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1 Unit Four Text: The Many Faces of the Future Samuel P. Huntington 1. elite : n (常作贬义) ) social social social group group group considered considered to to be be be the the the best best best or or or most most most important important important because because because of of of their their power, talent, wealth, etc （由于有权力、 才能、 财富等）被视为最好的或最重要的社会集团; 精英; 尖子: the ruling, scientific elite 掌权的、 科学方面的精英 | an elite force, regiment 精锐部队、 团. ---All ---All the the the glamorous glamorous glamorous Washington Washington elite elite were were were at at at the the dinner that evening. ---Only a small elite can afford to send their children to this school. ---The Parachute Regiment are the elite of the British armed forces. ---The ---The President President has has been been been accused accused accused of of of developing developing policies in favor of a small elite.2. scenario: pl. scenarios [C], n (pl ~s) 1（电影、影、 戏剧等的）脚本、戏剧等的）脚本、 剧情概要等. . 2 2 2 imagined imagined sequence of future events 想像中的未来事情的顺序: a possible scenario for war 战争中可能出现的情况. ---Imagine a scenario where only 20% of people have a job. possible/likely/plausible/worst-case/nightmare scenario ---Under a likely scenario , world population will double by 2050. ---The worst-case worst-case scenario scenario was that that he he would would have have have to to have an operation.More Examples: ---A A common common common scenario scenario is is that that that a a a woman woman woman marries marries marries and and sacrifices her career for her husband. ---In a worst-case scenario all life on the planet would be wiped out by a nuclear war. ---This is every politician's nightmare scenario. ---Under the most hopeful scenario, it will take 20 years to clean up the mess.3. fad : : n n n something something something that that that is is is fashionable fashionable fashionable for for for a a a short short short time; time; =craze; =craze; fashion, fashion, fashion, interest, interest, interest, preference, preference, preference, enthusiasm, enthusiasm, enthusiasm, etc etc that is not likely to last 流行的时尚、流行的时尚、 爱好、爱好、 狂热等: ---Will --Will T om T om continue continue continue to collect to collect stamps or is it it only a only a passing fad?汤姆还在集邮呢, 还是热劲已过? ---Interest in organic food is not a fad, it's here to stay. ---Is blogging a fad? ---They know this is just another fad. ---This is not simply a passing fad. Ø faddish: faddish: =faddy, =faddy, intensely intensely fashionable fashionable fashionable for for for a a a short short time, 风行的，时尚的，流行的风行的，时尚的，流行的 Ø faddist ：a person who subscribes to a variety of fads 4. recipient : n ~ (of sth) person who receives sth 接受者. ---The ---The federal federal federal Family Family Family Support Support Support Act Act of of 1988 1988 1988 required required many welfare recipients to participate in education, training, or work. ---Three minutes later, the computer prints out a list of of 60 60 60 names names names of of of suitable suitable suitable recipients, recipients, recipients, together together together with with their relevant data.5. gadget : n small mechanical device or tool 小机械; 小器具: a complicated new gadget for opening tins 复杂的新开罐器. ---A sales assistant was demonstrating several kitchen gadgets to a crowd of shoppers. ---He showed her several electronic gadgets , such as a watch that you can use as a phone. ---It's a clever little gadget which you can use to cut vegetables into attractive shapes. Ø gadgetry: n [U]小机械, 小器具（统称）: lots of modern gadgetry 很多现代化的小机械. ---I don't understand how all this electronic gadgetry works. ---The gadgetry is impressive but what are its human applications?6. antagonistic : adj ~ to/towards sb/sthshowing or feeling antagonism; hostile; averse 对抗的; 敌对的: 同义词： hostile, hostile, adverse, adverse, adverse, opposed, opposed, resistant---He's always antagonistic towards new ideas. 他总是抗拒新思想。
北京大学考古文博学院考古学及博物馆学2015考博英语暑期强化必背200个句型2015年打算考博的同学们，一定要知道这个暑期是强化复习的关键阶段，对于考博英语基础薄弱的同学更应该合理地计划下怎么的一个复习流程。
巧妙的采用背诵记忆方法，多多培养语感，这样答题时就会轻松很多，同时对于英语写作更有很大的帮助!下面育明考博考博英语辅导张老师为同学们总结了暑期强化必备的200个句型，在记忆词汇，增强阅读速度，培养语感的同时提高写作分数。
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131.In the first place,some aspects of the traditional technology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science。
首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。
132.Although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd,there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays。
尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。
133.In the second place,many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science。
第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应被现代科技所取代。
134.Although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in people''s life,an increasing evidences show that it is less useful than many people think。
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。
北京大学教育学院教育管理（教育博士）考博指导-育明考博一、2016年考博英语复习资料推荐（育明教育考博分校课程辅导中心）2.1关于考博英语资料虽然说北京大学自己命题，但是考试的难度和题型是非常中规中矩的，和其他学校没有什么大的区别，其实各个学校的考博英语都没有多大的区别。
为什么每一个学校都不公布考博英语的真题呢？很大一个原因就是存在互相抄袭的情况，有的都到了让人叹为观止的地步。
英语这门学科和专业课的准备方法很不相同，英语必须要有实力，我们提倡“高能高分，高分高能”，实力是最重要的。
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（资料可以邮寄）全套资料目录：（一）、2016版《考博英语真题解析》，育明考博编著河北大学出版社出版，北外教授夏岩主编，育明考博资料中心共同编著。
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（二）、考博英语各专项复习资料1.词汇备考资料：（1）考博英语词汇讲义及真题举例（2）博士研究生英语考试大纲重点词汇（3）考博英语高频词汇、短语汇总（4）全国重点院校博士英语词汇真题精选（5）英语教授讲座稿件（考博英语词汇）2.完形填空备考资料：（1）考博英语完形填空讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语完形填空基础夯实练习3.阅读理解备考资料：（1）考博英语阅读理解讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语阅读理解精选精练精讲（中级）（3）考博英语阅读理解精选精练精讲（高级）4.翻译备考资料：（1）考博英语翻译讲义及指导练习（2）考博英语翻译重要方法分析（3）考博英语翻译常见单词和词组的正确处理方式（4）考博英语翻译精讲与强化（5）考博英语翻译致胜押题20篇5.写作备考资料：（1）考博英语写作讲义及指导练习（2）育明老师考博英语作文评分等级点评参考（3）考博英语写作各部分优秀参考公式（4）考博英语优秀范文精选（5）育明优秀学员作文笔记精选及写作模板（6）2015考博英语作文押题35篇（三）、精选考博英语命题可参照院校的考博真题及解析1.北京大学考博英语真题解析（一套）2.清华大学考博英语真题解析（一套）3.复旦大学考博英语真题解析（一套）4.中科院考博英语真题解析（一套）5.厦门大学考博英语真题解析（一套）6.同济大学考博英语真题解析（一套）7.武汉大学考博英语真题解析（一套）（四）、2016年考博英语名师押题及解析（共3套）二、北京大学教育博士考博专业课参考书教育管理综合：1.《现代教育学基础》，（日）筑波大学教育学会编，钟启泉译，上海教育出版社20032.《教育哲学》，张楚廷著，教育科学出版社，20063.《高等教育理念》，（英）罗纳德.巴尼特著，蓝劲松主译，北京大学出版社，20124.《教育政策研究基础》，陈学飞主编，人民教育出版社，20115.《大学运行模式》，[美]伯恩鲍姆，别敦荣译，中国海洋大学出版社，20036.《高等教育运行机制研究》，闵维方主编，人民教育出版社，20027.《高等教育系统》，[美]伯顿·克拉克，杭州大学出版社，1994育明教育考博课程部陈老师解析：1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何初步将参考书中的知识内容对应到答题中，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
北京大学2015考博英语词汇文档(4)在考博英语的基础复习阶段，词汇的记忆是该阶段的集中复习期。
以下为育明考博频道特别整理的《2015考博英语大纲词汇文档》。
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baby n.婴儿；年龄最小的人；小动物 a.婴儿似的bachelor n.单身汉;(亦作B-)学士(学位)back a.后面的ad.向后v.倒退；支持n.背；后面background n.背景,经历；幕后backward a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的ad.向后,朝反方向bacon n.咸猪肉,熏猪肉bacterium n.(pl.)bacteria细菌bad a.坏的；低劣的；不舒服的；腐败的；严重的badge n.徽章,像章；标记；象征；记号badly ad.非常，严重地；坏地，差地，拙劣地badminton n.羽毛球bag n.袋，提包v.把…装入袋中；猎杀；占有baggage n.行李bait n.饵，引诱物vt.用饵引诱；折磨，奚落bake v.烤,烘,焙;烧硬,焙干balance v.称,(使)平衡n.天平;平衡,均衡;差额,余款balcony n.阳台；(电影院等的)楼厅，楼座bald a.秃的,秃头的ball n.球(状物);(正式的)舞会vt.把…捏成球状ballet n.芭蕾舞，芭蕾舞剧；芭蕾舞团balloon n.气球,飞船；a.气球状的v.乘坐气球；膨胀ballot n.(不记名)投票；投票总数；投票权vi.投票ban v.取缔,查禁;(from)禁止n.禁止,禁令banana n.香蕉band n.条,带;乐队;波段;一群,一伙v.缚,绑扎bandage n.绷带v.用绷带扎缚bang n.砰砰的声音;猛击v.砰地关上,猛撞,猛击bank n.银行；岸,堤；vi.存入(经营)银行；信赖bankrupt a.破产的；彻底缺乏的vt.使破产n.破产者banner n.旗(帜)banquet n.(正式的)宴会vi.参加宴会vt.宴情bar n.条,杆,闩;酒吧;栅,障碍(物)v.闩上,阻拦barbecue n.烤肉；烤肉用的台架vt.炙烤(肉等) barber n.理发师bare a.赤裸的,空的;稀少的,仅有的v.露出,暴露barely ad.赤裸裸地,无遮蔽地;仅仅,勉强,几乎没有bargain n.廉价货;交易,契约,合同v.议价,成交bark vi.(狗等)吠，叫n.吠声，叫声；树皮barn n.谷仓,仓库barrel n.桶;枪管,炮管barren a.贫瘠的；不育的；(植物)不结果的；无用的barrier n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物)base n.基础,底部;根据地v.(on)把…基于baseball n.棒球basement n.建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖basic a.基本的,基础的basin n.盆,脸盆;内海,盆地basis n.基础,根据basket n.筐，篮，篓basketball n.篮球，篮球运动bat n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠batch n.一批,一组,一群bath n.沐浴,洗澡;浴室(池,盆)v.(给…)洗澡bathe v.游泳,洗澡,浸,弄湿bathroom n.浴室;盥洗室,卫生间battery n.电池(组)；(器具等的)一组，一套；炮兵连battle n.战役,战斗;斗争v.战斗,斗争,搏斗bay n.海湾,(港)湾be v.(就)是，等于；(存)在；到达，来到，发生beach n.海滩,湖滩,河滩beam n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱v.微笑bean n.豆;菜豆,蚕豆bear n.熊v.忍受,容忍;负担;结果实,生子女beard n.胡须bearing n.轴承；忍受；关系，影响；举止；方向beast n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人beat n.敲打;(心脏等)跳动v.打败;(心脏等)跳动beautiful a.美的，美丽的；出色的，完美的beauty n.美，美丽；美人，美丽的事物because conj.因为，由于become vi.变成，开始变得vt.适合，同…相称bed n.床,床位；(苗)床,坛；河床，(湖、海的)底bee n.蜂，蜜蜂；忙碌的人beef n.牛肉beer n.啤酒before prep.(指时间)在…以前,在..前面，在..之前beforehand ad.预先,事先beg vt.请求，乞求vi.恳请，行乞begin v.(began,begun)开始，着手beginning n.开始，开端；起源，早期阶段behalf n.利益behave v.举止,举动,表现;运转,开动behavior n.(behaviour)行为,举止；(机器等)运转情况behind prep.在...的背后，(遗留)在..后面；落后于being n.生物，生命,存在；belief n.信任，相信，信念；信仰，信条believe vt.相信，认为vi.相信，信任，信奉bell n.钟,铃belly n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛belong v.(to)属于,附属,隶属;应归入(类别,范畴等) beloved a./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人below prep.在…下面，在…以下ad.在下面，向下belt n.(皮)带,腰带;地带bench n.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座bend v.(使)弯曲;屈从,屈服n.弯曲(处),曲折处beneath prep.在…下边,在…之下ad.在下方beneficial a.(to)有利的,有益的benefit n.利益,好处,恩惠v.有益于;(from,by)受益benign a.(病)良性的,(气候)良好的,仁慈的,和蔼的beside prep.在...旁边，在...附近；和...相比besides ad.此外；并且prep.于…之外；除…以外best a.最好的(good和well最高级)ad.最好地；最bet v.赌,打赌n.打赌,赌注betray v.背叛,出卖;暴露,流露,泄露better a.较好的ad.更好(地)v.改良n.较佳者本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
迦思佑英文词汇逻辑辨证记忆法纲要北京大学系列讲座(三)主讲：张纪元词汇量测试: holy(四级)、plight(六级)、exponent(考研)、oscillate(考博)、nimble(考博)词汇记忆的不科学和伪科学：一、非理解性的记忆方法。
如心理学中的记忆曲线、狂听狂读、阅读记忆、同义反义词辨析、逆序或乱序法等。
二、荒唐的理解。
如谐音法、联想法等。
三、理解的不充分，如词根词缀记忆法。
理性的构词法：waterfall ♦♦☜♐● n.瀑布, 瀑布似的东西convention / ☜⏹♏⏹☞☜⏹ n.1.习俗，惯例 2.公约，协议 3.（正式）会议，（定期）大会endorse ♓⏹♎♦ v.1.在(票据)背面签名, 背书 2.签注(文件), 认可, 签署 3.赞同，支持garnish ♑♋⏹♓☞ vt.加装饰，添加配菜dressing / ♎❒♏♦♓☠ n.1.（食物）调料 2.包扎伤口的用品，敷料 3.穿戴，打扮rash ❒✌☞ a.轻率的,鲁莽的n.1.疹,皮疹 2.(短时期内)爆发的一连串squirrel ♦♦♓❒☜● n.松鼠v.贮藏一刀纸、心心相印无人敢触及的研究领域：handout ♒✌⏹♎♋◆♦ n. 1.捐赠品，救济品 2.政府的资助金3.宣传单4.（发给学生的）课堂讲义，课程大纲contribution / ⏹♦❒♓♌◆☞☜⏹ n.1.贡献，促成作用 2.捐款，捐献物 3.（投给报刊等）稿件sub ♦✈♌ n.1.潜艇 2.替补队员 3.地铁hold ♒☜◆●♎ vt.1.拿,捏 2.使保持某种状态(或姿态)3.掌握(权力),担任(职务等)4.拥有,持有,保存5.托住,支撑,维持6.认为,相信7.吸引8.占据,据守9.容纳10.举行,主持vi.1.支持住 2.持续,保持 3.有效,适用n.1.捏住,抓住 2.控制,掌握 3.船舱catch/get/take hold of idm(=to have or take sb/sth in your hand or to find someone or obtain something)v.握住，抓住；寻找（某人），获得（某事物）hold back phr v(=to not do something, often because of fear or because you do not want to make a bad situation worse)v.退缩；担心，犹豫，踌躇hold sth back phr v(=to keep information secret from someone on purpose)v.保守（秘密等），隐瞒hold sb/sth back phr v (=to make someone or something stop moving forward)v.阻挡，抑制hold sb down phr v(=to prevent sb from moving away or escaping use force)v.用力按住（某人）防止逃脱hold sb down phr v(=to prevent sb from having their freedom or right)v.剥夺（某人）的自由或权利hold sth down phr v(=to keep sth at a low level)v.使…保持在低水平hold forth to phr v(=to talk about a particular subject for a long time, often in a way that other people find boring)v.发表冗长冗长的议论hold off sth phr v (=to delay doing something)v.推迟，推延hold sb/sth off phr v(=to prevent someone who is trying to attack or defeat you from succeeding)v.阻止，抵挡hold on phr v (=to wait for a short time)v.等一会hold on to sth/sb phr v (=to hold something or someone firmly with your hands or your arms)v.用手和胳膊紧紧抓住(某人和某物)hold out (for sth)phr v (=to continue to demand, do or believe something, despite other people trying toforce you not to)v.坚持要求，坚持做或坚持信仰(某事)hold sth out phr v (=to offer a possibility, solution, hope etc)v.提出（某个可能性、解决方案和希望等）hold out phr v(=to continue to defend yourself against an enemy or attack without being defeated)v.苦苦抵御，决不屈服hold out phr v (=If a supply of something such as food or money holds out, there is enough of it to last fora particular period of time)v.持续，维持hold sth over phr v (=to show a film,play ect for longer than planned)v.延长(电影,戏剧等)的上映期hold sth over phr v (=to do or deal with something at a later time)v.延缓，推迟（做某事）hold sb/sth up phr v(=to delay someone or something)v.耽搁，延迟hold up sth phr v(=to rob a place or person by using violence)v.运用暴力手段抢劫(某个地方或某个人)东西hold sth up phr v(=to support something and prevent it from falling down)v.支持，支撑hold sth up as sth/hold up sth as sth phr v (=to use someone or something as an example of something,especially something very good)v.把…当作范例hold with sth phr v(=used in negative sentence or in question demonstrate agree with or approve of sth)v.（用于否定句和疑问句）同意，赞成不同于汉文的构词法：court/ ♦ n.1.法庭，法院 2.球场 3.宫廷，宫室 4.庭院，院子v.求爱，追求peer(par, appear) ☐♓☜ n.1.同龄人,同等地位的人2.贵族vi.仔细看,费力地看bough ♌♋◆ n.大树枝, 主枝bow/ ♌♋◆ n.弓，弓形物languish ●✌☠♈♦♓☞ vi.憔悴, 凋萎, 衰退, 苦思anguish/ ✌☠♈♦♓☞/ n./ v.（精神或肉体的）极度痛苦concoct ☜⏹♦ vt.编造，虚构；调制，调和cook / ◆ vt.烹调，煮，烧n.厨师，炊事员cane / ♏♓⏹ n.1.手杖 2.（藤、竹等的）茎cannon / ✌⏹☜⏹ n.大炮，火炮希腊文kanna=hollow stickcanoe / ☜⏹◆ n.独木舟vi.乘独木舟，划独木舟canyon / ✌⏹☜⏹ n.峡谷canteen ✌⏹♦♓⏹ n. 1.（学校、工厂等内部）提供饮食服务的地方，食堂, 餐厅2.食具箱, 饭盒, (士兵、旅游者等用的)水壶文字与文化：blue / ♌●◆ a.1.蓝色的 2.沮丧的，忧郁的 3.下流的，色情的n.蓝色yellow ♏●☜◆ n.黄色 a.1.黄色的2. (轻蔑语)黄皮肤的3.胆怯的yellow card, yellow linepurple ☐☜☐● a.帝国的；高贵的社会地位n.帝王，皇权；修辞华丽的purple heart, purple patchred / ❒♏♎ n.红色, 红衣服, 红颜料, 赤字, 亏空 a.红(色)的, 革命的，左翼的，激进的candid / ✌⏹♎♓♎ / a.无偏见的, 公正的, 坦白的, 率直的candour ✌⏹♎☜ n.直率,公正,洁白拉丁文candens=whitecandidate/ ✌⏹♎♓♎♏♓♦， ✌⏹♎♓♎♓♦ n.1.申请求职者 2.投考者 3.候选人candle/ ✌⏹♎● n.蜡烛shit ☞♓♦ n.1.粪便，屎 2.垃圾，废话 3.胡说八道，蠢话 4.讨厌的人，可鄙的人int.呸！放屁vast ♦♦ a. 1.巨大的 2.辽阔的 3.大量的, 巨额的at length ad.经过一段长时间以后；详细地，详尽地at large ad./a.整体上，一般地；逍遥法外地（的）crooked / ❒◆♓♎ a.1.不老实的，不正当的，欺诈的 2.歪的，弯曲的，扭曲的英文词汇逻辑辨证记忆法的科学依据：1）用“古代科学”的研究方法(Deduction)讲解英文词汇的一词多义；2）用“近代科学”的研究方法(Induction)讲解英文构词的法则，从而揭开不同文化体思维的异同——文字只是表达思维的符号而已；3）通过理性推理讲解词源与基本词义的逻辑关系。
考博词汇全方位总结对于许多有志于攻读博士学位的学子来说，考博词汇的掌握是通往成功的关键一步。
考博词汇不仅数量众多，而且难度较大，需要我们花费大量的时间和精力去学习和积累。
接下来，让我们全方位地来总结一下考博词汇。
首先，考博词汇的特点之一就是专业性强。
不同的学科领域有着各自独特的专业词汇，例如在医学领域，有“cardiovascular（心血管的）”“neurology（神经学）”等；在物理学领域，有“quantum mechanics （量子力学）”“relativity（相对论）”等。
这些专业词汇往往是学科研究和交流的基础，对于考生理解专业文献、进行学术研究以及撰写论文都至关重要。
其次，考博词汇的难度较高。
与一般的英语词汇相比，考博词汇中包含了大量的生僻词、长难词以及复合词。
比如“phenomenon（现象）”“metaphor（隐喻）”“psychosomatic（身心的）”等。
这些词汇不仅拼写复杂，而且含义抽象，需要我们通过反复记忆和运用来掌握。
再者，考博词汇的语境要求高。
很多词汇在不同的语境中有着不同的含义和用法，这就要求我们不仅要记住词汇的基本释义，还要了解其在不同学术语境中的具体用法。
例如，“obtain”这个词，常见释义为“获得”，但在学术语境中，可能会有“通过实验得出（结论）”的意思。
那么，如何有效地学习考博词汇呢？制定合理的学习计划是必不可少的。
我们可以根据自己的时间和精力，将考博词汇的学习分成不同的阶段，每个阶段设定具体的学习目标和任务。
比如，在第一个月内完成核心词汇的记忆，第二个月进行拓展词汇的学习，第三个月进行复习和巩固。
多种学习方法相结合也是提高学习效果的重要途径。
可以通过阅读学术文献、听学术讲座、观看专业英语视频等方式来扩大词汇量。
在阅读学术文献时，遇到不认识的词汇，不要急于查字典，可以先根据上下文猜测词义，然后再进行核对，这样有助于加深记忆。
同时，还可以利用词汇记忆软件，如百词斩、墨墨背单词等，这些软件通常会根据记忆规律为我们安排复习，提高记忆效率。
北京大学教育学院高等教育学专业考博指导-育明考博一、北京大学高等教育学专业考博考试分析招生统计（育明考博辅导中心）招生专业招生人数招考方式考试内容040106高等教育学2013年2人2014年2人2015年2人除校内事业编申请-考核制①“北大英语水平考试”12月27②专业笔试（高等教育学综合）③专业面试（ppt 形式，A 、学术潜力和研究设想B 、学术基础和研究素质）1、北大高等教育学专业考博的报录比平均在5:12、从2013年开始北大教育学院的博士招生开始实行“申请-审核制”，与以往的考试制在考查方式、考查测重点方面都有所区别。
“申请制”不代表不考试，也不代表考试不重要，最终决定能否被录取的还是考试成绩（材料审核成绩不计入最终排名的总分）。
3、2016年报考北大教育学院博士的考生需参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”（第一次组织，题型为：听力、阅读、作文）4、材料审核中重点打分项：①科研成果（论文、workingpaper、参与课题）②外语水平③本硕院校④博士修习计划5、北大高等教育学专业包含四个博士研究方向：01.高等教育原理02.高等教育史03.国际与比较高等教育04.高等教育管理育明教育针对北京大学教育学院考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。
（北大考博资料、复习经验、辅导课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：捌玖叁、贰肆壹、二二六）二、北京大学高等教育学专业考博专业课参考书高等教育学综合：1.《现代教育论》（第二版），黄济、王策三主编，人民教育出版社，20042.《教育哲学导论》（第二版），石中英著，北京师范大学出版社，20043.《高等教育哲学》，[美]约翰·S·布鲁贝克著，王承绪等译，浙江教育出版社，20024.《高等教育理念》，[英]罗纳德·巴尼特著，蓝劲松主译，北京大学出版社，20125.《高等教育系统——学术组织的跨国研究》，[美]伯顿·克拉克著，杭州大学出版社，19946.《中国大学教育发展史》，曲士培著，北京大学出版社，20067.《外国高等教育史》（修订版），黄福涛主编，上海教育出版社，20088.《国外高等教育学基本文献讲读》（陈洪捷、施晓光、蒋凯主编），北京大学出版社，20149.《高等教育新论——多学科的研究》，[美]伯顿·克拉克主编，王承绪等译，浙江教育出版社，200110.《比较高等教育：知识、大学与发展》，[美]菲利普·G.阿特巴赫著，人民教育出版社教育室译，200111.《比较教育研究：路径与方法》，贝磊、鲍勃、梅森主编，李梅主译，北京大学出版社，201012.《教育政策研究基础》，陈学飞.北京：人民教育出版社，201113.《政策科学——公共政策分析导论》，陈振明，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2003育明教育考博课程部杜老师解析：1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何初步将参考书中的知识内容对应到答题中，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
北京大学考博英语必备词汇知识点历年考博英语知识的运用的考查点都离不开词汇、语法和结构的运用，对于考博英语词汇后缀词也是要求同学们着重记忆的，下面育明考博张老师整理汇总了各种情况下常用的词汇后缀词，希望方便同学们更好的复习。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
一.具有抽象名词的含义1)-acy,表示性质，状态，境遇accuracy,diplomacy2)-age,表示状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称courage,storage,marriage3)-al,表示事物的动作，过程refusal,arrival,survival,denial,approvalb)表示具体的事物manual,signal,editorial,journal4)-ance,-ence表示性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度endurance,importance,diligence,difference,obedience5)-ancy,-ency,表示性质，状态，行为，过程frequency,urgency,efficiency,6)-bility,表示动作，性质，状态possibility,feasibility,7)-craft,表示工艺，技巧woodcraft,handicraft,statecraft(治国策)8)-cracy,表示统治，支配bureaucracy,democracy9)-cy,表示性质，状态，职位，级别bankruptcy(破产)，supremacy10)-dom,表示等级，领域，状态freedom,kingdom,wisdom11)-ery,-ry,表示行为，状态，习性bravery,bribery,rivalry2.具有某种职业或动作的人1)-an,-ian,表示……地方的人，精通……的人American,historian2)-al,表示具有……职务的人principal3)-ant,-ent,表示……者merchant,agent,servant,student4)-ar,表示……的人scholar,liar,peddler5)-ard,-art,表示做……的人coward,laggard(落伍者)，braggart(夸张者) 6)-arian,表示……派别的人，……主义的人humanitarian,vegetarian7)-ary,表示从事……的人secretary,missionary8)-ant,表示具有……职责的人candidate,graduate9)-ator,表示做……的人educator,speculator(投机者)10)-crat,表示某种政体，主义的支持者democrat,bureaucrat11)-ee,表示动作承受者employee,examinee12)-eer,表示从事于……人engineer,volunteer13)-er,表示从事某种职业的人，某地区，地方的人banker,observer,Londoner,villager14)-ese,表示……国人，………地方的人Japanese,Cantonese15)-ess,表示阴性人称名词actress,hostess,manageress16)-eur,表示……家amateur,litterateur17)-ian,表示……地方人，信仰……教的人，从事……职业的人Christian,physician(内科医生)，musician18)-ician,表示精通者，……家electrician,magician,technician19)-icist,表示……家，……者，……能手physicist,phoneticist,technicist20)-ic,表示……者，……师mechanic,critic21)-ie,表示爱，指小dearie,auntie,lassie(小姑娘)22)-ier,表示从事……职业cavalier,clothier,brazier(黄铜匠)23)-ine,ina,表示阴性人称heroine,ballerina24)-ist,表示从事……研究者，信仰……主义者pianist,communist,dentist,artist,chemist 25)-ive,表示动作者，行为者native,captive26)-logist,表示……学家，研究者biologist,geologist(地质学家)27)-or,表示……者author,doctor,operator,28)-ster,表示做……事情的人youngster,gamester(赌徒)，songster29)-yer,表示从事……职业者lawyer12)-ety,表示性质，状态variety,dubiety(怀疑)13)-faction,-facture,表示作成，……化，作用satisfaction,manufacture14)-hood,表示资格，身份，年纪，状态childhood,manhood,falsehood15)-ice,表示行为，性质，状态notice,justice,service16)-ine,表示带有抽象概念medicine,discipline,famine17)-ing,表示动作的过程，结果building,writing,learning18)-ion,-sion,-tion,-ation,-ition,表示行为的过程，结果，状况action,solution,conclusion,destruction,expression, correction19)-ise,表示性质，状态exercise,merchandise(商业)20)-ism,表示制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为socialism,criticism,colloquialism,heroism21)-ity,表示性质，状态，程度purity,reality,ability,calamity22)-ment,表示行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument23)-mony,表示动作的结果，状态ceremony,testimony24)-ness,表示性质，状态，程度goodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness25)-or,-our,表示动作，性质，状态favor,error26)-osity,表示动作，状态curiosity27)-ship,表示情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业hardship,membership,friendship28)-th,表示动作，性质，过程，状态depth,wealth,truth,length,growth29)-tude,表示性质，状态，程度latitude,altitude(海拔)30)-ure,表示行为，结果exposure,pressure,failure,procedure(手续) 31)-y,表示行为的结果，状态，性质glory,history,victory,inquiry3.带有场所、地方的含义1)-age,表示住所，地点village,cottage2)-ary,表示住所，场地library,granary(谷仓)3)-ery,ry,表示工作场所，饲养所，地点laundry,nursery,surgery(手术室)4)-ory,表示工作场所，住处factory,dormitory,laboratory,observatory4.带有学术，科技含义1)-grapy,表示……学，写法biography,calligraphy,geography2)-ic,ics,表示……学……法logic,mechanics,optics,electronics3)-ology,表示……学……论biology,zoology,technology(工艺学)4)-nomy,表示……学……术astronomy,economy,bionomy(生态学)5)-ery,表示学科，技术chemistry,cookery,machinery6)-y,表示……学，术，法photography,philosophy5.表示人和事物的总和，集合含义1)-age,baggage,tonnage2)-dom,newspaperdom(新闻界)3)-hood,neighbourhood,womanhood4)-ery,cavalry,ministry(内阁)5)-ure,legislature,judicature6.表示物品和物质名称的含义1)-ant,ent,solvent,constant2)-al,signal,pictorial(画报)3)ar,collar,pillar(石柱)4)-er,boiler,computer,washer,cooker5)-ery,drapery(绸缎)6)-ing,clothing,matting,7)-ment,instrument,equipment,attachment7.表示细小的含义1)-cle,particle,2)-cule,molecule(分子)3)-el,parcel4)-en,chicken,maiden5)-et,pocket,ticket6)-etta,-ette,etto,cigarette,essayette(短文)7)-kin,napkin8)-ling,duckling,9)-let,booklet10)-y,baby,doggy二、形容词后缀1.带有属性，倾向，相关的含义1)-able,-ible,movable,comfortable,applicable,visible, responsible2)-al,natural,additional,educational3)-an,ane,urban,suburban,republican4)-ant,-ent,distant,important,excellent5)-ar,similar,popular,regular6)-ary,military,voluntary7)-ice,-atie,ical,politic,systematic,historic,physical,8)-ine,masculine,feminine,marine9)-ing,moving,touching,daring10)-ish,foolish,bookish,selfish11)-ive,active,impressive,decisive12)-ory,satisfactory,compulsory13)-il,-ile,-eel,fragile,genteel(文雅的)2.表示相象，类似的含义1)-ish,boyish,childish2)-esque,picturesque3)-like,manlike,childlike4)-ly,manly,fatherly,scholarly,motherly5)-some,troublesome,handsome6)-y,milky,pasty3.表示充分的含义1)-ful,beautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthful2)-ous,dangerous,generous,courageous,various3)-ent,violent,4.表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义1)-en,wooden,golden,woolen2)-ous,gaseous3)-fic,scientific5.表示方向的含义1)-ern,eastern,western2)-ward,downward,forward6.表示倍数的含义1)-ble,double,treble2)ple,triple3)-fold,twofold,tenfold7.表示数量关系的含义1)-teen,thirteen2)-ty,fifty3)-th,fourth,fiftieth8.表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义1)-an,Roman,European2)-ese,Chinese,3)-ish,English,Spanish9.表示比较程度的含义1)-er,greater2)-ish,reddish,yellowish3)-est,highest4)-most,foremost,topmost10.其他的含义-less,表示否定countless,stainless,wireless三、动词后缀1.-ize,ise,表示做成，变成，……化modernize,mechanize,democratize,organize2.-en,表示使成为，引起，使有quicken,weaken,soften,harden3.-fy,表示使……化，使成beautify,purify,intensify,signify,simplify中国考博辅导首选学校4.-ish,表示使，令finish,abolish,diminish,establish5.-ate,表示成为……,处理，作用separate,operate,indicate四、副词后缀1.-ly,possibly,swiftly,simply2.-ward,-wards,downward,inwards,upward3.-ways,always,sideways4.-wise,otherwise,clockwise本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京大学历史学系中国史专业考博考试内容复习资料-育明考博一、北京大学历史学系中国史专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试复试内容060200中国史年份公开招考硕博连读1、外语2、专业课（见下表）考生资料审查和面试相结合申请人应向复试组作报告，内容包括个人科研经历和成果介绍、对拟从事研究的领域的了解和看法、本人拟进行的研究工作设想及理由等，以及回答面试小组成员提出的问题。
2013年7人9人2014年10人9人2015年9人10人育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北京大学历史学系中国史专业考博的报录比平均在8:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有17个研究方向：01.中国历史地理02.古代中外关系史03.先秦史04.秦汉魏晋南北朝史05.隋唐史（含敦煌学）06.宋辽金史07.蒙元史08.明史09.清史10.中国古代政治制度史11.中国古代社会史12.历史文献学13.中国近现代思想文化史14.中华民国史15.中国近代史16.中国现代史17.近现代中外关系史3、同等学力考生须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和哲学。
4、应试生复试成绩占总成绩的30%，初试笔试占总成绩70%。
其中考生资料审查占10%，面试占20%。
育明教育考博分校针对北京大学中国史专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。
（北京大学历史学系考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：柒柒贰陆，柒捌，伍叁柒）研究方向外语专业课一专业课二01.中国历史地理英语、俄语、日语、德语、法语选一中国古代史中国历史地理02.古代中外关系史古代中外关系史03.先秦史先秦史04.秦汉魏晋南北朝史秦汉魏晋南北朝史05.隋唐史（含敦煌学）隋唐史06.宋辽金史宋辽金史07.蒙元史蒙元史08.明史明史09.清史清史10.中国古代政治制度史中国古代政治制度史11.中国古代社会史中国古代社会史12.历史文献学历史文献学13.中国近现代思想文化史中国近现代史中国近现代思想文化史14.中华民国史中华民国史15.中国近代史中国近代史16.中国现代史中国现代史17.近现代中外关系史近现代中外关系史二、北京大学历史学系博士招生人数及报考统计年份招生方式及人数公开招考报名人数报录比复试分数线2013年公开招考（14人）硕博连读（17人）国学院（2人）126人9:1外语>=50专业课>=602014年公开招考（19人）硕博连读（17人）国学院（1人）体育教研院（1人）152人8:12015年公开招考（18人）硕博连读（19人）144人8:1育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北大历史学系共有2个博士招生专业：中国史和世界史，两个各专业的竞争还是比较激烈的。
北京大学博士生考试基础词汇汇总Abandon The match was abandoned because of bad weather.ban abolish abort cancel cross out wipe out put off delaydesert/forsake/ leave / cease / depart / discard / relinquish / surrender /quit/ withdraw /give upabide We have to abide by the rules of the game. (abide observe discover adapt)Her fame will abide for sure. Last/endure/ continue/persist/remain/stayY ou have to keep ______ with the times.Abreast/up catch up with go along with fit in withabsorb He was absorbed in a book and didn't hear you call.engage/occupy/bend over/involve/be busy withAbundant/rich The rivers and forests of the New World were abundant in fish and gameaccess In many schools, students don't have sufficient access to the library.Way/approach/solution/answer/Accessible/available/handy/ready/convenient/obtainable/at handHis words are never in _____ with his deeds. (situation accordance according fit)I'm in agreement with Mr. Moore. in agreement with/ be compatible with /comply with /conform to/be in proportion toaccount He asked no one's advice; he did it on his own (account).independentlyY ou have to take everything into account/consideration. Attention/regard/respect/mindGive us an account of what happened. Story/reason/information/description/tale/statementHe has been asked to account for his absence. ( describe tell relate answer for say explain explicate)acquire to acquire a good knowledge of English. Attain/obtain/gain/earn/secureactive He is very active in politics.Energetic/spirited/lively/dynamic/excited/enthusiasticadapt To our delight, she quickly adapted (herself) to the situation.Adjust/a ccommodate/alter/vary/arrange/modify/make fitaccustom She is ______to living in comfort. (accustomed/used addict be familiar with)admit It will take you half an hour to get to the station, allowing for traffic delays.(allow/admit/accept/permit/receive/confess/ acknowledge/adopt)adequate Their earnings are barely adequate to their needs.enough/sufficient/satisfactory/plenty/ampleadvantage The great advantage we have over them is that they are short of money.Benefit/gain/upper hand interest/profit/harvest/crop/earnings/returnsAim His aim is to win the game.Purpose/intention/goal/end/target/objective/motive/destinationAmass He amassed a great fortune in twenty years.Accumulate/assemble/gather/increase/collect/compile/heap up/store upMass/bulk/quantity/load/amount/volume/accumulation/pile/heap/crowd/multitude/pack/gang Figure/digit/measureambitious These young men were ambitious for success and money.Eager for/longing for/ hopeful for/wish for/crave for/be set on/be bent on/be intent uponamount His debt now amounts to 1,000 pounds.Add up to/approximate/total/sum upThe future of her marriage is supposed to be decided by the amount of money.sum/measure/quantity/price/valueangle Try looking at this affair from a different angle. aspect/view/point of view/opinion/belief/attitude/impression/notion/ idea/thought/conception/judgment theory/outlookannounce He had to announce the death of Johnson before the board.Proclaim/broadcast/report/state/declare/notify/tell/make knownanticipate A good general can anticipate what the enemy will do.expect/ look forward to/await/foresee/hope foranything The hotel is anything but satisfactory. Not at allThe apparent things might not tell of the truth.apparent obvious seeming evident clear plainapart Apart from his nose, he is quite good-looking.Apart from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.Except for / other than /but / but for / besides/moreover/also/too/as well/in additionHe was appointed member of the committee.Name/elect/nominate/choose/assign/vote forappeal I appeal to him for help. implore/plead/begapply Please apply to the secretary for further information.The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.approve Many people don't approve of the plan. disapprovelike/prefer/endorse/accept/think well ofarise The company's losses this year arise almost entirely from the new taxes.Rise raise rouse arouse ariseOriginate/ derive/stem/ flow/come/emerge/appear/show up/turn upartificial/artistic Her painting is a great artistic creation.ashamed /shameful embarrassed/embarrassing frustrated/frustrating humiliated/humiliating Ashamed of having acted so rashly, David apologized to Amy for having accused him.acquaint I'm sure Betsy is the girl whom you will be glad to get acquainted with.associate/link / touch / join / unite / combine / connect /go with / run with /mingle with / relateI assume that success is a sum of mistakes.Assume think suppose presume suspect understand take for grantedassure I can assure you of my support.confirm assure ensure insure convince guarantee pledge promiseY ou’ve got to attain the mastery of at least on foreign language.Attain gain accomplish finish fulfill realize completeattribute Jim attributes his success to hard work. owe ascribeavoid Y ou should avoid driving in the center of the town during the rush hour.A void shun escape evade keep away fromThe government has banned the used of chemical weapons.Bar prohibit exclude forbid shut out block obstructbargain The dress is quite a bargain. bargain salebasis On the basis of our sales forecasts we may begin to make a profit next year.China has been following the foreign policy to develop relations with other countries on the basis of the five principles of peaceful co-existence.ground foundationScientists say it may be five or ten years before it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.As soon as before the second the minute the momentY ou can’t blame all this on me.He is the last one to blame for the accident.Charge/accuse/indict/censure/criticize/condemnboard He paid 40 pounds for board and lodging. food /mealsboard/ committee/ staff/ faculty/ crew/ teamboast Y ou should not boast of your success. Brag show offboom Production boomed.Progress/increase/advance/thrive/gain/speed up/grow/swell/flourish/develop/prosperbrief It is a long letter, but in brief, he says "No". shortWe are bound for London. Head makeThe weather is bound to get better tomorrow. Likely going toThere are no bounds to his ambition. Limit confine restrictioncall This situation_____________ for prompt action. (calls in calls at calls on calls for) They have called off their engagement.She was calm when I told her of the terrible news.Quiet/still/tranquil/serene/peacefulWe should not doubt his capability.Capability/ability/skill/power/talent/capacity/competency/efficiencyBefore you decide on a vocation, it might be a good idea to consult a few good friends.Career job vocation trade calling work profession occupationThere is no reason why we should not carry on with it.Carry on go on keep on continue work on be under way be in processcase In any case I shall return in a day or two. If even if for fear on conditioncenter She centered her attention on the problem.Focus concentrate fixcharge The charge against him was severe.Sentence/ accusation/ persecution/ guilt/trial/ condemnation/indict /judgmentSince the situation is changing, let’s take some _____ measures to deal with it.flexible changeable changingIf I had the choice, I would retire at thirty.Selection/preference/option/alternativeNo one came to claim for the horse, so the farmer decided to sell it.cling She clung to the hope that he was still alive.Stick adhere hold graspclose The ceremony was brought to a close by the singing of the national anthem.Listen closely and look closely, you’ll find it out.A good employer gives hints to his or her employees without interfering with their creativity.Tip information news wind message clue evidence sign proof keycombine Hydrogen combines with Oxygen to form water.blend mix mingle fuse unite couple joincomment I'm afraid I can't comment on your work just yet. Remarkcriticism judgment decision evaluation criterion standard remarkcommit I cannot commit myself to any further expense; my means are stretched to the utmost as it is. Devote dedicateCompare this with that, and you will see which is the better. ContrastPoets have compared sleep to death.She is lovely beyond compare.comparison This one costs more but is really cheaper by comparison.I have done little this year in comparison with what I did last year.Comparable/comparativecompel We cannot compel you to do it, but we think you should.Force oblige urge require drive press work hard on push promptHe has formed a good habit.Form/create/shape/develop/mold/compose/construct/design/devise/frame/arrange/build Assemble/manufacture/produceNext year, Susan has to take three compulsory courses. Requiredcompose The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.Consist of/ be made up of / contain / include/hold/cover/comprisecomprehensive /ComprehensibleShe has a comprehensive grasp of the subject.conscious She was not conscious of his presence in the room. A wareConsiderate/considerable It was very considerate of you to send me a Christmas card. Considerate/thoughtful/kind/sympatheticConsiderable/much/important/great/significant/powerfulcontend I would contend that unemployment is our most serious social evil.Argue/struggle/fight/quarrelOur journey was slow because the train stopped continually at different villages.continuously vs continuallyconvey Words cannot convey how delighted I am. expresscope Poor Mary! She has so much to cope with.deal with live with be put up with tolerate endure bear stand be fed up withcorrespondThis word in the English version corresponds to that phrase in the French one.count Her opinion counts because of her experience.Matter be of importance significantDon’t count on a salary increase this year.believe depended count confide rely depend bankcritical If you really understood the difficulties facing the government, you wouldn't be so critical of its spending reductions.Crucial urgent pressing decisiveIronic faultfinding picky fastidious sarcasticcure This medicine should cure you of your cold.Remind relieve inform deprive rob breakIt is not my custom to give in.Custom habit use practice manner way pattern tendency fashion routine natureThe damage to the house caused by the storm took several days to repair.destruction damage harm ruin injury bruise impact spoil wrong pain agony distress grieve hurt impair abuse plague epidemic debris/trash/junk/rubbishdecline Steel production has been on the decline in these countries.Diminish decrease fall drop dip sink reducedeep They dived deep into the ocean.She was deeply interested in classical music.degree She has also affected but to a lesser degree. Extentdeem They deemed him innocent but failed to understand why he was lying.Think/believe/consider/judge/assume/suppose/regard/ponder/contemplate/study/reflect/think over A good mastery of English demands patience and enthusiasm.Demand/require/call fordeny They denied her the opportunity to see her father.refuse decline rejects turn downdie She died of an illness; and he died a beggar.The storms are dying down.The noise of the car died away in the distance.The members of the family had all died off.This species has died out.Can you describe what he looks like?Describe/portray/illustrate/picture/characterize/represent/define/tellThey were determined that he make a big fortune in his forties.Convinced/firm/sure/certain/resolute/seriousShe was in his eyes a devoted mother.Devoted/earnest/hearty/sincere/serious/zealousThe sewers discharge (their contents) into the sea.Discharge/discard / cast way / do away with / dispose of / abandon / forsake / desert / give away/ throw away/cast off/get rid ofdisplay We were amazed by the rich variety of commodities on display.Her writings display natural talents.Exhibit show indicate specify illustrate demonstrate expose presentdistinct Mice are distinct form rats.Different/unlike/varied/opposite/contrary/reverse/dissimilarLong sentences are distinctive of Henry James’s later style.Characteristic explicit definite candid unmistakable expressive directThe light is so dim that I cannot distinguish one object from another.distinguish tell separate divideHe is one of the most distinguished scholars in this field.Distinguished/outstanding/famous/well-known/noted/popular/celebrated/honored/recognized/prominent/important/superiorIn the dark I could only discern the outline of the building.Discern/see/make out/observe/perceive/recognize/know/understand/detect/spot/spy/beholddiverse There are people from diverse cultures at the party. different various comprehensiveHe refused to disclose his name and address.Disclose/uncover/reveal/show/expose/betrayThey drew up the contract and presented it to the management.The train drew in/into the station. pulldraw pull drag push heave lift hauldraw crawl creep linger on drag near be oncoming/ongoingShe drove her car into the forest.Drive/steer/direct/conduct/handle/manage/run/work/operate/rideDon’t discourage her; she is doing her best. Vs encourageDiscourage/prevent/hinder/disapprove/keep from/try to stopThe shoes are expensive but durable.Durable/long-lasting/enduring/permanent/endless/solid/strongIt is your duty to go.Duty/work/job/chore/assignment/charge/function/obligation/responsibility/office/roleBusiness/job/vocation/occupation/task/assignment/position/labor/industry/employment/effortHe is living an easy life now. comfortableIt is an economy to buy good shoes: they cost more, but they last much longer than cheap ones. economic/economical/economyHe went to a very good elementary school.Elementary/fundamental/basic/primary/essential/simple/beginning/introductory/initial/primitiveSince 1975 the forty hour work week has been in effect.The acid has no effect on the metal.The new regulation does not go into effect until the first of March.A sentence of ten years' imprisonment on a person of eighty is in effect a life sentence.He is not likely to give effect to his threat.effect force power practiceShe encouraged him to take this examination.Encourage/support/back up/urge/promote/sponsor/cheer/inspireend Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.I must warn you that my patience is almost at an end.I've warned you no end of times not to touch that machine.I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.He had approached every friend and acquaintance for help in vain, and now he was at his wit's end.We ended the diner up with fruit and coffee.When the reception came to an end, they were reluctant to leave the hall.The argument between the two men ended in a fight.The government is determined to put an end to terrorism.He's entitled to a pension, but he won't dream of retiring yet.entitle qualify authorize enable sanction empowerThe soldiers were equipped with the latest weapons.equip provideThey have the exclusive right to do the advertisements for this company. inclusiveMy wife has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my job.exert practice exercise impose availHe is one of the greatest contemporary writers.Existing living contemporary lately—later---late---latter current recentHe must face up to the fact that he is no longer young. live face comeDevotion is essential for work.Necessary/vital/fundamental/required/crucial/critical/important/fatal/indispensableCompulsory/obligatory/imperative/urgentNothing is everlasting.Forever/endless/perpetual/eternal/permanent/constant/infinite/continual/for goodThe bird extended its wings in flight.Stretch/lengthen/increase/expand/broaden/spread/enlarge/magnifyHer nose is a very attractive feature.Feature/looks/appearance/characteristic/trait/markAre you in favor of women taking part in politics?In the favorThe international situation is favorable to us. AdvantageousPanic swept through the swimmers as they caught sight of a huge shark approaching menacingly. Tension Excitement Fear Nervousness fuss ado chaos confusion turmoil riotAfter Tom passed his driving test he filled in/out an application for his driving license.The children hid in the house and ate their fill.The price of vegetables fluctuates according to the weather.wavers vibrates swings fluctuates hesitates quakes trembles shuddersThere are fine distinctions between the two.fine/minute/delicate/detailed/small/tiny/slight/insignificantMichael found it difficult to get his British jokes across to American audience.Understand comprehend catch on getHe gave a gift for my birthday.Give/present/offer/bestow/donate/grant/contribute/award/provide/supply/deliver/deal out/hand out/turn inHe had a good house, a good wife and a good job.Good/desirable/right/appropriate/suitable/becoming/satisfying/decentThey grouped together in fours.Arrange/assemble/organize/classify/sort/collect/grade/rank/value/evaluate/catorgerize/estimateWhen he was young, he always _______ around and did not care about what was happening around him. Hang loaf loiterhit She hit on a good title for her new novel. Come acrossHer new film is quite a hit. successThe rent increase will hit the pockets of the poor. Affecthold She held back, not knowing how to break the terrible news.I think he is holding something back; he knows more that he admits.She always holds to her convictions.The forthcoming talks hold out the hope of real arms reduction.Road works on the highway are holding up traffic.There was something wrong with the traffic signal. Our bus was ______ for nearly half an hour.A. held onB. held backC. held outD. held upidentical This copy is identical with/to the ones you bought last week. the same asIf only I were rich!Only if I am rich, I can do what I want.Immoral vs amoralHe deserted his family and was called an immoral person by his neighbors.It was he that initiated this project.Initiate/launch/start/begin/pioneer/found/lead/head/break the iceIncentive The fun of playing the game was a greater incentive than the prize. (excitement initiative motive entertainment)We are in for trouble.He know the ins and outs of the problem.Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.A good teacher should be impartial to his students.Impartial/impersonal/unbiased/neutral/disinterested/just/fairdetatched unconcerned indifferentThis car is inferior to the one I bought last year.inferior superior senior junior similar priorThe author of the book has shown his remarkably keen insight into human nature.intellect insight perception understanding comprehension wisdom intuitionNo doubt, a trade mark pertains to a firm’s intangible assets.intangible invisibleinterfere /intervene If you interfere in /with other people's affairs, you will regret it.He testified in court that he had seen the prisoner run out of the bank after it had been robbed. testified witnessed justified identified notify specifykeep I can't understand you keeping a thing like that to yourself.Please keep to the point --- we are running out of time.I can’t keep up with all the changes in computer science.If you want to fulfill your dream, you have to keep ______it. (to / up on)Keep/have/hold/maintain/preserve/conserve/save/tend/protect/guard/sustain/uphold/bear/posessThey did not only lack water, they also lacked in courage.Want/be in need/ fall shortlarge The dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.By and large, the company has been good to me.This is law and you can’t change as you wish.Rule/principle/stamdard/formula/act/decree/regulation/legislation/lawmaking/resolution/statuteShe saw a notice “ apartment to let”.Let/rent/lease/charter/contract/agreementShe is the one that laid out the town.He was laid off for his ill performance.liable likely probable liable responsible accountable answerablePeople who walk on the grass are liable to a fine of 5 dollars.She liked the black dress and bought it although it was very expensive.Like/prefer/fancy/take to/enjoy/care for/be fond ofThe football match was televised live from the workers’ stadium.alive live life lively living lovelyI am not sure of the exact location of the café.Location/position/place/area/zone/territory/district/section/neighborhood/spot/site/situation Recent research has shed/cast/thrown new light on the causes of the disease.The mansion was splendid.Splendid/magnificent/grand/majestic/superb/exquisite/marvelous/wonderful/glorious/imposing/impressive/brilliant/phenomenal/exceptional/remarkable/miraculousI can’t make out what she wants.The ship made for the open sea.What are we to make of his behavior?Nothing can make up for the loss of a life.He has made it up with her.A frequently cited example of the endangered species is the panda.Mentioned quoted referred tomood I am not in the ______ for joking. sentiment emotion mood feeling sentimentality sensation sense sensitivitynerve My children are always getting on my nerves.Can you really afford this amount?Amount/sum/quantity/number/portionA (large) number of problems have arisen.The number of books stolen from the library is large.The marks were below average.A verage/middle/medium/normal/ordinary/moderate/halfway/regular/usualThe method is ok; the problem is the procedure.Method/way/approach/manner/means/fashion/style/procedure/process/course/plan/scheme/design/The mutual benefit. Mutual/reciprocal/common/jointobserve Y ou’ve got to ______ the laws of the land.Abide by/follow/obey/comply withoccur Has it ever occurred to you that those twins are quite different from each other in many ways?We can afford to overlook these minor offenses.Overlook/neglect/forget/miss/ignore/skip/disregard/pass overown Do you mean you have left her to do that on her own?He’d like a car of his own.Nobody owned up to the theft.This is a painstaking effort. CarefulThey walked the path every morning.Path/route/line/road/track/trail/way/journey/excursion/voyage/trippeculiar That way of speaking is peculiar to people in this small part of the country.distinctive / typical/ characteristic/ representative/ special/ particular / unique / notable/ particularThe government gets a(n) ____ from taxes.income revenue fund payment wages finance budget expenditurepersist It should be obvious to you that if you persist in bothering him, he will get angry withyou.I shall be very _____ if you could do me a favor.pleasing pleasant grateful thankful pleased gracious generouspoint She was just on the point of going away when Betty came in.As I was in a hurry I asked him to come to the point at once.There's no point in arguing further.He made an excellent speech, and everything he said was to the point.It is very rude to point at people in the street.If/when it came to the point, would you sacrifice your job for your principles?popular populous populatedA game that is very popular among/with these young swimmers is the underwater tricycle race.The child showed great _______of mind by grabbing the falling baby.courage calmness presence bravery boldness willpreside The chairman presided at/over the meeting last Friday.Virtue will prevail over evil.prevail triumph winIn private/ in secret / in personMatters like this are best discussed in private.They are privileged people in the society.Privilege/ right/ liberty/ freedom/advantage/license/ honorShe gave him a prompt reply.quick rapid fast prompt punctual instant immediate readyThe _______ of finding jobs this year are not so good. (expectation promises future prospects)provided on condition save unless given suppose sayI will agree to go provided/providing that my expenses are paid.put She’s put a tidy sum for her retirement.They decided to put aside their differences.She help her put the toys away.She is putting radical proposals for the economic reform.We had to put off our wedding until September.We can put you up for the night.I don’t know how she can put up with him/his cruelty to her.Racial problems exist in everyday life.Race/breed/people/fold/tribe/nation/culturerange scope extent His speech ranged over a number of topics.Range/limit/distance/length/scope/extent/reach/field/spherereach All these were within the reach of the ordinary men.Put that bottle of weed-killer out of the reach of the children.He reached for his gun.Her requirements are reasonable.Reasonable/sensible/fair/logical/just/sound/rational/practical/realistic/justifiableMy favorite recreation is chess.Recreation/amusement/entertainment/play/pleasure/enjoyment/relaxation/pastime/funThey had to seed refuge from the storm.Refuge/shelter/asylum/protectionI have registered for the English course.Register/record/enroll/list/enter/sign/fill out a formreceive acceptI hear that John has _____ a new position at the travel agency.red black A large number of American radio stations operate in the red.regard Motion means change of position of an object in/with regard to the position of some other object or objects.I have little information as regards his past.She said nothing regarding your request.Please give my sincere regards to all the members of your family.Some people act regardless of what will happen afterwards.They helped solve the problems in high ______ to the living conditions of the people. (attention regard intention stress)relevant His age isn't relevant to whether he is a good teacher.Reluctant Today black children in South Africa are still reluctant to study subjects from which they were effectively barred for so long. Unwillingremedy The doctor soon found a remedy for the boy's illness.Cure/heal/treat/mend/correctrespect With respect to your requests, we regret that we are unable to assist you in this matter. Respect/adore/appreciate/honor/admire/look up to/fall for/be crazy aboutIn this respect the film is a failure.respectful respective respectable respectedTeams of rescue have been sent out ____ to look for the missing members of the crew.His limp is the result of an accident.Result/consequence/end/effect/outcome/fruit/produce/conclusionrisk He saved my life at the risk of losing his own.He was ready to run(take) the risk of being taken prisoner by the enemy.The future of the whole company is at risk.Risk/chance/gamble/endanger/exposeThey rose up against foreign invaders.Rebel revolt riotI’ve been on the run all day, and I am exhausted.I ran across/into my old friend in Paris last week.We are running out of time.He ruled over his kingdom successfully for twenty years.Rule/govern/control/dominate/head/lead/manage/direct/supervise/administer/order/instruct Guide/influence/handle/regulatescale Synthetic rubbers are now being produced on a large scale.scratch He threw away everything he had written and started the novel again from scratch.I’ll have to see about getting the roof men ded.We all went to the airport to see her off.Her colleagues see her as the future prime minister.Will you see to the arrangements for the next committee meeting?I must set about packing now.Her clear and elegant prose sets apart from most other journalists.Let’s set aside my personal feelings.She set out/forth at dawn.He is set on going to university.settle Y ou should settle your affairs before you leave.When are you going to marry and settle down.Settle/decide/resolve/reconcile/mendshort All along he has been striving not to fall short of his parents' expectations.Things couldn’t be worse financially: in short, we are bankrupt.。
