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Bit-strings and other modi?cations of Viviane model for language competition P.M.C.de Oliveira 1,2,D.Stau?er 1,3,F.W.S.Lima 4,A.O.Sousa 1,5,C.Schulze 3and S.Moss de Oliveira 1,21Laboratoire PMMH,′Ecole Sup′e rieure de Physique et de Chimie Indus-trielles,10rue Vauquelin,F-75231Paris,France 2Visiting from Instituto de F′?sica,Universidade Federal Fluminense;Av.Litor?a nea s/n,Boa Viagem,Niter′o i 24210-340,RJ,Brazil 3Inst.for Theoretical Physics,Cologne University,D-50923K¨o ln,Euroland 4Departamento de F′?sica,Universidade Federal do Piau′?,57072-970Teresina -PI,Brazil 5Visiting from SUPRATECS,University of Li`e ge,B5,Sart Tilman,B-4000Li`e ge,Euroland Keywords:linguistics,Monte Carlo simulation,language size distribution Abstract The language competition model of Viviane de Oliveira et al is modi?ed by associating with each language a string of 32bits.Whenever a language changes in this Viviane model,also one randomly selected bit is ?ipped.If then only languages with di?erent bit-strings are counted as di?erent,the resulting size distribution of languages agrees with the empirically observed slightly asymmetric log-normal distribution.Several other modi?cations were also tried but either had more free parameters or agreed less well with reality.1Introduction The competition between languages of adult humans,leading to the extinc-tion of some,the emergence of new and the modi?cation of existing lan-guages,has been simulated recently by many physicists [1-11]and others [12-14],see also [15]for the learning of languages by children.The web site
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa17726220.html,/amag/langev/lists 103linguistic computer simula-simulations were given in
[16-18].Perhaps the empirically best-known aspect of language competition is the present distribution n s of language sizes s ,where the size s of the
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N u m b e r o f l a n g u a g e s Number of speakers Distribution of language sizes from Grimes, Ethnologue, and 550 exp[-0.05{ln(size/7000)}**2]
Figure 1:Empirical size distribution of the ～104present human languages,binned in powers of two.The curve shows a ?tted parabola,corresponding to a log-normal distribution.Real numbers of languages are for small languages higher than this parabolic ?t.From [23].language is de?ned as the number of people speaking mainly this language,and n s is the number of di?erent languages spoken by s people.We leave it to linguists and politicians to distinguish languages from dialects and rely on the widely used “Ethnologue”statistics [19-22]repeated in Fig.1.This log-log plot shows a slightly asymmetric parabola,corresponding to a log-normal distribution with enhancement for small sizes s ～10.Our aim is to reproduce this empirically observed distribution in an equilibrium simulation;previously it was achieved only for non-equilibrium [23].
Of the many models cited above only the “Schulze”model [4]and the “Vi-viane”model [8]gave thousands of languages as in reality.The Schulze model gave a reasonable n s distribution in non-equilibrium [23],when observed dur-ing its phase transition between the dominance of one language spoken by most people and the fragmentation into numerous small languages.The Vi-
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viane model does not have such a phase transition[17],and we now attempt to get from it a realistic n s in equilibrium.
The next section de?nes the standard Viviane model[8]for the reader’s convenience.Section3gives our bit-string modi?cation and the improved re-sulting n s,while Section4lists other attempts to get a good size distribution. The concluding section5compares our various attempts.
2Viviane Model
The original Viviane model[8]simulates the spread of humans over a pre-viously uninhabited continent.Each site j of an L×L square lattice can later be populated by c j people,where c j is initially?xed randomly between 1and m～102.On a populated site only one language is spoken.Initially only one single site i is occupied by c i people.
Then as in Eden cluster growth or Leath percolation algorithm,at each time step one surface site(=empty neighbour j of the set of all occupied sites) is selected randomly,and then occupied with probability c j/m by c j people. These settlers?rst select as language that of one of their occupied neighbour sites,with a probability proportional to the?tness of that language.This ?tness F k is the total number of people speaking the language k of that site, summed over all lattice sites occupied at that time.(In[9],this?tness was bounded from above by a maximum M k selected randomly between1and M max～20m.)After a language is selected,it is mutated into a new language with probabilityα/F k with a mutation factorαtypically between10?3and 1.From then on the population and language of the just occupied lattice site remain constant.Equilibrium is reached when all lattice sites have become occupied and the simulation stops.As a result of this algorithm,the various languages are numbered1,2,3,...without any internal structure of the languages.
The resulting language size distribution n s in Fig.2has a sharp maximum near s～m,and follows one power law(exponent1)to the left of the maximum and another power law to its right.As in reality it extends from s=1to s=109for the number s of people speaking one language.But the sharp maximum is not seen in reality,Fig.1,and the simulated slope on the right of the maximum is weaker than the one at its left,while reality shows the opposite asymmetry:Less slope on the left than on the right.
With increasing mutation factorα,the fraction of people speaking the
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50 samples 10001 x 10001, alpha = 0.002
Figure 2:Language size distribution n s for the standard Viviane model,with s varying from 1to 109.The absolute value of the slope to the right is smaller than one on the left,in contrast to reality,Fig.1.m =127,M max =16m ,also in Figs.3,5,6,8.
largest language decreases smoothly,Fig.3,without showing a sharp phase transition (in contrast to the Schulze model).For increasing lattice size L the curves shift slightly (logarithmically ?)to smaller αvalues.
(The program listed in [17]gave a limiting ?tness M j to each site j ,instead of an M k to each language.Thus before the mutations are simulated we need there the line f(lang(j))=min(limit(lang(j)),f(lang(j))+c(j)*fac).This mistake barely a?ects the n s ,Fig.2,but after correction the resulting size e?ect in our Fig.3is weaker than in Fig.3of [17].)3Bit-string modi?cation
We now improve the Viviane model in three ways:
i)We give the Viviane languages an internal structure by associating with
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Figure 3:Variation of the fraction of people speaking the largest language.The linear lattice size L increases from right to left.For mutation factor α=0by de?nition everybody speaks the language of the initially occupied site.
each language a string of,say,?=16bits,initially all set to zero.At each mutation of the language at the newly occupied site,one randomly selected bit is ?ipped,from 0to 1or from 1to 0.We count languages as di?erent only if they have di?erent bit-strings.Otherwise the standard algorithm is unchanged.Thus our new bit-strings do not in?uence the dynamics of the population spread,only the counting of languages.
ii)Thus far the populations c j per site j were homogeneously distributed between 1and m .In reality,there are more bad than good sites for human settlement.We approximate this e?ect by assuming that the values of c ,to be scattered between 1and m ,no longer are distributed with a constant probability but with a probability proportional to 1/c .
iii)Instead of occupying one randomly selected surface site i with prob-ability proportional to c i ,we saved lots of computer time by selecting two
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such surface sites and occupying the one with the bigger c .
(As a minor improvement we counted a neighbour language only once if two or more neighbours of the just occupied site speak that language.)
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Figure 4:Language size distribution for bit-string version,L =15000,m =250,M max =300,α=0.05,?=14bits.
Fig.4shows that these modi?cations are good enough to result in reason-able agreement with reality,Fig.1.The shape of the curve is robust against a wide variation of the parameters.We do not show plots for di?erent m since 1≤F j ≤m and for ?xed m/M max the simulations depend only on the ratio α/F j .The total number of languages is only 5×103,less then the real [19]value 7×103for which we would need bigger lattices than our computer memory can store.
As in [24]for the Schulze model,the bit-strings allow a study of spatial correlations:What is the Hamming distance for languages separated by a distance r ?The Hamming distance for two bit-strings,used already in [25,24]for the Schulze model,is the number of bits which di?er from each other in a position-by-position comparison of the two bit-strings.Thus initially we
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occupy the top line of the L ×L lattice with L di?erent languages,all having bit-string zero,then start the standard Viviane dynamics,and at the end we sum over all Hamming distances of all sites on lattice line r ,compared with the corresponding sites on the ?rst lattice line.(By de?nition,this Hamming distance is zero for r =1.)Fig.5shows our correlation functions,similar to reality
[24,26];the higher the mutation factor α,the higher the Hamming distance.This simulation for Fig.5used only modi?cation i)and involved no counting of languages.
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H a m m i n g d i s t a n c e Lattice line 10001^2; alpha = .001, .002, .003, .01, .03, .1
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H a m m i n g d i s t a n c e Lattice line Bits = 8 (+), 16 (x), 32 (*), 64 (sq.); alpha = 0.002
Figure 5:Summed Hamming distance versus geometric distance.Upper part:increase with increasing mutation factor,with the straight line on top giving the limit of uncorrelated bit-string.Lower part:variation with the length ?of our bit-string,taken as ?=32in the upper part.
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4Other modi?cations
4.1Noise
Ref.[23]improved the language size distribution of the Schulze model by applying random multiplicative noise,that means by multiplying at the end of one simulation each n s repeatedly by a random number taken between0.9 and1.1.This modi?cation approximates external in?uences from outside the basic model.Such noise is applied in Fig.6to the standard Viviane model with the additional modi?cation of correlations:each random number is used twice,one after the other.Here we multiplied each n s thousand times by a factor(0.9+0.2z)2at each iteration,and we summed over thousand samples. (Here z is a random number homogeneously distributed between0and1.) We start the simulations with a small mutation factorα=0.001and for each iteration this grows linearly until it reaches a values ofα=0.916,for all lattices sizes used here:L=257,513,1023,2047and4095.Fig.6shows a slightly asymmetric parabola,but as in Fig.2with the wrong asymmetry: Too slow decay on the right.
4.2Power law for populations per site
Using only modi?cation ii)of section3,and adding random multiplicative noise(100multiplications with0.9+0.2z,without correlations),Fig.7now shows reasonable asymmetric parabolas for equilibrium,similar to[23]for the non-equilibrium Schulze model.
4.3Indigenous population
We modi?ed the standard Viviane model by assuming that initially the lattice is not empty but is occupied by a native population which in our simulation is then overrun by some foreign invaders.Thus initially each lattice site gets a native?tness1/z where z is a random number homogeneously distributed between zero and one.In the later conquest by the foreign invaders,this site is conquered only if the?tness of the invader is larger than the native?tness (minus10).It is possible that a few sites cannot be conquered,since they are defended by Asterix,Obelix or other powerful natives.
We found that this modi?cation barely changes the?nal distribution of language sizes.For various mutation factorsα,Fig.8shows that again we
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Figure 6:Language size distribution from multiplicative noise and varying mutation factor (Viviane model without bit-strings).
have two power laws (straight lines in this log-log plot)for small and for large language sizes.The time after which the “conquistadores”?nish their conquest varies very little from sample to sample (not shown).Adding as before random multiplicative noise by 100multiplications by 0.9+0.2z makes the maximum more smooth (not shown),but still with the wrong asymmetry.5Conclusion
While we have o?ered various modi?cations in order to improve the results from the standard Viviane model,we think the one of section 3is the best since it is simple and introduced no new free parameters except ?.We have seen a reasonable agreement with the slightly asymmetric log-normal dis-tribution of language sizes.Future work could replace the bits by integer variables between 1and Q as in some Schulze models [17],or look at lan-guage families [27].
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L = 1000 (+) and 10000 (x), 50 or 4 samples
Figure 7:Language size distribution with power law distribution for the c j and random multiplicative noise;m =8192,M max =16m (Viviane model without bit-strings).
We thank the Brazilian grants PRONEX-CNPq-FAPERJ/171.168-2003for ?nancial support and S.Wichmann for many discussions.
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an other others the other the others等。 1 one...the other翻译为一个...另一个...含义是有范畴的共2个2个部分2个人等。 例题I’ve got two tickets for tonight’s concert. One is for me _________ is for you. A other B the other C others D an other 答案D 2 one/some/several... another翻译为一个/一些/几个...另一个...含义中没有范畴可以无限增加。 例句You have had several cakes. Do you really want an other one Neither of the hats doesn’t look good on my daughter. Would you give me an other one 3 some...others...翻译为一些...其它的指剩余的大部分... 含义中没有范畴因为还有部分未提及。 例句/题A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them. 操场上一般不有只踢球和看球的人可能还有做其它活动的人。We should help_____when they are in trouble. A other B the others C others D the other我们不可能帮助除我们以外的所有人所以答案是C。 4 one...the others...翻译为一个...其余的指剩余的全部... 含义是有范畴的. 例句The minotor will go to the Teachers’ Office the others will stay in the classroom. 5some...the others...翻译为一些...其余的指剩余的全部... 含义是有范畴的. 例句Four of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.
s o m e和a n y的区别 和用法
精品文档 收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除 some 和any 的区别和用法 要表示"一些"的意思，可用some, any 。 some 是肯定词（ASSERTIVE WORD 〕，常用于肯定句；any 是非肯定词（NONASSERTIVE WORD 〕，常用于否定句或疑问句。例如： There are some letters for me. There aren''t any letters for me. Are there any letters for me? I seldom get any sleep these days. any 也常用于条件分句以及带有否定含义的句子中： If you have any trouble, please let me know. 如果你有任何麻烦，请让我知道。 I forgot to ask for any change. 我忘了要一些零钱。 当说话人期待肯定回答时，some 也可用于疑问句, 比如当说话人期待来信时，他可以问道： Are there some letters for me? 当购物时向售货员提问或者主人向客人表示款待时，也可在疑问句中用some: Could I have some of these apples? Would you like some chocolate cake? 当some 与单数可数名词搭配时, some 相当于a certain （"某一"〕的含义；而any 与单数可数名词搭配，则相当于 every （"任何一个"〕的含义。例如： Some boy has broken a window. 有个男孩打破了窗户。 Any child could answer that question. 任何一个孩子都可以回答这个问题。 替代词one, ones, that, those 在比较结构中的用法辨析 在比较结构中，为了避免重复，常用替代词替代名词词组或它的中心词。可以这样用的替代词常用的且较难掌握的有one ， ones ，that 和those 。 I ．替代词one 和ones 的用法： 1．one 只能替代单数名词，one 的复数形式ones 只能替代复数名词。例如： My child doesn't like this book ．Show her a more interesting one ． 2．替代词one 或ones 必须带有一个限定或修饰词，它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象，这是替代词one 或 ones 在用法上的一个重要特征。例如： I don't like this book ．I'd like a more interesting one ． 3．当替代词one 或ones 带有后置修饰语时，它们前面总有定冠词。例如： Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before ． 4．当替代词one 或ones 在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this ，that ， which 和序数词等之后，可以省略。例如： some 和any 既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词，some 常用在肯定句中，而any 则常用在否定和疑问句中。因此 some 和any 的用法主要 是考虑用在肯定句、疑问句还是否定句中，与名词的可数与否无关。 some 意为“一些”，可作形容词和代词。它常修饰可数名词复数。如： some books 一些书，some boys 一些男孩，也可修饰不可数名词，如：some water 一些水，some tea 一些茶叶，some 常用在肯定句中。any 意为 “任何一些”，它也可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词，常用于疑问句和否定句。如： --I have some tea here. 我这儿有些茶叶。 --I can’t see any tea. 我没看见茶叶。 --Do you have any friends at school? 你在学校有些朋友吗? --I have some English books, they are my best friends. 我有英语书，它们是我最好的朋友。 但在表示建议，反问，请求的疑问句中，或期望得到肯定回答时，多用some 而不 用any 。如： Would you like some coffee? 你要不要来点咖啡? What about some fruit juice? 来点水果汁如何? 当any 表示“任何”的 意义，起强调作用时，它可以用在肯定句中； Any student can answer this question.任何学生都可以回答这个问题。 选题角度： 辨析 some 和any 的不同用法：some 常用在肯定句中，而any 则常用在否定和疑问句中。在表示建议，反问，请求的疑问句中，或期望得到肯定回答 时，多用some 而不用any 。 一般用于疑问句或否定句中，用于never, hardly, without 等词之后，用于if / whether 之后。 而some 则用于肯定句中，用于建议或请求的 疑问句中，用于预料会作肯定回答的疑问句中，用于表示反问的否定的疑句中。 如：1. I’d been expecting ________ letters the whole morning, but there weren’t ________ for me. (全国卷) A. some; any B. many; a few C. some; one D. a few; none 【分析】答案选A 。前一分句是肯定句，用some ，后 一分句是否定名句，用any 。另外，后一分句的weren’t 显示这是否定句，主语应为复数，排除C 和D ；many 一般不用于肯定句，a few 一般用 于肯定句，排除B 。 2. Let us hope we can settle the matter without ________ more trouble. (全国卷) A. any B. a little C. some D. little 【分析】答案选A 。without 表否定，用any 。 3. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read ________ stories by writers from ________ countries. (全国卷) A. some; any B. some;some C. some; other D. other; other 【分析】答案选C 。肯定句中用some 表示“一些”，other 作定 语，意为“别的”。 4. There’s ________ cooking oil left in the hou se. Would you go to the corner store and get ________ ? (北 京卷) A. little; some B. little; any C. a little; some D. a little; any 【分析】答案选A 。后句是表示请求的问句中，用some ，排 除B 和D ；由后文的意思可知，语气是否定的，排除C 。 5. ―I fee a bit hungry. ―Why don’t you have ________ bread? (全国卷) A. any B. some C. little D. a 【分析】答案选B 。表示建议的疑问句中 用some 。
1. another可视为由“an+other”构成，但总是写成一个词，不能写成an other；其后一般只接单数可数名词，不接复数名词或不可数名词。another有两个基本意义： (1) 外加的，同样的。如： Don’t say another word. 不要再说了。 Let me have another cup of tea. 给我再来一杯茶。 (2) 不同的，另外的。如： That’s another Story. 那是另一码事。 Give me another cup. This one’s cracked. 请给我换个杯子，这个裂了。 If I were you, I should get another lawyer. 如果我是你，我就请别的律师。 这样用的another表泛指。比较： Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。（表泛指） Give me the other (one). 给我另外那个。（表特指） 2. 在通常情况下，another 后不能接复数名词或不可数名词，但是若复数名词之前有few 或数词修饰，或不可数名词之前有piece of 之类的单位词时等，则可以与another 连用。如： I could go on for another two hours. 我再讲两个小时都讲不完。 I need another few days before l can make up my mind. 我还需几天才能决定。
3. one 有时可与another 对照使用。如： One (boy) wanted to read, and another wanted to watch TV. 一个（男孩）想看书，另一个则想看电视。 One day he wanted his lunch early, another day he wanted it late. 他一天要早点吃午饭，另一天又要晚点吃午饭。 4. 习语one after another意为“一个接一个地”“相继地”“依次地”，在句中主要用作状语。如： Planes took off one after another. 飞机陆续起飞。 One after another all his plans have failed. 他的计划都一一失败了。有时也可用作主语或宾语。如： One after another began to choke, and at the end all the women were weeping. 人们一个接一个哽咽起来，到结束的时候妇女们全都哭了。注意，该结构多用于三者或三者以上的“依次”，如指两者“依次”，则通常用one after the other。如： The boy showed me his dirty hands one after the other. 那男孩把他脏兮兮的手依序伸给我看。 5. one another 与each other：两者均表示“彼此”“互相”，原认为one another 用于三者或三者以上，each other 用于两者，但在现代英语中，两者常可换用。值得注意的是，“互相”一词，在中文里给人的感觉好像是副词，但其实它们是代词，因此它们在句不用作状语，若用于不及物动词之后时，要考虑添加适合的介词。如： We don’t always agree with one another [each other]. 我们的意见并
S o m e和a n y的用法及练 习 Prepared on 24 November 2020
Some 和any的用法及练习 不定代词：不是指确定的对象，而是仅具有非确定特指含义，不明确指代某事或某人的代词。通常用作替代词。 有all /both/every/both/either/neither/one/none/litt le/few/many/much/other/another/some/any/ no以及由some/any/no/every组合的复合不定代词。 some意为“一些”、“几个”,通常用于肯定句中。 现将其主要用法归纳如下: 一、 some作形容词用时,可以修饰复数可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词。例如: There are some students in the classroom. 教室里有几个学生。 There is some milk in the glass. 杯子里有一些牛奶。 二、 some作代词用时,可在句中作主语或宾语。例如: Some of the boys are playing games now. 有几个男孩现在正在做游戏。 I have no paper. Please give me some. 我没有纸了,请给我一些吧。 三、 some有时也可以用在疑问句或条件句中,表示请求、建议,并期望得到对方的肯定回答。它也可以用于反问句中。例如:
Can you give me some money 你能给我一些钱吗 Would you like some more rice 再来点米饭好吗 Why don’t you buy some flowers for her 你为什么不给她买些花呢If you want (some), I’ll give you some. 如果你想要(一些),我就给你一些。 四、some 与单数可数名词搭配，表示未知的人或物，相当于a(an) 或 a certain。 There must be some job I could do. 肯定有我能做的事情。 Some book on this topic was published last year. 去年出版了有关这主题方面的书。 注意：some + 可数名词复数中的“some”作“一些”解。 五、some用在基数词和few之前，是副词，表示“在概”或“在约”的意思，等于about。 例：There were some 40 or 50 people there.那里大约有40或50人。 any也有“一些”的意思,但它常用在否定句、否定答语或疑问句中。其具体用法如下: 一、 any作形容词用时,可以修饰可数名词的单数或复数,也可以修饰不可数名词。例如: Do you have any questions to ask 你有什么问题要问吗There isn’t any water in this bottle. 这个瓶子里没有水。二、 any作代词用时,也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何”的意思,起强调作用。例如:
s o m e与a n y的用法 区别
some与any的用法区别 一、一般说来，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句。例如： She wants some chalk. She doesn’t want any chalk. Here are some beautiful flowers for you. Here aren’t any beautiful flowers. 二、any可与not以外其他有否定含义的词连用，表达否定概念。例如： He never had any regular schooling. In no case should any such idea be allowed to spread unchecked. The young accountant seldom (rarely, hardly, scarcely) makes any error in his books. I can answer your questions without any hesitation. 三、any可以用于表达疑问概念的条件句中。例如： If you are looking for any stamps, you can find them in my drawer. If there are any good apples in the shop, bring me two pounds of them. If you have any trouble, please let me know. 四、在下列场合，some也可用于疑问句。 1、说话人认为对方的答复将是肯定的。例如： Are you expecting some visitors this afternoon?（说话人认为下午有人要求，所以用some）
other, the other, another 与 others 的用法区别 (1) 指复数时，若泛指用 other(后接复数名词)，若特指用 the other(后接复数名词)： There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。Where are the other students 其他同学在哪里 (2) others 永远表示复数意义，且其后不能再接名词。其用法大致相 当于“other+复数名词”，同样地 the others 大致相当于“t he other＋复数名词”： Show me some others. 再拿一些给我看。He died so that others might live. 他牺牲了自己使别人能够活下来。 I was tired, and so were the others. 我累了，其他人也一样。 — He is more careful than the others. 他比其他人更仔细。 Lei Feng is always ready to help others.雷锋总是乐于助人。(3) another一般只能表单数，且其后接名词时也只能接单数名词。但 是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时，则也可接复数名词： Have another piece of cake. 再吃一块蛋糕。 I’ve got another three minutes. 我还有三分钟。 (4) 与 some 对比使用时，用 others(此时与 some 同义)： Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对，有人说不对。
代词三 四、other的用法：other, another, others, the other, the others的用法区别 基本用法 other： other+ 复数名词（ other student s） another： . another +单数名词, “另一个”(数目不清楚) the other： The other +复数名词= the others “其他的人或物”（指确定范围内剩下的全部） others (别人)：其后不能带名词，代换上文中提及的可数名词（复数，泛指） the others：代词，其后不能带名词，代换上文中提及的可数名词（复数，定指）； 考点要求注意两个句式、一个搭配和两个区别 1、两个句式的用法 （1）One … the other … 一个……另一个 ~ 注意：使用该句式时，其前应出现说明具体数量的数词two；如出现的数词大于two，one 可以根据实际情况调整成其它数词；如出现的数词减去one或调整后的数词后仍大于“1”时，the other应变为the others或“the other + 数词”（两个数词相加应等于所给数词）。 There are two apples here. One is for you, the other is for your sister. There are five apples here. Two are for you, the others are for your sister. There are five apples here. Two are for you, the other three are for your sister. （2）Some … others …一些……另一些 注意：使用该句式时，其前应出现说明不定数量的词语；如出现说明具体数量的数词，others前应加上the。 There are many people on the beach. Some are swimming, others are enjoying the sun. Mrs. Smith bought 25 books. Some were for her daughter, the others were for her son. 2、一个搭配：any同other连用时应注意之点： Any others：any同单一的other连用，other应使用others； Any other + 单数名词：any后如还带有名词，用other，名词用单数； 【 Any of结构：any of后的other前应加the，如含名词用other，名词用复数；如不含名词，用others。 Of all the cities in China, Shanghai is bigger than any others. Of all the cities in China, Shanghai is bigger than any other city. Of all the cities in China, Shanghai is bigger than any of the others. Of all the cities in China, Shanghai is bigger than any of the other cities. 3、两个区别：（1）同数词连用时another和more的区别 another用于数词前，more用于数词后。（鞍前马后）
some和any用法和区别，小升初英语语法汇总 some 表示一些 any表示任何一个 somesome用在肯定句中，也可以用在表示婉转意思的疑问句中，表询问或建议；any 用于否定句和一般疑问句。 请注意看下列例句后扩号中说明的用法。 There is some water in the glass. （肯定句） There are some flowers in the garden. （肯定句） There aren’t any lamps in the study.（否定句） Are there any maps on the wall?（一般疑问句） Would you like some orange juice? （希望得到肯定回答，表建议） Would you like some lessons in Wangjing Dynamic English World with me this week ? （表询问，希望得到肯定回答） 这周你想和我一起上望京能动英语的几堂课吗？ Do you want to take any photos at the party? （一般疑问句） 练一练：选用some或any填空。 1) There isn’t ______milk in the fridge. 2) I can see______cars, but I can’t see______buses. 3) He has ______ friends in England. 4) Were there ______fruit trees on the farm? 5) Here are ______presents for you. 6) Does Tom want to take ______ photos? 7) Is there______rice in the kitchen? 8) There are______new buildings in our school.
some和 any 的用法及练习题( 一) 一、用法： some意思为：一些。可用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词，常常用于肯定句 . any 意思为：任何一些。它可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词，当修饰可数名词 时要用复数形式。常用于否定句和疑问句。 注意： 1、在表示请求和邀请时，some也可以用在疑问句中。 2、表示“任何”或“任何一个”时，也可以用在肯定句中。 3、和后没有名词时，用作代词，也可用作副词。 二、练习题： 1.There are ()newspapers on the table. 2.Is there ( )bread on the plate. 3.Are there () boats on the river? 4.---Do you have () brothers ?---Yes ,I have two brothers. 5.---Is there () tea in the cup? --- Yes,there is () tea in it ,but there isn’t milk. 6.I want to ask you() questions. 7.My little boy wants ()water to drink. 8.There are () tables in the room ,but there aren’t ( )chairs. 9.Would you like () milk? 10.Will you give me () paper? 复合不定代词的用法及练习 一.定义: 由 some，any，no，every 加上 -body,-one,-thing,-where构成的不定代词，叫做复合不定代词 . 二. 分类： 1.指人：含 -body 或 -one 的复合不定代词指人 . 2.含-thing 的复合不定代词指物。 3.含-where 的复合不定代词指地点。 三：复合不定代词： somebody =someone某人 something 某物，某事，某东西 somewhere在某处，到某处 anybody= anyone 任何人，无论谁 anything任何事物，无论何事，任何东西 anywhere 在任何地方 nobody=no one 无一人 nothing 无一物，没有任何东西 everybody =everyone每人，大家，人人 everything每一个事物，一切 everywhere 到处 , 处处 , 每一处
some与any的用法区别 一、一般说来，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句。例如： She wants some chalk. She doesn’t want any chalk. Here are some beautiful flowers for you. Here aren’t any beautiful flowers. 二、any可与not以外其他有否定含义的词连用，表达否定概念。例如： He never had any regular schooling. In no case should any such idea be allowed to spread unchecked. The young accountant seldom (rarely, hardly, scarcely) makes any error in his books. I can answer your questions without any hesitation. 三、any可以用于表达疑问概念的条件句中。例如： If you are looking for any stamps, you can find them in my drawer. If there are any good apples in the shop, bring me two pounds of them. If you have any trouble, please let me know. 四、在下列场合，some也可用于疑问句。 1、说话人认为对方的答复将是肯定的。例如： Are you expecting some visitors this afternoon?（说话人认为下午有人要求，所以用some）Are you expecting any visitors this afternoon?(说话人不知道下午是否有人来，所以用any) Didn’t you give him some tickets?(说话人认为票已经给他了。问题的回答是：Sure I did) Did you give him any tickets?（说话人不知道是否给票了。回答可能是yes或no。） 2、款待用语或问句的实质等于提出一个要求并希望得到肯定的回答时。例如：
other,another,others,the others,the other的用法和区别 other及其变化形式在初中教材中多次出现，而且它的变化形式很多，有以下几种：the other, others, the others, another 等。它们的用法现归纳如下； 1.other可作形容词或代词，做形容词时，意思是“别的，其他”，泛指“其他的（人或物）”。如： Do you have any other question(s)? 你还有其他问题吗？ Ask some other people. 问问别人吧！ Put it in your other hand. 把它放在你另一只手里。 2.the other指两个人或物中的一个时，只能用the other，不能用another，此时的other作代词。如：
He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker. 他有两个女儿，一个是护士，另一个是工人。 the other后可加单数名词，也可加复数名词，此时的other作形容词。如： On the other side of the street，there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边，有一棵大树。 Mary is much taller than the other girls. 玛丽比其他的女孩高得多。 He lives on the other side of the river. 他住在河的对岸。 3.others是other的复数形式，泛指“另外几个”，“其余的”。在句中可作主语、宾语。如： Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports. 我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞，其余的从事体育活动。 Give me some others, please. 请给我别的东西吧！ There are no others. 没有别的了。 4.the others意思是“其他东西，其余的人”。特指某一范围内的“其他的（人或物）”。是the other的复数形式。如： Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home. 两个男孩将去动物园，其余的留在家里。 the others=the other +复数名词，这在第2条中已经有所介绍。 5.another=an+ other，既可作形容词，也可作代词，只能用于三个或更多的人或物，泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。如：
不定代词other , another 的用法 1. Some people hope to be more successful while A simple want to feel more comfortable. A. the others B. others C. the other D. another 2. I have three pens. One is red, C two are black. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 3.Mr Smith has two sons, D is a soldier, ______ is a doctor. A. One, another B. One, other C. This, the other D. One, the other 4. Children should be taught how to get along with C . A. another B. other C. others D. any other 5. There are many people in the park now. Some are boating, __D___ are walking along the lake. A. The other B. Other C. The others D.Others 6. The glass is broken. Go and get __B_____ . A. other B. another one C. others D. the other 三单元复习与提高 1.Liu Xiang ia an Olympic winner in the __B_____ hurdles (跨栏) . We are proud of him. A. 110-meters B. 110-meter C. 110 meter 2. –Dad, when will you be free? You agreed to go to the seaside with me four days ago. --I am sorry, Jean. But I think I will have a __B____ holiday soon. A. four day B. four—day C. four days D. four day 3. Enough sleep is good for health. If you _A___ for your favorite TV programs, you will feel sleepy. A. stay up B. set up(建立) C. pick up 4. She needs __A____ a rest, for she is working for over four hours. A. to have B. having C. have D. had 5.He is too young. He is not __A____ to join the army. A. old enough B. enough old C. too old D. old too 6. I must be back home _A_____ 8;00 pm/ A. by B. from C. for D. between 7.We were allowed __B___ here for a little longer time. A. staying B. to stay C. stayed D. to staying 8. The young man was often seen _A_____ by the lake. A. to draw B. to drawing C. draw D. drew ( 题中的主语与动词see为被动关系，而see用于被动语态时，结构为be seen to do …) 9．Our English teacher always tells us a verb must _B____ its subject in number and person. A. agree B. agree with C. agree to D. agree on Agree with ―同意某人说的话或建议‖ Agree to ―同意计划，建议，要求，条件等‖ Agree on ―就。。。达成一致‖ 10. Many students will be _B_____ if the class is boring. A. sleep B. sleepy C. sleeping D. slept 11. All the boys succeeded __C_____ the English examination. A. pass B. to pass C. passing D. on passing
关于some和any的用法和区别 some和any都是常见词汇，他们有共同点也有很多不一样的地方，你们知道他们饿区别在哪里吗?接下来小编在这里给大家带来some和any的用法和区别，我们一起来看看吧! some和any的用法和区别 一、some和any作为形容词或代词，可以用来说明或代替复数名词或不可数名词，表示不定量，意为一些，其区别是：对其所说明或代替的名词持肯定态度时，用some;持非肯定(否定或疑问)态度时，用any。 在以下句子中使用some： 1.肯定句(包括肯定的陈述句和祈使句以及反意疑问句中肯定的陈述部分)。如： There are some new books on the teachers desk. We have a lot of sugar. Take some with you, please. He bought some bread, didnt he? 2.持肯定态度的一般疑问句。如： Are there some stamps in that drawer? Didnt she give you some money? 3.表示请求或建议的一般疑问句，通常都希望得到对方肯定的答复，所以也用some。如： May I ask you some questions?
Would you like some tea? 4.特殊疑问句及选择疑问句。因为特殊疑问句和选择疑问句并不对some所说明或代替的名词表示疑问。如： Where can I get some buttons? Do you have some pens or pencils? 在以下句子中使用ANY： 1.否定句(包括否定的陈述句和祈使句以及反意疑问句中否定的陈述部分)。如： I cant give you any help now. Do not make any noise. There werent any trees here, were there? 2.含有除not以外的其他否定词或否定结构的句子。如： Jim hardly makes any mistakes in his homework. He went to London without any money in his pocket. She was too poor to buy any new clothes. 3.一般疑问句(持肯定态度的除外)。如： Did she buy any tomatoes yesterday? I want some paper. Do you have any? 4.条件状语从句。如： If you are looking for any ink, you can find it on my desk. If there are any good apples there, get me two kilos, please.
some和any的区别和用法 要表示"一些"的意思，可用some, any。 some 是肯定词，常用于肯定句；any是非肯定词，常用于否定句或疑问句。例如： There are some letters for me. There aren''t any letters for me. Are there any letters for me? I seldom get any sleep these days. any也常用于条件分句以及带有否定含义的句子中： If you have any trouble, please let me know. 如果你有任何麻烦，请让我知道。 I forgot to ask for any change. 我忘了要一些零钱。 当说话人期待肯定回答时，some也可用于疑问句, 比如当说话人期待来信时，他可以问道：Are there some letters for me? 当购物时向售货员提问或者主人向客人表示款待时，也可在疑问句中用some: Could I have some of these apples? some和any 既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词，some常用在肯定句中，而any则常用在否定和疑问句中。因此 some和any 的用法主要是考虑用在肯定句、疑问句还是否定句中，与名词的可数与否无关。 some意为“一些”，可作形容词和代词。它常修饰可数名词复数。如：some books一些书，some boys一些男孩，也可修饰不可数名词，如：some water一些水，some tea一些茶叶，some常用在肯定句中。any意为“任何一些”，它也可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词，常用于疑问句和否定句。如： --I have some tea here. 我这儿有些茶叶。 --I can’t see any tea. 我没看见茶叶。 --Do you have any friends at school? 你在学校有些朋友吗? --I have some English books, they are my best friends. 我有英语书，它们是我最好的朋友。 但在表示建议，反问，请求的疑问句中，或期望得到肯定回答时，多用some而不用any。如：Would you like some coffee? 你要不要来点咖啡? What about some fruit juice? 来点水果汁如何? 当any表示“任何”的意义，起强调作用时，它可以用在肯定句中； Any student can answer this question.任何学生都可以回答这个问题。 选题角度： 辨析some和any的不同用法：some 常用在肯定句中，而any 则常用在否定和疑问句中。在表示建议，反问，请求的疑问句中，或期望得到肯定回答时，多用some而不用any。一般用于疑问句或否定句中，用于never, hardly, without等词之后，用于if / whether 之后。而some则用于肯定句中，用于建议或请求的疑问句中，用于预料会作肯定回答的疑问句中，用于表示反问的否定的疑句中。 如： 1. I’d been expecting ________ letters the whole morning, but there weren’t ________ for me. (全国卷)卷 A. some; any B. many; a few C. some; one D. a few; none