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英美概况Chapter1-2Part Two PeoplePopulation:In total 60,209,500 in the mid-2005.In July of 2009, 61,113,205.The 3rd largest population in Europe and the 23rd largest in the world.Britain’s population is overwhelmingly urban, with about 90% living in urban areas, and 10% living in rural areas.The top five populous cities are London (7,556,000), Birmingham (1,018,000), Leeds (761,000), Glasgow (611,000), and Sheffield (530,300).Population DensityCompared with many other countries Britain is heavily populated.In 2008 the average number of people per square kilometre in Britain was 253, one of the highest in the world.England is the most densely populated part of the country, with a population density of 395 people per square kilometre, Wales (142), Northern Ireland (125) and Scotland (65).London has the highest population density with 4,700 people per square kilometre.Population Distribution:1) England: about 50 million (83.8%)(Greater London: 7 million, 11% of the country total)(other dense regions include Birmingham, Coventry and the old industrial centers)2) Wales: about 2.96 million (4.9%) (2/3 live in the industrial southern valleys)3) Scotland: about 5 million (8.5%)(3/4 live in the Central Lowlands, around Glasgow and Edinburgh)4) Northern Ireland: about 1.7 million (2.9%) (half live in Belfast and along the coast)The Origin of British People1. The English are Anglo-Saxon (tall, blond and blue-eyed)2. The Welsh, the Scots and the Irish are Celts(shorter, rounder head, most are darker hair, but many are red hair)3. Other European source:Considerable number of Italians, Greeks, Australians, and New Zealanders settled in Britain as permanent residents.4. Immigrants:Immigrants from Africa and Asia, mainly from the former colonies of the British EmpireBritain is one of the most culturally diverse countries in Europe.London is estimated that about 160 languages and dialects are spoken.Part III The English LanguageEnglish is the official language.English is an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch.The development of English language is divided into three periods:Old English, Middle English and Modern English1. Old English1) Old English: modern FrisianIn the 5th and 6th centuries, the Angles, Saxons and Jutescame to the British Isles, They gave the England its name, “Angel” land.Their language is similar to modern Frisian. (弗里西语)，now is called Old English.Frisian is the language of northeastern region of the Netherland.They drove the original Celtic-speaking people out of England into the Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.These Celtic language survive today in the Gaelic language of Scotland and Ireland, and Welsh in Wales.2) influenced by old Norse (挪威语)Old Norse is spoken by the Vikings.They invaded England in the 8th century, stamped their influence on the people andlanguage.3) adding the first wave of Latin and Greek words because of the introduction of Christianity.4) some Danish words also came into the English vocabularyThe Old English Period ended with the Norman Conquest.2. Middle English1) French replaced English1066, William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, conquered England.French, spoken by the Normans, replaced English as the official languageEnglish was only used by the lower class.Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary.2) England nobles adopted English again1204, King John lost the province of Normandy.Norman nobles in England began to adopt modified Englishas their native tongue.3) English evolved into Middle EnglishAfter Black Death, the laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance, and English also increased in importance.3. Modern EnglishFrom the 15th century, the English changed into Modern English.1)1476 the printing press was introduced to England by William Caxton, who broughtstandardization to English.The Dialect of London became the standard.Spelling and grammar became fixed.2)The first English dictionary was published in 1604.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary in 1755 was influential in establishing a standard form of spelling.3)English continued to assimilate foreign words, esp. from Latin and Greek, throughoutthe Renaissance.From the early 17th century, the written material is in Modern English.(works ofShakespeare, King James Bible)4)The Industrial Revolution and the rise of technology add new words in Modern English.5)The rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade led to the assimilation ofwords from many other languages.4. Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeast England, adopted as a broadcasting standard in theBritish media.It is also called Queen’s English or BBC English.It has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. Standard English also refers to the norm carried overseas for non-native speakers learning English.Today, Standard English is codified that the grammar and vocabulary of English are much the same everywhere in the world where English is used.。
英美概况Unit1-2Summary英美概况Unit1-2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1. It is an island country by the sea.Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 2. Geographical NAMESthe British Isles Great Britain England the United Kingdom (UK) 3.The British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales4.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland5. Other names:the British Empire (大不列颠帝国)British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦国家）England6.London1) Capital city Largest city Largest port2) Largest population (one seventh of the nation’s population)3) Financial and Commercial centre4) Culture (host the Olympic Games in 1908 ,1948, 2012)7.Political centre1) Westminster central government administrative area2)Palace of Westminster Houses of parliament (Big Ben)3)Westminster Abbey ancient church4)Whitehall (street)8.Downing street, the house of No.10 official residence of the Prime Minster9. Buckingham palace royal residence of the Queen10.A complicated country1) imperial country2)Commonwealth of Nations3) member of European Union4) a member of Group of Seven5) multiracial6) a society with a class structure7) region difference (just like China)11 The people1) Total population : about 60 million2) unevenly distributed3) Highly urbanized4) Mutiracial/Mutinational12.The origins or ancestors of the people:Anglo-Saxons →the EnglishCelts →the Scots, Welsh and Irishnon-European ethnicity →( Indian, Pakistan, Caribbean, etc.) immigrants/doc/062589667.html,mon characteristics1) Cautious 2) Adaptable 3) Conservative4)Have strong national consciousness14.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(3) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north；the Central lowlands；the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital: Belfast15.A History of invasionsEngland was occupied by Celtic people.1) in 43AD →the Roman empire2) The 5th century AD →the Angle-Saxon3) The late 8th centu ry →the Vikings and Danes4) 1066 The Norman →the important battle of Hastings Scotland The second largest nationHave the most strong national confidence.Topography: the most rugged part three natural zonesthe Highland in the north, the central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.1.The history of invasionsa. Scotland was not conquered by the Romans.b. Most of Scotland wasn’t conquered by Anglo- Saxons.c. In 9th century the Vikings invaded Scotland.2.PoliticsIn 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and the Scottish parliament.3.PartyThe Labour PartyThe Scottish National PartyThe Conservative PartyWales In the west of Great Britain.The smallest on British mainland, larger than Northern Ireland Topography: Pasture Capital: Cardiff(320,000 people) Language: English/Welsh(19%), Localism is deep-rooted. Economy: Traditional industry: Coal-mining, coal and steel New industries by attracting investment.1.History of invasiona. Wales was conquered by the Romans.b. Wales wasn’t c onquered by Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.c. Wales was invaded by the NormansNorthern IrelandOld name: Ulster the smallest in area and population Topography: Low hills and lake district, rugged coastlines Landmark: Giant’s CausewayCapital: Belfast (about 480 000 people, Titanic was built there ) Industry: shipbuilding and aircraft manufacture Economy: stagnant forLow crime and murder rateLow wealth per headLow living cost1.Partylegal: a. the Sinn Fein partyb. SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party Illegal: IRA: Irish Republican Army2.Results: most of the casualties of civilians1) 1969 event2) The Provisional IRA3) Paramilitary groups4) Gettoes in Northern Irish cities5) The policy of Internment6) The Bloody Sunday。
《英美概况教案》课件第一章：英国地理与文化1.1 英国地理位置与气候英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成。
英国气候温和，多雨，四季分明。
1.2 英国政治体系英国是一个君主立宪制国家，拥有国王或女王作为国家元首。
英国议会由两院组成：下议院和上议院，下议院议员由民众选举产生。
1.3 英国教育体系英国教育体系分为小学、中学和大学三个阶段。
英国大学以其悠久的历史和优秀的教学质量闻名于世。
1.4 英国文化特色英国文化源远流长，拥有丰富的文学、戏剧、音乐和艺术传统。
英国人注重礼仪和传统，喜欢下午茶和足球等体育活动。
第二章：美国地理与文化2.1 美国地理位置与气候美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接加拿大，南界墨西哥。
美国气候多样，北部寒冷，南部炎热，西部海岸湿润，中西部干旱。
2.2 美国政治体系美国是一个联邦制国家，由50个州组成，拥有总统作为国家元首。
美国国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议员由州议会选举产生，众议员由民众选举产生。
2.3 美国教育体系美国教育体系分为小学、中学、高中和大学四个阶段。
美国大学以其多样性和创新性著称，拥有世界上最多的大学排名前100的名校。
2.4 美国文化特色美国文化多元且开放，拥有丰富的音乐、电影、科技和体育传统。
美国人注重个人主义和自由，喜欢户外活动、运动和社交聚会。
第三章：英国经济概况3.1 英国经济简述英国是发达国家之一，拥有强大的经济实力和先进的技术产业。
英国经济以服务业为主，特别是金融服务业在全球具有重要地位。
3.2 英国主要产业英国拥有发达的制造业，包括汽车、航空、制药等行业。
英国科技产业发展迅速，特别是在、生物科技等领域。
3.3 英国经济政策英国政府采取自由市场经济政策，鼓励企业创新和发展。
英国是欧盟成员国，与欧盟其他国家有着紧密的经济合作关系。
3.4 英国与他国的经济关系英国与美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等英语国家有着密切的经济合作关系。
Section one：Origin of the English NationThe native Celts●The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is thebasis of Welsh and Gaelic.●Religion: Druidism.●Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably builtbetween about 3000 and 1000 B.C by Celts, but its function remains unknown.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)●Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquerScotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent Picts in Scotland from invading England.●Many towns’ names end with: ster, cester, and shire. e.g., Lancast er, Winchester, Y orkshire, deriving fromcastra (Latin word for camp).●Religion: Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (446-871)(mainly occupied the Lowland Zone)●New invader: Jutes (now the county of Kent), became the king of Kent. Soon after their relat ives and othertribes came trooping after them——●It is a collective name for the seven Anglo—Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They areKent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century, the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.●Saxons and Angles came from northern Germany. After they had taken possession of all the England, theywere divided into 7 principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy. those tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.(hero: King Arthur)●Religion: Teutonic, practicing multi-goddism. Tiu(the god of war, Tuesday), Woden(heaven, Wednesday),Thor(storms, Thursday),Freya(peace, Friday)●Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to convert the English to Christianity. With the help of the king of Kent, hebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.●The A-S nominated local officials: sheriffs.●Open-field farming system: 3 big fields+commons. This system is the basis of the English agrarian civilizationand subsistence farming.●Witan: the A-S created the Witan (a group of wise man) to advice the king, the Witan was the forerunner of thepresent-day Privy Council.●Alfred the Great: the father of the British Navy & his writings were the beginning of prose literature. Made atreaty with Danes----Dane law.●Viking invasions: in the 8th, 9th, 10th centuries A.D. V ikings from North Europe, brought a new wave ofinvasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Briton.●Canute: Witan chose the Danish leader, as king of England. he included England part of a Scandinavianempire(inc luded Norway and Denmark)●Edward the Confessor: built Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest (1066)●William the Conqueror: the first Anglo-Norman king of England.●Battle of Hastings: ?Influence of the Norman Conquest●Feudalism: the nobles got fief, from the sovereign. But they were obliged to pay certain dues and armed manaccording to their estates to the king. They (known as barons or the king's tenants=in -chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to sub-vassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords.●William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council thatwas composed of his tenants-in-chief.●Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenants-in-chiefcould be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.this book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land.Section two：The Great Charter and Beginning of ParliamentHenry II 'Reforms●William died and left his Normandy to Robert, England to William Rufus, all his money to Henry. William IIwas killed when hunting, Henry I succeeded him.●Henry I had no male heir, his nephew Henry II became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty金雀花王朝.●The new king strengthened the Great Council. Chancellor is the chief number, in charge of the administrativeand judicial system. The present day Lord Chancellor is his successor.●Administrative reform：Replaced the traditional land tax based on hides with a new tax based on annual rentsand chatells.●Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s propertyand abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, becoming the basis of the Common Law习惯法.✓the Common Law is a judge-made or case-made law based on the various of local customs of the A-S, it was common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little community;✓Lead to the founding of the jury system, (the juries were chosen from among local freeman to help circuit judges from London. Function: bring accusation against malefactors and swear to the innocence of the accused, the judge gave verdict at first but gradually the jury was empowered to give verdict. Principle: no free man should be punished without a just trial by his peers.✓It replaced the primitive English trials----by ordeals or battles. Abolished the benefit of clergy.●Thomas Becket: the king’s chief secretary. In 1162, Henry made him the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping hewould assist him in church reforming. But Thomas was against the king, and finally he was killed by the King.After his death, he was put upon the list of English saints as a martyr to the church.●Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”(24 tales)King John●Many people believed that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John.●In fear of the Pope suspend public services, John promised to send a yearly tribute to him; John became avassal of the Pope.The great charter 大宪章P93●In 1215, the insurgent nobles met the king at Runnymede, and forced his to sign: the Great Charter (the MagnaCarta), the most important documents in English history.Beginning of Parliament●After John died, his 9 years old boy Henry III was put on the throne.和父亲是一丘之貉●Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother in law, was the defender of the Great Charter. But king refused to acceptthe Provisions of Oxford was finally put into prison. In 1265,.each county sent two knights, and each town tworepresentatives to join the meeting at Westminster,(the earliest English parliament)●Edward I succeeded, conquered Wales, gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales, a title held by the heirto the throne ever since.Section 3: decline of feudalism of EnglandThe hundred years’ war (1337—1453)●This war refers to the war between France and England, and ended in victory for the French, leading toexpulsion of English from France. The reason of the war: territorial and economic disputes.（direct course:Edward 3 claimed his succession to French throne, but being denied）●Joan of Arc圣女贞德: A national heroine in French history during the hundred year's war. She leaded peasantssuccessfully to drive the English out of France.●The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal orderand the “flower of feudalism”.●The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread throughEurope in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. (change serfdom农奴身份to paid labour)●The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise,they will be branded with the letter“F” on their forehead.The peasant uprising (1381)●The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. Theuprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage隶农制. A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.The wars of the Roses (1455-1485)●The wars of Roses ：After the Hundred Y ear's War, in order to decide who would rule England, a war brokeout between the House of Lancaster （won）and the House of Y ork, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. In nature it was a war between the commercial-minded gentry in the south and the backward landowners in the north and west. It is usually regarded as the end of English Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world history.Section 4:the Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe new monarchy●Henry VII is the founder of the Tudor Monarchy, served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismin English history.●American was discovered.Henry VIII and reform of the church●Henry VIII: the quintessential Renaissance sovereign famous for founding the Church of England.●Martin Luther desired the reform of the church.●The reform of the church coincided with the Renaissance. The immediate course was Henry VIII’s divorcecase.●Henry didn’t want to alter theology in any way. What he did was only to get rid of Papal interferences inEngland’s internal affairs.●Henry VIII was followed by Edward VI, switching to Protestant theology and his drastic reform has beencalled “the Reformation” in English history.●Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’s daughter and she was a Catholic. After she became Queen, about 300Protestants were burnt as heretics, for they held Protestant views. As a result, people call her "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth 1(1533-1603)●Externally, Elizabeth successfully played off against each other two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.●Establish charter companies, such as East India Company.●The Spanish king Philip finally made war with Armada (the Invincible Fleet).Elizabeth was regarded as thefoundation-layer of the British Empire.●Elizabeth Age refers to the English golden age.Section five: the English civil war(Bourgeois Revolution)Background of Revolution●Enclosures and the peasant uprising created a new working class, proletariat.●James 6 of Scotland was welcomed to the throne as James 1.this marks the major step to the unification of the two kingdoms.James 1(1603-1625) and the parliament●James said:"no bishop, no king", relations between the Puritans and the king deteriorated.●The Catholics were also opposed to the king for his staunch support of the Church of England. The night bonfire festival is celebrated on November 5, with fireworks and bonfire on which Guy Fawkes was burnt in effigy to remember the day Gunpowder Plot of 1605,reminding the English people the danger of Catholic restoration.●Many puritans refused to conform the King James V ersion, so they became "nonconformists", in 1620,201 nonconformists sailed from Plymouth in a ship named Mayflower. They were called Pilgrims.●James 1 believed "Divine Right of Kings", dissolved the parliament for 7 years. He was called the wisest fool. Charles 1●He followed a pro-Catholic ism policy.(In Elizabethan times, puritans were popular)●The puritans were noted for simple dress, high moral standards, demand of equality, and egalitarian [i,ɡæli'tεəriən]attitudes.The civil wars●The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution.●The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell.●Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.●"Roundhead" was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings.●The civil war is the beginning of modern world history.Restoration●Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New Y ork.●His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism.●Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne.●W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born.Hanover dynasty.Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movementBackground of industrial revolution●The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.●James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use.●Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedge-divided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands.●Farmer George.Effects of the industrial revolution (1750-1850)●The workshop of the world.●As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem.●The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black C ountry”●The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites.●Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Species---natural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissez-fair).The chartist movement (1836-1848,3times)●The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights.●Document: the People’s Charter人民宪章，drawn by London Workingmen’s Association.●Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists.Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society”●The V ictoria Age: a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom. The 63-year reign of Victoria was the longest of any monarch in British history. She was official head of state not only of the United Kingdom but also the British Empire, which included Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa.●In 1840,the Opium War against China.●The trade union act of 1871 legalized the trade unions, ------- set up Labor Representation Committee (LRC) ----------- it changed this name to Labor Party.。
Unit 1 The United States of America1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2. According to the text, the large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. The Atlantic Seacoast west to the Appalachians;B. The Mississippi River Basin;C. The Rockies west to the Pacific;Unit 2 American population3. The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in 1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the south, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.Chapter 5 The Confederation and the Constitution 1．Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and prefermd a more decentralized federal system of government.3. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788. The first Vice-President was John Adams, the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson.4. The most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase which was about 828000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.5. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence. This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.名词解释Confederation(邦联)：A confederation is a government in which the constituent governments , called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct of individuals.问答1. What powers do the national government and the individual states have under the Articles of confederation?the national government: conduct war & foreign affairs; make commercial treaties;negotiate with Indians; coin money & issue bills of creditthe individual states: deal with foreign countries; engage in war; issue money & bills of credit; collect taxesChapter6 American Expansion and the Civil War1.The essence of Monroe Doctrine was which later became the __cornerstone __of the US policy.2.Oregon territory was settled between Britain and the United States in_1846__.Its boundary on the north was fixed at the _forty--ninth_parallel of north latitude.3.Under Missouri Compromise,Missouri was admitted as a _slave_state，but the balance of political power maintained by admission of _Maine_as a_free_state.In addition，slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line_36°30’_ parallel.4.In 1862，the federal government took two revolutionary measures：（1）Homestead Act and（2）Emancipation Proclamation.5.In July 1863 came the turning point of of the war at Gettysburg.Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E.Lee was defeated.The battlefield was made a national cemetery,where Lincoln gave his famous speech,the Gettysburg Address on November 19,1863.6.In 1865,the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted,which abolished slavery throughout the United States.问答1.What was the Monroe Doctrine?The Monroe Doctrine written by James Monroe, declared in December of 1823, was a superlative U.S. foreign policy statement. It was precipitated by various independence movements in South America and the U.S. government's desire to discourage European nations from colonizing the Americas, and a growing American nationalism.The Monroe Doctrine stated that European nations should not intervene in countries to the south of the U.S. Finally, it promised to stay out of foreign affairs.U.S. will not interfere with European affairs in Europe.The essence of the Doctrine is“America for Americans”.Whic h later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy.As the New World developed in the years ahead this doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a border interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.名词解释1.Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address is a speech delivered by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War on November 19, 1863 after the northern victory at Gettysburg.It is regarded as one of the most significant expressions of American democracy. In just over two minutes, Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession crisis,with "a new birth of freedom,"that would bring true equality[5] to all of its citizens.Lincoln also redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union, but also for theprinciple of human equality.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of Us Imperialism1、The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former confederate states, exceptTennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2、During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radicalreconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.3、The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for resortingwhite supremacy and driving blacks out of politics.名词解释Open Door PolicyIn Sino-American relations, Theodore Roosevelt pushed the so- called “Open Door Policy” which demanded that all the imperialist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as othe r aggressors.Chapter 8 world war I and the depression1、The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power.2、The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917 was the Germany’s unlimited submarine campaign.3、The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations.4、The United States didn’t join the League of Nations because the US Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5、The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.名词解释：Roaring Twenties: The ten years between 1919 and 1929, usually called the “Roaring Twenties” or the “Jazz Age”, were a time of carefree prosperity, isolation from the world’s problems, bewildering social change and a feverish pursuit of pleasure.问答题：1、Why did the US join the First World War so late?First, the United States was lack of military preparedness when the war began.Another factor for the US to join the war was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause,F inally the factor that pushed the US into the war was Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships.2、What were the major contents and basic ideas of the New Deal? How do you comment on the New Deal?The aims of the New Deal were to raise commodity prices by limiting production,devaluing the dollar, maintaining high tariffs on foreign goods, and to carry through a modest inflation by providing money at low rates of interest to farmers and to industry.For farmers, the Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in 1933, which enabled the government, among other things, to pay grants to induce them to reduce the amount of products, which included such commodities as cotton, wheat, corn, pigs, rice, tobacco, milk, sugar and others.In industry Roosevelt, by the National Recovery Act of 1933, was given power to control working conditions, and to fix minimum wages.Chapter 9 American During and After World II1.The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to_sell___ certain nonprohibitedgoods to belligerent nations as long as those goods were not transported on _American_ ships.2.Stars Wars program was proposed by President _Reagan_in __1983__. Theprogram seeks to construct a defensive “shield”against incoming _missiles_.The shield would be made of _laser__ and electronic _devices _that would destroy such missiles launched to attack _ the US__名词解释1.The Cold WarDuring the time 1945-1991, because disagreed about the configuration of the post-war world, especially about that of Europe, there was a continuing state of political and military tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the U.S., and the communist world, led by the USSR. The Cold War was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.2.The Truman Doctrinea policy by Truman on Mar. 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid ($400m) to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. It was the start of the Cold War and the start of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion. . It became the basis of U.S. Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world.3.Marshall PlanThe economic equivalent of the containment policy was presented by secretary of state George Marshall, called Marshall plan. It was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. the purpose of the plan was to modernize European industrial and business practices using high-efficiency American models, reduce artificial trade barriers, and instill a sense of hope and self-reliance. (The U.S. gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies to combat the spread of communism.) the plan had two major aims:(1)to keep communists out of political power in Europe. (2)to stabilize the international economic order in a way favorableto capitalism. It was one of the first elements of European integration问答1.What are the major forms of American Civil Rights Movement from 1955 to 1968?Can you give one specific examples?Boycotts; Sit-ins;Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)●On Dec. 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus tomake room for a white passenger, and then Parks was arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance.After word of this incident reached the black community, 50 African-American leaders gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a more humane bus transportation system.90% of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts, which reduced bus revenue by 80% until a federal court ordered Montgomery's buses desegregated in Nov. 1956, and the boycott ended.●Chapter 10 The Federal System and Congress1.Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the centralgovernment and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the state . Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence. 2.Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislativepower to Congress, executive power to President and judicia l power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branchesa sufficient role in the actions of the others.3.According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be25 years old and must have been citizens for 7 years. Senators must be at least 30and must have been citizens for 9 years.4.The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the presidentof the Senate. In fact he seldom appears in the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he casts the tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore.名词解释1 federalism: This division of powers by a constitution between the national government and state government.2 separation of powers: It means constitutional division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches回答问题What are the three basic principles of U.S political system?The US political system was established on the basis of the three main principles-----federalism, separation of powers, and supremacy of the constitution. Federalism is the division of powers by a constitution between the national government and state government. It should be observed that federalism operates only on two levels, the national and the state .Separation of powers means constitutional division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It meansmore than allocating legislative power to the Supreme Court. It also means giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others so that no one branch may dominate the others. Supremacy of the constitution means that every American citizen is required to respect the Constitution and to obey the laws of the United StatesChapter 11The President and the Judiciary1 By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and ofbeing a resident within the United States for 14 years can run for thepresident .The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the 20th of January following his election.2 The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress andpolicies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice (1801-1835) in Americahistory, called this power of interpretation judicial review.3 There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts, 2) the courts ofappeal, 3) the Supreme Cour t. All the judges of federal courts appointed byPresident with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has ahierarchy of three levels: 1) superior cour ts, 2) appellate courts 3)a statesupreme court. The state court judges are usually elected. The term of the county court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually serve eight or twelve years for one term.问答How is the president’s power limitedThe president has no power to declare war on other countries. He can call Congress into special session and can adjourn Congress, but he cannot dismiss Congress. He cannot pardon the person who is impeached. All appropriations of the government are legislated by Congress. The Supreme Court has the power to declare the pr esident’s policy, even if it has already been approved by Congress, unconstitutional and thus abolished it. If the president abuses his power or commits crimes, he will be impeached by Congress.Chapter 12 Political Parties and ElectionThe candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winter-take-all” principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.名词解释Election Day: the day set by law for the general elections of public officials. It occurs on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. (The earliest possible date is November 2 and the latest possible date is November 8.)Winner-take-al l：The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’selectoral votes.问答题How is the U.S. president elected?First stage: the major parties hold conventions to choose candidates for President and Vice President and to determine the parties’ platforms.Second stage: the campaigning stage. From early fall of the election year to Election Day, candidates travel across the country and deliver countless speeches, campaigning for support.Third stage: voters to choose a slate of president electors in their state who make up the Electoral College. The candidate with the most votes will be the President in the next four years.Fourth stage: when the new Congress assembled on Jan. 6, the electoral votes are formally counted in a joint session of the two houses and the President of the Senate announces the “state of the vote”. If there’s no electoral college winner, the house of representatives choose the president.。
英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分）英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分）Chapter 1第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
PART TWO The United States of American1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1)introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.Thereare many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。
到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。
英美概况PART 1Unit 1 The United KingdomI Overview1 Full name of the country : The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2 The British Isles(a geographical term)选择地图，写名称3 The4 countries/nations that made up the kingdoma. Englandb. Scotlandc. Walesd. Northern Ireland4 Capital-London5 The Union Flag/the Union Jack 国旗7 The UK’S influence in the worlda The British commonwealth英联邦(名词解释1):Also known as theCommonwealth of Nations,it is an association comprising the United Kingdom and fifty or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown, including Canada, Australia , India, and many countries in the West Indies and Africa.ⅡPosition and Borders2 Borders: English Channel 南⾯North Sea东⾯Ireland 西⾯Ⅲ Components:组成部分1 EnglandB capital-London ⾸都+⾸府2 Scotlanda 2nd,largest in area and populationb capital-Edinburgh ⾸府3 Walesb capital-Cardiff4 Northern IrelandC Capital-BelfastⅣtopography 三个部分对应1 The highland ZoneP:6 Scotland, Wales and parts of England 2 The lowland Zone P:7 most of EnglandThe South and east of Great Britain V Rivers, Lakes and Coastline 1 ThamesSecond largest bur most important river VI Climate1 maritime 海洋性2 temperate ⽓候温和的3 changeable weatherUnit 2 The peopleI Overview1 Ethnic composition:种族构成A The EnglishB The WelshC The ScottishD The Northern Irish2 LanguageEnglish+ other minor language3 “Britishness”I Ethnic Composition1 The historyA Celtic tribesB RomansC Angles, Saxons and JutesD ScandinaviansE French NormansF Waves of immigrants and refugees ever sinceⅢ Linguistic Composition1 EnglishA The official language of the U.K.B The evolution of EnglishGermanic+ Danish + French + other influencesC The Received PronunciationUnit 4 Governments and PoliticsⅠThe constitution and the Monarchy1 The ConstitutionA No written ConstitutionC characteristics1) Constitutional monarchy 君主⽴宪制VS absolute monarchy2) Parliamentary Sovereignty 议会权⼒⾄上3) Representative democracy 代表民主制4）The rule of law法制ⅡThe Monarchy1 Who is the present monarch? Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ问答题1 P:502 What is the Queen’s role as monarch? What does the phrase“ the monarch is supposed to reign but not rule” mean?1)Head of state 国家⾸领2）Head of the armed forces武装部队3）Head of the Church of England 英国圣公会4）Government duties5) Represents the nation6) Visits other countries*Where does Queen live?Buckingham PalaceIII Parliament-the legislature1 Structure of ParliamentA The crownB The House of Lords (non-elected)C The house of commons (the elected) Real power2 House of Commons-with real powerA 646 MPsB The Prime Minister-⾃动⽣成（The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister）C Cabinet内阁D Leader of the Opposition 反对党⾸领E Shadow Cabinet 影⼦内阁（由反对党构成）F Front benchers vs Backbenchers P:45Front benchers: Cabinet or shadow CabinetBackbenchers: All other MPSG The speaker 下议院议长：an MP of either party usually elected at the startof each parliament.3 House of LordB “hereditary peers”世袭贵族vs “life peers”终⾝贵族C Also the highest court-the judicialⅣGovernment1 Central government- the executive⾏政部门A the Prime Minister2) Responsibilities 办公场所：10 Downing Street1) Presiding over the Cabinet2) allocating function among minisers3) meeting with the QueenB The Cabinet2)The principle of collective responsibility集体责任制(名词解释2)：P：47The Cabinet acts unanimously under the principle of collective responsibility,which means that if an important decision is unacceptable to a particular Cabinet member, it is expected that he or she will resign to signify dissent.V Political Parties and Elections1 The political party systemB Two-party systemThe conservative Party VS the Labor PartyC The Contrasting beliefs P:491) The Labour Party believes in the supervision of industry by the government, even distribution of wealth, and equal opportunity for everyone.2) The Conservative Party traditionally supports private enterprise and minimal state regulation and accepts and mixed economy, which involves private ownership of businesses with some government control. Conservatives also tend to believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privileges.Unit9 EducationI Primary and secondary education1 State schools VS Independent schools2 The ”school boards”The governing body of schools3 School organizationA 3 terms1) Autumn2) Spring3) SummerB “class teacher” system⼩学one-teacher responsible all subjects4 School reformsGrammar school（名词解释3）—Originally meant to educate the young in Latin grammar and that of another European language. These schools in modern UK are intended to teach a highly academic curriculum and teach students to deal with abstract concepts.II Higher education1 Universities1) The ancient universities(12th and 13th Century)①Oxford②Cambridge3 The Open University< Grants degrees< Open to allPART 2 The United States of AmericaUnit 1 The countryⅠOverview1 Size: 4th largest country2 Borders:A Canada(北),Mexico(南)B the Atlantic(东),the Pacific(西)3 States48+2-Alaska, Hawaii 与本国不相邻Washington D.C(Distinct of Columbia) 4 Abundance of geography VS shortage of history 1)What are the original 13 colonies?1 New Hampshire2 Massa chusetts3 Rhode Island4 Connecticut5 New York6 New Jersey7 Pennsylvania8 Delaware10 Virginia11 North Carolina12 South Carolina13 Georgin2)History:around 250 years(1776 onward)ⅡPhysical Features4 topographic regions1) The Interier lowlandThe Mississippi River(p:115):The region is drained by the Mississippi River and its great tributaries, one of the largest navigable river systems in the world. The Mississippi is not merely a useful river;it also serves as a potent geographic symbol-the traditional dividing line in America between ”East” and “West”. 2) The Atlantic& Gulf Coastal Plain墨西哥海岸平原The region where the nation was born3) The Appalachians &their foothills⼭系Eroded&old4) The Cordillera⼭系，⼭脉Young and with varietyIV Cultural Geography1 The Northeast2）WASP valuesWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestant新教教徒3）New Englandb Birthplace of the nation美国东北部2 The SouthA historyPlantation system and caste structure种植园系统3 The MidwestChicago4 The westb Las Vegas, Reno, Salt Lake Cityc San Francisco, Los AngelesUnit 3 The American IdentityI Overview1 Why is the U.S “ a nation of immigrants”?a settled, built and developed by immigrantsb still taking in immigrants1) Definition: Whites descended wholly or directly from or born in Europe2) Ancestries: a British(the largest group)The mainstream culture:WASPBlack/African Americans1862-1950sCivil Rights Movement民权运动（1950s-60s）Martin Luther King3 Latinos/Hispanics:2)The largest ethnic minority group4 Asian Americans1) The second largest racial minority3) The “model minority”:The lowest poverty rate and the highest educational attainment levels median household income and median personal icome.4)The” yellow peril” stereotype: Native Americans/American Indians①The first settlers of the continent问答题3：p:123What does the statement”America is a nation with an abundance of geography, but a shortage of history”mean?Unit4 Political InstitutionⅠThe U.S constitution2）In 1788,Philadelphia 宪法写成，费城ⅡGeneral Principles1 Federalism问答题4：p 164What does federalism mean in American politics?A Division of power between the federal government and the state governmentsB The two levels of governments share certain powersC They can cooperate4 Checks and balances制衡(separation of powers三权分⽴)：1)the Legislative 2)the executive 3)the judiciaryⅢThe American System of Government1)Congress-The LegislativeA Structure①The Senate参议院A:100 SenatorsB:Term:6 yearsC:1/3 elected every 2 years2)The President-the ExecutiveA:T erm:4 yearsB: Major roles:①head of the state②chief executive of the U.S③Chief legislator (veto)④commander-in-chief军事统帅D：Department of the government P:160Departments of State, Treasury, Defence, Judiciary, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labour, Health and Human Resources, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, and Land Security. Each department is established by law, and as their names indicate, each is responsible for a specific area.The head of each department is appointed by the President.3)The Federal Judiciary司法The Supreme CourtA: 1 chief justice +8 associate justicesB: Nominated by the President with the approval of the SenateC: T erm: life term终⾝制D：Power of judicial review(p:161名词解释4)：The right to declare laws and actions of the federal state, and local governments unconstitutional.4)Political Parties and Political Elections1 Two-party system①The Democrats VS the Republicans②Difference between 2 parties2 ElectionsC：问答题4：Why the low turnout in general elections?1）One explanation for that is Americans who want to votemust register, that is ,put down their names in aregister before the actual elections take place.2）Another important factor is there are many moreelections in the U.S. at the state and local levels thanthere are in most countries.3）Many of the most important decisions, such as thoseconcerning education, housing and taxes, are madeclose to home, in the state or county.D：Presidential Election: 名词解释5 p:1631 A” electoral votes(power)：such a practice in American elections is called”winner-take all”2 “winner-take all”：These electoral votes are equal to the number of Senators and Representatives each state has in Congress.。
Chapter OneBritishSection one :the country and its people and position :name : The United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K)position：To the west and off the European Continent, containing the Great Britain and the northern part of Ireland.Territory proportion: approximately 240,000 square km.Population : 62.262millionThree political parts: England, Wales and Scotland England (capital city: London):the biggest ,the most developed as well as the most populated country in the U.K (capital city: London)Scotland (capital city:Edinburgh):Wales :smallest partIreland :Henry VIII was the first king to bring Ireland under control; gain its independence in 1927.2.Geographic Features:Northeast to the European Continent and east to the Atlantic, to its northeast is a channel called English Channel between the U.K and France. Neighboring country that share border : Ireland only Britain is an island country, more than1,000kilometres from south to north and 500kilometres form east to west.High Land zone：in north and westLow Land zone: in the south and east (including London).3.English TunnelFinished in 1994,was build up by private companies from U.K and France.4. Climate and Weather :Climate : maritime climate .Main character : abundant and evenly distributed rainfall. Autumn is the rainiestseasonInfluential factors: North Atlantic Drift(warm)Southwesterly wind(warm and wet.winter)Weather: changeable5.inland water :Longest river : Severn RiverMost important and second longest river: Thames River Lakes :in the Lake District6.People and languages :Main peoples: Celts and Anglo-SaxonsLanguages :English is overwhelming, some people in speaks Geltic Language7.Religion:The majority of the British people believe Christianity.Religious education and collective worship are required by British law.8.national flag :The Union Jack or Union FlagSection two : the British Government1.Political system：Constitutional MonarchyDefinition : it means the head ofstate is monarch withlimited powers.Themonarch reigns(统治), butdoes not rule（统制）ernment Component:Central government :consists of Monarch, Parliament and CabinetLocal governments3.Structure of the British government:The head ---- monarchLegislature institution : Parliament(consists House ofCommons and House of Lords)Executive Institution: Cabinet(consists of Prime Minister and Ministers of Civil service)Judicial Institution: court of appeal(supreme court)subordinate to House Of Lord4.Definations:The general idea of government :Technically speaking, British government or refers to the Cabinet(nuclear).This kind of government is called Parliamentary government or Cabinet government.The queen (Victoria ,Elizabeth….) ：Reigns but does not rulepersonifies the country,the symbol of unityAppoint the Prime Minister and other Ministers,the bills need her approval before going into effectThe parliament :Law making body ,need the approval of the monarchConsists of three parts: the monarch, the House Of Lord and the House of Common,It don’t have the executive power.The House Of Lord:The upper house of the Parliament ,unelected, consist of clergy(神职人员) and members of peerage.Debating place:the Palace of WestminsterBestowed with judicial power.The Lord Chancellor:the presider of The House Of Lord as well as a member in Cabinet, he works in Department for Constitutional Affairs.head of the judiciary of England and Wales,serving as the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales.The house of common:The centre of the parliamentary powerMain function:to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliamentto scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions ofthe governmentto influence the future government policyDefinition :democratically elected bodythe source of the vast majority of government ministers There is a elected speakerbills normally originate in the House of Commons. Only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or SupplyThe cabinet :responsible to Parliament for the administration of national affairs.The Cabinet is the most powerful and it serves as the nucleus of the Government.Debate place :Downing street.No 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family. Establishment time：1856supreme decision-making bodyThe Prime Minister :monarch's principal advisorappointed by monarchNo 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family.Local government :The English government is a three-tiered government: central government, county government and district government. The central government enforces laws through local governments.Section 3:British Laws and Politics Laws :judiciary &constitutionJudiciary :In the structure of the U.K central government, the Court of Appeal, which is subordinate to the House of Lord, is in charge of the judiciary issues.British judiciary consists of 2 branches-------civil law（citizen s’duties and obligations） criminal law(define and enforce obligations of a person)，It’s not necessary to pick up jury in the course of the civil trail while criminal trails have to be held in open court for the criminal law assume the innocent of the accused until he was proved to be guilty by a smoking gun.(reasonable doubt) In the process of the criminal trail by jury. The judge pass the result issued by the jury.Jury system(mostly used in criminal trial)Definition :In the United kingdom the court is open to the public and the jury is used during the trial.12members,random selection,obligation, chosen by both side(the plaintiff and the defendant)Unanimous verdictConstitution :No written constitution in U.K, it’s function is embodied by several separate lawsFour elements of the British legal ：acts of the parliament/Statutory Law（国内成文法）, common law(公民法),convention(惯例、习惯法),EU legislation（欧盟法）Barrister -------inn court, bar examinationPolitics :Politic system :a two-party political system.▪political parties:▪the Whig Party—Liberal Party▪the Tory Party—Conservative Partymajority seats in the Parliament means the power to form a government (government party, opposition parties )Government policies are initiated by whipsThere is no need to apply for membership in a party.The conservative party ----right wing---oldMain support----middle and upper-middle class. Advocation :privatization of the state owned firmsfree enterpriseadvocate :pragmatismindividualism.Margaret ThatcherThe labor party------left wing/the leftCreated by trade unionMixture of the two partiesDoctrine of SocialismMain support :Working classAdvocation :Establish a welfare stateNationalized industryExercise control over the private industries to revive the primary industryLiberal Democratic-----minority partyadvocates policies based on freedom of the individual and supports the adoption of Propositional Representation at elections(代议制选举)Election:Prime Ministers are elected from national Constituency (选区)Period： 5 yearsGovernment :the party has the majority seats of the parliament.Prime Minister :the leader of the majority party.Section 4:national economy and major cities1. General Survey :first country to start industrial revolution;comprehensive industry systemmineral production：mainly exhausted, others are mainly oil and gaseconomy model :one of the most essential market economy in the world.Industry :⏹comprehensive industry system⏹one of the seven major industrialized countries ofthe Western Worldfinance :London is one of the financial centre of the world’s businesstrade:long coastline ,limited domestic market ,inadequate raw material ,trading nation, petroleum tradeAs for Sino-British trade:China: raw materials, sideline productsBritain: technical equipmentBritain is China's 4th biggest European trade partnereconomic influence :one of the seven major industrialized countries of the Western World, the member of the G8 summitFramework of economy :Economy system : capitalism ,including Public Sector and Private Sector.GDP: The world’s sixth largest economyCurrency: sterlingMining :Oil(.self sufficient .North sea,1975) ,Gas, and Coal (be kept for future use)Manufacturing Industry:Iron and steel industry is the largest manufacturingindustry.A large auto-vehicle industry------Aston Martin,Land Rover, Dodge, and Rolls Royce.Agriculture :favorable condition : mild climate ,Highly mechanized ,Important department :Dairy farming and fishinganimal husbandryPoultry ['pəʊltrɪ]meatEnergy productionMajor Energy Companies: Shell, British Petroleum[pɪ'trəʊlɪəm](BP), British Gas (BG)TransportationWell-known merchant marineOne of the busiest railways in the worldDeveloped highways and airlines (the major airline are mainly operated by the British airways(state-owned) Communication (all state-owned)One of the largest and most developed in the world “999”for police, fireman and ambulanceLargest telecommunication provider-----BT(British Tele communication)FinanceCentral bank of the UK：controls the currency and actsmaintain the integrity and value of the currencyEconomy structuresServices industries, especially, business and financial services—the strongest performing sector in the UK economy with London being the most developed area in the whole country.major citiesLondon•南岸，伦敦眼摩天轮•杜莎夫人蜡像馆／天文馆（Madame Tussaud's/Planetarium）•伦敦塔•伦敦地牢•敞篷巴士伦敦观光游（The Original London Tour）•议会大厦（Houses of Parliament）夏季对外开放•西区和威斯敏斯特大教堂（Westminster Abbey）观光•达利的世界展览馆（Dali Universe）•汉普顿宫（Hampton Court Palace）•肯辛顿宫（Kensington Palace）BelfastManchesterCardiff EdinburgBirminghamChapter twoSection 5 :Origin of the English NationThe native Celt :Celt are considered to be the natives of Great Britain and the ancestors of the Scots, Irish and Welsh peopleOriginate from：Eastern and central EuropeRoman Conquest：Brought about Christianity.Occupied England until 410 A.DLater on, the Jutes and Angles landed, the Angles(the winner) gave the name to England and English people..Alfred the Great.First (Anglo-Saxon )king of (all) England“The father of the British navy.”The battle of HastingsHarold GodwinsonBrave and respectful, but not the direct heir of the throne. But he managed to crown himself the king by wining the support of the WitanWilliam the ConquerorEdward’s cousinSet out from Normandy to English south coast Battlefield :Build up a fort and camped in Hasting, southeastern England.Result : William won, battle abbey mourn for the dead Be crowned in Westminster on Christmas day of 1066,becoming the first Anglo-Norman king of England.Influence :Sped up the development of feudalism in Britain, after the war, the feudalism system was established. Build up the tower of LondonFeudal aristocracy was established.Open up a bi-lingual period in English historyLast invasion of England initiated by foreignersFeudalism system:Established by William the great.The throne provides the land and castlesThe monarch will need the support from the barons Definition :feudal system - giving land in return for service.Section 6: the decline of feudalism in EnglandHenry II and His Reform :William consolidated the feudalism and he took all kinds of measures to strengthen the king’s power, which intensify the conflicts between the monarch andhis baronsHenry the 2nd came into power and become the first king of Plantagenet (金雀花)dynasty.Measures：force the foreign mercenaries to leave the England, demolish the illegal castles built by the barons, abolish the land tax based on hidecreate the circuit courts and the jury systemthe king’s court have the right to try the guilty clerkEffect:Strengthen the feudal orderBring a period of security and prosperityThe course of the form was interrupted and left unfinished.The Great CharterWhen the king John ruled the England, the baronsforce the king to sign and swear to observe the Great Charter.The Great Charter ,or the Magna Charter is very critical in English history and it’s called the corner stone of English history.The content :The king must observe the rights of his vessels.No tax should be imposed without the consent of the Great Council.No free man will be imprisoned or banished without being convicted by a juryThe merchants are allowed to move about freely.Birth of the Parliament:Simon de Montfort(西蒙德孟福尔)brings changes to the organization of the Great Council.2citizens from a flourishing town,2 knights from each county can join the Great Council.Changed the name into Parliament.In the early years, Parliament met only by the king’s invitation. It’s role was to offer someadvice.Significance :The Parliament marked the decline of feudalism and the rise of the Bourgeoisie.The hundred year’s warReason:The conflict between these two countries over foreign markets and territory led to the Hundred Years' War.Definition :A series armed international conflicts over a116-year period between the England and France.Joan of arcThe effect:England lost its territory on the continent.The ruling Norman began to regard England as their homeEnglish replaced French and became the official language again.Gunpowder was used in the wars,Prepare the soil for the growth of the middle class Sped up the decline of the feudalism.Salutary to commercial development.The bourgeoisie became more powerfulThe PlagueEpidemic disease spread by rat fleasStart from Italy, then spread to France, German and England without warning and cure.Believed to be originated in Asia.Effect:Caused a large number of population lossBrought about economic disruption and bad influence on the development of the culture.(universities closed …)give occasion to the peasants uprising.The Peasants UprisingCauses:The natural disasters and social problemsDue to the lack of labor, the peasants are demanding better living condition and higher wagesThe first labor law, the Statute of Laborers, prohibited laborers from asking for more wages. Time and place:In Essex and Kent ,1381,and was led by Wat Tyler and Jack StrawThe king used a scam and suppressed the uprising, ultimately, the uprising was failedEffect :The poll tax was abolishedThe serf system was brought to an end in England afterwards.The Wars of the RosesDefinition :A series of civil wars fought between the house of Lancaster(red rose) and the house of York（white rose）.Major Causes:The dispute on the succession of the crownThe unpopular domination reign of Henry the 6th. Consequence :Both sides at war are the mounted knights and theirentouragesGive birth to the strong and centralized Tudor dynastyInfluence :Sped up the decline of the feudalism in England.Section 8:The English Civil War/RevolutionBriefing :A series of armed conflicts and political games between Parliamentarians and Royalist.Back Ground:The Wars of Roses weaken the feudal nobles,The peasants ,as a result of the peasant uprising and the Enclosure ,the free labors composed a new class------the proletariat (the peasants no longer have their lands)England further develop its foreign trade and expansion ,aiming to achieve its “primitive accumulation of capital”Meanwhile，the bourgeois ideology and morality is forming up.During the Elizabeth’s reign the relation between monarch and bourgeoisie was strained, the latter required the freedom of speechJames the first:Preach the Divine Right of KingsDied because of disease.Charles the first:The son of James the first.Advocate the Divine right of kings(君权神授) Provoked the conflicts between the Catholicism and Puritanism(The Bishops’ War---- enforce Anglican reforms onto Scottish church and was rejected,-----war ,long parliament which sowed the seeds for the civil war).Initiated the British Civil (rose his standard) War between Parliamentarian and Royalist.The First British War:Cause :The appearance of the Long Term Parliament.The tension between the king and Parliament Charles decided to arrest 5members of Parliament. Charles initiated the war by rising his standard in Nottingham .Result :Charles was failed and was capturedThe Second Civil War:Process:Although captured ,the king Charles the first ultimately escaped and negotiated new agreement withScots.The agreement led to the “second civil war”. but eventually, the Royalists were defeated by Parliamentarians.Other revolts were put down by Oliver Cromwell.The army marched on the parliament and conducted the “Pride’s Purge” Finally, the king was charged with high treason ,being “tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy” and executed.The third Civil war:Rebellion:Ireland(treaty) and Scotland agreed to support Charles the second.Process:Cromwell was unable to stop Charles the second, hecrowned a new king. Afterwards, Charles the 2nd fled to France, ended up the war.Significance:Overthrew feudal system in England.Pave the way for the development of capitalist production.Regarded as the beginning of the modern world history.Oliver Cromwell:Established the commonwealth of EnglandDestroyed the feudal system.Became the Lord ProtectorThe restoration :AnarchyIncompetent leader RichardFactionsGeneral George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland.Charles the 2nd was crowned the king of England, which was known as English Restoration.After the restoration, the parliament factions become two parties(later becoming the Tory and Whig)The Glorious Revolution:James the 2nd intended to restore the Roman Catholicism in England and conduct religious persecutionsTories and some of the Whigs decide to replace James the 2nd with his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange(奥兰治亲王威廉)---both were protestants Finally ,James the second abdicatedMary II and William III jointly succeeded to the throne of EnglandSignificance:Regarded as the real beginning of constitutional monarchy ,which means the parliament become thesource of supreme power instead of the king Parliament pass the “Act of Union”and the name of Great Britain was officially adopted and came into use.Section 9:The Industrial Revolution Definition : the invention and appliance of various machines and British urbanization.Condition :The accomplished “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and expansion.The enclosure movement provide free labor.The church was deprived of their land and privilege The notorious triangular trade.Favorable geographical position for tradeHuge merchant marine.Pragmatism and mercantilismProtestant “work ethic” and laissez-faire(放任政策)People s’ adventure spiritProcess:The Industrial Revolution first started in textile industry.Iconic inventions:Flying shuttle,carding machine（梳棉机） ,spinning jenny,water framethe steam engine. Watt steam engine was first used to pump water from coal mine.First steam locomotive.(marked the new stage of Industrial Revolution).Achievements of IR:Thousands of miles of canalsA complete railway system.Steam boats and the largest commercial fleet made Great Britain a strong sea power.Social and Political effect:1.Britain became the “workshop of the world”.2.The Britain ‘s social structure was simplified: The middle class and proletariat emerged,The noble class could no longer compete with the middle class.The conflicts between proletariat and capitalism became the biggest social problem in Britain.The small farmers disappeared3.The centre of economy shifted to the central area and northern England.Big cities sprang up.Adam Smith：An evolutionary approach to guide the economy. Advocate the “invisible hand”and laissez-fair policy.The Chartist Movements:A radical campaign for parliament reform of the inequities.Effects :failed because of its weak and divided leadership, it did not have a political party to be a leader.started the history of the workers’ struggle for liberation.Queen Victoria（1819-1901） :Presiding the Industrial revolution and the expansion of the British Empire overseas.Value of the times: (emphasized) prudish gentility and repression.Section 10:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire.（the empire on which the sun never sets）Briefing :During the long 18 century, British rose to a dominant position in the world and became the first country to start Industrial Revolution.The mighty middle class provided a strong platform for settlement and commerce.Growth of the overseas empire:Prerequisite :Pioneering marine policy of king Henry the 7th . Establishment of the modern merchant marine system. Mercantile institution(重商主义体系)Henry the 8th and the rise of the Royal Navy:King Henry the 8th founded the modern English navy.The Elizabeth eraSir Francis Drake(弗朗西斯-德雷克)Circumnavigated the Globe（环游地球，England grew the interest outside the Europe.Established First colony in NewfoundlandWas seen as the formation of the British Empire England extend its influence overseas and consolidate its political development at home.Expend the empire by wars and colonization:First overseas colony Newfoundland.Successively establish colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand.Free trade and“informal empire”The “salutary neglects”provoke the American Independence war. The period of first British Empire was over.British Empire in AsiaBritish East India company occupied nearly the whole of India.Later on Ceylon(锡兰，今斯里兰卡)and Burma (缅甸) was conquered .Initiated Opium war against China and prevailed .Break down of the Pax Britannica(英国强权下的盛世) The deterioration in the 19th century:Competition from other countries such as Germany and United States.The loss of the foreign market.Britain and the New Imperialism:New imperialism ：the European colonial expansion between 1870s and the outbreak of the first world war. Pursuit :“empire for empire’s sake” desire for territory(appearance of the racial superiority)Later on Britain conduct Home rule in its white settler coloniesThe impact of first world war:Millions of casualties and heavy economy strain (liquidated assets).(Allied power)The heavy cost of war destroy it’s capacity to maintain its vast empire.Its international standing was declining and replaced by the U.SDeclining foreign trade.Decolonization:Reasons:The rising anti-colonial nationalism movementschallenge the power of the empire.The end of the empire started with the outbreak of the World War Two and India independence movements(leader---mahatma Gandhi)The end of the British Empire:Reason: Due to the impact of the world war two and Economic crisis in1947,later on, Britain abjured its attempt to be a first-rank power.。
Part Two HistoryChapter 1 Colonization of North America1.Who were the natives of America? How did they arrive in American? Who werethe first discoverer and the first identifier of the New World? What was the significance of the discovery of the new world? Where and when was the first English colony founded? How was America colonized (explored) by European countries? Why did so many Europeans go to the new world? How many colonies did the English settlers found by 1773?Chapter 2 the American War of Independence1.What were the major events that led to the sharpening contradictions betweenBritain and the colonies? What were the results of the first continental congress?2.Which event marked the outbreak of the war of independence? What were themajor measures adopted at the second continental congress? Which battle marked the turning point of the war? What was the significance of the war?3.How did the constitutional convention stipulate the allocation of seats in thecongress? Who were the forerunners of the “anti-federalists”and “federalists”respectively?Chapter 3 The Growth of The Nation1.When was the first US administration founded? Who were the major figures inWashington’s administration?2.What were the contradictions between the federalists and the republicans? Whatwas the nature of these contradictions? What were the contributions made by Thomas Jefferson to American history? What was the sedition act?3.What was the importance of the War of 1812 to 1814? What role did AndrewJackson play in the development American history?Chapter 4 The American Civil War1.What was the situation before the civil war? And why was the war inevitable?2.What are the two measures that Lincoln took during the civil war and what wasthe significance of these measures? What was the significance of the civil war?Chapter 5 The US Imperialism and the First World War 1.What was the significance of the Reconstruction? What are the great changes fromthe year of the close of the civil war in 1865 to the end of the 19th century? Give facts to each of these changes.2.Give some examples to show the growth of US imperialism before the First WorldWar. What were the causes and the nature of World War I? Why did U.S. finally enter the war?Chapter 6 America Before and During the Second World War1.Why was the prosperity in 1920’s false? What was the economic situation duringthe great depression of 1929-1933？How did Franklin D. Roosevelt cope with this situation?2.What were the causes of the Second World War? And what was the nature of thewar? What were the two sides in the war? Why did U.S. enter the war? What were the consequences of the war?Chapter 7 America during the “Cold War”1.What is the “cold war” what are the major events that happened between Trumanand Carter? Why was there a short period of prosperity right after the Second World War? And why did it disappear so quickly?2.why did economic crises occur so frequently after the war? And why was itinevitable? What were the major features of the American foreign policies during the “cold war”?PART THREE CULTUREChapter 1 Education1.What are the ideals of American education?2.What is the structure of US formal education? What are the levels that UScompulsory education consists of? What are the major subjects that students in elementary schools and secondary schools study?3.How does a university choose its applicants? What are the four categories ofhigher institutions that US higher education consists of? How are most colleges and universities in America administrated? How are credits earned in US universities? What are the major famous universities in the USA and what similarities do they share?Chapter 2 The Media of U.S.A.1.Describe briefly the conditions of radios and televisions in the USA. What is anetwork? What are the major radio and TV networks in the USA? How do you know about VOA? What is the negative influence of the TV programs in the USA?2.What are the major features of newspapers and magazines in the USA? What arethe major news agencies (wire-services companies) in the USA? What are the most influential newspapers in the USA? What are the major news magazines in the USA？Can you say something about them?Chapter 3 Sports and Recreation1.What are the major types of sports in terms of the nature of the sport in the USA?And what are the major types of sports in terms of the number of participants in USA?2.What are the major sports in the USA? What sport is most popular in autumn inAmerica? Can wrestling, boxing and horseracing be called sports? What kind of sports are they? What do Americans usually do for recreations during their spare time? What people introduced bowling into the New York areas in the 17th century?And how is it acted nowadays? What are American’s popular leisure pursuits?Chapter 4 Science and Technology1.What are the three symbols of modern technology in which USA occupies theleading position? What are the four supporters of American science and technology? What is the role that US science and technology plays?2.What is the policy of science and technology development adopted by USA?What is NASA? What are the three space centers in the USA? What is Nobel Prize? Who are the major American Nobel Prize winners for sciences and economics in recent years? For what reason are they awarded the Nobel Prize?Chapter 5 Art and Music1.What are major forms of art in the 19th century? What is Hudson River school?What are the major schools of American art in the 20th century? And who were the major representatives of these schools? What is pop art?2.What are the major music training institutions in the USA? What are the majorforms of pop music in USA in the 20th century? Can you give some examples of singers of these forms?Chapter 6 American Film1.What are the major film-making companies in the USA? What’s the Chinese forthese companies? Who opened Hollywood’s first film studio in an old tavern on the corner of Sunset and Gower? When was the first academy awards held?2.What is Hollywood? What is the Hollywood Walk of Fame? Why “Beverly Hill”can be called “an extremely handsome extravagant neighborhood”? What is the “academy awards”? Why is “academy awards” also called Oscar award”?3.What is the “Golden Globe Awards”? what is the HFPA? Who holds the GoldenGlobe Awards ceremony?Chapter 7(略)Part Four Social LifeChapter 1 Family1.Why are US people diversified? What is the typical family pattern in USA? Whatis the American attitude towards marriage? How is dating conducted in the USA?2.Is divorce rate high in the USA? can you give an example to show this? What is“senior centers”? What is double dating? What is “baby-sitters”?Chapter 2 Food and Dining Customs1.What are the major foods consumed by Americans? What are the regionalspecialties in USA？What are the main courses for American meals? What are the most popular hot drinks in USA? How is coffee done in the USA? What is coffee break?2.What are the major eating places in the USA? What is the major food served infast food restaurants? What is the usual time for Americans to dine? What are the dining customs in the USA?3.Explain the following terms: drive-ins; a cafeteria; black coffee; BLT.Chapter 3 Traditional Holidays1.What are the major holidays in the USA? And when do they fall?2.How is New Year’s Day celebrated? What is Valentine’s Day? What are the majorcelebration activities on this day? What is the origin of Easter? How is Halloween celebrated? What is the origin of Thanksgiving Day?Chapter 4 Traditions and Customs1.What are the major conventions in dealing with American social relations?2.What is the origin of the American spirit of “do-it –yourself”? Can you give anexample? What is the popular American belief? Can you give an example?Chapter 5 Religion in the USA1.What is the makeup of religious groups in the USA? What are the major groups inProtestantism?2.What are the characteristics of the religious practice in USA? What are the majorproblems in American religion?Part Five Political SystemChapter 1 T he State System and the Constitution1.What is separation of powers? What is federal system? What is the basis on whichthe US political system based?2.How does US constitution outline the structure of the national government?Chapter 2 The Federal Government1.What is the “system of checks and balances”? What are the powers of the federalgovernment and of the individual states respectively? What are the three branches of the US federal government?2.What is the makeup of the executive branch? What are the functions of the USpresident? What is the basic requirement for becoming a US president?3.What does the US congress consist of? What is the number of members in thecongress? What are the functions of the US congress? What are the procedures of law-making in USA? How can a president be removed from office?4.What are the powers of the Supreme Court? How many justices are there in theSupreme Court? What are the obligations of the Supreme Court justices?5.What is the structure of state court system? And what is the structure of the federalcourt system? What is the jury?Chapter 3 Political Parties and Elections1.What is the two- party system? How was the two-party system formed in USA?2.What are the origins of the democrats and republicans? What are the politicalviews of the US two parties in respectively? And what are the national organizations of the two parties? What are the features of party membership in USA?3.How are candidates chosen in the USA? What are closed and open primaries？What are the two stages in the election of president?4.How many presidential electors are there in the whole country? What is“winner-take-all” principle?。
英美概况Unit 1 A brief introduction to the United Kingdom 1 Effects of UK’s imperial pastA member of the European UnionA multiracial societyRemarkable class, regional and economic differences The significant role of LondonCultural and economic dominance of England Invasion from the Roman EmpireSettlement of the Anglo-SaxonsKing ArthurVikings from ScandinaviaWilliam the ConquerorParliament’s dominance over the thronePhysical features of ScotlandCultural division between highland and lowlandThe Battle of BannockburnIndependence of Scotland for 300 yearsUnion with England in 1707Strong Scottish identityBrief introduction to WalesA history of invasionsWales’unification with the UKUnit2 A brief introduction to the United Kingdom 11 Population and physical features of Northern Ireland Economy of Northern IrelandThe Home Rule BillThe Easter Ring of 1916The Sinn Fein PartyReligious conflicts between the Irish and the British Partition of Ireland in 1921IRA’s violence in the 1970sBloody SundayThe collapse of the power-sharing mechanism Cooperation between the British and Irish governments The Good Friday AgreementUnit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom Divine right of kingsThe civil warMagna CartaThe Great CouncilThe Bill of Rights of 1689The CabinetThe Prime MinisterThe ConstitutionThe power and the functions of the ParliamentThe roles of the monarchThe House of LordsThe House of CommonsUnit 4 Politics, Class and RaceImportance of general electionFormation of the governmentVote of confidenceProcedure of general electionsThe Conservative PartyThe Labour PartyLiberal DemocratsMargaret ThatcherTony BlairRecent political trends in the UKUK policy on environmental protectionClass system in the British societyUpper middle-class and lower middle-classThe hereditary aristocracyOxbridgeEthnic relation in BritainUnit5 the UK EconomyAbsolute decline and relative decline of British economy The Privatisation in the 1980s The main sectors of the UK economyPrimary industriesSecondary industriesTertiary industries /service industriesAgricultureEnergy productionThe offshore oil industryThe manufacturing industryThe City of LondonThe aerospace industryUnit 6 British LiteratureBeowulfThe Canterbury TalesStories about King ArthurWilliam ShakespeareJohn MiltonRomantic poets of the 19th centuryThe Bronte sistersCharles DickensSir Walter ScottRobert Louis StevensonModernismPostmodernismJoseph ConradVirginia Woolf/doc/8060c4f689eb172ded63b77e.html wrenceE.M.ForsterUnit 7British Education SystemThe purpose of the British education systemThe relationship between education and social classThe influence of the Church on schoolingThe 1944 Education ActComprehensive schoolsGrammar schoolsThe National CurriculumPublic schoolsGCSEGCE-AGNVQsOld universitiesThe Open UniversityUnit 8 British Foreign RelationsActive in setting up the United NationsForeign policy influenced by its history and geopolitical traits Long-term physical separation from the European continent The involvement of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office TreasuryPermanent member of the UN Security CouncilMember of the EUMember of the CommonwealthSpecial relationship with the United StatesPresence of superpower bases in BritainIts participation in NATOUnit 9The British MediaPopularity and functions of the mediaThe quality pressThe ObserveThe TimesThe GuardianThe TelegraphThe Financial TimesTabloidsTelevision and radioThe British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC)The Independent Television CommissionUnit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain Sports: Football “F ootball hooligans’’FA Tennis Wimbledon Cricket Golf Horse racing The Grand NationalThe Royal Ascot HuntingHolidays and Festivals:ChristmasThree traditions of ChristmasBoxing DayEasterBonfire NightThe battle of the BoyneOrange MarchesSt Patrick’s DayHogmanayBurns NightHalloweenThe EisteddfodUnit 11 Land People and History (Ireland)The difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland Unique geographic features of IrelandThe natural environmentTemperate climateThe expansion of tourist industryIntensive farmingEmigrationThe Great Famine of 1845—1848The Celtic TigerThe English Colonisation of IrelandA warrior culture and historyCampaigns for Home RuleIrish Independence in 1921Unit 12 Politics and EconomyRepresentative democracyThe structure of Irish governmentChecks and balancesCivil ServicesThe Irish legal systemSmall, open, trade-dependent economyEconomic transformationIreland’s accession to the EU as a watershedSocial changeMultinational cultureNew prosperityNew inequalitiesUnit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live Now Rapid social change Attitudes to the EnglishIrish identityRoman Catholic valuesThe conflict between Catholics and Protestants Catholic and Protestants Extended familyThe woman’s movementPub cultureFlexibility in work placesTrade unionFirst-level, second-level, and third-level educationThe investment in educationUnit14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts The Irish language and colonial policy Hiberno-EnglishThe Irish oral traditionFolk heritageRiverdanceIrish literatureNobel Prize winners for LiteratureJames JoyceIrish music and dancePopular sports in IrelandHurlingScience and technology in IrelandThe Irish identity in the worldUnit 15The Land and the Peoples of the Dreaming The natural environment of Australia Distinctive features of the landDistinctive animals of the landThe indigenous peoplesDreaming and DreamtimeThe concept of Terra NulliusImpact of colonization on the indigenous peoples Policies of segregation and assimilation Unit 16 Australian Cultural LifeProtestanismThe DreamingFundamentalismNon-Christian ReligionAustralian literaturePatrick WhiteEthnic writersAustralian filmsUnit17 Works and Family LifeBeginning of the penal colonyWomen in the penal colonyFamily life in the penal colonyConvict labourers and workersEmancipistsFrom convict transportation to free migrationThe basic problem of free migrationThe Wakefield SchemeUnit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society Difference as the central value of the Australian society The Washminster form of polityThree-tier system of governmentTwo houses of ParliamentThe Governor-GeneralPolitical partiesAdvantages of the pluralist form of government Australian government’s role in the national economy Interventionist governmentEconomic rationalismUnit 19 Australia in the World TodayThree stages in Australian foreign relations Economic relationsEducation in AustraliaTourism in AustraliaMedia in AustraliaEnvironmental risksImpact of Climate Change on AustraliaUnit20 from Racism to MulticulturalismEthnicity and immigrationWhite Australia PolicyMulticulturalismPauline Hanson and the One Nation PartyMigration to Australia todayFour stages of the settler-Aboriginal relationsThe struggle for Land Rights for the Indigenous people The Mabo decisionThe Wik decisionThe History Wars。
I.A complicated country with a complicated name:II. The effects of its imperial past* The days of empire ended after World War II1.The effects were mainly encountered in the close relationships which existwith the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations. But more important international relation is itsmembership in the European Union since 1973.2.The makeup of the British population--- immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean (西印度群岛与中南美洲海域) countries in the 1950s and1960s. 1/20 are non-European ethnicity.III. Racial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the society1. a multi-racial society: most are Christians and because of immigration, manyare Muslims;2.gender difference: male and female live different lives3.class difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious (Awhite-collar worker’s lives are very different from a blue-collar worker’s.)4.economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries:-- difference between highland and lowland Scots-- difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north)IV. A significant role of London1.capital city2.in the south; largest city in the country; 1/7 of the nation’s population3.culture center4.business center5.financial center, one of the 3 major international financial centers in the world(another two are New York and Hong Kong )6.long-standing historical role in the UKEnglandI. A cultural and economic dominance of England1.London dominant in the UK in government, finance and culture2.England’s dominance in size --- largest of the 4 nations with largestpopulation is reflected in a cultural and economic dominance-- result: people in foreign countries and English people sometimes mistakeEngland for U.K in their talks.II. The conquest of Britain (Before AD. 1st C., made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people)III. Legends1. King Arthur and his Round Table, giving knights equal precedence and showingknights’ demand for a more democratic system (During Ang lo-Saxon’s invasion) 2. Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the richto give to the poor (During the period of Norman rule)--a clue to the English Character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity (体现英国人个性的迹象:表面上似乎一致,但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的生活方式)IV. Parliament’s dominance over the throne1.The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion: join togetherthe various parts of the British Isle under English Rule, unite the kingdominternally and externally2.Power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliamenta)1649, Charles the First was executed. Then England was ruled byparliament’s leader, Oliver Cromwell for 11 years.b)In 1660, the son of Charles I restored the monarchy and was calledCharles II (ruled 1660-1685)c)Further conflicts between parliament and the king led to removal of theScottish house of Stuart and the final establishment of parliament’sdominance over the throne in 1689.* James II (1685-1689) was the younger brother of Charles II. After James IIwas overthrown, his daughter and daughter’s husband Mary and Williamwere imported from Holland to take the throne. This is the “GloriousRevolution.”ScotlandI. Physical features of Scotland1.the 2nd largest of the 4 nations2.most rugged part of UK, the most confident of its own identity3.in the north ---- the Highlands mountains andin the south ---- the Southern Uplands lakesin the middle --- the lowland zone with 3/4 of the population4.capital: Edinburgh--- east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its greatcastle on a high rocklargest city: Glasgow --- in the west of Lowland zoneBoth cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from 15th centuryII. Cultural division between highland and lowland1.Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons2.Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Ireland invaded the South-west ---the lowland zone. They were called Scots and gave the modern country ofScotland its name3.The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts (皮克特人) were left with thenon-productive highland zone, where in addition to English, some peoplespeak the old Celtic language—Gaelic.* The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves asdifferent from each other.III. the Battle of Bannockburn (班诺克本战役)Time: 24th June, 1314Who: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce and English armyResult: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independenceIV. Union with England in 17071. In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th of Scotland took thethrone, called James the First of England; uniting the two thrones2. Scotland maintained its separate political identity.3. In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English andScottisHParliaments4. Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In 1922, only 3were from the Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting an independent Scotland; 49 was from the Labour Party, wanting to set up a regional parliament for Scotland to manage its own internal affairs within the UK.V. Strong Scottish identityScotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.-- Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde《吉基尔医生与海德先生》shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity.WalesI. A brief introduction of Wales1.capital: Cardiff, on the south coast2.rich coal deposits3.attract foreign investment from Japan and U.S, etc.-- new industries to replace coal and steel4.smallest on the British mainland; close to central England; hilly and rugged5.retains a powerful sense of difference from England6.retains its own language; 19% population speaking GaelicII. A history of InvasionRoman empireNorman conquestUnder pressure from its English neighboursIII. Campaigns for independence of UK --- resist the English1.1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd(卢埃林·阿普·格鲁菲德), forced the English toacknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a military campaign, and unifiedWales as an independent nation.2.1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his son the Prince ofWales, trying to bring Wales into the British nation.3.1400, Owain Glyndwr(欧文·格林道瓦尔) led an unsuccessful rising againstthe English.4.1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of the BritishParliament.5.Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from theNationalist Party.I. Population and physical features of Northern Ireland1.often called Ulster, smallest of the 4 (in area $ population)2. 1.5 million people, smaller than many Chinese cities3.capital: Belfast, the biggest city in the province, east coast4.mostly rural, low hills, beautiful lake district in the south-west, ruggedcoastline, including its most famous landmark, the Giant’s Causeway(巨型长堤) II. Political problems1.Ordinary life continues, and troubles are an addition.2.Crime is very low.3.Problems are mainly concentrated in particular areas.III. Active cultural life--- theatres, restaurants, pubs and museumsIV. Economy1.has problems: 1) partly because the troubles discouraging investment 2)partly because of its peripherality (周边) in relation to the UK2.wealth per head is the lowest of UK3.living costs are comparatively low4.Industrial companies include the aircraft manufacturers.V. Home Rule Bill (自治法案)From 1801 to 1921, the full name of UK wa s “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain. But due to Irish desires for an independent Irish state, acampaign in parliament for “Home-rule” was launched, and the Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914.VI. Guerilla or terrorist activities against the British institutions and the British military forces1.The Easter Rising of 1916 (复活节起义)---the rebels occupied Dublin’s Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the Britishauthorities.2. the Sinn Fein Party--- a legal political par ty, supporters of the Irish terrorists; support the IRA’s right to fight by a twin campaign, both political and military which they call thepolicy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box” (暴力和民主手段)VII. the religious conflicts between the Irish and the British--- Ireland was not invaded by the Romans or the Anglo-Saxons--- most Irish are Catholics; most Britain are Protestants--- In the 17th C., people emigrated from Scotland and Northern England to the north of Ireland. The peoples of this part thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state. They were Protestants.VIII. A partition of Ireland in 1921A compromise: the Southern 26 counties--- an independent “free state” (theRepublic of Ireland)The 6 north-easterncounties--- a part of the UK.* End 700 years of British rule in southern IrelandNorthern Ireland was given its own Parliament to deal with Northern Irish internal affairs, based at Stormont. (斯多蒙特)IX. Troubles and solutionsThe majority, the Protestants controlled the local democratically- electedparliament and used that power to support their own economic and socialdominance in the province. 40% of the population were Catholic Irish, whofound it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programmes such as public housing. The armed conflict “troubles” developed.1. a Civil Rights Movement (北爱民权运动)In 1960s, Catholics often marched in the streets and fought for equality.2.the presence of British soldiers on Northern Ireland since 1969--- first to protect the Catholic people, later were seen as the symbol of Britishrule in Northern Ireland.3.IRA’s violence in the 1970s (IRA: Irish Republic Army爱尔兰共和军，unofficially paramilitary force)1) set up in 1919,Official IRA(正式派): concentrate on a political process, run candidates2) split in 1969 for electionProvisional IRA(临时派): felt armed force was the only way3) IRA bombed and shot security forces and city-centers in 1970s. Protestantstook revenge on Catholics*Result: Northern Irish cities were divided into exclusively Protestant andexclusively Catholic areas. Two communities hardly mix at all.4.Bloody Sunday (血腥星期日，1972/1/30)In 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland, of whom 13 were Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. It is an importantsymbol of British oppression.*Result: strengthen Catholic opposition to the British presence.X.Political solutions to the conflicts1. power-sharing mechanism 权利分治----- to allow theminority Catholics population political influence, but the mechanismcollapsed by strike of the Protestant workforce.2.Direct-rule from London------ the local government was suspended bythe British government.------- the conflict is continued but the levelis reduced.XI. cooperation between the British and Irish governments⑴Sinn Fein’s policy--The Bullet and the Ballot Box⑵ The Anglo-Irish agreementIn 1985, the Anglo-Irish agreement was signed between the two governments, giving the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters.⑶ Downing-Street DeclarationIt was issued on August 29, 1969 by British government. It authorizedBritish military commander in chief to directly interfere into politicalaffairs in Northern Ireland.⑷ In August 1994, the IRA declared a ceasefireA: John HumeB:Gerry AdamsIII.The Good Friday Agreement1),It was approved on 10 April 1998 as s result of multi-part megotiations.2),This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Irelandremains part of the United Kingdom and it won’t change its politocal statusunless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree.3),Northern Ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that ofthe Republic of Ireland,that of Great Britain and that of its own electedexecutive government of ten ministers.。
