticity. If a material were not elastic and a deformation were present in the structure after removal of the load, repeated loading and unloading eventually would increase the deformation to the point where the structure would become useless .All materialsused in architectural structures, such as stone and brick, wood, steel, aluminum, reinforced concrete, and plastics, behave elastically within a certain defined range of loading. If the loading is increased above the range, two types of behavior can occur: brittle and plastic. In the former, the material will break suddenly. In the latter, the material begins to flow at a certain load (yield strength), ultimately leading to fracture. As examples, steel exhibits plastic behavior, and stone is brittle. The ultimate strength of a material is measured by the stress at which failure (fracture) occurs.A second important property of a building material is its stiffness. This property is defined by the elastic modulus, which is the ratio of the stress (force per unit area), to the strain (deformation per unit length). The elastic modulus, therefore, is a measure of the resistance of a material to deformation under load. For two materials of equal area under the same load, the one with the higher elastic modulus has the smaller deformation. Structural steel, which has an elastic modulus of 30 million pounds per square inch (psi), or 2 100 000 kilograms per square centimeter, is 3 time as stiff as aluminum, 10 times as stiff as concrete, and 15 times as stiff as wood.Masonry consists of natural materials, such as stone or manufactured products, such as brick and concrete blocks. Masonry has been used since ancient times; mud bricks were used in the city of Babylon for secular buildings, and stone was used for the great temples of the Nile Valley. The Great Pyramid in Egypt, standing 481 feet (147 meters) high, is the most spectacular masonry construction. Masonry units originally were stacked without using any bonding agent, but all modern masonry construction uses a cement mortar as a bonding material. Modern structural materials include stone, brick of burnt clay or slate, and concrete blocks.Masonry is essentially a compressive material; it cannot withstand a tensile force, that is, a pull. The ultimate compressive strength of bonded masonry depends on the strength of the masonry unit and the mortar. The ultimate strength will vary from 1 000 to 4 000 psi (70 to 280 kg/sq cm), depending on the particular combination of masonry unit and mortar used.Timber is one of the earliest construction materials and one of the few natural materials with good tensile properties. Hundreds of different species of wood are found throughout the world, and each species exhibits different physical characteristics. Only a few species are used structurally as framing members in building construction. In the United States, for instance, out of more than 600 species of wood, only 20 species are used structurally. These are generally the conifers, orsoftwoods, both because of their abundance and because of the ease with which their wood can be shaped. The species of timber more commonly used in the United States for construction are Douglas fir, Southern pine, and redwood. The ultimate tensile strength of these species varies from 5 000 to 8 000 psi (350 to 560 kg/sq cm). Hardwoods are used primarily for cabinetwork and for interior finishes such as floors.Because of the cellular nature of wood, it is stronger along the grain than across the grain. Wood is particularly strong in tension and compression parallel to the grain. And it has great bending strength. These properties make it ideally suited for columns and beams in structures. Wood is not effectively used as a tensile member in a truss, however, because the tensile strength of a truss member depends upon connections between members. It is difficult to devise connections which do not depend on the shear or tearing strength along the grain, although numerous metal connectors have been produced to utilize the tensile strength of timbers.Steel is an outstanding structural material. It has a high strength on a pound for pound basis when compared to other materials, even though its volume-for-volume weight is more than ten times that of wood. It has a high elastic modulus, which results in small deformations under load. It can be formed by rolling into various structural shapes such as I-beams, plates, and sheets; it also can be cast into complex shapes; and it is also produced in the form of wire strands and ropes for use as cables in suspension bridges and suspended roofs, as elevator ropes, and as wires for prestressing concrete. Steel elements can be joined together by various means, such as bolting, riveting, or welding. Carbon steels are subject to corrosion through oxidation and must be protected from contact with the atmosphere by painting them or embedding them in concrete. Above temperatures of about 700F (371°C), steel rapidly loses its strength, and there- fore it must be covered in a jacket of a fireproof material (usually concrete) to increase its fire resistance.The addition of alloying elements, such as silicon or manganese, results in higher strength steels with tensile strengths up to 250 000 psi (17 500 kg/sq cm). These steels are used where the size of a structural member becomes critical, as in the case of columns in a skyscraper.Aluminum is especially useful as a building material when lightweight, strength, and corrosion resistance are all important factors. Because pure aluminum is extremely soft and ductile, alloying elements, such as magnesium, silicon, zinc, and copper, must be added to it to impart the strength required for structural use.。
翻译1. It' s a Smoke Free Area.直译:它是个自由吸烟区。
意译:它是个无烟区。
2 .Shakespeare put his hometown on the map.直译:莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。
意译:莎土比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。
3 .John would not come out of his shell and talk to others at the party.直译:晚会上，约翰不愿从壳里钻出来与其他人说话。
意译:晚会上，约翰不愿丢掉矜持与别人交谈。
4 He is a rough-and-ready character直译:他是个粗兽并有准备的人.意译:他是个粗鲁但尚能顶用的人。
5_He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubber checks.直译:他用橡皮支票付账，并给自己带来了麻烦意译:他用空头支票结账，并给自己带来了麻烦6 .Frank ran circles around the other boys on the basketball team.直译:弗兰克绕着篮球队的其他男孩儿转圈。
意译:在篮球队里弗兰克的技术最好7 .On a rainy day the children sometimes ran their mother ragged. www.rr365. com直译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲跑得衣衫槛楼。
意译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲闹得筋疲力尽。
8 .The teacher sat on his student as soon as he began showing off.直译:学生一开始炫耀，老师就坐在了他的身上。
意译:学生一开始炫耀就被老师打断了。
9 .Inexperienced people get stars in their eyes when they think of improving t he world.直译:没有经验的人一想到改善世界就会眼睛里面冒星星。
毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文设计（论文）题目：影响国际间企业网络营销成功的因素学生姓名：秦冬学号：0822110325 专业：市场营销所在学院：商学院指导教师：谷虤职称：讲师2013年12月27日Factors affecting the success of business-to-business international Internet marketing(B-to-B IIm): an empirical study of UH companies节选Riyad Eid awdWolverhampton YniversitySenior Lecturer in the Marketing DepartmentMyfawvy TruewawBradford YniversitySchool of Management, Bradford, YK.ABSTRACTBusiness-to-business international Internet marketing is one of the key drivers in sustaining an organisation's competitive advantage. The challenge for organisations today is to understand the factors that play a critical role in utilising Internet capabilities and their implications on business strategic objectives to enable them to compete successfully in the electronic age. Proposes 33 critical factors classified into five categories and validated empirically through a sample of 123 YK companies. Discusses the significance, importance and implications for each category and makes recommendations.KEYWOR: Internet marketing, Business-to-business marketing, Critical success factorsINTRODUCTIONIn recent years business-to-business international Internet marketing (B-to-B IIM) has received widespread attention. Avlonitis and Karayanni (SOOO), Duffy and Dale (SOOS), Hamill and Cregory (l99P), Hoffman es al. (l999), Lorter (SOOl) and Quelch and Klien (l996) conducted in-depth studies to understand those factors that are needed to enhance B-to-B IIM implementation. They conclude that organisations need to understand how to identify the critical factors that affect the implementationprocess and address them effectively to ensure that the promised benefits can be realised and failures can be avoided.However, research in business-to-business Internet marketing is still in its infancy. Most research on Internet marketing has been either descriptive or theoretical/speculative. There is a lack of solid research models to guide future research in this area. There have been a number of attempts to identify the CSFs for B-to-B international Internet marketing (Archer and Yuan, SOOO; Avlonitis and Karayanni, SOOO; Berthon es al., l996a; Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Duffy and Dale, SOOS; Furnell and Karweni, l999; Honeycutt es al., l998; Lord, SOOl; Lynn es al., SOOS; Soh es al., l99P); however, few of them can provide strong theoretical or statistical support for the existence of these CSFs. This may be because of the exploratory nature of these studies. As such they deal more with the potential than the reality of the Internet's impact. Hence, full- scale research conducted in a highly scientific manner must be undertaKen.To fill this gap various articles, empirical research, and secondary case studies on B-to-B, Internet, International marketing, and information technology were studied. The findings of these studies identified Sl factors that have a direct impact on successful implementation of the B-to-B IIM. These factors were classified into five categories:(1) marketing strategy;(2) Web site;(3) global dimension;(4) internal related factors; and(5) external related factors.Definitions, techniques and discussion on these factors are described in the following sections. Further discussion on each category is also underpinned.1.PROPOSED FACTORSA number of studies were carried out to identify those factors most critical toB-to-B IIM success. Avlonitis and Karayanni (SOOO) noted that sales force hasa central role to play in the Internet marketing strategies implementation if the appropriate training is provided. However top management team's support is one of the Keys to integrate the Internet effectively with the strategic marketing plan. Bremer (l996) agreed that correct planning for training sessions, management support and staff awareness programmes are important to B-to-B IIM implementation.Chan and Swatman (SOOO) pointed out other factors such as supplier and customer involvement, culture and the use of both the traditional and online marketing. Cronin (l996a) added the security factor to the marketing strategy and culture. Damanpour (SOOl) showed the importance of meeting client demand as necessary to fulfil obligations in Internet-based marketing. Being flexible when collaborating with the trading community, identifying potential valuable partners, thinking globally and doing business in the Internet time (speed) are critical factors for the successful implementation of B-to-B IIM.Duggan and Deveney (SOOO) indicated that the integration between off and on-line marketing efforts, as well as, customer acceptance and the language used were also critical success factors. Furnell and Karweni (l999) agreed that the development of successful inter-organisational relationships is another critical factor, which is based primarily on the quality and quantity of information exchanged over the Internet. Cogan (l99P) cited that selecting the appropriate technologies infrastructure is a Key factor for Internet marketing. Hamill and Cregory (l99P) suggested that well designed Web sites provide an organisation with a leading edge in the global market. Herbig and Hale (l99P) emphasise that customer needs must be identified.Loon and Jevons (l99P), Hoffman es al. (l999) and Zairi (SOOla, b) all agreed that trust and confidence between vendor and potential customer is another critical factor. E-commerce is not a technology play! It is a relationship; partnership, organisational and communications play made possible by new technology.2.RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHSESThe model tested in this research examines how different CSFs affect B-to-B IIM success. Figure S depicts the research modeland illustrates the propositions tested in this study.First, many researchers and practitioners have increasingly considered factors related to marketing strategy as a vital component of successful B-to-B IIM. These include, top management support, setting the strategic goals, integrating Internet marketing with marketing strategy, collaboration (strategic partners), and deciding the potential audience are the most important factors related to marketing strategy for successful B-to-B IIM implementation (Avlonitis and Karayanni, SOOO; Chaffey es al., SOOO; Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Cronin, l996b; Damanpour, SOOl; Duggan and Deveney, SOOO; Curau es al., SOOl; HofacKer, SOOl; Honeycutt es al., l998; Lynn es al., SOOS; Naude and Holland, l996; Lerry and BodKin, SOOS; Lorter, SOOl; Quelch and Klein, l996; Wilson and Abel, SOOS). To see the role of the marketing strategy related factors in B-to-B IIM success the following hypothesis is proposed:H1. Marketing strategy related factors affect the success of B-to-B international Internet marketing.Second, many researchers have considered the Web site as a crucial component of any B-to-B IIM efforts. These include, well-designed site and effective marketing of the site are the most important factors that contribute to success of B-to-B IIM efforts (Anderson, l996; Hamill and Cregory, l99P; Herbig and Hale, l99P; HofacKer, SOOl; Kotab and Helsen, SOOO; Lynn es al., SOOS; Quelch and Klien, l996; Samiee, l998). Accordingly, the following hypotheses are proposed: H2. Web site related factors affect the success of B-to-B international Inter net marketing.Third, many authors have considered global dimension related factors as a vital component of successful B-to-B IIM efforts. These factors include in-depth understanding of foreign marketing environment, resources required to workglobally, multilanguage Web site to successfully reach target customers, culture consideration, and availability of delivery channel such as international shipping (intermediaries-shipping information-charges) (Chaffey es al., SOOO; Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Duggan and Deveney, SOOO; Cogan, l99P; Hamill and Cregory, l99P; Herbig and Hale, l99P; HofacKer, SOOl; Kotab and Helsen, SOOO; Quelch and Klien, l996; Samiee, l998; White, l99P). Thus, the followin g hypothesis is proposed:H3. Clobal dimension related factors affect the success of B-to-B international Internet marketing.Fourth, many researchers and practitioners have increasingly considered factors related to internal environment as a critical component of successful B-to-B IIM efforts. These factors include technological infrastructure, appropriate internal culture, effective relationship between the marketing and IS/MIS department and a well trained sales force that all contribute to the success of B-to-B IIM efforts (Avlonitis and Karayanni, SOOO; Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Duggan and Deveney, SOOO; Cogan, l99P; Lynn es al., SOOS; Quelch and Klein, l996; Samiee, l998) Accordingly, the following hypotheses are proposed: H4. External factors affect the success of B-to-B international Internet marketing.Finally, many researchers and practitioners have increasingly considered factors related to external environment as another Key component of successful Internet marketing implementation. These factors include, trust, security, successful relationship, easy and affordable access to the Internet, and customer acceptance and all contribute to successful B-to-B IIM practice (Chan and Swatman, SOOO; Duggan and Deveney, SOOO; Furnell and Karweni, l999; Loon and Jevons, l99P; Quelch and Klien, l996; Ratnasingham, l998; Urban es al., SOOO; Wilson and Abel, SOOS; Zairi, SOOla, b) therefore the following hypothesis is offered.Research methodologyPopu1atiom and samp1eThis research has used three basic characteristics that must be presented in each company if it is to be selected in the research sample:(l) the company should be business-to-business;(2) use the Internet for marketing purposes;(3) work globally to sell its products on the international market via agent, distributor, or subsidiary.The aim was to select a population of UK business-to-business international companies that use the Internet for their marketing activities. Unfortunately, there is no database that contains such companies. In addition, there are no reliable methods that can be used to distinguish between international and local companies. To determine companies that meet these criteria, a list ofbusiness-to-businessWeb addresses was obtained from Yahoo directory, which listed the majority of the business-to-business Web addresses available at that time of study, totaling l,S3Oaddresses. It is the Web's most popular search engine (Search Engine Watch)[l]. It is the oldest major Web site directory, having launched in late l994. However, although many authors have used it to determine the study population (Avlonitis and Karayanni, SOOO; Bennet,l99P; Shama, SOOl), this study did not accept it as it is for many reasons that can be discussed below:•some sites classified as business-to-business are actuallybusiness-to-customer;•some companies that are supposed to be UK companies are only based in the USA;•many companies appear more than once under different titles within business-to- business;•some companies have many links on the directory and therefore are counted more than once.Consequently, without careful modifications the Yahoo directory may lead to defected results and destroy the random base for a research sample.Imp1ememtatiom of companies scammimg Consequently, a companies scanning exercise was used in identifying and collecting various companies that appeared in the Yahoo directory over a specific period of time (l December SOOl-3l January SOOS). The actual procedures involved are discussed in the following section.Popu1atiom imdustriesThis study planned to obtain responses from different industries so that generalisation of the findings could be established. Consequently, the population comprises the companies addressed in the Yahoo directory in six specific industries:(l) aerospace;(2) agriculture;(3) textile;(4) chemicals;(5) computers; and(6) industrial supplies.Finally, SłO qu estionnaires were mailed to the selected organizations. Of the SłO companies, a total of l6l questionnaires were returned. This included nine returned not completed with a label stating ‘‘Cone away – please remove from mail list''. A further S4 were returned with a covering letter explaining why they had not completed the questionnaire. Most of the responses indicated that it was not company policy to participate in surveys or lack of time due to work pressures. Therefore, the number of returned completed questionnaires was lS8(including five unusable questionnaires, usable questionnaires = lS3). A summary of the responses' distribution and rate is:•total number of questionnaires distributed(SłO);•number of completed and returned questionnaires (lS8);•unreachable companies (nine);•declined participation (S4); and•response rate (ł8.98 per cent).The response rate was calculated using the method proposed by De Vaus (l99l, p.99) and was ł8.98 per cent. This high ł8.łS per cent response rate may be explained by several factors:•First, the questionnaire was designed in such a way that means it takes only SO minutes to be completed.•Second, attempts were made to contact each organisation up to five times viae-mails and phone calls before the firm was dropped from the sample. •Third, most companies studied were likely to perceive their participation in the study as further evidence of their success regarding using the Internet for marketing purposes.Measurement deve1opmemtIn order to develop and validate the instrument, several steps were taken:(l) development of the measure from the literature;(2) initial pre-test;(3) pilot test of the measure.In this regard, the questionnaire was reviewed first by six academic researchers experienced in questionnaire design. They were asked to provide feedback on the overall design, particularly the measurement scales.Analysis and resultsThis section presents the statistics and analytic results of the study.Descriptive stati stics Detailed descriptive statistics relating to the responding organizations and respondents are shown in Table I.Construct va1idity and re1iabi1ity Discrimination validity was assessed using factor analysis. The 33 items (variables) measuring the five CSF s in the research model were subjected to principal component factor analysis. Eigen values and screen plot were used to determine the number of factors to be extracted. Moreover, in order to ensure the use of factor analysis, the Better test of sphericity (BTS) andKaiser-Meyer-Olin (KMO) test of appropriateness were carried out accordingly (see Table II). The results (the BTS ranged from 3P3.Ołł to 8Sł.P68 and the level of significance at p = O.OOO) indicated that the data is appropriate for the purpose of factor anal ysi s.A varimax rotation was also performed. All items loaded on to the expected factors as they were originally designed. Only one item of Web site related factors, real time on-line interactive elements, has a factor loading less than the accepted level, so we decided to ignore it in our further analysis. The reliability of all constructs was assessed by the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient and exceeded Nunnally's standards for research (Nunnally, l9P8) (see Table III).REFERENCES[1] Anderson, T. (1996), ''Marketing products to the global desktop'',[2] Anderson, M.D. and Choobinen, l. (1996), ''Marketing on the Internet'',[3] Archer, N. and Yuan, Y. (2000), ''Managing business-to-business relationships throughout the e-commerce procurment life cycle'',[4]Arnott, D. and Bridgewater, S. (2002), ''Internet, interaction and implications for marketing'',[5] Bennet, R. (1997), ''Export marketing and the Internet: experience of Web site use and perceptions of export barriers among YK businesses'',[6] Berthon, P., Pitt, L.F. and Watson, R.T. (1996b), ''Marketing communication and the World Wide Web'',[7]Bondran l. and Davis, T. (1996), ''Marketing's role in cross-functionalinformation management'',[8]Bremer, M. (1996), ''Productivity, policy, and Internet training issues'', The Internet Strategy Handbook: Lessons from the New Frontier of Business, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.[9]Bryman, A. (1989), Research Methods \ and Organization Studies, Ynwin Hyman, London.[10] Chaffey, D., Mayer, R., lohnston, K. and Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2000), Internet Marketing, Prentice-Hall, Hemel Hempstead.[11]Chan, C. and Swatman, P.M.C. (2000), ''From EDl to Internet commerce: the BHL steel experiences'', Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 72-82.[12] Damanpour, F. (2001), ''E-business e-commerce evolution: perspective and strategy'', Managerial Finance, Vol. 27 No. 7, pp. 17-33.[13]De Vaus, D.A. (1991), Surveys in Social Research, 3rd ed., YCL Press, London.[14] Duffy, G. and Dale, B.G. (2002), ''E-commerce processes: a study of criticality'', Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 102 No. 8, pp. 432-41.[15] Honeycutt, E.D., Flaherty, T.B. and Benassi, K. (1998), ''Marketing industrial products on the Internet'', Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 63-72.影响国际间企业网络营销成功的因素（节选）摘要国际间企业与企业的电子商务成为企业保持竞争优势的关键因素之一。
