课时一other,another,others,the others,the other的用法和区
别
1.other可作形容词或代词，做形容词时，意思是“别的，其他”，泛指“其他的（人或物）”。如： Do you have any other question(s)? 你还有其他问题吗？
Ask some other people. 问问别人吧！
Put it in your other hand. 把它放在你另一只手里。
2.the other指两个人或物中的一个时，只能用the other，不能用another，此时的other 作代词。如：
He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker.
他有两个女儿，一个是护士，另一个是工人。
the other后可加单数名词，也可加复数名词，此时的other作形容词。如：
On the other side of the street，there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边，有一棵大树。
Mary is much taller than the other girls. 玛丽比其他的女孩高得多。
He lives on the other side of the river. 他住在河的对岸。
3.others是other的复数形式，泛指“另外几个”，“其余的”。在句中可作主语、宾语。如：
Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports. 我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞，其余的从事体育活动。
Give me some others, please. 请给我别的东西吧！
There are no others. 没有别的了。
4.the others意思是“其他东西，其余的人”。特指某一范围内的“其他的（人或物）”。是the other的复数形式。如：
Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home. 两个男孩将去动物园，其余的留在家里。
the others=the other +复数名词，这在第2条中已经有所介绍。
5.another=an+ other，既可作形容词，也可作代词，只能用于三个或更多的人或物，泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。如：
I don’t like this one. Please show me another. 我不喜欢这一个，请给我看看另一个。
I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker. 我有三个女儿。一个是护士，另一个是教师，还有一个是工人。
else表示“另外的”表示“除此之外，还有”，相当于besides,如：
What else can I say? 我还能说什么呢？
1 She has two sons, ___is a teacher, _____is an engineer
A one, the other Bone, another C another, another Done, other
2You have seen one of the photos of my sisters, now I’ll show you___
A another
B other
C others
D the others
3__went to the great wall, ___visited the Miyun
A Any, other
B One, other
C Some others
D Some the others
4 Have you any ____ novels?
A another
B other
C others
D the other
5 Would you like to have___ cup of tea?
A another
B other
C others
D the other
6 The t-shirt is too long, please show me___
A another
B other
C others
D the other
7 He is able to do the work without _____help
A the other’s
B others’
C any others’
D other
8 We can do it __time
A another
B other
C others
D the other
9
There are four dictionaries on the bookshelf. one is French, ___a re English
A another
B other
C others
D the others
10 The children don’t like this story, please tell them___
A another
B the other
C others
D the others
11These cups are ours，those are___
A others
B others’
C other’s
D the others’
12 China is larger than _____countries in Europe
A other
B others
C any other C any others
13 If you want to change a double room, you’ll have to pay ___＄15.
A another
B other
C others
D the other
课时八频度副词
1.定义usually/ sometimes/always/often等词在英文中被称为“频度副词”，是用来表示动作频率的，但程度上有别。常见频度副词按频率大小排列如下：
always（100%）>usually（80%）>often（60%）>sometimes（40%）>seldom （20%）> never（0%）
2.频度副词的位置
◆频度副词在句中习惯上位于be动词、助动词等之后，行为动词之前。
1. 在be动词之后。如：
She is sometimes very busy. 她有时很忙。
2. 在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。如：
I will never forget this lesson. 我将永远忘不了这一课。
3. 在实义动词之前。如：
We often go there. 我们常去那儿。
◆sometimes也可放在句首、句中或句末，often也可放在句末（一般不放在句首）。如：
Sometimes she writes to me. =She writes to me sometimes.
她有时候给我写信。
She writes to me often. 她经常给我写信。
◆如果有两个助动词，频度副词通常放在第一个助动词后面。如：
We have never been invited to one of their parties. 他们聚会，一次也没邀请过我们。
She must sometimes have wanted to run away. 她有时候一定想到过要逃走。
3.频度副词的用法
◆always 频率最高，表示动作重复、状态继续，表示“一直、总是”，其反义词为never。always等与not连用时，表示部分否定。如：
The rich are not always happy. 有钱的人并不总是快乐的。
如果要变为否定句，应将always改为never才能全部否定。如：
Li Ping is always late for school. 李平上学总是迟到。
Li Ping is never late for school. 李平上学从不迟到。（全部否定）
Li Ping is not always late for school. 李平上学不总是迟到。（部分否定）
频度副词通常和一般现在时连用，表示动作发生的频率。但always与进行时连用时，并不强调动作正在进行，而是表示赞叹、厌烦等情绪。如：
He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人。（赞叹）
She is always asking silly questions. 她总是问些愚蠢的问题。（厌烦）
The boy is always asking for money. 这个小男孩总是要钱。（厌烦）
◆usually意为“通常”，表示习惯性动作或状态，很少有例外。如：
We usually go to school at seven in the morning. 我们通常在早上七点上学。
My mother and I usually go shopping on Sundays. 我和妈妈通常在星期天去买东西。
◆Often意为“经常，时常”，表示反复性的动作或状态，中间有间断，不如usually那么频繁。其反义词是seldom。often在句尾时常被very或quite修饰。如：
It often rains here in April. 这儿四月份常下雨。
he boys often eat noodles and the girls sometimes eat them. 男生经常吃面条，女生有时吃。
I often chat with my friends under the big tree. 我经常在这棵大树下和朋友聊天。
He writes to his friends quite often. 他常给他的朋友写信。
◆sometimes意为“有时”，频率不及often，表示动作偶尔发生，间断时间较长。其位置比较灵活，放在句首、句中、句末都可。如：
Sometimes we go to the cinema and at other times we go for a walk.
有时我们去看电影，有时我们去散步。
I sometimes watch TV in the evening. 我有时晚上看电视。
My father has lunch in the factory sometimes. 我父亲有时在工厂吃午饭。
◆seldom意为“很少”；never意为“从不”。这两个副词表示否定意义，动作几乎不会发生。如：
He seldom eats breakfast. 他很少吃早餐。
The little girl seldom goes out. 这个小女孩很少外出。
I will never forget your kindness. 我永远忘不了你的好意。
The boys never eat chocolate and the girls seldom eat it. 男生从不吃巧克力，女生很少吃。
Btter late than never. [谚语] 迟到（迟做）总比不来（不做）好。
◆hardly具有否定意义，表示“几乎不、简直不”，除非特殊情况，否则不会发生。如：
The boy is so young that he could hardly understand it. 这个孩子太小了，不可能懂得这件事。
◆对上述频度副词提问时，用how often。如：
I write to my brother sometimes.
→How often do you write to your brother？
4.频度副词位于助动词之前两种情况
1.）为了表示强调，频度副词有时也可位于动词be、助动词、情态动词之前，此时助动词等应重读。如：
She always was late. 她老是迟到。
I never can remember. 我永远也记不住。
2.）在简略答语中，当频度副词与动词be、助动词或情态动词位于句末时，频度副词必须前置。
—“Philip is late again.” —“Yes, he always is.” —“菲利普又迟到了。”—“是的，他总是迟到。”
—“Can you park your car near the shops?” —“Yes. I usually can.”
—“你可以在商店附近停车吗?”—“是的，通常可以。”
5.频度副词在否定句中的用法
在否定句中，有的频度副词位于否定词之前或之后均可，而有的频度副词则必须位于否定词之后，而还有的频度副词却必须要位于否定词。大致情况如下：
1.）频度副词usually和often可位于否定词not之前或之后。
他们不常开这样的晚会。
正：They don’t often hold such parties.
正：They often don’t hold such parties.
星期日我们一般不在9点以前起床。
正：We d on’t usually get up before nine on Sundays.
正：We usually don’t get up before nine on Sundays.
在否定句中，频度副词用于句中或句首，有时但会导致意思不同。
He doesn’t usually sleep for two days at a time. 他很少一连睡两天。
Usually he doesn’t sleep for two days at a time. 他连续两天不睡觉是常事。
2.）频度副词always总是位于否定词之后，不可位于否定句之前。
Things are not always what they seem to be. 外表往往是靠不住的。
Silence must not always be read as consent. 沉默并不见得一定意味着同意。
3.）频度副词sometimes总是位于否定词之前，不可位于否定词之后。
Jim is sometimes not very punctual. 吉姆有时不太准时。
Debbie is sometimes not responsible for what she does. 黛比有时对她所做的事不负责任。
6.频度副词位于句末的用法
1）sometimes常可用于句末。如：
We all get into trouble sometimes. 我们有时都会遇到麻烦。
You can’t work all the time，it does you good to go out and enjoy yourself sometimes.
你不能总是工作，有时出去放松一下会对你有好处。
2）often有时可置于句末，但通常会带有very, quite, fairly, more, so等修饰语。如：
We’ve been there quite often. 经常去那里。
When I was young, I used to play tennis very often. 我年轻时经常打网球。
Diana used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away so often.
娜过去经常旅游。最近她不常出门了。
We're not exactly on intimate terms, but we see each other fairly often.
虽算不上关系密切，但还常见面。
注：有时也可不带修饰语，但主要见于否定句或疑问句。如：
He writes to me often. 他经常给我写信。
Do you come here often? 你常来这儿吗?
I don’t come here often. 我不常来这儿。
3. usually有时也用于句末，其前不用修饰语。
I’m not late, usually. 我通常不迟到。
I get paid on Fridays usually. 我通常在星期五领工资。
4.seldom 一般不用于句末，除非其前带有only，very等修饰。
We go out very seldom. 我们绝少外出。
I play basketball very seldom indeed. 我很少打篮球。
5. always一般不用于句末，偶尔用于句末，此时它不表法“总是”，而表示“永远”。
I’ll love you always. 我将永远爱你。
另外，有时用于句末是因为句子有所省略的缘故。
Generally they walked together on Sunday, but not always.
他们一般在星期日一起散步，但并不总是如此。
句中的but not always=but they didn’t always walk together on Sunday。
7.频度副词位于句首的用法
1）sometimes常可用于句首。
Sometimes she comes late. 有时她来得晚。
Sometimes she didn’t agree with me. 有时她和我意见不一致。
Sometimes we get a lot of rain in August. 有时在8月份雨水很大。
2.）often用于句首时，通常表示强调，且其前一般有quite, very修饰。
Very often he comes in late. 他常常迟到。
Quite often the phone rings when I’m in the bath. 电话经常在我洗澡时响。
3）usually有时也用于句首，其前不用修饰语。
Usually I get up early. 我平时起得早。
Sometimes he comes by bus, but usually he comes by taxi.
有时他坐公共汽车来，不过他通常还是打的来。
Usually cooking pots have two small handles but pans have one long handle.
通常地深底煮锅有两只把手而平底锅只有一个长长的把手。
4）always一般不用于句首，除非是用在祈使句中。
Always remember this. 请时刻记住这一点。
Always look in the mirror before starting to drive. 一定要先看看反光镜
再开车。
另外，never也可用于祈使句的句首。
Never tell him the news. 千万不要告诉他这消息。
Never ask her about her marriage. 决不要问她结婚的事。
5）在正式文体中，表示否定意义的副词seldom, never可位于句首，但此时其
后要用倒装语序。
Seldom has there been such a happy meeting. 过去很少有过这样愉快的会议。
Never did he think the book would be finished so soon. 他可没想到这本
书会这么快看完
8.另外，once a year (每年一次), twice a week (每周两次), three times a day (一天三次), every Saturday afternoon（每星期六下午）等，这些时间状语也表示
频率，它们可以和频度副词用在同一个句子中，表达上没有重复。如：
We usually go to the cinema four times a month. 我们通常一个月看四次电影。
课后练习单项选择
（）1.—How often does your sister surf the Internet?
—About（ .）
A. three time
B. three times
C. three time every day
D. three times a day （）2. —When is your father going to Hong Kong?
—He is going there（）July 28th.
A. on
B. at
C. in
D. to
（）3. Thank you for（）me find my little cat yesterday.
A. help
B. helps
C. helped
D. helping
（）4.Are you good at （）?
A. swim
B. swimming
C. to swim
D. swam
（）5. —Could I use your computer?
—（）.
A. Yes, I can.
B. Yes, you can’t
C. Sorry, you can’t
D. No, I can’t.
（）6. —（）does it take you to watch TV?
—About forty minutes.
A. How long
B. How much
C. How often
D. How many
（）7. I am very（）because I don’t like exercise.
A. health
B. healthy
C. healthily
D. unhealthy
（）8. Judy（）a stomachache, so she（）eat anything for twenty-four hours.
A. has; should
B. have; should
C. has; shouldn’t
D.have; shouldn’t
（）9. My friend likes singing and talking with others. But I often stay at home to watch TV. So my friend is（）than me.
A. seriouser
B. more serious
C. calmer
D. more outgoing
（）10. —How does he get to work? —He （）a bike.
—How long does it （） him to get from home to the office?
—It （） him 20 minutes.
A. rides; takes; takes
B. rides; take; takes
C. ride; takes; takes
D.ride; take; takes
（）11. Does Babara go to work（）bus or( )foot?
A. to; by
B. with; on
C. by; on
D. on; on
（）12. My birthday is in( ).
A. Tuesday
B. April
C. March 3rd
D. Monday
（）13. —( )are you staying in Ottawa? —For two weeks.
A. How long
B. How many
C. How often
D. How much
（）14. I’m short, so I want to be ( ) .
A. heavier
B. larger
C. taller
D. bigger
（）15. When it rains, I ( )a taxi.
A. take
B. ride
C. by
D. sit
1. (2009·沈阳中考) -Does Alice often work until 2 a.m.?
-No, she ________ does.
A. nearly
B. certainly
C. seldom
D. always
4. (2009·江西中考) –I di dn’t know you take a bus to school.
-Oh, I ______ take a bus, but it is snowing today.
A. hardly
B. never
C. sometimes
D. usually
9. (2009·阜康中考) -Were you often late for school last term, Tom?
-No, _______. I got to school early every day.
A. Always
B. Usually
C. Sometimes
D. Never
10. (2009·山西中考) –How often do you go to a concert?
-_______ ever. I’m not interested in that at all.
A. Usually
B. Hardly
C. Almost
13. (2009·常州中考) -John sings so well. Has he ever been trained?
-No. He learns all by himself. He ________ goes to any training class.
A. usually
B. often
C. never
D. even
15. (2009·漳州中考) –Miss Gao is very popular with her students.
-Yes. Her classes are ______ lively and interesting.
A. seldom
B. never
C. sometimes
D. always
19. (2008·攀枝花中考) We are going to have a party ________ next week.
A. sometime
B. some time
C. sometimes
D. some times
21. (2008·芜湖中考) Sandy is so careful that she ________ makes mistakes in her homework.
A. usually
B. seldom
C. often
D. always
课时三 it,one,ones,that,those的区别用法
一、替代表泛指的单数名词
替代表泛指的单数名词，通常用 one。如：
Two heads are better than one. 两人智慧胜一人。
I lost my old camera; this is a new one. 我的旧相机丢了，这是一架新的。
Did you get a ticket?—Yes， I managed to get one.
你搞到票了吗?——是的，我设法搞到了一张。
注：若 one 前没有形容词的修饰，则其前不能有不定冠词。比较：
I’m looking for a flat. I’d like a small one with a garden.
我正在找一套公寓，想找一套小的带花园的。
I’m looking for a flat. I’d like one with a garden.
我正在找一套公寓，想找一套带花园的。（不能说：... a one with a garden.）
没有形容词修饰的 one 前不能用不定冠词，但可用 another。如：
This pen doesn’t work. I must buy another one. 这支钢笔坏了，我要另买一支了。
另外，注意它与表特指的 it 的区别。如：
Can you lend me a pen?—Sorry. I haven’t got one.
你能借给我一支钢笔吗?——对不起，我没有钢笔。
Can I borrow your pen?—Sorry，I’m using it.
我能借用你的钢笔吗?——对不起，我自己正在用。
二、替代表特指的单数名词，可用 it， that， the one。三者的区别是：
1. 替代单数可数名词时，三者均可用；替代不可数名词时，不能用 the one，而要用it 或 that。此时 it 与 that 的区别是：表示同一事物时，用it；表示同类事物时，用 that 或 the one。如：
The weather here is too cold. I don’t like it. 这儿的天气太冷了，我不喜欢这儿的天气。（it 在此指前面提到的 the weather）
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou. 北京的天气比广州冷。（that 在此指代的天气与前面提到的天气为同类）
My uncle bought me a dictionary and I like it very much. 我叔叔给我买了一本词典，我非常喜欢它。（it 在此就是指前面提到的叔叔给我买的词典）
Your dictionary is more useful than the one my uncle gave me. 你这本词典比我叔叔给我的那本词典更有用。（the one 在此表示与前面提到的词典为同类）
2. 替代事物时，三者均可用；替代人时，只能用 the one。如：
Who is her husband?—The one by the window. 哪位是她的丈夫？——窗户边的那一位。
注：当要替代性别不明的婴儿时可用 it。
3. 当有前置定语修饰时，只能用 the one。如：
Which do you want?—The red one. 你想要哪个?——那个红的。
She would rather have the small one than the large one. 她宁愿要小的，不要大的。
4. 当有后置定语修饰时，通常用 the one。如：
My room is better than the one next door. 我的房间比隔壁房间好。
He said he would have the one near him. 他说要靠近他的那一个。
Is that the one that was published recently? 是最近出版的那一种吗?
Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. 这里有六枚戒指，选出你最喜欢的一枚。
但是，若后置定语为 of 引起的介词短语，则通常用 that。如：
The population of China is much larger than that of Japan. 中国人口比日本人
口多得多。
A grandparent’s job is easier than that of a parent. 祖父母的任务比父母的任务要轻松一些。
三、替代表泛指的复数名词，通常用 ones。如：
Hard beds are healthier than soft ones. 硬板床比软床有利于健康。
Green apples often taste better than red ones. 青苹果往往比红苹果好吃。
We can lend you plastic chairs or metal ones. 我们可以借给你塑料椅子或者金属椅子。These chairs have the great advantage of being much cheaper than conventional ones. 这些椅子具有比普通椅子便宜得多的优势。
四、替代表特指的复数名词，通常用 the ones。如：
I’d like to try on those sho es. The ones at the front of the window. 我想试试那双鞋子。橱窗里前边的那一双。
Are they the ones who moved here recently? 是最近搬到这儿来的那些人吗?
Don’t buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones. 别买那价钱贵的苹果，买那便宜的。
注：在口语中，也可用 those 来替代表特指的复数名词，尤其是当其后有 of 引导的介词短语或 who 引导的定语从句修饰时。如：
Waves of red light are about twice as long as those of blue light. 红色光线的波长约为蓝色光线波长的两倍。
Those of you who wish to go on the trip may sign up here. 你们中间想参加这次游览的人可以在这里签名。
His ideas are little different from those of his friends. 他的想法和他朋友的想法没什么两样。
Students who do well in examinations are those ［the ones］ who ask questions in class. 考试成绩好的都是上课爱提问的学生。
五、几点重要的补充说明
1. 当替代词 one / ones 紧跟在形容词最高级、序数词以及 this， that， these，those， which， either， neither， another 等限定词之后时，通常可以省略。如：
I think my dog’s th e fastest （one）. 我想我的狗是跑得最快的（一只）。
Either （one） will suit me. （这两个当中）哪一个对我都合适。
Let’s have another （one）. 咱们再来一个吧。
She looked at each（one） carefully before she chose. 她仔细地看了看每一个，然后才挑选。
Which （one） would you like?—That （one） looks the nicest. 您要哪一个?——看起来那个最好。
2. 复数形式的 ones 之前一般不直接用名词所有格、物主代词、数词以及 some， any，both， several， dozen， own 等词修饰。如：
Have you got any drawing-pins? Can I borrow some please? 你有图钉吗?我能借一些吗? （不能说：... some ones ...）
Do you have any new diaries?—We don’t have any at the moment. 你有没有新的日记本?——我们眼下一本也没有了。（不能说：... any ones ...）
Do question 1 or question 2， but not both. 第1题和第2题选做一道，但不要两道都做。（不能说：... both ones.）
He has three dictionaries and I have only two. 他有三本词典，但我只有两本。（不能说：... two ones.）
注：如果 ones 前有描绘性形容词修饰，则可以使用上述词语。如：
误：her ones / some ones / any ones / five ones / your own ones
正：her red ones / some new ones / any old ones / five bad ones / your own nice
ones
在美国英语中，ones 不能紧跟在 these 和 those 之后。但是在英国英语中可以这样用（也不常见）。
3. 当一个名词受另一个名词修饰时，通常不宜用 one（s）来替代。如：
Do you need coffee cups or tea cups? 你们需要咖啡杯还是要茶杯? （不能说：... or tea ones? ）
但若一个名词受表材料的名词修饰，可用 one（s）替代。如：
We can lend you plastic chairs or metal ones. 我们可以借给你塑料椅子或者金属椅子。
练习：
1. I like _______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this
B. that
C. it
D. one
2. ---Do you like ______ here?
---Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.
A. this
B. these
C. that
D. it
3. I’m reading a new book these days , _____ in English.
A. it
B. that
C. one
D. which
4. Mr Green gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____ who had already taken them.
A. one
B. the ones
C. some
D. the others
5. — Have you ever seen a snake alive ? —Yes , I’ve seen _____.
A. that
B. so
C. one
D. it
6. I prefer a street in a small town to _____ in such a large city as Shanghai.
A. that
B. it
C. this
D. one
7. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment，____ I will always treasure.
A. that
B. one
C. it
D. what
8. —May I help you with some shoes，sir?
—Yes，I’d like to try on those white___.
A.one
B. ones
C. two
D. Pair
B.
巩固练习：
1. If I can help _____ , I don't like working late into the night.
(06全国I 26)
A. so
B. that
C. it
D. them
2. My most famous relative of all, _____ who really left his mark on America, was Reb Sussel, my great-grandfather. (06江苏 22)
A. one
B. the one
C. he
D. someone
3. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made _____ her duty to look after all the other people's affairs in that town. (06湖南 26)
A. this
B. that
C. one
D. it
4. Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed _____ to _____ and then posted it at the nearby post
office. (06安徽 34)
A. it; her
B. it; herself
C. herself; her
D. herself; herself
5. I prefer a flat in Inverness to _____ in Perth, because I want to live near my Mom's. (05天津 15)
A. one
B. that
C. it
D. this
6. I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _____ in the city. (05江苏 26)
A. ones
B. one
C. that
D. those
7. We've been looking at houses but haven't found _____ we like yet. (05浙江20)
A. one
B. ones
C. it
D. then
8. Cars do cause us some health problems － in fact far more serious _____ than mobile phones do.(05江西 24)
A. one
B. ones
C. it
D. those
9. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _____ from some wood we had. (04全国I 24)
A. it
B. one
C. himself
D. another
10. I like _____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (04全国II 27)
A. this
B. that
C. it
D. one
11. － Do you like _____ here?
－ Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life, everything is nice. ( 32)
A. this
B. these
C. that
D. it
12. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____ I will always treasure. (02全国 35)
A. that
B. one
C. it
D. what
答案及简要分析：1.C it用作人称代词,指已知的情况 2.B the one = the relative特指我在美国真正出名的亲戚 3.D it作形式宾语,代替不定式短语to look after…作宾语4.B it指前面提到过的postcard 5.A one = a flat 表示泛指 6.C that代替不可数名词the air,表示特指 7.A one = a house 表示泛指 8.B ones = health problems表示泛指 9.B one = a new cupboard 表示泛指 10.C it指已知的情况 11.D it指已知的情况 12.B one = a moment表示泛指
课时四：比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since 结构的完成时中的误用。
（对）Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom beg an to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying
it now.
（错）Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harry got married six years ago.
或Harry has been married for six years.
【since的四种用法】
1）since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2）since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已
经有五个月了。
3）since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
4）It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate stud ent. 我考上研究生有两年了。
【延续动词与瞬间动词】
1）用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2）用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……"瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been
B. had been
C. was
D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
vocabulary n. 词汇（可数名词） word n. 单词；话语 aloud adv. 出声地；大声地 （无比较级，反义词：quietly；silently）loudly adv.高声地；吵闹地 loud adv.响亮地 adj. 喧闹的; 响亮的 pronounce vt. 拼读；发音 pronunciation n. 发音法；拼读法 specific adj. 明确的；具体的 specifi cally adv. 明确地；具体地 special adj. 特殊的；特别的 specially adv. 专门地；特别地 especially adv. 特别；尤其；格外 particular adj. 非一般的；特别的；特殊的particularly adv. 尤其；特别地；特殊地 memorize vt. 记起来；熟记；回忆起memorization n. 记忆；回忆 gramm ar n. 语法 grammatically adv. 语法地；从语法角度来说， add A to B 把A添加/补充到B中 add up to + 数量总计达到… spoken English 英语口语 make a mistake = make mistakes by mistake错误地 by accident 偶然地，意外地 comma n. 逗号 period n. 句号 question mark n. 问号 challenge n. 挑战(复数challenges) vt. 挑战 solution. n. 解决方案；解答
later adv. 后来；一会以后 late adj. 晚；迟 adv. 晚；迟 lately adv. 近来；最近 latest adj. 最新的 realize v. 意识到；（某人）实现（梦想） Eg: Finally, Kelsy realized her dream. come true（某人的梦想）实现 Eg: Finally, her dream came true. matter vi. 起重要作用；要紧 Eg: I know Charles doesn't think this project is important, but it matters to me. afraid = terrified adj.害怕的；发愁的 be afraid of ... = be terrified of …畏惧/害怕… be afraid to do = be terrified to do 畏惧/害怕做… laugh at … = make fun of …取笑/嘲笑… complete vt.完成 adj. 完整的；完全的 completely adv完整地 childhood n. 童年 on duty 值班；值日 break off 突然中止；中断 break down 抛锚；出毛病 break up 分手 take a ride 兜风 take care 当心，注意；保重 sb. be sure of sth. sb. be sure to do sth. sb. Be sure that … it is certain(无疑; 确定) that certain adj. 某，某些，某个 Eg: comic n. 连环漫画，连环画杂志 patient adj. 耐心的 n. 病人 patiently adv. 耐心地 at the end of … in the end take pride in … = be proud of … with pleasure可以用来应答对方的请求， Eg: “Would you mind holding the door open for me, please?” “Oh, with pleasure.” It’s a pleasure.或It’s my pleasure.是用来回答感谢时的答语。 pierce v. 刺穿；刺破 earring n. 耳环 opportunity n. 机会 chance n, 机会 experience n.经历；阅历（可数名词） 经验（不可数名词） vt. 体会，经历过 experienced adj. 有经验的 mess n. 混乱，脏乱 forget vt. 忘记 forgetful adj. 健忘的 用介词to搭配的词有： answer，key，reply to 3 tickets to a football match instead adv. 代替，更换，相反 newsletter n. 时事通讯，简报 achieve vt. 完成，实现 achievement n. 成就 real adj真实的 really adv. 事实上; 实际上; 真正地; realistic adj. 现实的，注重实效的
英语易混淆单词辨析 amuse与entertain amuse:强调把注意力吸引到感兴趣的事情上去，多是轻松或引人发笑的事。 entertain:意味着通过公共活动或别人的活动来提供娱乐或消遣，多用于正式场合。 former/preceding/previous/prior former:可表示以前的，即时间上在前的，也可表示前者的，即已提及的两个事物中的前一个。 preceding:表示时间、位置、顺序上紧接在他物之前的，强调中间没有间隙。 previous:指在时间上较早的、顺序上在前的，表示一事做于另一事之先或指目前某事之前一件事，常用于修饰预先准备的行动。 prior:表示时间上早一些，除可用在名词前作定语外（have a prior engagement 预先有约会），还可后接介词to作后置定语或表语（an appointment prior to this one 先于此次约会的一次约会），还常表示更重要的、优先的（a prior consideration 优先考虑）
interval/gap/length/distance interval:两件事之间“间隔的时间”、戏剧两幕之间的“间歇”或两物体之间“间隔的空间” gap:（墙壁等的）“裂缝，缺口”，（思想、意见的）“分歧”（generation gap 代沟） length:（物体的）“长度”，（时间的）“长短” distance：（两地之间的）“距离” limit/confine/control/restrict/restrain limit：指限制在允许或可能的最大或最小的数量、程度、时间等范围内 confine:暗示束缚性、限制性地或阻挠性地限制，常指把人限制在狭窄的范围内，可指把人关闭起来 control:指通过权力或影响加以监督和控制，也常指控制自己的情绪 restrict:指把行为、选择等限制在规定的范围内 restrain:多指感情上、情绪上的克制 accumlate/gather,collect/assemble accumlate:意为“积聚，堆积”，指逐渐地，而且通常是无意识地，使数量越来越大 gather和collect均可表示“收集”，但collect有
初中英语易混淆单词 1：pronounce 发.......音，pronunciation 发音 2：hard adj.& adv. 硬的；辛苦地，努力地hardly adv.几乎不 3：change v. 改变chance n. 机会 4：feel （felt）v. 感觉，感到fall（fell）v. 落下 5：sleepy （feel sleepy）adj. 困倦的asleep （fall asleep）adj. 睡着的 6：different adj.不同的difference n.不同点 7：important adj.重要的importance n.:重要性 8：confident adj. 自信的confidence n.想、自信 9：distant adj. 远的distance n.距离 10：appear v.出现appearance n.出现，外貌 11：difficult adj.难的difficulty n.难点 12：expect v. 期望except prep.除.........之外accept v.接收 13：though adv.$conj. 尽管；虽然through adv.&prep 穿过 thought n.想法v.think 的过去式 14：pass v.经过，通过past adj.过去的n. 过去 15：sometimes 有时some times 几次sometime 某个时候some time 一段时间16：shake v.动摇snake n.蛇snack n.小吃 17：quite adv.相当quiet adj.安静的quick adj.快的 18：affect v.影响effect n.结果，影响effort n.努力 19：dessert n.甜食desert n.沙漠v.放弃 20：costume n.服装custom n.习惯 21：chicken n.鸡kitchen n.厨房 22：steal （stole，stolen）v.偷steel n.钢 23：decide v.决定decision n.决定 24：discuss v.讨论discussion n.讨论 25：express v.表达expression n.表达 26：invite v.邀请invitation n.邀请 27：imagine v.想象imagination n.想象 28：organize v.组织organization n.组织 29：communicate v.交流communication n. 交流 30：operate v.操作operation n.交流 31：create v.创造creation n.创造creative adj.有创造力的 32：attract v.吸引attraction n.吸引attractive adj.吸引人的 33：translate v.翻译translation n.翻译 34：celebrate v.庆祝celebration n.庆祝 35：pollute v.污染pollution n.污染 36：invent v. 发明invention n. 发明inventor n.发明家 37：produce v.制造production n.制造 38：introduce v.介绍introduction n.介绍 39：tradition n.传统traditional adj.传统的traditionally adv.传统地
中考词汇辨析 §1 a bit/ a little 这两个词都意为“一点儿”有时可以互换，但有时不能。 Ⅰ．二者作程度副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或比较级时，意义相同，为“一点儿”“有些”。如： ①I am a bit / a little hungry. 我有点饿。 ②He walked a bit / a little slowly. 他走路有点慢。 Ⅱ．二者都可以作名词词组，充当主语或宾语。如： ①A little / bit is enough for me. 我有一点儿就够了。 ②I know only a little / a bit about her. 我对她的情况只了解一点。 Ⅲ。a little可直接修饰名词；a bit后须加of才可以。如： ①.There is a little water in the bottle. = There is a bit of water in the bottle. [注意]a little of后的名词通常特指，表“……中的一些”，如： ①May I have a little of your tea? Ⅳ. 否定形式not a little 作状语，相当于very/ quite, “很”，“非常”；作定语和宾语时，相当于much, 意为“许多”。而not a bit 作状语时，相当于not at all, 意为“一点也不”，作宾语时则相当于not much. Eg: ①He is not a little (=very) hungry. 他饿极了。 ②He is not a bit (=not at all) hungry.他一点也不饿。 ③She ate not a little (=much). 她吃得很多。 Ⅴ. Not a bit中的not 可以分开使用；not a littl e中的not 则不能分开。Eg: ①He felt not a bit tired. = He didn’t feel a bit tired. 他觉得一点也不累。 ②He felt not a little tired. 他觉得非常累。但不能说：He didn’t fell a little tired. §2 a few/ few/ a little/ little Ⅰ. a few和few修饰可数名词，a little和little修饰不可数名词；a few和a little表示肯定意义，few和little表示否定意义，可受only修饰。如： ①Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous. ②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it. ③T here is little water left in glass. Will you please give me some ④Don’t worry, we have a little time left. §3above/over/on/upon Ⅰ. 方位介词，“在……之上” Ⅱ. above 着重指：在……上方，不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为：below. ①The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升到了地平线上。 ②The aero plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上飞行。 Ⅲ.over 表盖在……上面，或铺在……上面。此时不能用above.代替。含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为under. ①Spread the tablecloth over the table.把桌布铺在桌子上。 Ⅳ. on 含有与表面相接触的意思。 ①The book is on the desk. ②There is an oil painting on the wall. 墙上有一幅油画。 Ⅴ.upon 也含有和表面相接触的意思。与on没有多大的区别，但较正式，口语中较少用。 ①He laid his hand upon the boy’s head. 他把手放在孩子的头上。 [注]up 与以上几个不同，它表示向上方或高处，含有由下而上，由低而高的意思。常和表示运动的动词连用。作副词时，表示在上方或高处。 ①We run up a hill. 我们跑上山。 ②The plane was high up in the air.飞机在高空中。 §4accept/receive Ⅰ. accept “接受”，表示其行为是由主观意愿决定的。 ①I accepted it without question. 我毫无疑问地接受了它。
初中英语常用易混词汇辨析 汇用法例句above“在……上方”，不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为：belowThe sun rose above the horizon、太阳 升到了地平线以上。over“在……上面”，含有垂直在上的意思There is a bridge over the river、河上有座桥。o n“在…… 上面”，含有与表面相接触的意思There is an oil painting on the wall、墙上有一幅油画。across/through 词汇用法例句across“横过，穿过”，指从……的一边到另一边Be careful when you walk across the road、当你过马路的时候要小心。through “穿过”,强调从内部穿过The river flows through the city from west to east、这条河从西到东流过城市。at all/ after all 词汇用法例句at all“全然，根本不”，一 般用于否定句中加强语气She doesn’t like football at all、她一点也不喜欢足球。a fter all“毕竟，终究，到底”，一般 置于句首或句末作状语After all, he is a child、毕竟,他还是个孩子。f ew / a few / little / a little 词汇含义修饰名 词肯定/否定例句few几乎没有可数否定I am a new comer here, so I have few friends here、我刚来到这里，所以我在这里没 有几个朋友。a few有一些肯定Though the man has been here for only one month, he has a few friends、尽管这个人才在 这里住了一个月，但他就有了一些朋友。l ittle几乎没有不可数
1.sound, voice, noise sound自然界各种各样的声音，voice人的嗓音，noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside. 2. exercise, exercises, practice exercise运动，锻炼(不可数)，exercises练习(可数)，practice(反复做的)练习take exercise 做运动 3. work, job 二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数a good job，What interesting work it is! 4. cook, cooker cook厨师，cooker厨具He is a good cook. 5. police, policeman police警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察The police are questioning everyone in the house. 6. problem, question problem常和困难联系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise，question常和疑问联系，多和ask, answer连用 7. price, prize price价格，prize奖，奖品，奖金win the first prize The price is high/low. 8. a number of, the number of a number of许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of…的数目，谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing. 9. in front of, in the front of in front of范围外的前面，in the front of范围内的前面A boy sits in the front of the room. 10. next year, the next year next year将来时间状语，the next year过去将来时间状语 He said he would go abroad the next year.
初中英语易混淆单词｛pronunciation n.发音 pronounce v.发……音 ｛hard adj.&adv.硬的；辛苦地 hardly adv.（频度副词）几乎不 ｛chance n.机会 change v.改变 ｛fell v.动词fall的过去式 feel v. （感官动词）感觉，感到 ※注意：fall—fell v.落下feel—felt v.感觉 ｛sleepy adj.困倦的 asleep adj.睡着的 ※注意：fall asleep 入睡feel sleepy 感到疲倦 ｛different adj.不同的 difference n.不同点 ｛except prep.除…之外 expect v.期望，要求 ※注意：besides 的意思是“除……外还有”，except的意思是“不包括在内”。 ｛though adv. & conj.尽管；虽然 through adv.&prep.从一边到另一边；穿过 ｛another pron.再一；又一 other adj.其他的，另外的 ※注意：others是指“另外的人（或物）”，是一个名词，相当于“other+n.”；the other 是指“（两个中）另一个；其余的”；the others是指“其余的人（或物）”，相当于“the other+n.”。｛pass v.经过，通过；传递；考试及格 past adj. 过去的（pass的过去分词） ※注意：pass—passed—passed/past ｛sometimes有时 some times几次 ｛sometime某个时候 some time一段时间
初中英语易混词辨析． 中考常考同义词或词组 同近义词或词组的辨析题，不仅在平时测验、周考、月考
中常出，也是中考的一个重要考察点，平时我们就应该注意这些词的不同用法以及一些固定搭配，这样不仅对平时成绩有帮助，也会在中考时起一定的作用，下面我们就逐步的总结一下这些重要的常考的同近义词：1．spend, pay, cost, take (1) spend vt. “花费”，主语只能是人； 常用结构： sb. spend 时间/钱 on sth. “在…上花时间/金钱 sb. spend 时间/钱 (in) doing sth. “在做某事上花费时间/金钱”eg: I spend two hours on my homework every day.
=I spend two hours (in) doing my homework every day. spend 还有“度过”的意思。此外，※ 常用结构：with sb. spend…。 's friends“和朋友一起度假”eg: spend one's holiday with one (2) pay vt. & vi. “花费，付款”，主语只能是人；常用结构：“某人为某物付钱” sb. pay 钱 for sth. “某人付钱给某人”= sb. pay钱 to sb. 钱sb, pay sb. 我们必须付他10美元。eg: We must pay him 10 dollars. = She paid 100 dollars for her new shoes. ，主语是物，(3) cost vt.“花费”常用结构： sth. cost sb钱“某物花费某人多少钱”- 2 - eg: This dictionary cost me 50 yuan. =I spent 50 yuan on this dictionary.
中考英语78个易混易错单词+短语+句型 一.英语常用易混淆单词/词组的区别用法 how much和how many的区别用法 how much和how many的区别： how much用来询问事物的数量，后接不可数名词；how many用来询问事物的数量，后接可数名词复数。 1.所修饰词不同 how much用来修饰不可数名词，表示数量，也可单独使用。 how many用来修饰可数名词的复数，它的句式是:How many+复数名词+一般疑问句+? 例句： How much milk is there in the glass? 玻璃杯里有多少牛奶? How many books are there on the desk?
有多少本书在桌子上? 2.用法不同 How much 表示多少钱，用来问价格。 例句： How much is this dress? 这个连衣裙多少钱? How many 表示多少，用来问数量。 例句： How many apples do you have? 你有多少苹果? in和on的区别用法： 当我们表示某些东西被其他东西所包围时使用“in”这个词。而“on”用于描述物体被放置在其他物体上方或外部的情况。in可表时间，表地点，表手段、方法、材料。on表示时间、地点、方位等。 1.意思不同 in：prep.在 ... 里；在 ... 地方；在 ... 期间
on：prep.在 ... 之上 2.用法不同 in：in着重一段时间的过程,常用于重复动作或延续动作。in表示从现在时间算起推移到将来的一段时间之后,一般与将来时态连用。 He is a layman in economics. 他对经济学一窍不通。 on：表示“在物体的表面上”，只能用on的表达方式有on the next morning，on the following。 The spider is walking on the ceiling. 蜘蛛在天花板上爬行。 3.侧重点不同 in：表示“在其中”。 on：表示“在表面”。 if和whether的区别用法：
1.study & learn Sometimes my students get confused about when to use “study” and when to use “learn”. Therefore, I would like to write about that in today’s blog entry. Both words are used to convey the idea of trying to intake information in order to become more knowledgeable or intelligent. When we put them in order, however, we have to place “study” first, and then “learn” after that. Therefore, when we “study” we are reading, watching or listening to something in order to keep it in our memories. If we do this successfully, we can say that we “learned” it. Let me give you some example sentences using these words. ?I have to study fifty new words for my final exam in Spanish. I hope I can learn all of them. ?I studied really hard in my history class, but I couldn’t learn all of the information. ?I learned a lot in my economics class because I studied every day. As I said before, learning is successful studying. Therefore, just because you study something doesn’t mean you will learn it. But if you never study at all, then you will never learn. In addition, it’s possible for us to learn something and then over a period of time, forget it. I’m sure all of us have had this experience when we think about our high school or university days. We can also “learn” something in ways that don’t involve studying. All of us learn things just from living our lives and making mistakes.Some people don’t learn from their mistakes, but I hope that most of us do. 2.plausible & implausible For today’s blog entry, I’d like to go over the adjectives “plausible” and “implausible”. We use them when we want to talk about something which a person says that is likely to be believed or not believed. We can also use them when we are trying to figure out if something is true or not. Finally, they can be used to talk about the believability of a story in a novel, movie, or TV show. Let me give you some example sentences using them. ?I was late for work because I overslept, but I can’t tell my boss that. I have to think of a plausible excuse for being late. ?I can’t tell my boss that I was mugged on my way to work. This is a safe city, so that would be totally implausible. ?Some people don’t think it’s plausible that a meteor hitting the earth could cause the dinosaurs to die, but I think it’s tot ally plausible. ?Some people think it’s implausible that a meteor hitting the earth could cause the dinosaurs to die, but I don’t agree. ?I like action movies even though most of the time the stories are not plausible at all. ?I like action movies even though most of the time the stories are completely implausible. The word “plausible” is used positively, and the word “implausible” is used negatively, so they are the opposite of each other. However, we can also say “not plausible”, as in my fifth example sente nce. The only difference between “not plausible” and “implausible” is that “implausible” is slightly more formal than the other one. Please note that we don’t usually use words like “very” or “really” to emphasize these adjectives. Instead, it’s more commo n to use words such as “totally” and “completely” in order to emphasize them. 3.little did I know For today, I want to go over the expression “little did I know”. We can also change the word “I”
常见易混虚词辨析 A 【按照依照遵照】“按照”重在引进动作行为的凭借和根据，如“按照事实说话”。“依照”重在强调以某事为根据完全照办，法律条文多使用“依照”。“遵照”多用于介绍行为依据的重要原则、指示或精神。 B 【本来原来】二者都是副词。“本来”强调理应如此，一直如此。“原来”强调过去不知道，或对情况有所认识。 【必然必定一定】三者都表示肯定，都含有“非……不可”之意，表示对判断、推理的肯定，都经常作状语。“必然”“必定”表示客观事物发展“肯定会这样”的趋势或结果，它们在一般情况下可以互换；而“必然”和“偶然” 对举，“必然”是形容词，偶尔作名词用，表示“客观事物的规律性”；它还可以作定语，如“必然规律”。“必定”是副词，常用于主观的分析、肯定。“一定”可以表示对客观事物发展趋势的判断，也可以表示人们的意志和愿望，或表示一种命令的语气；还可以作形容词，表示“特定”或“相当”的意思。 【毕竟到底】“毕竟”表示追根究底所得的结论，强调事实或原因。“到底”表示经过种种变化或曲折最后实现的情况，用在疑问句中表追究。 【不免未免】二者都是副词，都作状语，都用双重否定表示肯定。区别 是：“不免”是“免不了”之意，用来加重句子的语气；“未免”用来缓和句子的语气。 C 【曾经已经】二者都是副词。“曾经”表示从前有过某种行为或情况。 “已经”强调动作、变化完成或达到某种程度。 【常常往往经常】三者都是副词，表示多次、多数、不断发生。区别是：“常常”除有“多次、多数”的意思外，还有“时常、不断”的意思，它既表示时间，又表示频率，在一般情况下，可以与“往往”互换。“往往”除有“多次、多数”的意思外，还可以用来表现在一定条件或前提下将要出现的情况，如“我们有些同志理论上承认教育是有阶级性的，可是一遇到具体问题，往往就把这个基本观点忘掉
初中英语易混单词A aboard上（船,飞机） abroad国外 about关于，大约，在···周围 above在···上面accept接受 except除外 expect期望 affect V.影响，假装 effect N.结果，影响 alone 单独的/地 lone孤独的，寂寞的 lonely寂寞的 angel天使 angle角度 anger生气 hunger饥饿 B bean豆 been be的过去分词 blow打击，吹 brow眼眉 brown褐色 bow鞠躬 bowl碗 C Capital首都 hospital医院 Collar领子 color颜色 Chicken鸡 kitchen厨房 Site场所 sight视觉 Clock钟表 lock锁 knock敲打 Costume服装 custom习惯，海关，风俗 Crow乌鸦 crown王冠 clown小丑 cow牛 D daily日报 diary日记 dirty脏的 duty责任 dare敢 deal应付，交易 dear亲爱的，贵的 deer鹿 idea主意die死 diet节食 different不同的 difficult困难的
dig挖 dog狗 dine吃饭 diner吃饭人 dinner晚饭 dining吃饭disability残疾 inability没能力 donkey驴 monkey猴子 drawn draw的过去分词 drown溺水 E even甚至 event事件 ever曾经 every每个 never绝不 F fail失败 fair公平的 fall落下 fire火 fight打仗 flight航班 fill充满 fool欺骗 full满的 film电影 firm公司 final最后的 find发现 fine好 finish完成 fish鱼 fine好 line线 mine我的 nine九 floor地板 flour面粉 flower花 G goat山羊 gold黄金 H hair头发 hear听见 near在附近 heat热度 hit打击 hill小山 till直到 honey蜂蜜 money钱 monkey猴子 Monday周一 I
中考初中英语常用易混淆单词词组的区别 用法 一、how much和how many的区别用法 how much和how many的区别：how much用来询问事物的数量，后接不可数名词;how many用来询问事物的数量，后接可数名词复数。 how much和how many的区别 1、所修饰词不同 how much用来修饰不可数名词，表示数量，也可单独使用。 how many用来修饰可数名词的复数，它的句式是:How many+复数名词+一般疑问句+? 例句： How much milk is there in the glass? 玻璃杯里有多少牛奶? How many books are there on the desk? 有多少本书在桌子上?
2、用法不同 How much 表示多少钱，用来问价格。 例句： How much is this dress? 这个连衣裙多少钱? How many 表示多少，用来问数量。 例句： How many apples do you have? 你有多少苹果? 二、in和on的区别用法 当我们表示某些东西被其他东西所包围时使用“in”这个词。而“on”用于描述物体被放置在其他物体上方或外部的情况。in可表时间,表地点,表手段、方法、材料。on表示时间、地点、方位等。 in和on区别 一、意思不同 in：prep. 在 ... 里;在 ... 地方;在 ... 期间
on：prep. 在 ... 之上 二、用法不同 in： in着重一段时间的过程,常用于重复动作或延续动作。in表示从现在时间算起推移到将来的一段时间之后,一般与将来时态连用。 例句： He is a layman in economics. 他对经济学一窍不通。 on：表示“在物体的表面上”，只能用on的表达方式有on the next morning，on the following。 例句： The spider is walking on the ceiling. 蜘蛛在天花板上爬行。 三、侧重点不同 in：表示“在其中”。 on：表示“在表面”。
易混词语辨析练习 1.How much does the tickets _____ from Shanghai to Beijing? A. cost B. took C. spend D. pay 2.Peter, do call me please if no one _____ the phone in the office. A. tells B. answers C. replies D. says 3.-- All the students in Class One went to the cinema _____ Liping. Why? -- Because he had a stomachache. A. beside B. without C. expect D. beside 4.-- Why are you standing here, Maria? -- I can’t see the blackboard clearly. Two tall boys are sitting _____ me. A. behind B. in front of C. beside D. next to 5.-- _____ do you have PE lessons? -- Three times a week. A. How long B. How soon C. How many D. How often 6.-- It’s half an hour’s walk from here to the bus station. -- Don’t worry. I’ll _____ you here. A. bring B. get C. carry D. take 7.-- How long could I _____ you English-Chinese dictionary? -- Only one day, please. A. keep B. borrow C. lend D. get 8.The old man is ill and he doesn’t feel like _____. A. to eat something B. to eat anything C. eating something D. eating anything 9.Tom told me his parents had arrived_____ Beijing. A. at B. on C. in D. to 10.-- Which of the caps will you take? -- I’ll take _____, one for my father, the other for my brother. A. neither B. both C. all D. none 11.Jenny didn’t come to school last week, because she was _____ ill. A. badly B. bad C. worse D. worst 12._____ the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are _____ teachers. A. A number of; women B. A number of; woman C. The number of; women D. The number of; woman 13.Kevin _____ shy, but now he is quite outgoing. A. is used to be B. was used to be C. used to be D. used to being 14.James, I’m too tried. Let’s stop ______ a rest. A. having B. have C. to having D. to have 15.-- _____ you _____ Dianchi Lake these days? -- Yes, I have. The water is getting cleaner and the mountains are more beautiful. A. Have; gone to B. Have; been to C. Did; go to D. Have; been in 16.Dad _____ from his paper and smiled when i entered the living room. A. looked after B. looked for C. looked down D. looked up 17.The number of students who _____ the english club _____ 20.