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关于模糊控制的英文翻译

关于模糊控制的英文翻译
关于模糊控制的英文翻译

基于稳定性和电压精度协调控制的新型模糊励

磁调节器

Hengxu Zhang , Chunyi wang , Ning zhang

Jian Zuo , Dawei Fan , Student Members ,IEEE

摘要:在保持比例积分微分(PID)励磁调节器优良电压调节特性的基础上,部分采取线性最优控制理论设计附加励磁调节通道,并通过一模糊控制器动态协调电压调节通道和附加调节通道的作用权重,设计了一种新型模糊励磁调节器。分析了电力系统各种典型运行状态及其对励磁调节的要求,总结了不同状态下电压和稳定的协调控制策略,以期对电压调节和增强阻尼进行动态协调。数值仿真结果表明,该新型励磁调节器在稳态时具有同PID一样高的电压调节精度,动态过程中则能明显提高系统阻尼特性,具有满意的控制效果,并对系统工况变化具有一定适应性。

关键词:电力系统;励磁调节器;模糊控制;协调控制

本文将比例积分微分(PID)控制理论、线性最优控制理论与模糊控制理论相结合设计了一种新型模糊励磁调节器FLEC(Fuzzy Logic Excitation Control):电压调节通道和附加调节通道的初始整定仍基于常规数学方法,而由一模糊控制器根据系统工况动态调整电压调节通道与附加调节通道的作用权重,以在保持良好稳态电压调节精度情况下,增加系统阻尼特性,提高动态稳定水平,并对工况变化具有一定的鲁棒性。

1 新型励磁控制器结构设计

1.1控制变量选择

励磁控制系统通常可用图1表示,其中为机端电压与参考值的偏差,附加信号可能包括转速偏差、转速偏差的变化率以及有功功率偏差等。

图1 励磁系统示意图

在励磁控制系统设计中,电压调节通道和附加励磁调节通道的处理方式是决定调节性能的关键因素。PID调节器具有优良的电压调节性能和较高的稳态电压调节精度,但无法为系统动态过程提供足够阻尼。常规电力系统稳定器(PSS)在设计中把电压调节通道确认为主调节通道,并考虑了电压调节通道对动态稳定性的不利影响,结果既保证了电压调节的要求,又在一定范围内提高了动态稳定水平;但在参数整定方面的困难、较差的鲁棒性和多机协调方面的不足限制了其发挥最佳效果。线性最优励磁控制器LOEC(Linear Optimal Excitation Controller)在设计中没有确定电压调节通道的主导地位,只以权系数方式予以考虑,其结果虽然能满足动态稳定性的要求,但并不能很好地满足电压调节的要求。

通过改进电压调节通道和附加励磁调节通道的作用方式提高励磁调节器的性能是本文的研究重点。鉴于PID控制方式的优异性能,电压调节通道仍采用以电压偏差为反馈量的PID调节方式;附加信号采用和,增益采用LOEC整定;并由一模糊控制器根据系统状态动态协调电压调节通道和附加调节通道的作用权重。为了反映当前系统状态,模糊控制器的输入变量选为、和,输出变量为电压调节通道的权系数和附加励磁调节通道的权系数。

1.2电压调节通道设计

如前所述,励磁调节器最主要、最基本的任务维持发电机电压水平,此功能是通过电压调节通道实现。为最大限度抑制电压波动,提高电压调节精度,该新型励磁调节器

的电压调节通道仍以PID方式设计,即

式中为比例放大倍数;为积分系数;为微分系数。

1.3附加励磁调节通道设计

附加励磁调节通道的作用是为系统提供阻尼,改善系统的动态稳定性。设计中以、为输入变量,使系数由线性最优控制理论确定。

线性最优控制是比较成熟的现代控制技术,把它用于发电机励磁控制时,是将系统中可测量的状态量和非状态量适当地组合起来,根据变量偏差最小和控制代价最小(或适当)的原则,求得控制变量的一种控制方式。

通过适当变换和简化,可得到单击-无穷大母线系统在某状态点线性化后的三阶方程组:

式中X为状态向量;A为系统矩阵;B为控制矩阵;U为控制量;为定子闭路励磁绕组时间常数;为定子开路励磁绕组时间常数。

对于凸极机

对于隐极机

无论对于凸极机或隐极机有

式中分别为q轴电势与暂态电势;为无穷大母线电压;为发电机内电势与极端电压的相角差;分别为d轴、q轴同步电抗之和;为d轴暂态电抗之和。

发电机模型的线性化详细推导过程见文献[6]。在设计中规定二次型性能指标为

式中,为3×3阶对角矩阵。

由最优控制理论可知最优反馈增益矩阵为

此处P是下述黎卡梯方程的解。

解方程(5)求出矩阵P,便可求得最优反馈向量为

由此得到最优控制量

其中为附加调节通道的系数。

1.4新型模糊励磁调节器整体结构

电压调节通道输入量为,附加调节通道输入量为和,模糊控制模块输入量为和,输出量为两通道的权系数。新型模糊励磁控制器结构如图2所示。

图2 新型模糊励磁控制器结构示意图

2 模糊控制器设计

2.1 协调控制规则

在运行中,当电压偏差较大时,控制器的主要任务是尽快消除误差,此时应给予电压调节通道较大的作用权重。模糊调节模块的功能是根据系统运行工况,自动调整调节通道权系数K1、K2,从而协调电压调节通道和附加控制通道在整个励磁控制中的作用。在文献[7-10]基础上,进一步分析、总结两控制通道间的协调控制规则如下:

a.在稳态时,各状态量都在允许范围内,此时主要任务是维持电压水平和提高电压调节

精度,因此电压调节通道应正常工作,附加控制作用应减小或取消;

b.在小干扰时,一般各变量偏差不会太大,此时主要任务是增大系统阻尼,尽快平息振

荡,因此应增大附加控制的作用;

c.在大干扰后的短时间内,由于电压波动很大,处于系统安全性考虑,此时控制重点应

是使发电机机端电压尽快恢复到要求范围之内,为使附加控制输出不过多地影响发电机的电压调节,此时电压调节通道应充分发挥作用,应限制附加控制输出;

d.在大干扰后的动态过程中,电压恢复到安全要求范围之内后,此时控制重点应是为系

统提供足够的阻尼,使功率及频率振荡尽快平息,此时应充分发挥附加控制的作用。

2.2模糊控制规则设计

模糊控制规则是设计模糊控制器的关键,一般包括3部分内容:选择描述输入、输出变量的词集,定义各模糊变量的模糊子集和建立模糊控制器的控制规则。

2.2.1输入、输出变量词集

一般选择“大、中、小”3个词汇描述模糊控制器的输入、输出变量的量化信息;附以正、负2个方向并考虑变量的零状态,共有7个词汇,即

{负大,负中,负小,零,正小,正中,正大}

用英文字母表示为

{NB,NM,NS,O,PS,PM,PB}

在此,的词集选择都如上所述。K1、K2为2个控制通道的动态作用权重,无负值要求:

{零,正小小,正小,正小中,正中,正中大,正大}

用英文字母表示为

{O,PSS,PS,PSM,PM,PMB,PB}

描述输入、输出变量的词汇都具有模糊特性,可用模糊集合表示。因此,模糊概念的确定问题就直接转化为求取模糊集合隶属函数的问题。

2.2.2输入、输出变量论域

把模糊控制器的输入、输出变量变化的实际范围称为这些变量的基本论域。显然,基本论域内的量为精确量。由于变量变化区间往往不能精确确定,因而有时需要把实际变化区间映射到一合适的闭区间上,以方便计算和控制。

根据规程规定,正常运行时一般电压允许偏差为±10%,频率允许偏差为±1%。在此取发电机端电压偏差论域为[-0.15,0.15],如果>0.15或<-0.15,分别按0.15和-0.15处理;取有功功率偏差的论域为[-0.30,0.30],如果>0.30或<-0.30,分别按0.30和-0.30处理;取发电机转子电气角速度偏差论域为[-0.015,0.015],如果>0.015或<-0.015,分别按0.015和-0.015处理。以上各变量均为标幺值。取模糊控制模块的输出变量,即电压调节通道的权系数K1和附加励磁调节通道权系数K2的论域均为[0.0,1.5]。

为确保模糊集能较好地覆盖论域,避免出现失控现象,按照模糊集论域中所含元素个数为模糊语言词集总数的2倍以上的原则,在此取变量的模糊子集的论域均为

[-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7]

输出变量K1、K2模糊子集的论域均取为

{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13}

2.2.3各模糊变量的模糊子集

定义一个模糊子集,实际上就是要确定模糊子集隶属函数曲线的形状。将确定的隶属函数曲线离散化,得到有限个点上的隶属度便构成了一个相应的模糊变量的模糊子集。

由于模糊子集直接由隶属函数曲线确定,因此隶属函数曲线的形状不同会导致不同的控制特性。

本模糊控制器的设计中,采用的是三角形和梯形隶属函数曲线,并且曲线距离原点越近(误差越小)曲线越陡(分辨率越高),距离原点越远(误差越大)曲线越缓(分辨率越低)。由于变量所取得词集和模糊子集论域完全相同,在确定模糊

子集时,其隶属函数曲线也相同,如图3所示;K1、K2的隶属函数曲线如图4所示(图中横坐标M为模糊变量值,L为隶属度)。

2.2.4模糊控制规则

基于上述协调控制规则和输入、输出变量的模糊化处理过程,制定了模糊控制规则集。限于篇幅,仅列出较有代表性的少数规则。

图3输入变量的隶属函数曲线

图4输出变量的隶属函数曲线

规则1类稳态时附加控制退出。

IF=0 AND=0 AND =0 THEN K1=PM,K2=0

规则2类大干扰或故障后的短时间内减小附加控制作用以保证电压调节特性。

IF =PB AND =PB AND =PS THEN K1=PB,K2=PM

IF =PB AND =PM AND =PS THEN K1=PB,K2=PSS

规则3类小干扰时增大附加控制作用

IF =PS AND =PS AND =PS THEN K1=PM,K2=PMB

IF =0 AND =PM AND =PM THEN K1=PSS,K2=PMB 由于本文中模糊控制器只需考虑各输入量偏离给定值的程度,因此只需考虑各变量偏差的绝对值,这就把模糊控制规则由7×7×7=343条语句简化为4×4×4=64条语句,减轻了控制过程的运算量。

3 数字仿真

仿真采用的系统如图5所示,发电机经升压变压器、双回线向无穷大系统送电,忽略线路电阻。其中为定子绕组开路时励磁绕组暂态时间常数(=5.0),为发电机d轴暂态电抗(=0.13),为变压器电抗(=0.1),x1、x2分别为2条线路的电抗(x1=x2=0.4),以上均为标幺值。在发电机上分别装设PID、LOEC以FLEC控

制规律的励磁调节器,考察它们对电压调节特性及对系统稳定性的不同影响。

图5仿真系统接线图

发电机稳态运行:=55°,=0.94p.u., =1.03p.u.。分别做2种扰动情况下的对比实验。

a.扰动A:参考电压有+10%的跳变(见图6、7)。

b.扰动B:变压器高压侧一回出线首端发生0.2s三相短路故障,故障后跳三相;故障时序为0.5s发生故障,0.7s切除故障线路,单回线运行(见图8、9)。

图6 扰动A时机端电压响应曲线

图7 扰动A时发电机功角响应曲线

图8 扰动B时机端电压响应曲线

图9 扰动B时发电机功角响应曲线

从仿真结果可以看出,通过模糊控制模块动态协调电压调节通道和附加调节通道的作用,优化了两者的控制效果,使其具有更强的抑制系统振荡的能力,并较LOEC具有更好的电压调节性能,在更大程度上保证了系统的安全运行。

4 结论

本文基于常规励磁控制方法与模糊控制理论,设计了一种根据系统状态动态调整电压调节通道与附加调节通道作用权重的新型励磁调节器。该励磁控制器由3部分组成:以PID方法为基础设计的电压调节通道,以LOEC为基础设计的附加调节通道,以及两者的模糊协调控制模块。

该控制器既保留了以精确数学模型解析结构为基础的控制方法具有较强针对性、在一定范围内控制性能好的特点,又用具有较强适应性的模糊控制技术在一定程度上改善了传统控制方法在系统运行状态改变或系统结构变化时具有较差适应性的不足,当系统运行状态改变时,该控制器能够根据运行工况自动调整电压调节通道和附加励磁调节通道的作用权重,通过两通道的动态协调提高控制性能,具有自适应能力和较强的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明了所述方法的有效性,该新型励磁控制器在动态过程中能明显提高系统阻尼特性,在稳态时又具有同PID一样高的电压调节精度,具有满意的控制效果。

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经典广告词中英文翻译 2. Obey your thirst.服从你的渴望。(雪碧) 3. The new digital era.数码新时代。(索尼影碟机) 4. We lead. Others copy.我们领先,他人仿效。(理光复印机) 5. Impossible made possible.使不可能变为可能。(佳能打印机) 6. Take time to indulge.尽情享受吧!(雀巢冰激凌) 7. The relentless pursuit of perfection.不懈追求完美。(凌志轿车) 8. Poetry in motion, dancing close to me.动态的诗,向我舞近。(丰田汽车)9. Come to where the flavor is. Marlboro Country. 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。(万宝路香烟) 10.To me, the past is black and white, but the future is always color.对我而言,过去平淡无奇;而未来,却是绚烂缤纷。(轩尼诗酒) 11. Just do it. 只管去做。(耐克运动鞋) 12. Ask for more. 渴望无限。(百事流行鞋) 13. The taste is great. 味道好极了。(雀巢咖啡) 14. Feel the new space. 感受新境界。(三星电子) 15. Intelligence everywhere. 智慧演绎,无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机) 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。(百事可乐) 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成,您超越自我。(三菱电工) 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝,拥有世界。(东芝电子) 19. Let’s make things better. 让我们做得更好。(飞利浦电子) 20. No business too small, no problem too big. 没有不做的小生意,没有解决不了的大问题。(IBM公司) 1 Good to the last drop? ?滴滴香浓,意犹未尽??麦式咖啡Maxwell 2 Time is what you make of it? ?天长地久? ?斯沃奇手表Swatch 3Make yourself heard? ?理解就是沟通? ???爱立信Ericsson 4Start ahead? ? 成功之路从头开始? ? 飘柔rejoice 5Diamond lasts forever 钻石恒久远,一颗永流传第比尔斯De Bieeres 6Things go better with Coca-cola? ? 饮可口可乐万事如意 7Connecting people Nokia? ? 科技以人为本? ?诺基亚Nokia 9A Kodak moment? ?? ?就在柯达一刻? ?? ?柯达Kodak 10Mosquito Bye Bye Bye,蚊子杀杀杀雷达牌驱蚊虫剂RADAR

4英语翻译技巧-直、音、意译

英语翻译方法:直译与意译 这里所讲翻译方法是指通过英、汉两种语言特点对比,分析其异同,阐述表达原文的一般规律。英、汉语结构有相同一面,汉译时可照译,即所谓“直译”——既忠实原文内容,又符合原文结构形式,能传达原文意义,体现原文风格等。但这两种语言之间还有许多差别,如完全照译,势必出现“英化汉语”,这时就需要“意译”,在忠实原文内容前提下,摆脱原文结构束缚,使译文符合汉语规范。特别要注意是:“直译”不等于“死译”,“意译”也不等于“乱译”。试比较: 1、直译与死译 原文结构与汉语结构是一致,照译即可。但如果原文结构与汉语不一致,仍然采取直译方法,就成“死译”了。如: ①、In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line. 在某些自动化工厂,电子计算机控制整个生产线。(直译) ②、The earth acts like a big magnet.地球作用着像一块大磁铁。(死译) ③、Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon. 锰有同样影响在强度上像硅。(死译) 例②、例③既不忠实原意,又不符合汉语表达方式。因此,必须运用“词类转换”广成分转换”、“词(语)序调整”等手段使译文通顺。例②、例③应分别译为:“地球作用像一块大磁铁。”…“锰像硅一样会影响钢强度。” 2、意译和乱译 只有在正确理解原文基础上,运用相应翻译方法以调整原文结构,用规范汉语加以表达,这才真正做到“意译”。翻译实践证明,大量英语句子汉译都要采取“意译法”。 如果把“意译”理解为凭主观臆想来理解原文,可以不分析原文结构,只看词面意义,自己编造句子,势必造成“乱译”。如: It is easy to compress a gas,it is just a matter of reducing the space between the molecules. Like a liquid a gas has no shape,but unlike a liquid it will expand and fill any container it is put in.气体是很容易压缩,这正是压缩分子之间距离根据。气体和液体一样没有形状,但又不同于液体,气体膨胀时会充满任何盛放它容器。(乱译) 例句中“乱译”是由主观臆想(不正确选择词义、任意转换成分)造成。在这里,将matter译成“根据”在物理学上是讲不通,因为“压缩气体也就是减少分子之间距离”,两者是一回事。matter应作“事情”、“问题”解。 将will expand任意转换为时间状语,致使不符合原义。will expand and fill应译为“会扩张并充满”。综上所述,原译文可改为“气体很容易压缩,那只不过是缩小分子之间距离而已。气体和液体一样没有形状,但又不同于液体,因为气体会扩张并充满任何盛放它容器。” 就翻译方法而论,总来说,就是“直译法和意译法相结合”,又可细分为“照译”、“词义引伸”、“成分转换”、“句转成分”等译法。 英语翻译训练方法-直译 直译是一种重要的翻译方法,它有不少优点,例如能传达原文意义,体现原文风格等。据估算,大约70%的句子要用直译方法来处理,所以直译广为译者采用,由此可见直译法之重要。但是,直译具有一定的局限性。例如译文有时冗长罗唆,晦涩难懂,有时不能正确传达原文意义,有时甚至事与愿违。所以,如果不顾场合条件,不顾中外两种语言的差异,一味追求直译,就必然闯红灯,进入误区,造成误译。直译之所以有误区,是因为语言的形式与内容,句子的表层结构与深层意义有时不统一;另一方面,中外文化历史背景不同,造成了不同的思维方式和不同的语言表达形式。不少人批评过直译硬译,指出过直译有局限性,但是直译到底有哪些局限性,它都表现在什么地方。英语直译至少有五大误区,明确这些误区,就要在翻译中避免一些错误,就可在直译行不通的地方采用意译。 一、否定句型中的直译误区

当今最潮的英语翻译

伪球迷biased fans 紧身服straitjacket 团购group buying 奉子成婚shortgun marriage 婚前性行为premartial sex 开博to open a blog 家庭暴力family volience 问题家具problem furniture 炫富flaunt wealth 决堤breaching of the dike 上市list share 赌球soccer gambling 桑拿天sauna weather 自杀Dutch act 假发票fake invoice 落后产能outdated capacity 二房东middleman landlord 入园难kindergarten crunch 生态补偿ecological compensation 金砖四国BRIC countries 笑料laughing stock 泰国香米Thai fragrant rice 学历造假fabricate academic credentials 泄洪release flood waters 狂热的gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 防暑降温补贴high temperature subsidy 暗淡前景bleak prospects 文艺爱情片chick flick 惊悚电影slasher flick 房奴车奴mortgage slave 上课开小差zone out 万事通know-it-all 毕业典礼commencement 散伙饭farewell dinner 毕业旅行after-graduation trip 节能高效的fuel-efficient 具有时效性的time-efficient 死记硬背cramming 很想赢be hungry for success 面子工程face job 捉迷藏play tag 射手榜top-scorer list 学历门槛academic threshold 女学究blue stocking

经典中文英文翻译

经典中文的英译 但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客,每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心,其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能曲,此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己,天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.

合抱之木,生于毫末,九层之台,起于累土;千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮,福之所依;福兮,祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉,见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇,引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月,低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣,数风流人物,还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.

经典广告词中英文翻译

经典广告词中英文翻译2.Obey your thirst.服从你的渴望。(雪碧) 3.The new digital era.数码新时代。(索尼影碟机) 4.We lead.Others copy.我们领先,他人仿效。(理光复印机)5.Impossible made possible.使不可能变为可能。(佳能打印机) 6.Take time to indulge.尽情享受吧!(雀巢冰激凌) 7.The relentless pursuit of perfection.不懈追求完美。(凌志轿车)8.Poetry in motion,dancing close to me.动态的诗,向我舞近。(丰田汽车)9.Come to where the flavor is.Marlboro Country. 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。(万宝路香烟) 10.To me,the past is black and white,but the future is always color.对我而言,过去平淡无奇;而未来,却是绚烂缤纷。(轩尼诗酒) 11. Just do it.只管去做。(耐克运动鞋) 12. Ask for more.渴望无限。(百事流行鞋) 13. The taste is great.味道好极了。(雀巢咖啡) 14. Feel the new space.感受新境界。(三星电子) 15. Intelligence everywhere.智慧演绎,无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机) 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。(百事可乐) 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成,您超越自我。(三菱电工) 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝,拥有世界。(东芝电子) 19. Let’s make things better.让我们做得更好。(飞利浦电子) 20. No business too small, no problem too big. 没有不做的小生意,没有解决不了的大问题。(IBM公司) 1 Good to the last drop 滴滴香浓,意犹未尽麦式咖啡Maxwell 2 Time is what you make of it 天长地久斯沃奇手表Swatch 3Make yourself heard 理解就是沟通爱立信Ericsson 4Start ahead 成功之路从头开始飘柔rejoice 5Diamond lasts forever 钻石恒久远,一颗永流传第比尔斯De Bieeres 6Things go better with Coca-cola 饮可口可乐万事如意 7Connecting people Nokia 科技以人为本诺基亚Nokia 9A Kodak moment 就在柯达一刻柯达Kodak 10Mosquito Bye Bye Bye,蚊子杀杀杀雷达牌驱蚊虫剂RADAR

商务英语翻译练习 - 直译与意译

Translation exercises A.Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 1.I’ve read your articles and I expected to meet an older man. 2.The ship turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of water beside her. 3.To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 4.For White, to disclose his long-held privacy means to strike the heel of Achilles. 5.In the court action, Alain sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness. 6.Jefferson believed that the Baghdad Pact had already been reduced to less than a shadow. 7.We in Zambia would like to build a color-blind society where all can have equal opportunities. 8.Every time Robert visits me, one of my books disappears. I’m beginning to smell a rat. 9.We are very sorry to disappoint you, but hope you will understand that stock offers are a touch-and-go kind of things. 10. What sort of force does the sun exert on the planets which causes the planets to move according to the laws which Kepler has discovered. B.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese In 1776, Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, wrote the wealth of Nations, a book that has had an enormous influence on American economic development. Like many other thinkers, Smith believed that in a capitalist system people are naturally selfish and are moved to engage in manufacturing and trade in order to gain wealth and power. Smith’s originality was to argue that such activity is beneficial because it leads to increased production and sharpens competition. As a result, goods circulate more widely and at lower prices, jobs are created, and wealth is spread. Though people may act from the narrow desire to enrich themselves, Smith argued, “an invisible hand” guides them to enrich and improve all of society. And yet, American industrial development in the 19th century took a toll on working men and women. Factory owners often required them to put in long hours of low wages, provided them with unsafe and unhealthy workplaces, and hired the children of poor families. There was discrimination in hiring: African Americans and members of some immigrant groups were rejected or forced to work under highly unfavorable conditions.

经典英文广告语20条

经典英文广告语20条 经典英文广告语20条 1. Good to the last drop. 滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。(麦斯威尔咖啡) 2. Obey your thirst. 服从你的渴望。(雪碧) 3. The new digital era. 数码新时代。(索尼影碟机) 4. We lead. Others copy. 我们领先,他人仿效。(理光复印机) 5. Impossible made possible. 使不可能变为可能。(佳能打印机) 6. Take time to indulge. 尽情享受吧!(雀巢冰激凌) 7. The relentless pursuit of perfection. 不懈追求完美。(凌志轿车) 8. Poetry in motion, dancing close to me. 动态的诗,向我舞近。(丰田汽车) 9. Come to where the flavor is. Marlboro Country. 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。(万宝路香烟) 10.To me, the past is black and white, but the future is always color.对我而言,过去平淡无奇;而未来,却是绚烂缤纷。(轩尼诗酒) 11. Just do it. 只管去做。(耐克运动鞋) 12. Ask for more. 渴望无限。(百事流行鞋) 13. The taste is great. 味道好极了。(雀巢咖啡) 14. Feel the new space. 感受新境界。(三星电子) 15. Intelligence everywhere. 智慧演绎,无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机) 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。(百事可乐) 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成,您超越自我。(三菱电工) 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝,拥有世界。(东芝电子) 19. Let’s make things better. 让我们做得更好。(飞利浦电子) 20. No business too small, no problem too big.

50个很潮的英文单词

发表日期:2015-09-29 07:48 来源:80后励志网编辑:80后点击:3321次 文章标签: 英语名言教育好文读书励志英语教育 文章导读:英语是国际性的语言,英语在我们的生活中使用率也越来越高,下面这50个很潮的英文单词,年轻人一定要学会哦! 50个很潮的英文单词,年轻人一定要学会! 1.预约券 reservation ticket 2.下午茶 high tea 3.微博 Microblog/ Tweets 4.裸婚 naked wedding 5.亚健康 sub-health 6.平角裤 boxers 7.愤青 young cynic 8.灵魂伴侣 soul mate 9.小白脸 toy boy 10.精神出轨 soul infidelity 11.人肉搜索 flesh search 12.浪女 dillydally girl 13.公司政治 company politics 14.剩女 3S lady(single,seventies,stuck)/left girls 15.山寨 copycat 16.异地恋 long-distance relationship 17.性感妈妈 yummy mummy ; milf(回复中指出的~) 18.钻石王老五 diamond bachelor;most eligible bachelor 20.时尚达人 fashion icon 21.御宅 otaku 22.上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 23.脑残体 leetspeak 24.学术界 academic circle 25.哈证族 certificate maniac 26.偶像派 idol type 27.住房公积金 housing funds 28.个税起征点 inpidual income tax threshold 29.熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club) 30.挑食者 picky-eater 31.伪球迷 fake fans 32.紧身服 straitjacket 33.团购 group buying 34.奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 35.婚前性行为 premarital sex 36.开博 to open a blog 37.家庭暴力 family/domestic violence (由回复更正) 38.问题家具 problem furniture

经典古文英文翻译

经典古文英文翻译CLASSIC LITERATURE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION -- EXTREMELY USEFUL AND HELPFUL 但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客,每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心,其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能曲,此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己,天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. 合抱之木,生于毫末,九层之台,起于累土;千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows from a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮,福之所依;福兮,祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉,见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇,引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月,低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣,数风流人物,还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men. 君子成人之美,不成人之恶。 The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct. 君子独立不惭于影,独寝不愧于魂。 A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone. 君子之交淡如水,小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲,小人甘以绝。 The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the friendship between men without virtue is sweet like wine, yet easily broken. 老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼。 Expend the respect of the aged in one’s family to that of other families; expend the love of the young ones in one’s fa mily to that of other families. 礼尚往来。往而不来,非礼也;来而不往,亦非礼也。 Propriety suggests reciprocity. It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa.

英语 直译与意译-试讲教案

Good morning,class. In the last period we have learned chapter one-General principles of translation. And we have studied two important points: Definition of translation and the competence of a translator. And I will check you in the next class. As what we have mentioned last period, the process of translation consists of two phases: comprehension and expression. (理解和表达) Generally speaking, comprehension is of foremost importance, and express is the natural consequence of thorough comprehension. However, in the practice of translation, we may find that now and then some words in their usual senses are very difficult to deal with because of the disparity between the English and the Chinese language. In this case, we have to resort to some special means of translation. Literal translation and free translation are two alternative approaches to tackle this problem. So, in this class, we are going to learn translation strategies in 1.4.1, literal translation and free translation. To begin with, what’s literal translation and free translation? Please open your books and turn to page 12. Literal translation Vs. Free translation 1. Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics: 1). Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating. 直译把句子作为基本单位,同时在翻译的过程中也考虑整个文本。 2). Literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. 直译是要再现文本的中心内容和原文风格,并且尽可能保留原文的修辞。 2. Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where really impossible for translators to do literal translation. 意译其实是直译的一种补充的翻译手段。意译就是尽可能传达原文的意思和精髓,

经典英语翻译

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9.cometowheretheflavoris.marlborocountry. 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。(万宝路香烟) 10.Tome,thepastisblackandwhite,butthefutureisalwayscolor.对我而言,过去平淡无奇;而未来,却是绚烂缤纷。(轩尼诗酒) 11.Justdoit. 只管去做。(耐克运动鞋) 12.askformore. 渴望无限。(百事流行鞋) 13.Thetasteisgreat. 味道好极了。(雀巢咖啡) 14.Feelthenewspace. 感受新境界。(三星电子) 15.intelligenceeverywhere. 智慧演绎,无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机) 16.Thechoiceofanewgeneration. 新一代的选择。(百事可乐) 17.weintegrate,youcommunicate. 我们集大成,您超越自我。(三菱电工) 18.TakeToSHiBa,taketheworld. 拥有东芝,拥有世界。(东芝电子) 19.Let’smakethingsbetter. 让我们做得更好。(飞利浦电子)

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浅谈英语翻译中的直译和意译 一)、Literal translation 直译(异化法 foreignization ) Free translation 意译(归化法 domestication) 英、汉两种语言在结构和语义表达方面存在着雷同和差异,翻译时有时用直译,有时用意译。 (1)、直译(Literal translation)指不仅忠实于原文内容,而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法. 直译把忠于原文内容放在第一位,把忠于原文形式放在第二位,要求在保持原文内容的前提下,力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋同(无限接近)。 直译把通顺的译文形式放在第三位。 (1.1)直译的应用: (1.1.1)某些习语和短语的翻译,例如 cold war 冷战 hot line 热线 spicy girl 辣妹 black market 黑市 paper tiger纸老虎 Blood is thicker than water 血浓于水 The heart is seen in wine. 酒后吐真言 (1.1.2)含义广为流传,读者较为熟悉的短语、习语等, 直译可以丰富译语语言。例如: A. He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头,还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄鱼的眼泪。 B. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.

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