Economics 专业词汇

马哲专业词汇历史唯物主义：the historical materialism辩证唯物主义：the dialectic materialism实践：practice辩证法：dialectic异化：dissimilation性别平等Sexual Equality性别正义Gender Justice伊斯顿 D.Easton英格尔哈特R.Inglehart异化alienation总体性totality张伯伦Houston Stewart Chamberlain资本主义男权制Capitalist Patriarchy自发秩序Spontaneous order中间性社团intermediate associations职团主义Corporatism自由保守主义Liberal Conservatism自由女权主义Liberal Feminism自由主义Liberalism自由至上主义Libertarianism政治思潮Trend of Political Thoughtmode of production 劳动对象objects of labour 劳动资料体力劳动manual labour脑力劳动mental labour经济基础economic base分配distribution 消费consumption 经济规律economic law 基本经济规律basic economic law唯物辩证法materialist dialectics科学抽象法scientific abstraction归纳和演绎法induction and deduction产业革命Industrial revolution机器大工业modern mechanical industry资本主义工业化capitalistindustrialization资本主义所有制capitalist ownership资产阶级bourgeois 无产阶级proletariat计划经济planned economy 市场经济market economy 自然经济natural economy 原始社会primitive society 奴隶社会slave society 社会主义社会socialist society 共产主义社会communist society具体劳动concrete labour 抽象劳动abstract labour 价值量amount ofvalue个别劳动时间Individual labour time社会必要劳动时间socially necessary labour time供求规律law of the supply and demand竟争规律law of the competition价格机制price mechanism价值规律law of the value通货紧缩deflation通货膨胀inflation纸币流通规律law of the circulation of paper money纸币paper money价值符号symbols of value货币流通规律law of the circulation of money信用货币credit money 货币形式money form一般等价物universal equivalent form of value一般价值形式universal form of value等价形式equivalent form of value古典经济学classical economics空想社会主义utopian socialism生产关系relations of production。

工程经济学名词术语表Accelerated cost recovery system(ACRS) 加速成本回收法ADS(alternative depreciation system) 替换折旧法Accountant’s analysis contrasted witheconomist’s会计人员的分析与经济学家分析的差异After-tax cash flow: 税后现金流量using double-declining-balancedepreciation使用双倍余额递减折旧法using modified accelerated cost recovery system使用修正后的加速成本回收法using straight-line depreciation 使用直线折旧法using sum-of-the-years’-digitsdepreciation使用年数总和折旧法Algeria ,price changes 阿尔及利亚，价格变化Alternative depreciation syetem替换折旧法Alternatives :备选方案common unit of measurement相同的计量单位in decision analysis在决策分析中differential consequences 差别分析independent alternatives独立方案ordering of排序Amortization ,see depreciation分派，参见折旧Annual-cost analysis费用年值分析Annual-cost formula费用年值公式Annual-cost method, see Annual-worth method费用年值法，参见年值法Annual-cost Annual-cost method method年值法and incremental analysis与增量分析perpetual lived investments与单独分析Banks: 银行use of continuous compounding连续复利的利用use of internal rate of return method 内部收益率法的使用Belarus ,price changesBelarus , 价格变化Belarus/cost ratio method收益/成本比法cost-effectiveness成本-效果分析equal initial investments相等的初始投资formulas公式and incremental analysis与增量分析and individual analysis与单独分析relation to present-worth method与现值分析法rule of delta 增量（△）法则service lives 服务寿命（服役寿命）zeros in the ratio 零比值零比值Benefit minus cost method 收益费用差法收益费用差法 Bergman, Dietrich R 迪特里希.R.伯格曼伯格曼 Bergman’s rule 伯格曼规则伯格曼规则Bonds : 债券债券rate of return 收益率收益率valuation 估价估价Book value 账面价值账面价值Brackets, income tax 税极，所得税税极，所得税 Brainstorming 集思广益法集思广益法Brazil , price change 巴西，价格变化巴西，价格变化 Break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析盈亏平衡分析 Budgeting 预算预算Business income 营业收益（企业收益）营业收益（企业收益） tax brackets 税级税级Cable ,James k 詹姆斯.K.凯布尔凯布尔 Capital, definition of 资本，有关定义资本，有关定义 Capital budgeting 资本预算资本预算definition 定义定义independent and mutually exclusive projects 独立与互斥项目独立与互斥项目independent projects 独立项目独立项目 interdependent projects 互相依存的项目互相依存的项目Capital expenditures 资本支出资本支出Capital gain 资本收益资本收益Capital rationing 资本约束，参见资本预算资本约束，参见资本预算 Capital recovery factor 资金回收系数资金回收系数tables 表Capitalized cost 资本化成本资本化成本Cash flows: 现金流量现金流量definition of 定义定义and depreciation 现金流量与折旧现金流量与折旧effect of viewpoint 着眼点的影响着眼点的影响and equivalence 现金流量与等值现金流量与等值 gradients 梯度梯度graphical conventions 图表规则图表规则incremental 增量增量multiple rates of return 多解的收益率多解的收益率Certainty ,definition 确定性，定义确定性，定义 Challenger assets 挑战者资产挑战者资产Coefficient of variation 变差系数变差系数Collateral 抵押品抵押品Compound amount factor: 复利终值系数复利终值系数series formula(等额)序列公式序列公式 single —payment formula一次支付公式一次支付公式 tables表 Compound interests复利复利 continuous连续复利连续复利 definition of 定义定义 formulas公式公式 tables表 Consequences ：效果效果 common unit of measurement共同的计量单位共同的计量单位 in decision analysis 在决策分析中在决策分析中 end-of-period convention期末惯例期末惯例 Constant-dollar discount rate不变美元折现率不变美元折现率 Consumer Price Index(CPI)消费价格指数消费价格指数 Consumption forgone ，and investment measurement放弃消费和投资测度放弃消费和投资测度 Continuous compounding连续复利计算连续复利计算 Convention ，end-of-period惯例，期末惯例，期末 Conventions ，graphical图表，规则图表，规则 Cost-benefit ratio method成本－收益比法成本－收益比法 Cost-effectiveness ：成本－收益分析成本－收益分析 and benefit/cost ratio 与收益/成本比成本比 of multiple alternatives多方案的选择多方案的选择 cost of capital资本成本资本成本 Opportunity cost of capital资本的机会成本资本的机会成本 Costs ，periodic费用，周期费用，周期 Costs ，sunk 成本，沉没成本，沉没 Costs ，treatment as disbenefit费用，当做负收益处理费用，当做负收益处理 CPI消费价格指数消费价格指数 Criterion for decisions决策准则决策准则 Criterion ,with/without准则，有/无 Current-dollar discount rate现时美金折现率现时美金折现率 DDB双倍余额递双倍余额递 Debt financing赤字财政赤字财政 Decision analysis决策分析决策分析 accountant’s approach会计的处理方法会计的处理方法 alternatives备选方案备选方案 common common unit unit unit of of of measurement measurement 共同的计量单位共同的计量单位 criteria准则准则 depreciation折旧折旧 differential consequence差别效应差别效应 inflation effect on通货膨胀影响通货膨胀影响 manager’s approach 经理的处理方法经理的处理方法procedure 程序程序sunk cost 沉没成本沉没成本 systems analysis 系统分析系统分析 viewpoint 着眼点着眼点with/without criterion 有/无准则无准则 Deductions, income tax 扣减，所得税扣减，所得税 Defender assets 防御者资产防御者资产 Deferred investments 延期投资延期投资 Deflation 通货紧缩通货紧缩 Density function 密度函数密度函数 Depreciation 折旧折旧 accelerated cost recovery system（ACRS）加速成本回收法加速成本回收法 after-tax cash flows 税后现金流量税后现金流量 double-declining-balance 双倍余额递减法双倍余额递减法modified accelerated cost recovery system (MACRS) 修正后的加速成本回收法修正后的加速成本回收法straight-line 直线折旧直线折旧sum-of-the-years’-digits 年数总和法年数总和法 Descartes’ rule of signs 笛卡尔的符号规则笛卡尔的符号规则 Differential consequences 差别效应差别效应 Disbenefits 负收益负收益Discount rate 折现率折现率 Opportunity cost of capital 资本的机会成本资本的机会成本 Discounting 折现折现Dividend 红利，股息红利，股息Double-declining-balance depreciation 双倍余额递减折旧双倍余额递减折旧 after-tax cash flows 税后现金流税后现金流 Economic life 经济寿命经济寿命 Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 1981年经济复苏税法年经济复苏税法 Economics, welfare 经济学，福利经济学，福利Economist’s analysis contrasted with account’s 经济学家的分析与会计分析的对比经济学家的分析与会计分析的对比Effective interest rate 实际利率实际利率 Efficiency of capital criteria 资金效率型指标资金效率型指标 Equal initial investments 相等的初始投资相等的初始投资 and benefit/cost ratio method 与收益/成本比法成本比法 and internal rate return method 与内部收益率法与内部收益率法 Equal service lives 相等的服务寿命相等的服务寿命 Equity financing 售股融资售股融资 Equivalence 等值等值Equivalent uniform annual cost method 等额不变的年费用法等额不变的年费用法 EUAC method 等额不变的年费用法等额不变的年费用法Evaluation in decision analysis 在决策分析中的评价在决策分析中的评价 Expected value 期望值期望值External interest rate 外部利率外部利率External rate of return 外部收益率外部收益率Externalities 外部效果外部效果Financial cost of capital 资金的财务成本资金的财务成本 Financing costs 融资成本融资成本Fisher’s intersection 费希尔相交费希尔相交Flood Control Act of June,22,1936, 1932年6月22日的防洪法日的防洪法 Foreign countries 外国外国income taxes 所得税所得税price changes 价格变化价格变化Formulas 公式公式annual cost 费用年值费用年值benefit/cost ratio 收益/成本比成本比capital recovery factor 资金回收系数资金回收系数 compound amount factor, series 复利终值系数，等额序列复利终值系数，等额序列compound amount factor, single payment 复利终值系数，一次支付复利终值系数，一次支付compound interest 复利复利continuous compounding factors 连续复利计算系数连续复利计算系数 effective interest rate 实际利率实际利率gradient cash flows 梯度现金流量梯度现金流量 internal rate of return 内部收益率内部收益率 nominal interest rate 名义利率名义利率present –worth factor, single payment 现值系数，一次支付现值系数，一次支付 present-worth factor, uniform series 现值系数，等额序列现值系数，等额序列 present worth, increment analysis 现值，增量分析现值，增量分析 simple interest 单利单利sinking fund factor 偿债基金系数偿债基金系数 Future worth 终值终值General depreciation system(GDS) 普通折旧法普通折旧法GNP(Gross National Product) 国民生产总值国民生产总值Government agencies’ use of benefit/cost ratio method 政府机构收益/成本比法的应用成本比法的应用Gradient cash flows 梯度现金流梯度现金流 formulas 公式公式Gross National Product(GNP) 国民生产总值国民生产总值 Haley,C.W. C．W．黑利．黑利 Hungary , price changes 匈牙利，价格变化匈牙利，价格变化Income , see Business income; Personal income 收益，参见营业收益；个人收益收益，参见营业收益；个人收益Income , tax所得税所得税 brackets税级税级 deductions扣减扣减 and depreciation所得税与折旧所得税与折旧 in foreign countries在外国在外国 and loans 所得税与贷款所得税与贷款 public sector viewpoint公共部门着眼点公共部门着眼点 Incommensurables不可比的不可比的 Incremental analysis增量分析增量分析 in annual-worth method在年值法中在年值法中 in benefit/cost ratio method 在收益/成本法中成本法中 in internal rate of return method在内部收益率法中在内部收益率法中 of multiple alternatives有关多方案选择有关多方案选择 in present-worth method在现值法中在现值法中 Independent alternatives独立方案独立方案 capital budgeting资本预算资本预算 Indifference无差异（指I*=机会成本——译者注）Individual analysis单独分析单独分析 in annual-worth method在年值法中在年值法中 in present-worth method在现值法中在现值法中 Individual income tax个人所得税个人所得税 Inflation 通货膨胀通货膨胀 effect on loans在贷款中的影响在贷款中的影响 mathematics计算计算 and nominal and effective rates通货膨胀与名义利率和实际利率通货膨胀与名义利率和实际利率 variable rates可变通通货膨胀率可变通通货膨胀率 Intangibles 无形因素无形因素 Interdependent alternatives相互依存的方案相互依存的方案 capital budgeting资本预算资本预算 Interest利息利息 compound复利复利 income income tax tax tax deductibility deductibility所得税扣减所得税扣减 and and principal principal principal separation separation利息与本金分离利息与本金分离 simple单利单利 and and time time time value value value of of of money money利息与资金的时间价值利息与资金的时间价值 Interest rate利率利率 effective实际利率实际利率 of of loans loans 贷款利率贷款利率 nominal名义利率名义利率 use use as as as decision decision variable用做决策变量用做决策变量 Internal rate of return and loans内部收益与贷款内部收益与贷款 Internal rate of return method内部收益法内部收益法bonds’ rate of return 债券的收益率债券的收益率 computation 计算计算Descartes’ rule of signs 笛卡儿符号规则笛卡儿符号规则 equal initial investments 相等的初始投资相等的初始投资 formulas 公式公式and incremental analysis 与增量分析与增量分析and individual analysis 与单独分析与单独分析 multiple rates of return 多解的收益率多解的收益率and reinvestment fallacy, 再投资的谬见再投资的谬见 relation to present- worth method 与净现值的关系与净现值的关系 Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署国内收入署 Investment: 投资投资decision analysis 决策分析决策分析deferred 延期投资延期投资definition of 有关定义有关定义equal initial 相等的初始投资相等的初始投资 independent 独立投资方案独立投资方案 interdependent 互相依存的投资方案互相依存的投资方案 mutually exclusive 互斥方案互斥方案mutually independent 相互独立的方案相互独立的方案 perpetual 永久投资永久投资private sector 私人部门私人部门public sector 公共部门公共部门 Investment tax credit 投资税收抵免投资税收抵免 IROR method IROR法Irreducibles 不能简化的不能简化的 Japan, price changes 日本,价格变化价格变化 Kaldor criterion 卡尔塔准则卡尔塔准则 Korea, price changes 韩国,价格变化价格变化Labor theory of value and investment measurement 劳动价值论何投资制度劳动价值论何投资制度Life-cycle costs 寿命周期成本寿命周期成本 Linear programming 线性规划线性规划Lives 寿命寿命 Technical life 技术寿命技术寿命 Loans 贷款贷款collateral 抵押品抵押品 income tax effects 所得税影响所得税影响 inflation effects 通货膨胀的影响通货膨胀的影响 unequal terms 不等的期限不等的期限 Lorie,J.H. J.H.罗里罗里 Lusztig Peter 卢兹泰戈,彼得彼得 MACRS MACRSMao, James C.T. 詹姆斯.C.T.毛Marginal analysis 边际分析边际分析Marginal cost of capital 资本的边际成本资本的边际成本 Marginal interest rate 边际利率边际利率Marginal rate of time preference 时间偏好的边际利率时间偏好的边际利率 Marginal tax rate 边际税率边际税率Market value 市场价值市场价值MARR(Minimum attractive rate ofreturn)MARR(最低期望收益率) Marx,Karl 卡尔.马克思马克思Mexico, price change 墨西哥,价格变化价格变化 Mininum attractive rate of return(MARR)最低期望收益率最低期望收益率Modified accelerated cost recovery system(MACRS) 修正后的加速成本回收法修正后的加速成本回收法Money, used to make consequences of alternatives commensurable 货币,用以使方案的效果具有可比性用以使方案的效果具有可比性Multiple alternatives 多方案的选择多方案的选择cost-effectiveness 成本-效果分析效果分析 incremental analysis 增量分析增量分析Multivariable sensitivity analysis 多变量敏感性分析多变量敏感性分析 Mutually exclusive alternatives 相互排斥的方案相互排斥的方案and internal rate of return method 与内部收益率法与内部收益率法loan proposals, 贷款提案贷款提案Mutually exclusive investments 相互排斥的投资相互排斥的投资Mutually independent investments 相互独立的投资相互独立的投资Negative rates in inflation problems 在通货膨胀问题中的负利率在通货膨胀问题中的负利率 Net present value(NPV)method 净现值(NPV)法Netting out 净现金流量计算净现金流量计算Nominal interest 名义利率名义利率NPV(net present value)method NPV(净现值)法Objectives in decision analysis 决策分析的目标决策分析的目标Office of management and Budget 行政管理和预算局行政管理和预算局Operation and maintenance costs as disbenefit 作为负收益的经营和维修费作为负收益的经营和维修费Opportunity cost 机会成本机会成本and loans 机会成本与贷款机会成本与贷款 Opportunity cost of capital 资本的机会成本资本的机会成本 and annual-worth method 与年值法与年值法and capital budgeting 与资本预算与资本预算 definition of 定义定义and inflation 与通货膨胀与通货膨胀 and internal rate of return method 与内部收益率法与内部收益率法 and loans 与贷款与贷款and present-worth method与现值法与现值法 public sector公共部门公共部门 and reinvestment fallacy再投资的谬见再投资的谬见 social社会社会 Par value票面价值票面价值 Pareto optimum 帕累托最优帕累托最优 Payback回收期回收期 Percentage rate of return as decision variable作为决策变量的收益率作为决策变量的收益率 Periodic costs周期费用周期费用 Perpetual investments: 永久投资永久投资 in annual-worth method再年值法中再年值法中 in present-worth method在现值法中在现值法中 Personal cost of capital个人的资本成本个人的资本成本 Personal income个人所得个人所得 PPI生产价格指数生产价格指数 Present-worth factor:现值系数现值系数 formulas, single payment公式,一次支付一次支付 tables表 uniform series等额序列等额序列 Present-worth method现值法现值法 and equal service lives 与相等的服务期与相等的服务期 and incremental analysis与增量分析与增量分析 and individual analysis与单独分析与单独分析 perpetual investments永久投资永久投资 relation to benefit/cost ratio与收益/成本比的关系成本比的关系 relation to internal rate of return 与内部收益率法的关系与内部收益率法的关系 Price indexes物价指数物价指数 Prices, shadow ,see Shadow prices 价格，影子，参见影子价格价格，影子，参见影子价格 Principal:本金：本金： and and interest interest interest separation separation本金与利息分离本金与利息分离 of a loan贷款的本金贷款的本金 Private sector私人部门私人部门 financial cost of capital资金的财务成本资金的财务成本 income tax consequences of所得税对投资的影响所得税对投资的影响 investment投资投资 viewpoint着眼点着眼点 Probability 概率概率 measurement概率的测算概率的测算 Producer Price Index (PPI)生产价格指数生产价格指数 Programming in capital budgeting资本预算中的规划法资本预算中的规划法 Public sector公共部门公共部门 and incommensurables 与不可比性与不可比性investment投资投资 opportunity cost of capital资本的机会成本资本的机会成本 viewpoint着眼点着眼点 Quirk, William. J.威廉.J.奎克奎克 Random variables 随机变量随机变量 Rate of return method, see Internal rate of return method收益率法，参见内部收益率法收益率法，参见内部收益率法 receivable account 应收账款，应收账款户应收账款，应收账款户Reel property appraisal and present worthmethod不动产估价与现值法不动产估价与现值法 Reinvestment fallacy 再投资谬见再投资谬见 Replacement更新更新 different replacement用不同的资产更新用不同的资产更新 identical replacement用相同的资产更新用相同的资产更新 Resale value, s ee see Salvage value转售价值，参见残值转售价值，参见残值 Residual value, s ee see Salvage value残余价值，参见残值残余价值，参见残值 Resources, time value of资源，资源的时间价值资源，资源的时间价值 Risk风险风险 and cost of capital与资本成本与资本成本 premium风险溢酬风险溢酬 Rule of delta 增量（⊿）法则增量（⊿）法则 Salvage value 残值残值 and annual-worth method 与年值法与年值法 and depreciation 与折旧与折旧 and present-worth method 与现值法与现值法 Savage, L. J. L.J. 萨维奇萨维奇 Schall, L. D. L.D. 沙尔沙尔 Schwab, Bernhard 施瓦布，伯恩哈德施瓦布，伯恩哈德 deductions 折旧的扣减折旧的扣减 Sectors, economic analysis and viewpoint see alsoPrivate sector; Public sector 部门，经济分析和着眼点，参见私人部门；公共部门门；公共部门 Sensitivity analysis 敏感性分析敏感性分析 Service lives 服役寿命（服务寿命）服役寿命（服务寿命） equal相等的服务寿命相等的服务寿命 unequal不相等的服务寿命不相等的服务寿命 Shadow prices影子价格影子价格 Significant figures有效数字有效数字 Simple interest 单利单利 definition of定义定义 formula公式公式 Single payment一次支付一次支付 compound amount factor复利终值系数复利终值系数 present-worth factor 现值系数现值系数tables表 Sinking fund factor偿债基金系数偿债基金系数 formulas公式公式 tables表 Social benefits and costs社会效益和成本社会效益和成本 and public sector investment 与公共部门投资与公共部门投资 Social discount rate,see Social opportunity cost of capital社会折现率，参见资本的社会机会成本Social opportunity cost of capital 资本的社会机会成本资本的社会机会成本 Spider plot蛛网图蛛网图 Standard deviation 标准差标准差 Steiner, Henry M.亨利. M.斯坦纳斯坦纳斯坦纳 Straight-line depreciation直线折旧直线折旧 after-tax cash flow税后现金流税后现金流 Suboptimization次优化次优化 Subsidies补贴补贴 Sum-of-the-years’-digits depreciation 年数总和折旧年数总和折旧 after-tax cash flows税后现金流税后现金流 Sunk cost沉没成本沉没成本 definition of定义定义 and depreciation沉没成本与折旧沉没成本与折旧 in internal rate of return method 在内部收益率法中在内部收益率法中 Sweden, price changes瑞典，价格变化瑞典，价格变化 Switzerland, price changes瑞士，价格变化瑞士，价格变化 SYD, see Sum-of-the-years’-digits depreciationSYD,参见年数总和折旧参见年数总和折旧 Systems analysis系统分析系统分析 Tax, see Income tax税收，参见所得税税收，参见所得税 tax credit课税扣除课税扣除 Technical life技术寿命技术寿命 Terborgh, George特巴，乔治特巴，乔治 Time horizon时间边界时间边界 Transfer payments and viewpoint 转移支付和着眼点转移支付和着眼点 Truth in Lending Law贷款实情法贷款实情法 Unamortized cost ,see Book value 待摊费用，见账面价值待摊费用，见账面价值 Uncertainty不确定性不确定性 Unequal service lives不等的服务期不等的服务期 Unequal term loans 不等的贷款期限不等的贷款期限 Uniform annual worth,s ee see Annual-worth method不变的年值，参见年值法不变的年值，参见年值法 Useful life使用寿命使用寿命 Valuation估价估价 Value, see also Book value; Expected 价值，参见账面价值；期望价值；市场value; Market value 价值价值Variance 方差方差Viewpoint: 着眼点着眼点and decision analysis 与决策分析与决策分析and sector analysis 与部门分析与部门分析Water Resources Council 水资源委员会水资源委员会 Weingartner, H. Martin H．马丁.维因加特纳维因加特纳 Welfare economics 福利经济学福利经济学Wholesale price Index, see Producer Price Index 批发物价指数，参见生产价格指数批发物价指数，参见生产价格指数Working capital 营运资本，营运资金营运资本，营运资金 With/without criterion 有/无准则无准则 Yugoslavia, price changes 南斯拉夫，价格变化南斯拉夫，价格变化 Zero-one integer programming “0－1”整数规划”整数规划。

马克思主义基本原理专业词汇马克思主义政治经济学Marxist political economics马克思主义政治经济学的方法methods of Marxist political economics古典经济学 classical economics空想社会主义 utopian socialism劳动过程 labour process生产力 productivity生产关系relations of production生产方式mode of production劳动对象objects of labour劳动资料means of labour体力劳动manual labour脑力劳动mental labour 经济基础economic base上层建筑super structure 生产 production交换 exchange分配 distribution消费 consumption经济规律economic law基本经济规律basic economic law唯物辩证法materialist dialectics科学抽象法scientific abstraction归纳和演绎法induction and deduction经济制度economic system简单协作simple cooperation工场手工业manufacture产业革命Industrial Revolution机器大工业modern mechanical industry资本主义工业化capitalist industrialization资本主义所有制capitalist ownership资产阶级bourgeois无产阶级proletariat经济机制economic mechanism计划经济planned economy市场经济 market economy自然经济natural economy 商品经济 commodity economy 原始社会primitive society奴隶社会slave society封建社会feudal society资本主义社会capitalist society社会主义社会socialist society共产主义社会communist society具体劳动concrete labour 抽象劳动abstract labour 价值量amount of value个别劳动时间individual labour time社会必要劳动时间 socially necessary labour time劳动价值理论labour theory of value供求规律law of the supply and demand竞争规律law of the competition价格机制price mechanism价值规律 law of the value通货紧缩deflation通货膨胀inflation纸币流通规律 law of the circulation of paper money纸币paper money货币流通规律law of the circulation of money价值符号symbols of value信用货币credit money货币形式money form一般等价物universal equivalent相对价值形式relative form of value一般价值形式universal form of value等价形式equivalent form of value总和的或扩大的价值形式 total or expanded form of value简单的或偶然的价值形式 elementary or accidental form of value 价值形式form of value社会劳动social labour私人劳动individual labour劳动生产率labour productivity复杂劳动complex labour简单劳动simple labour商品commodities商品交换exchange of commodities价值value交换价值exchange value使用价值 use value 资本capital资本总公式 general formula for capital商品流通circulation of commodities劳动力labour power劳动力的使用价值 use value of the labour power 劳动力价值value of labour power雇佣劳动hired labour雇佣劳动制度hired labour system劳动过程labour process价值形成过程process of creating value价值增殖过程process of producing surplus value 工作日working day必要劳动necessary labour剩余劳动surplus labour剩余价值surplus value不变资本constant capital可变资本variable capital剩余价值率rate of surplus value计件工资piece wages计时工资time wages 名义工资nominal wages实际工资real wages 绝对剩余价值absolute surplus value相对剩余价值relative surplus value超额剩余价值extra surplus value个别价值individual value社会价值social value剥削exploitation资本主义简单再生产capitalist simple reproduction资本主义扩大再生产capitalist reproduction on extended scale资本原始积累primitive accumulation of capital资本技术构成technical composition of capital资本价值构成value composition of capital资本有机构成organic composition of capital失业unemployment相对过剩人口relative surplus-population绝对过剩人口absolute surplus population流动的过剩人口floating surplus population潜在的过剩人口latent surplus population停滞的过剩人口stagnant surplus-population资本集中centralization of capital资本积聚concentration of capital资本主义积累的历史趋势historical tendency of capitalist accumulation资本主义积累的一般规律 general law of capitalist accumulation 成本价格cost price利润profit利润率rate of profit平均利润average profit平均利润率average rate of profit产业利润 industrial profit商业资本 commercial capital商业利润commercial profit借贷资本loan capital利息interest职能资本家functional capitalist银行资本banking capital银行利润profit of bank 资本主义地租capitalist rent级差地租differential rent绝对地租 absolute rent超额利润extra profit自由竞争资本主义laisser-faire capitalism垄断资本主义monopoly capitalism圈地运动enclosure movement in England生产集中centralization of production垄断monopoly垄断资本monopoly capital垄断价格monopoly price垄断利润monopoly profit垄断组织monopolies帝国主义imperialism短期价格协定temporary price agreement辛迪加syndicate卡特尔cartel托拉斯trust康采恩konzern(concern)国家垄断资本主义state monopoly capitalism罗斯福新政Rossevelt’s New Deal福利国家制度welfare state system持股公司holding company资本主义基本矛盾basic contradiction of capitalism生产社会化socialization of production资本循环circuit of capital资本周转turnover of capital产业资本industrial capital产业资本家industrial capitalist职能资本functional capital产业资本industrial capital 货币资本money capital生产资本productive capital 商品资本commodity capital流通过程process of circulation资本周转速度velocity of turnover of capital资本周转时间time of turnover of capital流通时间time of circulation固定资本fixed capital流动资本circulating capital固定资本磨损 wear and tear of fixed capital有形磨损(物质磨损) visible damage无形磨损(精神磨损) moral depreciation折旧 depreciation预付资本 advanced capital年剩余价值率 annual rate of surplus value个别资本 individual capital社会资本 social capital社会资本的再生产 reproduction of the social capital社会总产品 aggregate social product生产资料 means of production消费资料 means of subsistence经济危机 economic crisis 危机 crisis生产相对过剩 relative overproduction萧条 Depression 停滞膨胀 stagflation生产无政府状态 anarchy of capitalist production资本主义再生产的周期性cyclical fluctuation of capitalist reproduction固定资本更新 replacement of fixed capital金融资本 financial capital 金融寡头 financial oligarch参与制 system of holdings 需求管理 demand management 财政政策 public finance policy 税收政策 tax policy财政支出 fiscal expenditure 财政收入 fiscal revenues “时延” time lag 自动稳定器 built-in stabilizer财政赤字 fiscal deficit货币政策 monetary policy公开市场业务 open-market operations法定准备金率 legal reserve rate再贴现利率 rediscount-rate政府债券 government bond资本主义国有化 capitalist nationalization资本主义经济计划化 planning in capitalist economy反垄断法 antitrust law马克思主义经济学著作在中国的传播 dissemination of Marxist economic works in China新民主主义经济 new_democratic economy新民主主义革命new_democratic revolution新民主主义三大经济纲领three general economic programmes for the Chinese new_democracy公营经济public economy中国土地改革land reform in China从资本主义向社会主义的过渡transition from capitalism to socialism过渡时期多种经济成分manifold economic sectors in the transition period没收官僚资本confiscation of bureaucrat capital稳定物价stabilizing commodity prices过渡时期总路线general line for the transition period中国的社会主义改造socialist transformation in china中国农业的社会主义改造socialist transformation of agriculture in China农业合作化agricultural cooperation movement of China农业生产互助组agricultural producers’mutual aid team 农业生产合作社agricultural producers’cooperative初级农业生产合作社elementary agricultural producers’cooperative高级农业生产合作社advanced agricultural producers’cooperative中国手工业的社会主义改造socialist transformation of the handicraft in China 中国资本主义工商业的社会主义改造socialist transformation of capitalist industry and c ommerce in China赎买政策policy of redemption中国过渡时期国家资本主义national capitalism of thetransition period in China公私合营joint state-private ownership中国的社会主义初级阶段primary stage of socialism in China社会主义社会的经济制度economic system of socialist society社会主义生产方式socialist mode of production计划经济planned economy社会主义基本经济规律basic economic law of socialism 按劳分配规律law of distribution according to work社会主义社会的生产资料所有制owership of the means of production of socialist society社会主义国家所有制socialist state ownership社会主义国营经济socialist state operated economy集体所有制collective ownership社会主义合作经济cooperative economy in socialist society城镇集体所有制经济collective economy in cities and towns个体经济individual economy私营经济private sector of the economy中外合营企业Chinese-foreign joint ventures and co-operative enterprises外商独资企业exclusively foreign-owned enterprises人民公社people’s commune社会主义社会的公共财产public property in socialist society社会主义社会的个人财产individual property in socialist society物质鼓励和精神鼓励相结合combination of material reward and moral encouragement社会主义市场经济socialist market economy计划经济 planned economy市场经济market economy公司corporation股票equity市场market金融市场financial market劳动市场labor market市场失灵market failure国内生产总值gross domestic product中央银行central bank商业银行commercial bank 充分就业full-employment经济增长economy growth通货膨胀inflation通货膨胀率inflation rate通货紧缩deflation社会保障social insurance社会福利social welfare失业保险unemployment insurance最低工资minimum wage医疗保险health insurance福利政策welfare policies绝对优势 absolute advantage比较优势 comparative advantage自然禀赋natural endowments国际分工international divide the work垂直型国际分工vertical international divide the work水平型国际分工level international divide the work自由贸易 free trade进口 imports 出口 exports进口替代import substitution贸易赤字trade deficit贸易集团 trading blocs横向一体化horizontal integration纵向一体化vertical integration 纵向合并 vertical merger 金融投资financial investments金融体系 financial system开放经济open economy封闭经济closed economy 资本流入capital inflow 资本市场capital market 资本流出capital outflow公司corporation债务debt发达国家或工业化国家developed or industrialized countries发展中国家developing countries新兴工业化国家developed or industrialized countries欧洲联盟European Union贸易 trade 金融 finance北美自由贸易区North America Free Trade Area,NAFTA亚太经济合作组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)进入障碍barriers of entry关税壁垒tariff wall贸易壁垒trade barrier非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers倾销dumping汇率exchange rate出口导向型增长export-led growth多边贸易multilateral trad 保护主义protectionism幼稚产业保护论infant industry argument for protection知识产权intellectual property共同基金mutual fund国际贸易international trade国际收支balance of payments经济全球化globalization of economy生产全球化globalization of production贸易全球化globalization of trade资本全球化globalization of capital金融全球化globalization of finance资本输出export of capital商品输出export of commodity对外开放opening to the world社会主义经济socialist economy信息经济informational economy电子商务Electronic Commerce EC跨国公司Multinational Corporation区域集团regionally group奴隶贸易trade of slaves殖民地colony世界市场market of world劳务service技术technology信息information知识knowledge自由贸易区free trade area关税同盟customs union关税tariff进口配额quota of imports共同市场common market产业政策policy of industry完全一体化all-in-one矛盾contradiction冲突 conflict协调coordinate合作cooperate 经济格局economic situation世界银行 World Bank国际货币基金组织International Monetary Fund,IMF世界贸易组织World Trade Organization,WTO经济合作与开发组织Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, OECD政府首脑head of government国际经济秩序order of the international economy机遇 opportunity 挑战 challenge工业制成品industry products初级产品primary products不平衡性imbalance后发优势advantage of latercomer贸易条件condition of trade新殖民主义the new-colonialism战略格局stratagem structure经济特区special economic zone国民待遇national treatment独立自主paddle one's own canoe自力更生self-dependence经济安全safety of economy。

(完整版)英语四级单词大全一、动词篇1. accept：接受2. achieve：达到，实现3. admit：承认4. affect：影响5. afford：负担得起6. agree：同意7. allow：允许8. analyze：分析9. answer：回答10. appreciate：感激，欣赏二、名词篇1. ability：能力2. accident：事故3. achievement：成就4. advantage：优势5. advice：建议6. affection：感情7. age：年龄8. agreement：协议9. ambition：雄心10. anger：愤怒三、形容词篇1. able：能干的2. absolute：绝对的3. accurate：精确的4. active：积极的5. actual：实际的6. adequate：足够的7. adjacent：邻近的8. adverse：不利的9. afraid：害怕的10. amazing：惊人的四、副词篇1. abroad：在国外2. actually：实际上3. accidentally：偶然地4. abruptly：突然地5. absolutely：绝对地6. adequately：足够地7. accidentally：偶然地8. almost：几乎9. alone：单独地10. aloud：大声地五、介词篇1. about：关于2. above：在上方3. across：穿过4. after：在…之后5. against：反对6. along：沿着7. among：在…之中8. around：围绕9. as：作为10. at：在(完整版)英语四级单词大全（续）六、连词篇1. although：尽管2. and：和3. because：因为4. but：但是5. if：如果6. nor：也不7. or：或者8. since：自从，因为9. unless：除非10. until：直到七、代词篇1. all：所有2. another：另一个4. both：两个都5. each：每个6. either：任何一个7. enough：足够的8. few：很少9. many：许多10. none：没有一个八、数词篇1. hundred：一百2. thousand：一千3. million：一百万4. billion：十亿5. first：第一6. second：第二7. third：第三8. last：9. next：下一个10. total：总共九、疑问词篇1. what：什么2. who：谁3. where：哪里4. when：什么时候6. how：如何7. which：哪一个8. whose：谁的9. whom：谁（宾格）10. whether：是否十、感叹词篇1. oh：哦2. ah：啊3. wow：哇4. oops：哎呀5. dear：天哪6. goode：再见8. hurry：快点10. well：哎呀（表示惊讶或无可奈何）这份英语四级单词大全的完善，旨在为大家提供更为全面的词汇学习资源。

Nnet working capital 流动资金净额net profit ratio 净利率NAAPI membership 全国无偿服务会计师协会会员资格naive forecast 幼稚的预测naive investor 幼稚的投资人naive theory of capital structure 幼稚的资本结构理论naked bond 无担保债券naked contract 无担保合同named bill of lading 记名提货单named insured 指定被保险人named-peril insurance 指定灾害保险NAPFA (The National Association of Personal Financial Advisors) Membership个人财务咨询师全国协会会员资格NAPFA(the National Association of Personal Financial Advisors) Web个人财务咨询师全国协会互联网personal financial advisors 个人财务顾问personal financial advisors 财务顾问narrative form 叙述式narrow margin 薄利narrow market 狭窄市场呆滞市场narrow-range securities 狭窄范围证券NASDAQ Index 纳斯达克指数NASD (National Association of Securities Dealers) Member全国证券经销商协会会员national account 国民帐户national association of certified valuation analysis 全国注册估价分析师national association of computerized tax processors 全国电子计算机化税务师处理协会national association of investors corporation 全国投资者俱乐部协会national association of securities dealers 全国证券经销商协会national association of securities dealers automated quotation全国证券经销商协会自动报价系统national association of tax consultants 全国税务咨询师协会national automated accounting research system 全国自动化会计研究系统national balance sheet 国民资产负债表national bank 国民银行，联邦注册银行national commission on fraudulent financial reporting 预防欺诈性财务报告全国委员会national CPA firms 全国性会计师事务所national debt 国债national economic accounting 国民经济会计national economic development council 国民经济发展委员会national economy 国民经济national enterprise 国营企业national environmental policy act 国家环境政策法national foreign trade council 全国对外贸易委员会national income 国民收入national income accounting 国民收入会计national income accounts 国民收入帐户national insurance 国民保险national insurance contribution 国民社会保险税,国民保险分摊nationalization 国营化national savings sercurities 国民储蓄证券National Science Foundation 国家科学基金会national securities clearing corporation 全国证券交易清算公司national stock exchange 全国证券交易所national tariff 国定关税税率national tax 国家税收，国税national tax association 全国税收协会national tax journal 全国税务期刊national technical information service 全国技术信息服务公司national treasury 国库，金库national treatment 国民待遇national wealth 国民财富natural business year 自然营业年度natural classification 自然分类,自然分类法, 按性质分类natural person 自然人natural resources 自然资源natural wastage/natural loss 自然损耗,自然流失natural monopoly 自然垄断near cash 类现金，准现金near money 类货币，准货币near term 近期needs 需求needs analysis 需求分析negative amortization 负摊还negative asset 负资产negative assurance 反面保证negative cash flow 负现金流量negative confirmation 反面查证，反面询证negative correlation 负相关negative covenant 反面保证条款negative equity 负产权negative goodwill 负商誉negative income tax 负所得税，倒付所得税negative interest 付利息negative investment 付投资negative leverage 负杠杆作用negative net worth 负资本净值negative pledge clause 负抵押条款negative salvage value 负残值negative utility 负效用negative variance 负差异negative verification 反面验证neglected discount 漏失折扣negligence 疏忽，过失negligence penalty 过失罚金negotiability 流通性，可转让性negotiable bond 可转让债券negotiable bill 可转让汇票negotiable bill of lading 可转让提货单negotiable certificate of deposit 可转让存单negotiable check 可转让支票negotiable instrument 流通票据，可转让票据negotiable letter of credit 可转让信用证negotiable warehouse receipt 可转让库单，可转让栈单negotiable amount 议付金额, 可议付金额negotiable bidding 谈判招标，磋商招标negotiable contract 磋商成交的合同negotiable credit 磋商信用，协商信用,议付信用证negotiable purchase 议价采购negotiation 转让，议付;协商，协议neo-colonialism 新殖民主义neo-keynesians economics 新凯恩斯经济学net accounts receivable 应收帐款净额net amount 净额net assets 资产净额net avails 贴现净额net book value 帐面净值net cash 净现金，现金净价net cash flow 净现金流量net cash investment 净现金投资，现金投资净额net current assets 流动资产净额net deficit 净亏net earnings 净盈余，净收益net income 净收益net income ratio 净收益率，销售收益率net income to sales ratio 净收益对销售额比率，销售收益率net income to stockholder’s equity ratio净收益对股东产权比率，股东产权收益率net income to total assets ratio 净收益对资产总额比率，资产总额收益率net flow 净流量,流动净额net investment 投资净额net invoice price 发票净额net lease 净租赁net liability 负债净额net liquidation value 清算净值net loss 净损，净损失net income 纯净收益net of tax 税后净额net operating asset 营业资产净额net operating income 隐隐净收益net payroll 工薪净额net present value 净现值net present value index 净现值指数net present value method 净现值法net price 净价net price method 净价法net proceeds 净收入net profit 净利润，净利net profit ratio 净利率，销售利润率net purchases 进货净额net quick asset 速动资产净额net realizable value 变现净值net rental 租金净额net revenue 收入净额，营业收入净额net sales 销售收入净额，销货净额net salvage value 净残值network 网络network address网络地址network administrater/web master 网络管理师network analysis 网络分析师network chart 网络图表network information center 网络信息中心net working capital 流动资金净额network security 网络安全network software 网络软件net worth 净值，资本净值net worth earning ratio 资本净值收益率net worth growth ratio 资本净值增长率net worth method 资本净值法net worth to fixed assets ratio 资本净值对固定资产比率net worth turnover 资本净值周转率net yield 净收益，净收益率neutrality 中性，中性原则new economics 新经济学new economy 新经济new fraud audit standard 新欺诈审计准则new generation software inc 新时代软件公司new international economic order 国际经济新秩序new issue 新证券发行new issue market 新证券发行市场new issue securities 新发行证券newly industrialized countries 新工业化国家new money 新资金new orders 新订单new plant and equipment expenditures 新厂房和机器设备支出new products development 新产品研制，新产品开发new protectionism 新保护主义new surplus 新盈余new tax legislation 新税收立法( legal 法律的) new view of investment 新投资观念New Y ork futures exchange 纽约期货交易所New Y ork interbank offered rate 纽约银行同业优惠利率New Y ork money market 纽约货币市场New Y ork stock exchange 纽约股票交易所New Y ork stock exchange common stock index 纽约股票交易所普通股票价格指数next-in, fist-out 差进先出法NFP(Not For Profit) accounting 非盈利会计NFP(Not For Profit) organization 非营利组织Noble memorial prize in economics 诺贝尔经济学奖金no charge 免收费用no credit 概不赊欠node 节点，结点no funds 存款不足no-lien affidavit 未留置证明书nomenclature分类商品目录表，关税税率分类商品目录集nominal account名义帐户，虚帐户nominal amount名义金额nominal asset名义资产nominal capital名义资本nominal cost of debt名义债务成本nominal damages名义赔偿，象征行赔偿nominal interest rate名义利率nominal liability名义负债nominal partner名义合伙人nominal price名义价格nominal rate of exchange名义汇率nominal rate of tax名义税率nominal value名义价值nominal wage名义工资nominal yield名义收益率nonacceptance拒绝承兑nonadjusting events不作调整的会计事项nonadmitted asset不承保资产nonappropriated retained earnings 未指定用途留存收益nonarticulated concept 非环接概念nonaudit service非审计服务nonbeared bond记名债券nonbusiness accounting非企业会计noncallable bond不提前偿还债务noncancellable lease不可撤销租赁noncash dividend非现金股利noncash expense非现金费用noncash fringe benefit非薪金福利noncash settlement非现金结算noncontributory pension plan不分担退休金计划noncontrollable cost不可控成本noncontrollable risk不可控风险noncinvertible bond不可兑换债券nonconvertible currency不可兑换的货币noncumulative preferred stock非累积优先股noncumulative voting非累积投票股权nondeductible expense不能扣减的费用nondepreciable asset不计提折旧资产nondiscretionary trust非任意信托nondiversifiable risk不可分散分险nondocumentary letter of credit非跟单信用证nondumping certificate非倾销证明书nondutiable goods免税货物noneligible commercial paper不合格商业票据nonequity joint-venture非产权式合资经营企业nonexecutive director非常务董事nonexpendable fund不动本基金nonfinancial incentive非金钱鼓励nonfundamental breath非根本性违约nonidentifiable intangible asset不可辨认无形资产noninstallment credit一次偿还信贷noninterest-bearing note无息票据nonmarket risk非市场风险nonledger assets帐外资产nonlinear programming非线性规划nonmonetary asset非货币资产nonmonetary current asset非货币性流动资产nonmonetary item非货币性项目nonmonetary liability非货币性负债nonmonetary transaction非货币性经济业务nonnegotiable bill of lading不可转让提货单nonnegotiable letter of credit不可转让信用证nonnegotiable securities不可转让证券nonnotice audit不事先通知审计nonoperating asset非营业资产nonoperating expense营业外费用nonoperating revenue营业外收入nonparticipating preferred stock非参与分红优先股nonprice competition非价格竞争nonproduction cost非生产成本nonprofit accounting非营利会计nonprofit organization非营利组织nonpublic corporation不公开招股公司nonpublic corporation不公开招股公司nonrecourse loan无追索权贷款nonrenewable assets不可更新资产nonrevolving letter of credit非循环信用证nonroutine decision非常归决策nonstock corporation非股份公司nonsystematic risk非系统风险nontariff barriers非关税壁垒nontaxable income非应税收益nontax payment非税付款nontied loan非限制性贷款nontransferable letter of credit不可转让信用证normal absorption costing正常摊配成本计算法normal activity正常业务活动量normal balance正常余额normal capacity正常生产能力normal cost正常成本normal distribution rate正常分摊率normal income正常收益normal depreciation正常折旧normal distribution正态分布normal overhead正常间接费用normal price正常价格normal retirement age正常退休年龄normal return正常投资收益率normal shrinkage正常缺损normal spoilage正常损耗normal stock method正常存量法normal tax正税normal value正常价值normal yield curve正常收益率曲线normative accounting theory规范性会计理论normative economics规范性经济学north American free trade agreement北美自由贸易协定nostro account往帐notarial fees公证费，签证费notarial protest certificate公证人拒付通知书notary public公证人note票据，期票，中期债券notebook computer笔记本电子计算机note discount票据贴现notes payable应付票据notes receivable应收票据notes receivable discounted已贴现应收票据notes register票据登记薄notes renewals转期票据not-for-profit accounting非营利会计not－for-profit organization非营利组织notice of default拖欠通知书notice of deficiency补税通知单notice of dividend发放股利通知书notice of loss损失通知书notice to creditors 债权人通知书notice to suspend payment 停止支付通知书notifying bank 通知银行not in order 金额不符not negotiable 不允许流通not sufficient fund 存款不足支票novation 债权更新NPV index 净现值指数NPV method 净现值法NSF check 存款不足支票nude contract 无保证合同nuisance tax 繁杂捐税nuisance value 超付价值null and void 依法无效null hypothesis 虚假设numbered account 代号帐户NYSE composite index 纽约股票交易所综合指数NYSE members and institutions纽约股票交易所会员和社会机构NYSE reglation 纽约股票交易所规章。

迎评估促教学英语教学部分常用词汇（崔校平编辑整理，欢迎广大师生使用、添加）中文英文山东大学Shandong University大学英语教学部College English Teaching Department文学与新闻传播学院School of Literature and Journalism数学与系统科学学院School of Mathematics and System Science经济学院School of Economics经济研究中心Economics Study Center环境科学与工程学院School of Environmental Science and Engineering 马列教学部School of Marxist Theory Education历史文化学院School of History and Culture化学与化工学院School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 生命科学学院School of Life Science信息科学与工程学院School of Information Science and Engineering 管理学院School of Business Administration哲学与社会发展学院School of Philosophy and Social Development 法学院School of Law外国语学院School of Foreign Languages and Literature政治学与公共管理学院School of Political Science and Public Administration艺术学院School of Fine Arts物理与微电子学院School of Physics and Microelectronics医学院School of Medicine口腔医学院School of Stomatology药学院School of Pharmacy公共卫生学院School of Public Health护理学院School of Nursing材料科学与工程学院School of Materials Science and Engineering 控制科学与工程学院School of Control Science and Engineering电气工程学院School of Electrical Engineering计算机科学与技术学院School of Computer Science and Technology机械工程学院School of Me3chanical Engineering能源与动力工程学院School of Energy and Power Engineering土建与水利学院School of Civil Engineering体育学院School of Physical Education齐鲁软件学院School of Qilu Software先导课 a guiding course分级考试placement test分级教学four levels teaching(Band 1/2/3/4)分班class grouping分组教学group instruction / teaching分科教学departmental teaching假期工作vocation jobs暑期工作summer jobs暑期学校summer school大学英语词汇college English vocabulary大学英语一级College English Band One大学英语二级College English Band Two大学英语三级College English Band Three大学英语四级College English Band Four大学英语教学college English teaching大学英语教学改革college English teaching reform大学英语考试College English Test = CET大学英语课堂教学college English classroom teaching大学毕业生university graduate大学入学考试College Entrance Examination / Matriculation 大学生college student / undergraduate一年级学生freshman二年级学生sophomore三年级学生junior四年级学生senior理科学生student of science工科学生student of engineering文科学生student of liberal arts医科学生student of medicine大学校长president大学副校长vice president学院院长dean学院副院长assistant dean教务长academic dean; dean of studies系主任department chairman客座教授guest professor教授professor副教授associate professor讲师lecturer助教assistant teacher; teaching assistant研究员researcher; research fellow助理研究员research assistant改革论坛forum on teaching reform高校合并the merging of universities统一入学考试common entrance examination独立阅读independent reading自主学习independent learning / study independentlyautonomous learning / self-conscious learning多媒体教室multimedia room学生参与(教学) student participation本科教学评估the undergraduate teaching level evaluation以评促建，评建结合promoting development by evaluation and integrated evaluation and development本科教育质量和人才培养undergraduate teaching quality and talent cultivation高等教育大众化mass higher education参加考试to take / sit an examination主考者examiner考生examinee学会如何学习learn how to learn从生活中学习learning through living从经验中学习learning by experience教材material of instruction夏令营summer camp口试oral examination合作教育cooperative education合作学习cooperative learning试卷test paper留级to repeat a year结业证书Certificate of Completion毕业证书Certificate of Graduation肄业证书Certificate of Incompletion助学金；补助金grants奖学金scholarship / fellowship机械记忆rote memory军训military training教学模式mode of teaching / teaching mode启发式教学heuristic mode of teaching兼任教师part-time teacher交换教授exchanged professors新生班freshman class交换学生exchanged student学生交换exchange of students教员工作负担teacher's load精读intensive / detailed reading泛读extensive reading快速阅读fast reading仔细阅读careful reading快速泛读fast extensive reading入学标准；入学条件admission / entrance requirements指导教师tutor; supervisor; preceptor寒假winter vacation暑假summer vacation暑期学校summer school期末考试final examination登记；入学；注册enrollment; registration注册簿；登录；注册register注册员registrar素质教育education for all-round development提倡创新精神develop our creative mind停学suspension退学withdrawal from school留学生abroad student留学海外study abroad回国留学生returned student外国留学生foreign student文凭；毕业证书diploma问卷；问题征答questionnaire校风；学校精神school spirit校服school uniform校规school rule校历school calendar校外活动extra-school activity课外活动extracurricular activities体育活动physical activities娱乐活动recreational activities学术活动academic activities社会活动social activities班长monitor副班长vice-monitor学习委员commissary in charge of studies文娱委员commissary in charge of entertainment 体育委员commissary in charge of sports劳动委员commissary in charge of physical labor 组织委员commissary in charge of organization 宣传委员commissary in charge of publicity党支部书记Part branch secretary团支部书记League branch secretary三好学生“Three Good” student优秀团员excellent league member优秀干部excellent leader校友alumnus; alumni [pl.]校友会alumni association校训school motto学士bachelor学士学位bachelors' degree硕士master硕士学位master's degree博士doctor博士学位doctorate; doctor's degree; doctoral degree 学士帽,学位帽trencher cap / hood学士方帽square college cap学士资格bachelorship学位服academic costume学分credit分数points; marks; grades; scores学科subject学期semester / term学生纪录卡student's card学生贷款loan for student学生贷款基金student loan fund学生会；学生联会student union / council学年academic year, school year学位论文academic dissertation, dissertation应试教育exam-oriented education住校生resident student走读生；通学生extern, non-resident student答辩put up one’s defense / defend one’s thesis 学校课程（school）curriculum[总]课程表timetable; program of studies教学单元teaching unit国家教育；民族教育national education选修课optional course必修课compulsory course农村学校；乡村学校rural school情商emotional quotient = EQ智商intelligence quotient = IQ求职/找工作hunting for a job学院; 部；系college / school / faculty上课时间class period; session教学楼teaching building实验楼laboratory building代课教师substitute teacher跳级 / 弹性升级flexible promotion研究生graduate student研究生院graduate school; post-graduate school朗诵oral reading访问教师visiting teacher你们的课堂是以老师为中心还是以学生为中心？Is your class a teacher-centered class or a student-centered class?你认为大学英语四、六级考试有必要吗？Is the College English Test Band 4 / Band 6 Necessary?现有考试制度的利与弊the positive and negative aspects of the existing examination system《新编大学英语》New College English《新视野大学英语》New Horizon College English全新版《大学英语》(New) College English全国大学生英语竞赛National English Contest for College Students托福考试TOEFL = Test of English as a Foreign Language GRE考试/美国研究生入学考试Graduate Record ExaminationPETS考试Public English Test System职业英语考试Test of Professional English = TOPE美国教育测试服务处Educational Testing Service = ETS雅思考试（国际英语语言考试）IELTS (International English Language Testing System)英语口语考试Test of Spoken English全国外语水平考试WSKACCA专业资格考试英国特许公认会计师公会(The Association of Charted Accountants)全国外语翻译证书考试NAETI=National Accreditation Examinations for Translators and Interpreters爱国主义；爱国情操patriotism学生档案材料student personnel file课程course科目；学科subject班会class meeting笔试written examination学位degree / academic degree毕业生graduate毕业to graduate毕业论文thesis毕业生典礼commencement / convocation of graduates毕业要求标准；毕业要件graduation requirements毕业证书diploma of graduation博士论文doctoral / doctorate dissertation试用教师probationary teacher义务教育compulsory education初等教育primary education中等教育secondary education高等教育higher education大学教育university education督学inspector督导员supervisor辅导处guidance department辅导学习法supervised study札记法notebook method模仿学习learning by imitation练习法drill method; practice method阅读法reading method学习指导direction of learning学习效率learning efficiency整句教学法sentence method整体学习法whole learning method教育学院College / Institute of Education师范专科学校Normal Specialized Postsecondary College 师范大学Normal[Teachers] University专科学校Postsecondary Specialized College自学考试Self-Study Examination技工学校Skilled Workers[Training] School业余大学Spare-Time University在职教育in-service education在职学习in-service study职工大学Staff and Workers University职业大学Vocational University观察法observation method机会学习learning by chance选择题multiple-choice test随机教育incidental education随机教学法incidental teaching method随机学习incidental learning默读silent reading戏剧表演法method of dramatic expression联想学习associative learning螺旋法spiral method讲述法method of telling讲演示范法lecture-demonstration method讲演法lecture method; method of lecture证明法method of verification读书会reading circle联想association of ideas机械教学rote teaching机械学习rote learning机械记忆；死记硬背rote memory集体教育collective education寄宿学校board school; boarding school家教 a household teacher; tutor家庭教育family education; home education师资培养teacher training师范教育normal education旁听生auditor; guest-pupil假期school holidays假期学校vacation school间接训练indirect discipline间接教学法indirect method of teaching间接学习indirect learning集中学习massed learning填充法completion method会话法conversational method教材选择selection of subject matter教室讨论class discussion教案teaching plan; lesson plan教学日志diary for instruction教学法method of instruction / teaching method略读skimming (reading); rough reading设计问题法project problem method设计教学法project teaching method部分学习法part learning method; part method野外实习field practice博览法extensive method普通教授学general didactics普通教学法general method of teaching进步测验progress test教师手册teacher's manual教师任期teacher tenure教师资格qualification of teacher教学费用expense of instruction教学实习practice teaching教学日school day教学研究teaching research教职员工teaching staff教育政策educational policy教育专家educational expert教育统计学educational statistics教学相长teaching benefits teachers as well as students 教育设备；教育设施educational plant教学设备teaching facilities教育部ministry of education教育部长minister of education教育会议educational conference教育经费支出；教育开支educational expenditure教育资料educational data经验法；实征empirical method补充读物supplementary reading跳读skipping reading游戏法play method顿悟学习；洞悟学习insight learning尝试错误法method of trial and error团体游戏organized play轮廓图,示意图skeleton map图示graphical representation图示教学法pictorial method; Picture method实地工作field work实地学习课field lesson实物material object实物教学object lesson; Object teaching实习课；练习课practice lesson实验教育experimental education实验教育学；实验教学论Experimental pedagogy实验教学法experimental didactics实验学校experimental school演示课demonstration lesson综合教学synthetic instruction说话教学speaking-instruction考试制度examination system口述作文oral composition口语表达oral expression口头报告法oral report method分析教学analytic instruction幻灯片lantern slide户外作业out-door study; out-door work户外运动out-door sport主科major subjects示范课, 表演课, 示范教学demonstration lesson示范教学demonstration teaching社会科学social science实习教师student-teacher; trainee/practice teacher 示范法demonstration method示范教学demonstration teaching同时教学法simultaneous method同时学习simultaneous learning成绩进步表grade-progress table自修self-culture自习self-study问题法problem method基本科目；基本学科fundamental subject基础课程[英语反复练习] basal course基础读物foundation reader专业课程professional curriculum格言；座右铭maxim气质temperament学校公告栏school bulletin学校手册school manual学校用具school furniture学校用品school supplies学校考试school examination学校行政school administration学校行政人员school administrator学生减负to reduce study load学生手册student handbook军事院校academy学派school学校志chronicle of school积极教育positive education应用科学applied science纯科学pure science归纳法inductive method艺术教育art education; artistic education 入学考试entrance examination真实性评估authentic assessment另类评估alternative assessment表现性评估performance assessment档案评估portfolio assessment动态评估dynamic assessment社会实践social practice实践教学考试practical examinations表现性测验performance test实验技能教学考试experiment examinations学术创新academic innovation学术自由academic freedom学术委员会academic council学校法规school law / regulations学校社区school community学校建筑school building; school plant学校纪律school discipline学校展览会school exhibition学校财政school finance学校基金school fund学校宿舍dormitory学校推广教育school extension学校教育school education学校教职员组织school society学校组织school organization学校设施school establishment学校设备school equipment学校诊疗所；学校门诊部school clinics学校园游会；学校博览会school fair学校节庆school festival学校经费school expenditure学校董事会school board学校游戏场play center; play garden学校预算school budget学校图表school chart学校管理school control/ government/ management学校管理者school manager学校网school net学校仪式；学校典礼school ceremony学校卫生school hygiene; school sanitation英文故事教学English Story Telling Teaching娱乐时间recreation period / time阅览室reading room运动会athletic meeting / sports meet正规教育formal education星期学校Sunday school研究工作research work研究班；专题讨论会seminar中国加入世贸组织C hina’s Entry into the WTO指定科目prescribed course指定读物required reading指导的学习directed learning; directed study指导练习coaching背诵法method of recitation个别教育individual education个别教学individual instruction; individual teaching 个案研究case study method时事教学current events instruction记忆训练memory training记忆术memory system; mnemonic system; mnemonics 讨论法method of discussion参考书reference book协同教学Team Teaching。

各个学科的英文单词1. 数学：Mathematics2. 物理：Physics3. 化学：Chemistry4. 生物：Biology5. 地理：Geography6. 历史：History7. 政治：Political Science8. 经济：Economics9. 语文：Chinese Language and Literature10. 英语：English11. 音乐：Music12. 美术：Art13. 体育：Physical Education14. 信息技术：Information Technology15. 心理学：Psychology16. 哲学：Philosophy17. 法学：Law18. 社会学：Sociology19. 伦理学：Ethics20. 教育学：Education这些学科英文单词涵盖了从自然科学到人文社会科学的各个领域，为我们在学习、研究和国际交流中提供了便利。

掌握这些单词，有助于我们更好地了解世界，拓宽视野。

各个学科的英文单词拓展21. 天文学：Astronomy天体物理学：Astrophysics宇宙学：Cosmology22. 地质学：Geology地球物理学：Geophysics水文学：Hydrology23. 生态学：Ecology环境科学：Environmental Science野生动物保护：Wildlife Conservation24. 计算机科学：Computer Science软件工程：Software Engineering25. 工程学：Engineering机械工程：Mechanical Engineering电子工程：Electrical Engineering26. 医学：Medicine内科学：Internal Medicine外科学：Surgery27. 护理学：Nursing成人护理：Adult Nursing儿科护理：Pediatric Nursing28. 建筑学：Architecture城市规划：Urban Planning室内设计：Interior Design29. 语言学：Linguistics语音学：Phonetics语义学：Semantics30. 跨学科研究：Interdisciplinary Studies文化研究：Cultural Studies全球研究：Global Studies了解这些学科的英文单词及其细分领域，不仅有助于我们在学术道路上不断前行，还能让我们在全球化的今天，更好地与国际同行交流与合作，共同推动人类文明的进步。