北京大学博士生考试基础词汇汇总
Abandon The match was abandoned because of bad weather.
ban abolish abort cancel cross out wipe out put off delay
desert/forsake/ leave / cease / depart / discard / relinquish / surrender /quit/ withdraw /give up
abide We have to abide by the rules of the game. (abide observe discover adapt)
Her fame will abide for sure. Last/endure/ continue/persist/remain/stay
Y ou have to keep ______ with the times.
Abreast/up catch up with go along with fit in with
absorb He was absorbed in a book and didn't hear you call.
engage/occupy/bend over/involve/be busy with
Abundant/rich The rivers and forests of the New World were abundant in fish and game
access In many schools, students don't have sufficient access to the library.
Way/approach/solution/answer/
Accessible/available/handy/ready/convenient/obtainable/at hand
His words are never in _____ with his deeds. (situation accordance according fit)
I'm in agreement with Mr. Moore. in agreement with/ be compatible with /comply with /conform to/be in proportion to
account He asked no one's advice; he did it on his own (account).independently
Y ou have to take everything into account/consideration. Attention/regard/respect/mind
Give us an account of what happened. Story/reason/information/description/tale/statement
He has been asked to account for his absence. ( describe tell relate answer for say explain explicate)
acquire to acquire a good knowledge of English. Attain/obtain/gain/earn/secure
active He is very active in politics.
Energetic/spirited/lively/dynamic/excited/enthusiastic
adapt To our delight, she quickly adapted (herself) to the situation.
Adjust/a ccommodate/alter/vary/arrange/modify/make fit
accustom She is ______to living in comfort. (accustomed/used addict be familiar with)
admit It will take you half an hour to get to the station, allowing for traffic delays.
(allow/admit/accept/permit/receive/confess/ acknowledge/adopt)
adequate Their earnings are barely adequate to their needs.
enough/sufficient/satisfactory/plenty/ample
advantage The great advantage we have over them is that they are short of money.
Benefit/gain/upper hand interest/profit/harvest/crop/earnings/returns
Aim His aim is to win the game.
Purpose/intention/goal/end/target/objective/motive/destination
Amass He amassed a great fortune in twenty years.
Accumulate/assemble/gather/increase/collect/compile/heap up/store up
Mass/bulk/quantity/load/amount/volume/accumulation/pile/heap/crowd/multitude/pack/gang Figure/digit/measure
ambitious These young men were ambitious for success and money.
Eager for/longing for/ hopeful for/wish for/crave for/be set on/be bent on/be intent upon
amount His debt now amounts to 1,000 pounds.
Add up to/approximate/total/sum up
The future of her marriage is supposed to be decided by the amount of money.
sum/measure/quantity/price/value
angle Try looking at this affair from a different angle. aspect
/view/point of view/opinion/belief/attitude/impression/notion/ idea/thought/conception/judgment theory/outlook
announce He had to announce the death of Johnson before the board.
Proclaim/broadcast/report/state/declare/notify/tell/make known
anticipate A good general can anticipate what the enemy will do.
expect/ look forward to/await/foresee/hope for
anything The hotel is anything but satisfactory. Not at all
The apparent things might not tell of the truth.
apparent obvious seeming evident clear plain
apart Apart from his nose, he is quite good-looking.
Apart from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.
Except for / other than /but / but for / besides/moreover/also/too/as well/in addition
He was appointed member of the committee.
Name/elect/nominate/choose/assign/vote for
appeal I appeal to him for help. implore/plead/beg
apply Please apply to the secretary for further information.
The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.
approve Many people don't approve of the plan. disapprove
like/prefer/endorse/accept/think well of
arise The company's losses this year arise almost entirely from the new taxes.
Rise raise rouse arouse arise
Originate/ derive/stem/ flow/come/emerge/appear/show up/turn up
artificial/artistic Her painting is a great artistic creation.
ashamed /shameful embarrassed/embarrassing frustrated/frustrating humiliated/humiliating Ashamed of having acted so rashly, David apologized to Amy for having accused him.
acquaint I'm sure Betsy is the girl whom you will be glad to get acquainted with.
associate/link / touch / join / unite / combine / connect /go with / run with /mingle with / relate
I assume that success is a sum of mistakes.
Assume think suppose presume suspect understand take for granted
assure I can assure you of my support.
confirm assure ensure insure convince guarantee pledge promise
Y ou’ve got to attain the mastery of at least on foreign language.
Attain gain accomplish finish fulfill realize complete
attribute Jim attributes his success to hard work. owe ascribe
avoid Y ou should avoid driving in the center of the town during the rush hour.
A void shun escape evade keep away from
The government has banned the used of chemical weapons.
Bar prohibit exclude forbid shut out block obstruct
bargain The dress is quite a bargain. bargain sale
basis On the basis of our sales forecasts we may begin to make a profit next year.
China has been following the foreign policy to develop relations with other countries on the basis of the five principles of peaceful co-existence.
ground foundation
Scientists say it may be five or ten years before it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
As soon as before the second the minute the moment
Y ou can’t blame all this on me.
He is the last one to blame for the accident.
Charge/accuse/indict/censure/criticize/condemn
board He paid 40 pounds for board and lodging. food /meals
board/ committee/ staff/ faculty/ crew/ team
boast Y ou should not boast of your success. Brag show off
boom Production boomed.
Progress/increase/advance/thrive/gain/speed up/grow/swell/flourish/develop/prosper
brief It is a long letter, but in brief, he says "No". short
We are bound for London. Head make
The weather is bound to get better tomorrow. Likely going to
There are no bounds to his ambition. Limit confine restriction
call This situation_____________ for prompt action. (calls in calls at calls on calls for) They have called off their engagement.
She was calm when I told her of the terrible news.
Quiet/still/tranquil/serene/peaceful
We should not doubt his capability.
Capability/ability/skill/power/talent/capacity/competency/efficiency
Before you decide on a vocation, it might be a good idea to consult a few good friends.
Career job vocation trade calling work profession occupation
There is no reason why we should not carry on with it.
Carry on go on keep on continue work on be under way be in process
case In any case I shall return in a day or two. If even if for fear on condition
center She centered her attention on the problem.
Focus concentrate fix
charge The charge against him was severe.
Sentence/ accusation/ persecution/ guilt/trial/ condemnation/indict /judgment
Since the situation is changing, let’s take some _____ measures to deal with it.
flexible changeable changing
If I had the choice, I would retire at thirty.
Selection/preference/option/alternative
No one came to claim for the horse, so the farmer decided to sell it.
cling She clung to the hope that he was still alive.
Stick adhere hold grasp
close The ceremony was brought to a close by the singing of the national anthem.
Listen closely and look closely, you’ll find it out.
A good employer gives hints to his or her employees without interfering with their creativity.
Tip information news wind message clue evidence sign proof key
combine Hydrogen combines with Oxygen to form water.
blend mix mingle fuse unite couple join
comment I'm afraid I can't comment on your work just yet. Remark
criticism judgment decision evaluation criterion standard remark
commit I cannot commit myself to any further expense; my means are stretched to the utmost as it is. Devote dedicate
Compare this with that, and you will see which is the better. Contrast
Poets have compared sleep to death.
She is lovely beyond compare.
comparison This one costs more but is really cheaper by comparison.
I have done little this year in comparison with what I did last year.
Comparable/comparative
compel We cannot compel you to do it, but we think you should.
Force oblige urge require drive press work hard on push prompt
He has formed a good habit.
Form/create/shape/develop/mold/compose/construct/design/devise/frame/arrange/build Assemble/manufacture/produce
Next year, Susan has to take three compulsory courses. Required
compose The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.
Consist of/ be made up of / contain / include/hold/cover/comprise
comprehensive /Comprehensible
She has a comprehensive grasp of the subject.
conscious She was not conscious of his presence in the room. A ware
Considerate/considerable It was very considerate of you to send me a Christmas card. Considerate/thoughtful/kind/sympathetic
Considerable/much/important/great/significant/powerful
contend I would contend that unemployment is our most serious social evil.
Argue/struggle/fight/quarrel
Our journey was slow because the train stopped continually at different villages.
continuously vs continually
convey Words cannot convey how delighted I am. express
cope Poor Mary! She has so much to cope with.
deal with live with be put up with tolerate endure bear stand be fed up with
correspond
This word in the English version corresponds to that phrase in the French one.
count Her opinion counts because of her experience.
Matter be of importance significant
Don’t count on a salary increase this year.
believe depended count confide rely depend bank
critical If you really understood the difficulties facing the government, you wouldn't be so critical of its spending reductions.
Crucial urgent pressing decisive
Ironic faultfinding picky fastidious sarcastic
cure This medicine should cure you of your cold.
Remind relieve inform deprive rob break
It is not my custom to give in.
Custom habit use practice manner way pattern tendency fashion routine nature
The damage to the house caused by the storm took several days to repair.
destruction damage harm ruin injury bruise impact spoil wrong pain agony distress grieve hurt impair abuse plague epidemic debris/trash/junk/rubbish
decline Steel production has been on the decline in these countries.
Diminish decrease fall drop dip sink reduce
deep They dived deep into the ocean.
She was deeply interested in classical music.
degree She has also affected but to a lesser degree. Extent
deem They deemed him innocent but failed to understand why he was lying.
Think/believe/consider/judge/assume/suppose/regard/ponder/contemplate/study/reflect/think over A good mastery of English demands patience and enthusiasm.
Demand/require/call for
deny They denied her the opportunity to see her father.
refuse decline rejects turn down
die She died of an illness; and he died a beggar.
The storms are dying down.
The noise of the car died away in the distance.
The members of the family had all died off.
This species has died out.
Can you describe what he looks like?
Describe/portray/illustrate/picture/characterize/represent/define/tell
They were determined that he make a big fortune in his forties.
Convinced/firm/sure/certain/resolute/serious
She was in his eyes a devoted mother.
Devoted/earnest/hearty/sincere/serious/zealous
The sewers discharge (their contents) into the sea.
Discharge/discard / cast way / do away with / dispose of / abandon / forsake / desert / give away/ throw away/cast off/get rid of
display We were amazed by the rich variety of commodities on display.
Her writings display natural talents.
Exhibit show indicate specify illustrate demonstrate expose present
distinct Mice are distinct form rats.
Different/unlike/varied/opposite/contrary/reverse/dissimilar
Long sentences are distinctive of Henry James’s later style.
Characteristic explicit definite candid unmistakable expressive direct
The light is so dim that I cannot distinguish one object from another.
distinguish tell separate divide
He is one of the most distinguished scholars in this field.
Distinguished/outstanding/famous/well-known/noted/popular/celebrated/honored/recognized
/prominent/important/superior
In the dark I could only discern the outline of the building.
Discern/see/make out/observe/perceive/recognize/know/understand/detect/spot/spy/behold
diverse There are people from diverse cultures at the party. different various comprehensive
He refused to disclose his name and address.
Disclose/uncover/reveal/show/expose/betray
They drew up the contract and presented it to the management.
The train drew in/into the station. pull
draw pull drag push heave lift haul
draw crawl creep linger on drag near be oncoming/ongoing
She drove her car into the forest.
Drive/steer/direct/conduct/handle/manage/run/work/operate/ride
Don’t discourage her; she is doing her best. Vs encourage
Discourage/prevent/hinder/disapprove/keep from/try to stop
The shoes are expensive but durable.
Durable/long-lasting/enduring/permanent/endless/solid/strong
It is your duty to go.
Duty/work/job/chore/assignment/charge/function/obligation/responsibility/office/role
Business/job/vocation/occupation/task/assignment/position/labor/industry/employment/effort
He is living an easy life now. comfortable
It is an economy to buy good shoes: they cost more, but they last much longer than cheap ones. economic/economical/economy
He went to a very good elementary school.
Elementary/fundamental/basic/primary/essential/simple/beginning/introductory/initial/primitive
Since 1975 the forty hour work week has been in effect.
The acid has no effect on the metal.
The new regulation does not go into effect until the first of March.
A sentence of ten years' imprisonment on a person of eighty is in effect a life sentence.
He is not likely to give effect to his threat.
effect force power practice
She encouraged him to take this examination.
Encourage/support/back up/urge/promote/sponsor/cheer/inspire
end Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.
I must warn you that my patience is almost at an end.
I've warned you no end of times not to touch that machine.
I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.
He had approached every friend and acquaintance for help in vain, and now he was at his wit's end.
We ended the diner up with fruit and coffee.
When the reception came to an end, they were reluctant to leave the hall.
The argument between the two men ended in a fight.
The government is determined to put an end to terrorism.
He's entitled to a pension, but he won't dream of retiring yet.
entitle qualify authorize enable sanction empower
The soldiers were equipped with the latest weapons.
equip provide
They have the exclusive right to do the advertisements for this company. inclusive
My wife has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my job.
exert practice exercise impose avail
He is one of the greatest contemporary writers.
Existing living contemporary lately—later---late---latter current recent
He must face up to the fact that he is no longer young. live face come
Devotion is essential for work.
Necessary/vital/fundamental/required/crucial/critical/important/fatal/indispensable
Compulsory/obligatory/imperative/urgent
Nothing is everlasting.
Forever/endless/perpetual/eternal/permanent/constant/infinite/continual/for good
The bird extended its wings in flight.
Stretch/lengthen/increase/expand/broaden/spread/enlarge/magnify
Her nose is a very attractive feature.
Feature/looks/appearance/characteristic/trait/mark
Are you in favor of women taking part in politics?
In the favor
The international situation is favorable to us. Advantageous
Panic swept through the swimmers as they caught sight of a huge shark approaching menacingly. Tension Excitement Fear Nervousness fuss ado chaos confusion turmoil riot
After Tom passed his driving test he filled in/out an application for his driving license.
The children hid in the house and ate their fill.
The price of vegetables fluctuates according to the weather.
wavers vibrates swings fluctuates hesitates quakes trembles shudders
There are fine distinctions between the two.
fine/minute/delicate/detailed/small/tiny/slight/insignificant
Michael found it difficult to get his British jokes across to American audience.
Understand comprehend catch on get
He gave a gift for my birthday.
Give/present/offer/bestow/donate/grant/contribute/award/provide/supply/deliver/deal out
/hand out/turn in
He had a good house, a good wife and a good job.
Good/desirable/right/appropriate/suitable/becoming/satisfying/decent
They grouped together in fours.
Arrange/assemble/organize/classify/sort/collect/grade/rank/value/evaluate/catorgerize/estimate
When he was young, he always _______ around and did not care about what was happening around him. Hang loaf loiter
hit She hit on a good title for her new novel. Come across
Her new film is quite a hit. success
The rent increase will hit the pockets of the poor. Affect
hold She held back, not knowing how to break the terrible news.
I think he is holding something back; he knows more that he admits.
She always holds to her convictions.
The forthcoming talks hold out the hope of real arms reduction.
Road works on the highway are holding up traffic.
There was something wrong with the traffic signal. Our bus was ______ for nearly half an hour.
A. held on
B. held back
C. held out
D. held up
identical This copy is identical with/to the ones you bought last week. the same as
If only I were rich!
Only if I am rich, I can do what I want.
Immoral vs amoral
He deserted his family and was called an immoral person by his neighbors.
It was he that initiated this project.
Initiate/launch/start/begin/pioneer/found/lead/head/break the ice
Incentive The fun of playing the game was a greater incentive than the prize. (excitement initiative motive entertainment)
We are in for trouble.
He know the ins and outs of the problem.
Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.
A good teacher should be impartial to his students.
Impartial/impersonal/unbiased/neutral/disinterested/just/fairdetatched unconcerned indifferent
This car is inferior to the one I bought last year.
inferior superior senior junior similar prior
The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen insight into human nature.
intellect insight perception understanding comprehension wisdom intuition
No doubt, a trade mark pertains to a firm’s intangible assets.
intangible invisible
interfere /intervene If you interfere in /with other people's affairs, you will regret it.
He testified in court that he had seen the prisoner run out of the bank after it had been robbed. testified witnessed justified identified notify specify
keep I can't understand you keeping a thing like that to yourself.
Please keep to the point --- we are running out of time.
I can’t keep up with all the changes in computer science.
If you want to fulfill your dream, you have to keep ______it. (to / up on)
Keep/have/hold/maintain/preserve/conserve/save/tend/protect/guard/sustain/uphold/bear/posess
They did not only lack water, they also lacked in courage.
Want/be in need/ fall short
large The dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
By and large, the company has been good to me.
This is law and you can’t change as you wish.
Rule/principle/stamdard/formula/act/decree/regulation/legislation/lawmaking/resolution/statute
She saw a notice “ apartment to let”.
Let/rent/lease/charter/contract/agreement
She is the one that laid out the town.
He was laid off for his ill performance.
liable likely probable liable responsible accountable answerable
People who walk on the grass are liable to a fine of 5 dollars.
She liked the black dress and bought it although it was very expensive.
Like/prefer/fancy/take to/enjoy/care for/be fond of
The football match was televised live from the workers’ stadium.
alive live life lively living lovely
I am not sure of the exact location of the café.
Location/position/place/area/zone/territory/district/section/neighborhood/spot/site/situation Recent research has shed/cast/thrown new light on the causes of the disease.
The mansion was splendid.
Splendid/magnificent/grand/majestic/superb/exquisite/marvelous/wonderful
/glorious/imposing/impressive/brilliant/phenomenal/exceptional/remarkable/miraculous
I can’t make out what she wants.
The ship made for the open sea.
What are we to make of his behavior?
Nothing can make up for the loss of a life.
He has made it up with her.
A frequently cited example of the endangered species is the panda.
Mentioned quoted referred to
mood I am not in the ______ for joking. sentiment emotion mood feeling sentimentality sensation sense sensitivity
nerve My children are always getting on my nerves.
Can you really afford this amount?
Amount/sum/quantity/number/portion
A (large) number of problems have arisen.
The number of books stolen from the library is large.
The marks were below average.
A verage/middle/medium/normal/ordinary/moderate/halfway/regular/usual
The method is ok; the problem is the procedure.
Method/way/approach/manner/means/fashion/style/procedure/process/course/plan/scheme/design/
The mutual benefit. Mutual/reciprocal/common/joint
observe Y ou’ve got to ______ the laws of the land.
Abide by/follow/obey/comply with
occur Has it ever occurred to you that those twins are quite different from each other in many ways?
We can afford to overlook these minor offenses.
Overlook/neglect/forget/miss/ignore/skip/disregard/pass over
own Do you mean you have left her to do that on her own?
He’d like a car of his own.
Nobody owned up to the theft.
This is a painstaking effort. Careful
They walked the path every morning.
Path/route/line/road/track/trail/way/journey/excursion/voyage/trip
peculiar That way of speaking is peculiar to people in this small part of the country.
distinctive / typical/ characteristic/ representative/ special/ particular / unique / notable/ particular
The government gets a(n) ____ from taxes.
income revenue fund payment wages finance budget expenditure
persist It should be obvious to you that if you persist in bothering him, he will get angry with
you.
I shall be very _____ if you could do me a favor.
pleasing pleasant grateful thankful pleased gracious generous
point She was just on the point of going away when Betty came in.
As I was in a hurry I asked him to come to the point at once.
There's no point in arguing further.
He made an excellent speech, and everything he said was to the point.
It is very rude to point at people in the street.
If/when it came to the point, would you sacrifice your job for your principles?
popular populous populated
A game that is very popular among/with these young swimmers is the underwater tricycle race.
The child showed great _______of mind by grabbing the falling baby.
courage calmness presence bravery boldness will
preside The chairman presided at/over the meeting last Friday.
Virtue will prevail over evil.
prevail triumph win
In private/ in secret / in person
Matters like this are best discussed in private.
They are privileged people in the society.
Privilege/ right/ liberty/ freedom/advantage/license/ honor
She gave him a prompt reply.
quick rapid fast prompt punctual instant immediate ready
The _______ of finding jobs this year are not so good. (expectation promises future prospects)
provided on condition save unless given suppose say
I will agree to go provided/providing that my expenses are paid.
put She’s put a tidy sum for her retirement.
They decided to put aside their differences.
She help her put the toys away.
She is putting radical proposals for the economic reform.
We had to put off our wedding until September.
We can put you up for the night.
I don’t know how she can put up with him/his cruelty to her.
Racial problems exist in everyday life.
Race/breed/people/fold/tribe/nation/culture
range scope extent His speech ranged over a number of topics.
Range/limit/distance/length/scope/extent/reach/field/sphere
reach All these were within the reach of the ordinary men.
Put that bottle of weed-killer out of the reach of the children.
He reached for his gun.
Her requirements are reasonable.
Reasonable/sensible/fair/logical/just/sound/rational/practical/realistic/justifiable
My favorite recreation is chess.
Recreation/amusement/entertainment/play/pleasure/enjoyment/relaxation/pastime/fun
They had to seed refuge from the storm.
Refuge/shelter/asylum/protection
I have registered for the English course.
Register/record/enroll/list/enter/sign/fill out a form
receive accept
I hear that John has _____ a new position at the travel agency.
red black A large number of American radio stations operate in the red.
regard Motion means change of position of an object in/with regard to the position of some other object or objects.
I have little information as regards his past.
She said nothing regarding your request.
Please give my sincere regards to all the members of your family.
Some people act regardless of what will happen afterwards.
They helped solve the problems in high ______ to the living conditions of the people. (attention regard intention stress)
relevant His age isn't relevant to whether he is a good teacher.
Reluctant Today black children in South Africa are still reluctant to study subjects from which they were effectively barred for so long. Unwilling
remedy The doctor soon found a remedy for the boy's illness.
Cure/heal/treat/mend/correct
respect With respect to your requests, we regret that we are unable to assist you in this matter. Respect/adore/appreciate/honor/admire/look up to/fall for/be crazy about
In this respect the film is a failure.
respectful respective respectable respected
Teams of rescue have been sent out ____ to look for the missing members of the crew.
His limp is the result of an accident.
Result/consequence/end/effect/outcome/fruit/produce/conclusion
risk He saved my life at the risk of losing his own.
He was ready to run(take) the risk of being taken prisoner by the enemy.
The future of the whole company is at risk.
Risk/chance/gamble/endanger/expose
They rose up against foreign invaders.
Rebel revolt riot
I’ve been on the run all day, and I am exhausted.
I ran across/into my old friend in Paris last week.
We are running out of time.
He ruled over his kingdom successfully for twenty years.
Rule/govern/control/dominate/head/lead/manage/direct/supervise/administer/order/instruct Guide/influence/handle/regulate
scale Synthetic rubbers are now being produced on a large scale.
scratch He threw away everything he had written and started the novel again from scratch.
I’ll have to see about getting the roof men ded.
We all went to the airport to see her off.
Her colleagues see her as the future prime minister.
Will you see to the arrangements for the next committee meeting?
I must set about packing now.
Her clear and elegant prose sets apart from most other journalists.
Let’s set aside my personal feelings.
She set out/forth at dawn.
He is set on going to university.
settle Y ou should settle your affairs before you leave.
When are you going to marry and settle down.
Settle/decide/resolve/reconcile/mend
short All along he has been striving not to fall short of his parents' expectations.
Things couldn’t be worse financially: in short, we are bankrupt.
Becoming a doctor requires years of training ----- there are really no short cuts.
He never allowed his children to go short of anything necessary for their education.
His real name was Thomas, but he was called Tom for short.
The country is short in known deposits of coal and iron.
The interviewer cut short his guest in mid-sentence.
spirit The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.
I went back and found them in high/low spirits.
stock The sugar is out of stock.
They subjected the two suspects to a long and thorough interrogation.
We are subject to the law of the land.
Subject/topic/issue/question/problem/concern/test/plot/theme
sympathize We sympathize with him in his sufferings to a great extent.
sympathy Quite a number of people are in sympathy with you on that point.
attraction temptation
As always, I had to fight the _____ to take what she willingly offered.
Tempt/invite/attract/appeal/lure/seduce
thought On second thoughts, I am inclined to agree with you.
Electricity was at one time thought of as a kind of fluid.
trace Her fear of water can traced back to a childhood accident.
trade he traded in his car for a new model.
He grew very angry when he realized how he had been ____ out of his money.
trick deceive cheat betray fool
what he said is true.
True/real/actual/unmistaken/certain/valid/genuine/authentic/natural/legitimate
turn We came to an arrangement whereby the two of us took the young lady out by turns. He picked up all the books in turn and examined them.
I didn’t need my umbrella, as it/things turned out.
She turned a deaf ear to our warnings.
He was someone to whom you can turn in difficult times.
We arranged to meet at the cinema at 7:30, but she failed to turn up.
He tried to join the army and was __________ because of poor health.
(turned in turned down turned out turned to)
I don’t think she is the artistic type.
Type/kind/class/sort/species/variety/brand/character
Whatever he said is ultimate conclusion.
Ultimate/final/conclusive/decisive/eventual/last
Because of the flood, the land yielded nothing that autumn.
Yield/bear/produce/ provide/supply /surrender/submit
This company of soldiers had ______ no women among them, so you could imagine what they joked about. ( virtually virtuously virtual actual)
By the way, have you heard that George is emigrating to Australia?
In no way can teaching in school be separated from practice.
In a way his health is much improved, but he is still not really well.
We must not give way to their demands.
Y ou can’t have everything your own way.
He has done nothing out the way yet.
The bridge ________ and the tank fell into the river. ( gave way gave to gave in gave up) We’ll all take a vacation in the mountains as soon as I finish working on this project.
Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%) Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、 11. Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that a wide solution、 A.admits of B、requires of C、needs of D、seeks for 12.In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message、 A.accustomed to split and divided B.accustomed to splitting and dividing C.accustomed to split and dividing D.accustomed to splitting and divided 13.Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value、 A、at itself B、as itself C、on itself D、in itself 14. us earlier, your request to the full、 A、You have contacted…we could comply with B、Had you contacted…we could have complied with C、You had contacted…could we have complied with D、Have you contacted…we could comply with 15.The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy、 A、discard B、discreet C、discord D、disgorge 16、Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their psychology、No one can shield himself such an influence、 A、on…by…at B、by…for…in C、from…in…on D、through…with…from 17、The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety、Now it appears to create 、 A、bore B、bored C、boredom D、bordom 18、Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz、 A、lacked B、lacking C、for lack of D、lack of 19、There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine、 A、that have to B、have to C、having to D、has to 20、The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it、 A、none the worse B、none the better C、never worse D、never better 21、As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color、 A、cried out for…cried out for B、cry out for…cry out for C、had cried out for…cried out for D、had cried out for…cry out for 22、While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very 、 A、trigger B、meager C、vigor D、linger 23、Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology、 A、as much the Africans are detribalized B、the Africans are much being detribalized C、as much as the Africans are being detribalized D、as much as the Africans are detribalized 24、We admire his courage and self-confidence、 A、can but B、cannot only C、cannot but D、can only but 25、In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical、
北京大学生命科学学院考试专用纸姓名：学号：考试类别： 考试科目：普通生物学A 考试日期：2010－6－11阅卷教师：佟向军 以下为答题纸，共7 页
一、填空（每空0.5分，共35分） 1．我们的身体无法利用纤维素，是因为我们消化道内的________酶仅能水解________ 键，而无法水解_________键。构成淀粉和纤维素的单体都是________。 2．根据是否有细胞核膜来区分，细胞分为_______细胞和_______细胞。细胞骨架包括________、________以及________三种成分。其中：有丝分裂时，形成纺锤丝的是______，与胞质分裂相关的是________，与肌肉收缩有关的是______。 3．光合作用的光反应阶段在______进行，它又可分为光系统I和光系统II。前者的产物是______，后者的产物是________。光合作用的暗反应在___________进行，其主要作用是固定______，这一过程称为__________循环。4．细胞通讯与信号传递，对细胞的生命活动很重要。在这一过程中，能引起细胞反应的信号分子叫做________，包括______和______两大类。细胞本身与信号分子结合的蛋白质叫做________,它们在细胞中的位置各不相同，脂溶性信号分子的结合蛋白，主要位于__________，水溶性信号分子的结合蛋白，主要位于________。在细胞内，起第二信使作用的有________（举一例即可）。5．细胞周期包括_____、________、_______和______四个时期。DNA复制在____期。调节细胞周期的因子叫做____________，它由______和______两种蛋白组成。细胞周期有_____个检验点，它们分别位于____________期。 6．人的α－珠蛋白基因位于16p13.33, 其中16代表________________，p代表_________，13代表_______________。 7．DNA的复制是__________方式，即两条DNA链解开，分别以各自为____________，按照____________________原则，合成其互补链。复制所需要的酶主要是________________；复制无法从头开始，需要________________，它的成分是________________。新链的延伸方向是____________________，因此一条链连续复制，称为______________，另一条链复制不连续，称为____________，不连续的DNA片段叫做______________。 8．原核生物基因表达调控的主要方式是________________，它由____________、
北京大学2012年研究生新生校纪校规考试答案 一、填空题 1.哲学，经济学，法学，教育学，文学，历史学，理学，工学，管理学，医学 2.2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3 3.专业调整，导师变动，研究生学习期间身体变化 4.5, 8 5.一个月 6.重新学习，重新学习，改修其他课程 7.导师，主管负责人，研究生院培养办公室 8.三分之一 9.英语，日语，法语，俄语，德语 10.三，同等学力在职人员 11.规范汉字，简体中文 12.警告，严重警告，记过，留校察看，开除学籍 13.严重警告，记过 14.留校察看 15.记过 16.留校察看 17.记过 18.警告 19.学业处理，纪律处分 20.研究生本人，签署意见 二、选择题 C, ABCD, ABCD, ABCD, AD, B, C, D, C, ABCDEFG 三、判断题 ×, ×, √, ×, ×, ×, √, √, √, √ 四、简答题 1. （一）坚持四项基本原则，拥护党的现行政策； （二）遵守国家法律法规及校纪校规，品行端正，无违法违纪行为； （三）学习态度端正，勤奋刻苦，成绩优良； （四）某一方面有突出成绩或贡献，其他方面也达到基本要求； （五）通过本学年思想品德鉴定。 2. （一）充分尊重他人劳动成果和知识产权，引证他人研究成果须实事求是。 （二）严格遵守相关专业领域的基本写作、引文和注释规范。 （三）承担学位论文和其他学术著作发表的相应责任。 （四）遵守实验室的相关规章制度，规范操作，规范使用实验器材和原料。 （五）严格遵守有关保密规定。 （六）学术界躬身的其他学术规范。 3.（一）因健康原因不宜在校学习，经校医院诊断，证明确需休养并在短期内可以治愈者；
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题 Part One: Listening Comprehension略 Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%) Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. 21._________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together. [A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive [C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive 22._________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent. [A] He would leave school [B] He left school [C] He had left school [D] He has left school 23.Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________. [A] to be shown [B] to have been shown [C] to have shown [D] being shown 24.__________ that should be given priority to. [A] It is the committee has decided [B] It is only the committee has decided [C] It is what the committee has decided [D] It is what has the committee decided 25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work. [A] less local free-spiritedness than [B] less local free-spiritedness than to [C] to less local free-spiritedness than to [D] less to local free-spiritedness than to 26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—and at the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again. [A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for [C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to 27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-class students devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports. [A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as
北京大学1998年研究生入学考试试题 一、名词解释（5×4） 1、空间分析函数 2、GPS 3、四叉数编码 4、信息系统 5、OpenGIS 二、简答题（4×10） 1、空间指标和空间关系量测的主要内容 2、矢量多边形面积的快速算法（要求附框图） 3、DEM、DTM的概念及其获取方法 4、由栅格数据向矢量数据的转换的方法。 三、综合分析题（2×20） 1、地理信息系统的意义、特点与发展趋势 2、地理信息系统的信息源与输入方法 北京大学1999年研究生入学考试试题 一、名词解释（10×4） 1、数字地球 2、矢量结构 3、栅格数据 4、拓扑关系 5、缓冲区分析（buffer） 6、多边形覆盖分析（overlay） 7、数字高程模型（DEM） 8、三角法（TIN） 9、元数据（Metadata） 10、高斯——克吕格投影 二、简答题（5×8） 1、简述地理信息系统中主要有哪些空间分析方法。 2、简述地图投影的基本原理 3、简述栅格数据的数据组织方法 4、简述地理信息系统的主要软硬件组成 5、简述地理信息系统工程的三维结构体系 三、论述题（20） 试论GIS项目中文档管理的意义及文档的类型（主要有那些文档）？ 北京大学2000年研究生入学考试试题 一、概念题（8×5） 1、国家信息基础设施 2、空间对象（实体） 3、拓扑结构 4、元数据（Metadata） 5、层次数据库模型
6、GIS互操作 7、四叉树编码 8、空间索引 二、简述题（5×8） 1、简述栅格数据结构的三种数据组织方法 2、简述地理信息系统数据采集的方法及特点 3、简述高斯——克吕格投影的特点 5、简述地理信息系统空间数据的误差来源 三、论述题（20） 试论网络GIS的技术特点及尚需解决的问题 北京大学2001年研究生入学考试试题 一、概念题（六选五，5×4） 1、空间对象 2、拓扑空间关系 3、地理空间中栅格表达方法 4、四叉树编码 5、空间数据质量 6、缓冲区分析 二、简述题（4×10） 1、地理信息系统的组成 2、矢量、栅格、DEM数据结构的优缺点分析 3、属性数据库的数据模型 4、空间数据的内插方法 三、论述题（2×20） 1、论述地理信息系统的数据来源及数据采集的主要方法 2、论述DEM的主要应用 北京大学2002年GIS试题 一．名次解释（每小题4分，共20分） 1．扫描矢量化 2． TIN模型 3．元胞自动机 4．地理信息 5． WebGIS 二．简答题或分析题（每小题8分，共计40分） 1．地理信息系统软件的体系结构与功能作用？ 2．地理信息系统的主要信息源有那些？ 3．何谓BUFFER？并对下图形单元（领域半径长度如图所示）画出其BUFFER区示意图。4．请画出一下两个多边形图层的OVERLAY结果图层的示意图。 5．何谓DEM？计算以下高程栅格数据（高程单位为米，栅格单位为正方形，其边长为10米）
北京大学关于博士研究生学科综合考试的暂行规定 （2007年7月修订） 根据教育部和北京大学学位授予工作的有关文件，对攻读博士学位的研究生一般应进行含基础理论课和专业课的学科综合考试。为做好此项工作，特制定本暂行规定： 一、考试目的 学科综合考试，是在博士学位论文开始前或初始阶段，考查博士研究生在本门学科上是否基本掌握坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专门知识，以及必要的相关学科知识，并具有分析问题、解决问题的能力。 二、考试内容 学科综合考试的内容应包括导师所指定学习的基础理论、专业知识、相关学科知识、学科前沿知识；也应包括导师虽未指定、但作为博士研究生应该具备的知识以及分析问题、解决问题的能力。 三、考试方式 学科综合考试的方式可以是口试、笔试，也可以是口、笔兼试。 四、考试时间 硕士起点的博士研究生，一般应在入学后的第三学期进行学科综合考试。本科起点的博士研究生，在入学后的第四学期末之前，进行学科综合考试。硕博连读生在转为正式博士研究生后一学年之内，完成学科综合考试。逾期未考者，按不合格处理。 五、考试委员会 学科综合考试必须组成考试委员会。委员会应由本学科和相关学科至少五名教授、副教授（或相当职称的专家）组成。主席由具有博导资格的教授（或相当职称的专家）担任。导师可以参加考试委员会，但不能担任主席。考试委员会名单和考试方式、范围须经学位评定分委会主席或院（系、所、中心）主管负责人审核批准后，考试方可进行。 六、拟定试题 学科综合考试之前，导师应向考试委员会报告博士研究生的专业、研究方向及培养计划所规定的学习和科研任务。考试委员会应根据专业培养目标及博士研究生个人培养计划的要求，拟定考试题目。 七、考试成绩的评定 考试完毕，考试委员会应就本次考试内容所涉及的领域、考生对这些领域知识掌握的程度，以及分析、解决问题的能力写出详细评语，并按合格、不合格两级评定成绩，填写《北京大学博士研究生学科综合考试表》，考试委员会主席及委员审核无误后，分别签名予以确认。考试成绩合格，可进入(或继续)博士学位论文工作阶段。学科综合考试成绩不合格的博士研究生，经考试委员会同意，三个月后可以补考一次。对补考仍不合格者，一般予以退学；
北京大学英语2002年博士研究生入学考试试题huazi 发表于2007-1-20 11:00:00 推荐 北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题 Part One: Structure and Written Expression Direction: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably comp lete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the AN SWER SHEET. (20%) 1 . The doctor's ___ is that she'll soon be as good as new if she takes insul in and watche s her diet. A.agnosticism B. anticipation C. diagnosis D. prognosis 2.It is understood by all concerned that the word no one who visits him ever breathe a syllable of m his hearing wi11 remain forever unspoken. A.uncommunicatively B. acceptab1y C. tacitly D. taciturnly 3. ___ springs not out of true and deep admiration, but more often out of a self-seeking wish to identify with someone important or famous. A. A compliment B. An adulatory C. Flattery D. Praise 4.Leaving for work m plenty of time to catch the train will _____ worry about being late. A.rule off B. prevent C. avoid D? obviate 5.Nicholas Chauvin, a French soldier, aired his veneration of Napoleon Bonaparte so and unceasingly that he became the laughingstock of all people in Europe. A. vociferously B. patriotically C. verbosely D. loquaciously 6.People suffering from prefer to stay shut in their homes and become panic-stricken m 1arge public buildings and open fields.
操作系统原理试题 一. 名词解释题 1. 中断—— 2. 进程控制块(PCB)――它是进程实体的一部分，是操作系统最重要的记录型数据结构, 是进程存在的唯一标识 3. 虚时钟 4. 段式管理 5. 文件控制块(FCB) 6. 对换(SWAPPING) 7. 系统调用 8. 绝对路径名 9. 特别文件 10.虚设备技术 11.管道 12.中断接收 13.恢复现场 14.页式管理 15.作业步 16.字符流文件 17.通道 18.页面淘汰 19.多道程序设计 20.死锁 21.当前目录 22.快表 23.作业调度 24.原语 25.中断屏蔽 26.地址映射 27.文件目录 28.死锁避免 29.原语 31. CPU 状态 32.虚存
二 . 填空题 1. 分时系统追求的目标是 __及时响应 ___. 2. 用户进程从目态 （常态）转换为管态 （特态）的唯一途径是 ___ 中断 ________ . 3. 从静态的观点看 , 操作系统中的进程是由程序段、数据和 __ 作业控制块 PCB__ 三 部分组成 . 4. 在系统内核中必须包括的处理模块有进程调度、原语管理和 __中断处理 __. 5. 批处理操作系统中 , 作业存在的唯一标志是 _作业控制块 PCB ___. 6. 操作系统中的一种同步机制 , 由共享资源的数据及其在该数据上的一组操作组成 , 该同步机制称为 _管程 ______________ . 7. 在可变分区存储管理中 , 为实现地址映射 , 一般由硬件提供两个寄存器 , 一个是基 址寄存器 , 另一个是 _限长寄存器 ___. 8. 联想寄存器 （相联存储器 ） 的最重要、最独到的特点是 _按内容并行查找 ___. 9. 在虚拟段式存储管理中 , 若逻辑地址的段内地址大于段表中该段的段长 , 则发生 __ 地址越界 __中断 . 10. 文件系统中若文件的物理结构采用顺序结构 , 则文件控制快 FCB 中关于文件的物 理位置应包括 ___ 首块地址和文件长度 _. 11. 在操作系统设计时确定资源分配算法 , 以消除发生死锁的任何可能性 , 这种解决死 锁的方法是 __死锁预防 __. 12. 选择对资源需求不同的作业进行合理搭配 , 并投入运行是由 _作业调度算法 ___来完 成的. 13. 实时系统应具有两个基本特征 : 及时性和 ___可靠性 ___. 14. 磁带上的文件只能采用 _顺序 ______ 存取方式 . 15. 不让死锁发生的策略可以分成静态和动态的两种 , 死锁避免属于 __动态的 ___. 16. 在 UNIX 系统中 , 文件分成三类 , 即普通文件 , 目录文件和 ___特殊文件 __. 17. 在磁盘调度策略中有可能使 I/O 请求无限期等待的调度算法是 __最短寻道时间优先 18. 进程获得了除CPU 外的所有资源,一旦获得CPU 即可执行,这时进程处于—就绪 _ 状态 . 19. ______________________________________________________ 为实现CPU 与外部设备的并行工作，系统必须引入一通道 ____________________________________ 硬件基础. 20. 操作系统为保证不经文件拥有者授权 , 任何其它用户不能使用该文件所提出的解决 措施是 ___文件保密 __. 21. 两个或两个以上程序在计算机系统中同处于开始和结束之间的状态 , 这就称为 __ 并发 ___. 33. 磁盘调度 34. 缓冲技术 36. 进程调度 37. 虚设备 39. 死锁预防 40. 临界资源 — 42. 交换技术 43. 互斥区 段时间内只允许一个进程访问的资源，也称为独立资源
1.研究生在一学期内累计请病假一个月以上者，需报（）备案。 2.C.研究生院培养办公室 3. 4. 5. 2.冒用学校或他人名义，侵害学校或他人利益，给学校或他人造成不良影响或损失 者，除给予记过以上处分外，还需要：（）。 6.D.赔偿经济损失 7. 8. 9.3.研究生如确需请事假，一周以上由（）批准。 10.C.学院/系所主管负责人 11. 12. 13.4. （此题为多选题）为达到个人目的有下列行为者，视其情节，给予记过以上处分： （）14.A.伪造教师签名?B.私刻、伪造公章?C.涂改伪造成绩单?D.伪造各类获奖证书、证 明、毕业证等有关证件、证明文件 15. 16. 17.5. 学校将在三个月内按国家招生规定对学生进行资格复查。新生入学后必须在规定 的时间内到校医院进行健康检查。复查和体检合格，方予办理注册手续，获得学籍。 以上说法是否正确：（） 18.A.正确? 19. 20.
21.6. 考试时，偷看、抄袭、与他人交换考试信息等构成作弊，以及其他严重违反考试 纪律者，视情节轻重，给予（）或（）处分。 22.D.留校察看；开除学籍 23. 24. 25.7.社团出现下列情况之一时，视为自动解散：（） 26.C.在学期初规定的时间内未完成注册，也未在规定时间说明理由 27. 28. 29.8.硕士起点的博士研究生基本学习年限为（）年。 30. 31. 32. 33.9.硕士研究生结业后，一年内申请硕士学位论文答辩且通过者，由学校换发毕业证 书。学习期满，成绩全部或部分合格，没有提交论文者，准予肄业，发给肄业证书。 退学的研究生在校学习时间满一学年，可以发给肄业证书。学习时间未满一学年者，发给学习证明。以上说法是否正确：（） 34.A.正确 35. 36. 37.10. 学位论文必须是一篇（或一组相关论文组成的一篇）系统完整的、有创造性的 学术论文。以上说法是否正确？（） 38.A.正确 39. 40.
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题 考试科目：英语考试时间：2006年3月17日 招生专业：全校各专业研究方向：各研究方向 Part One: Listening Comprehension There are 3 sections in this part. In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET. Section A: Conversations （5%） Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the conversation. 1. What did Steve originally plan to do? [A] To do some work around the house. [B] To stay at home. [C] To see a new film. [D] To do some study. 2. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because ________. [A] the cinema was nearby [B] the weather wasn’t ideal for a walk [C] it would be easier to go to a cinema [D] Steve hadn’t seen the film yet 3. Where did they plan to meet? [A] Outside the Town Hall. [B] Near the bank. [C] In Steve’s place. [D] At the cinema. Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation. 4. The following details are true about the new device EXCEPT ________. [A] it has color [B] it has a moving image [C] it costs less money [D] it is not on the market 5. Why didn’t Bill want one of them? [A] He wanted to buy one from Japan. [B] He wasn’t sure about its quality. [C] He thought it was for business use. [D] He thought it was expensive. 6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the woman? [A] She had never read the magazine herself. [B] She knew who usually read the magazine. [C] She was quite interested in the new device. [D] She agreed with Bill at the end of the conversation.
北京大学研究生考试民法学历年真题 北京大学研究生考试民法学历年真题 一、综合卷 1996年： 根据我国《民法通则》、《继承法》、《著作权法》的有关规定，设想在下列民事主体之间可能因哪些法律事实，形成哪些常见的民事法律关系、继承法律关系、著作权法律关系？（不用作详细分析） 1、具有完全民事行为能力的公民与一百货商店（法人）之间。（5分） 2、一公民死亡，在该死亡者的继承人之间以及继承人与其他公民、法人之间。（5分） 3、一画家与收藏、印制、出售绘画作品的画店之间。（5分） 1997年： 一、填空题（每小题1分，共10分） 1．我国民法调整的社会关系是平等主体之间的财产关系和人身关系，因而_________必然贯穿我国民法始终。 2．代理人在代理权限内，有权__________进行意思表示。 3．债权人有权要求债务人按合同约定或者_________履行义务。4．附期限的民事行为，在所附期限到来时_____________。 5．合伙经营期间发生亏损，退伙人已分担了合伙债务，退伙人对其
参加合伙期间的全部债务__________责任。 承担保证责__________．保证人保证范围不明确的，推定保证人对6．北京大学研究生考试民法学历年真题 任。 7．侵权的民事责任，是指因违反了民事义务，侵害了财产所有权（包括经营管理权）、人身权或__________而产生的民事责任。 8．著作权法保护的作品应当符合两个条件：1，具有独创性；2，_________。 9．为_________而杀害其他继承人的，则丧失继承权。 10．无国籍人的民事行为能力，一般适用其定居国法律，如未定居的___________法律。 二、简答题（共10分） 1．如何认定胁迫行为？（3分） 2．为维护国家、集体或他人合法权益而使自己受到损害，侵害人无力赔偿或者没有侵害人的情况下，受害人的损害能否得到补救？应由谁来补救？为什么？（4分） 3．土地、山岭、森林、草原、荒地、滩涂、水面等自然资源的所有权或使用权属发生争议和因侵权发生纠纷，应由什么机关负责处理？（3分） 1998年：
北京大学考博英语真题常见句子翻译方法近期很多考生问关于条件状语从句的分析和翻译问题，在此，育明考博老师结合同学提出的两个典型问题为大家分析条件状语从句，并给出相应的参考译文。 一、问题：请分析并翻译：If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. 解析：很多考生看到这样一句从横三、四行的长句会心生畏惧，对自己没有信心，自然也就无法理清这句中的各种枝节。拿到这样的一个句子，最主要的仍然是先把主干找到，然后再看其他部分和主干的关系。需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 句子主干：you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties 主干是由两个并列的分句组成的，第一个分句是you will be in a position to know the experiences主系表结构，第二个分句是it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties形式主语+系表结构+不定式作真正的主语。
2017—2018学年度第一学期期末考试 学术英语阅读 院/系_________________ 姓名_________________ 班级_________________ 学号_________________ Direction Read the following passage. While you’re reading, please pay special attention to the underlined or shaded words, phrases and sentences. You’ll be asked to explain them in English later after reading. The Price of Preference Shelby Steele 5 10 15 20 25 30 In a few short years, many blacks and a considerable number of whites would say that I was sanctimoniously (圣洁地) making affirmative action①into a test of character. They would say that this small preference is the meagerest recompense for centuries of unrelieved oppression. And to these arguments other very obvious facts must be added. In America, many marginally competent or flatly incompetent whites are hired every day—some because their white skin suits the conscious or unconscious racial preference of their employers. The white children of alumni are often grandfathered into elite universities in what can only be seen as a residual benefit of historic white privilege. Worse, white incompetence is always an individual matter, but for blacks it is often confirmation of ugly stereotypes. Given that unfairness cuts both ways, doesn’t it only balance the scales of history, doesn’t this repay, in a small way, the systematic denial under which my children’s grandfather lived out his days? In theory, affirmative action certainly has all the moral symmetry that fairness requires—the injustice of historical and even contemporary white advantage is offset (补偿) with black advantage; preference replaces prejudice, inclusion (1) answers exclusion. It is reformist and corrective, even repentant and redemptive (忏悔与救赎的). And I would never sneer at these good intentions. Born in the late forties in Chicago, I started my education (a charitable term in this case) in a segregated (种族隔离的) school and suffered all the indignities that come to blacks in a segregated society. My father, born in the South, made it only to the third grade before the white man’s fields took permanent priority (永久性优先) over his formal education. And though he educated himself into an advanced reader with an almost professorial authority, he could only drive a truck for a living, and never earned more than $90 a week in his entire life. So yes, it is crucial to my sense of citizenship, to my ability to identify with the spirit and the interests of America, to know that this country, however imperfectly, recognizes its past sins and wishes to correct them. Yet good intentions can blind us to the effects they generate when implemented. In our society affirmative action is, among other things, a (2) testament to white goodwill and to black power, and in the midst of these heavy investments its effects can be hard to see. But after twenty years of implementation I think that affirmative action has shown itself to be more bad than good and that blacks—whom I will focus on in this essay—now stand to lose more from it than they gain. In talking with affirmative action administrators and with blacks and whites in general, I found that supporters of affirmative action focus on its good intentions while detractors (反对者) emphasize its negative effects. Proponents talk about “diversity” and “pluralism”; opponents speak of (3) “reverse discrimination”, the unfairness of quotas (指标) and set-asides (保留名额). [1] It was virtually impossible to find people outside either camp. The closest I came was a white male manager at a large computer ①Affirmative action is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture. 平权运动，扶持政策