山东大学英语三

I. Vocabulary and Structure1. — Hello! May I talk to the manager about the price?— A .A. Sorry, he is out at the momentB. No, you can’tC. Sorry, you can’tD. I don’t know2. —I’m terribly sorry that I m ade your table cloth dirty.—__A____.A. Never mindB. Don’t mention itC. That’s rightD. Sorry3. ― Do you mind if I open the window?―____B__ I feel a bit cold.A. Of course not.B. I’d rather you didn’t.C. Go ahead.D. Why not?4. —Excuse me, sir. Where is Dr. Smith’s office?— D .A. You can’t ask meB. Good questionC. Please don’t say soD. Sorry I don’t know, but you can ask the man over there5. — Good morning, sir. May I help you?— C .A. No, I don’t buy anythingB. No, I don’t need your helpC. Yes, I need some saltD. Oh, no. That’s Ok6. Since he left the university, he ___A__ in an accounting company.A. has been workingB. had workedC. had been workingD. was working7. The weather in China is different from __C__.A. AmericaB. in AmericaC. that in AmericaD. one in America8. It was not until dawn ___B__ their way out of the forest.A. when they foundB. that they foundC. did they findD. that they didn’t find9. __A__ he says or does won’t make me change my mind at all.A. Whatever B However C. Which D. How10. We all believe that it’d be hard for him to __C___ extra responsibilities now.A. take apartB. take upC. take onD. take back11. We walked down the stairs instead ____B___ taking the elevator.A. inB. ofC. forD. by12. Time and tide wait _____D____ no man.A. byB. atC. onD. for13. Health _____C____ on good food, fresh air and enough sleep.A. requiresB. requestsC. dependsD. spends14. The last time I saw him he ____B____ of retiring at the end of the year.A. has been talkingB. was talkingC. has talkedD. had talked15. The Dutch language is closely ___C______ to German.A. relevantB. relativeC. relatedD. revealing16. D security, the door was chained as well as locked.A. InB. AsC. WithD. For17. I think of that movie ___B____ one of the worst I’ve ever seen.A. forB. asC. withD. to18. Just ____C____you hate Mr. Green, I dislike his wife.A. beforeB. whileC. asD. when19. In manufacturing, cheaper materials are constantly being substituted _____A______ the better, more expensive kind.A. forB. byC. withD. out20. A bad cold may ___A____ to pneumonia.A. leadB. causeC. resultD. give21. The program aims to provide self-sufficiency C local needs.A. inB. onC. forD. with22. The change _____D___ his income.A. has enactedB. has infectedC. has effectedD. has affected23. Most adults who are learning a foreign language would disagree ___C_____ the statement that it is unnecessary for them to be taught grammar.A. toB. upC. withD. at24. The nuclear family usually ____A____ two parents and their children.A. consists ofB. composes ofC. is consisted ofD. made of25. The motor car has been ____C____ for many changes in the environment.A. tiredB. boredC. responsibleD. interestingII. ClozeThere are 10 blanks in the following passage(s). For each blank there are five choices marked A, B, C, D and E. Choose the ONE that best fits into the passage(s).In China it is relatively usual to ask people their age, but in the West this question is generally regarded as impolite. This is particularly true 36 women, and even more than 37 if the inquirer is a man.However, it is very 38 to ask children their age, and some adults may not mind 39 either. In fact, some elderly people are quite happy to 40 their age, especially if they feel they look young41 their age. Nevertheless, it is not very wise to ask a(n)42 question like "How old are you?". If elderly people want to talk about their age, and perhaps receive a compliment on how young they look, they may easily 43 the topic themselves, and ask the other person to 44 how old they are. 45 such a question, it is quite acceptable to discuss age in a free way. They normally expect to be complimented on their youthfulness, though rather than to be told that they look very old!B36. A. on B. for C. in D. ofA37. A. that B. such C. than D. soB38. A. average B. normal C. expected D. unusualA39. A. being asked B. asking C. to ask D. to be askedC40. A. release B. reflect C. reveal D. remarkD41. A. to B. with C. for D. atD 42. A. open B. strange C. impolite D. directB43. A. bring about B. bring up C. bring along D. bring toA44. A. guess B. know C. learn D. predictB45. A. For B. With C. In D. OnIII. Reading ComprehensionPassage 1Driving cars, trucks and motorcycles is an important part of our lives. We do it every day to get to work, to school or to friends' houses.Driving can be very convenient, but can also cause many problems. Waiting in line at a red light, a driver may get impatient and decide just to drive right through it. If another car is coming from the other direction, there might be a terrible accident. Cutting another car off can make its driver angry, so that driver cuts off someone else. Pretty soon everybody is angry, and impatient.Traffic accidents declare millions of lives every year worldwide. In Taiwan alone, over seven people are killed in accidents every day. The annual death rate (年死亡率) from traffic accidents in Taiwan is twice that of Japan.To allow traffic to move smoothly and safely, everybody must follow the rules. Before you drive, learn all the traffic laws. That way of driving is safe, convenient and even fun!46. The word “convenient ” in the passage means ____A____ .A. handy, easy to doB. that can be changedC. fond of drinking and merry-makingD. carriages or other trucks47. If you cut another car off, its driver may be ___A____.A. impatientB .terribleC. angryD. both A and B48. The sentence " Traffic accidents declare millions of lives "means "___B____".A. Traffic accidents make some people become millionairesB. Many people die from traffic accidentsC. Millions of people say they themselves have had traffic accidentsD. Millions of people remain healthy after traffic accidents49.According to the passage, driving can be safe if ___A___.A. you are patientB. you obey all the traffic rulesC. you don't cut another car offD. you wait in line at a red light50. Which of the following may be the best title for this passage? ____A___.A. Traffic SafetyB. CarefulC. How To Drive A CarD. A Traffic AccidentIV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.一些很有才智在他们的领域很成功的人发现他们自己学习语言有困难。

英语三级作文求职信篇一：英语三级作文绝对有用时间：2012年3月18日。

内容：1．看到昨天《中国青年报》上招聘中文教师的广告，你想申请这份工作；2．你今年28岁, 毕业于复旦大学中文系，获文学硕士学位；3．有3年的工作经验，之前在“华文”培训构做中文教师，自认为能胜任这份工作；4．附上个人简历，期待答复。

March 18, 2012Dear Sirs，China Youth Daily yesterday hiring a teacher teaching Chinese．I am very interested in it．I graduated from Chinese Department, Fudan University with a master’s degree in literature．I am 28．I have worked for three years in Huawen Training Institution after I graduated and I am sure that I can do the job well．．Yours sincerely，Liu Ming说明：假如你是一家旅行社的经理李明。

当地旅游职业学院外事办的王主任4月15日给你写信，询问是否能考虑赞助他们将在6月举办的为期一周的艺术节。

你给工主任写封回信。

时间：2012年4月20日。

1．对他们的艺术节表示感兴趣并理解他们的需要；2．因为你们每年有固定的赞助预算，到明年才能考虑这一事项；3．建议他明年再写信联系并预祝艺术节成功。

赞助sponsorship April 20, 2012Dear Mr. Wang，，which said a week-long art festival will be held in your college in June this year．I am vey interested in this activity，but I regret to say that we havea fixed budget for sponsorship each year and the sponsorship of new items will not be considered until next year．I hope you can understand it．I suggest that you contact us again next year．I hope you will havea truly fruitful art festival．Yours faithfully，r说明：请以李军的名义写一则寻物启事。

第一章1.Which of the following statement is not proper in definingyour core values inlife?答案: Follow the suit of others.2.From the video clip, we learn that to achieve success, we need to have thefollowing qualities except________.答案:luck3.Einstein and Edison are examples cited to illustrate the point that nothingcan inhibit a strong spirit committed to success.答案:对4. A wise selection of sufficient examples and an expert arrangement of theseexamples are two key factors in writing a successful example essay.答案:对5.It’s hard for foreigners to imagine the original representations of Chinesecharacters, without adequate knowledge of Chinese culture.答案:对6.With China’ increased role in the world, more and more foreigners are deeplyattracted by the Chinese language and culture and gradually acquire thelanguage.答案:对7.Yan Fu set his famous translation criteria: the trinity principle of xin, da, yaduring his translation of ____________.答案:Evolution and Ethics8.What are the four periods of Chinese translation history according to thelecture?答案:The contemporary period;1840-1919;1919-1949;The ancientperiod9.How to make your general language specific?答案:Use exact names, time,places and numbers;Use descriptive words10.________________ means that the words you use are precise and they expressyour ideas clearly.答案:Specificity第二章1.When we prepare a speech, we need to recite it word-for-word.答案:错2.Why should we practice our speech before we give it?答案:Because practicewill help you feel confident.3.Which of the following way is not mentioned to confront your worries?答案:Smile, even if it’s fake4.The author was determined to save the boy from the beginning without anyhesitation.答案:错5.The author tried to save the boy, but the rip current seemed to triumph. Thisis the time of the greatest tension and is thus the climax of the plot.答案:错6.Plotting a story well is key to building a cohesive narrative.答案:对7.There are lexical gaps because of the influence of many factors, suchas__________.答案:natural environments;thinking patterns;history;culturaltraditions8.Some culture-loaded words in Chinese without equivalents in English areusually translated through _________.答案:transliteration9.Don’t call me unless it’s a real emergency. This is a __________ sentence.答案:complex10.As periodic and balanced sentences are very impressive, we should use moreof them in writing.答案:错第三章1.Hepburn was a successful actress because of her powerful family background.答案:错2.The United States' highest civilian award refers to the Presidential Medal ofFreedom.答案:对3.Audrey Hepburn impressed us deeply not only for her starring roles in thefilm domain, but also the roles she preferred most as an exemplary motherand a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.答案:对4.Which of the following facts can Not indicate that Audrey Hepburn remainedtrue to herself despite her fame and wealth?答案:She suffered from thebrutality, death and destruction of war.5.Chinese sentences are usually in the topic-comment pattern for its ________prominent feature.答案:topic6.Hypotaxis means the dependent or subordinate construction or relationshipof clauses ______ connectives.答案:with7.Chinese thinking pattern is greatly influenced by Confucianism, emphasizingthe holistic.答案:对8.The river was more than a mile wide, he could not swim across.What’s wrongwith the sentence? It’s a ____________.答案:run-on sentence9.I have many hobbies. Including tennis, chess, and golf.What’s wrong with thesentence? It’s a ____________.答案:sentence fragment10.Every sentence must have a subject and a verb but may not necessarilyexpress a complete thought.答案:错第四章1.According to the lecture, the wonders of reading include: ______.答案:Help youtackle challengs you’ll ever face.;Enable you to be exposed to so manywonderful things.;Improve your imagination and vocabulary.;Exercise yourmind.;Relieve stress for you.2.According to the lecture, travelling can help us to dispel “stereotype” towardan exotic culture for the following reasons except___________.答案:We canenjoy various delicious food.3.Stereotyping is the process of creating a picture of a whole culture,overgeneralizing all people belonging to the same culture as having similarcharacteristics and categorizing people accordingly.答案:对4.Text A in Unit 4 tries to illustrate the reason why we travel – because weneed mental refreshment for creativity.答案:对5.It is cohesive among sentences and paragraphs in a text, such as _________.答案:omission;connective;coordination;substitution6.It is important to distinguish when and how to add subject while doingChinese-English translation.答案:对7.Kelly told her instructor that she had made a mistake.What’s wrong with thesentence?答案:Ambiguous pronoun reference8.An effective sentence should ______________.答案:lay due emphasis on the keywords and phrases;show clear and reasonable connection between the parts of a sentence;express a single complete thought;contain no unnecessarywords9.He visited all the famous historical monuments of this ancient city, and healso found out that the people of the city had to pay heavy taxes. This is aunified sentence.答案:错10.At a basic level, cause-and-effect essays are mainly cause-focused, effect-focused or causes and effects-focused.答案:对第五章1.Selecting a new career path should be a carefully thought-out process. Whatare the suggestions mentioned in the lecture?答案:Embrace the change.;Plan your career in reverse.;Know your talents and strengths.;Identify yourpassion.2.According to the lecture, one common piece of advice you might hear whenlooking for jobs is to “follow your passion.”答案:对3.The body part of Text A is from Paragraph 4 to Paragraph 8. The authorpresents the differences between workers and laborers from differentperspectives. In this part the author uses the ______ when contrasting workers and laborers.答案:point-by-point method4.Text A in Unit 5 argues, by differentiating among work, labor, and play, thatinterest and enjoyment in work are important for the benefit of bothindividual and society.答案:对5.他爱看戏，她爱待在家，他俩总是吵。

2020年山东大学附属中学高三英语下学期期中试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AI truly thought thatI might die that day. Had I not seen three bears and a few wolves over the last couple of days near the road, I might have just lain down and called it quits. What in the world was I thinking, dragging my bike up to Yellowstone and thinking I could ride from West Yellowstone to Old Faithful in the snow? No less!I had planned this trip for more than two months, and I wasn't about to give up so easily. The first few miles were beautiful. Ten miles in, I started sucking wind. Fifteen miles and my legs felt like they were made of lead. By twenty miles, my lungs were burning and felt like there was nothing left in the tank. That was when I turned around and saw my husband and three children cheering me on in the van behind me. I knew I couldn't quit because I tell my children all the time that just because something is hard doesn't mean that you stop doing it. I had to live what I'd been preaching(说教). That thought got me up that mountain and to the end of the ride.The importance of that ride was apparent after only a week. My eight-year-old daughter Emalee wanted to ride in a twelve-mile charity ride. That day was cold as well. She was the youngest rider. About four miles into the ride, she started feeling cold. The chill(寒冷)was making her muscles cramp a little and she began to struggle. By six miles, she had tears running down her face. It broke my heart to see her suffering like that.I told herthat she didn't have to finish. She said that she wouldn't quit. I told her how I had wanted to quit the week before, but perseverance had gotten me to the end and I knew she could do it, too.The look on her face as she pulled into the finish was priceless. She threw her arms around me and said, “You didn't quit, Mommy, so neither did I.”1. What motivated the author to finish her ride?A. Her family's encouragement.B. Her own instruction for children.C. The beautiful scenery and weather.D. The careful and thorough preparation.2. By describing the conditions Emalee met, the author wanted to________.A. show her guilt for her daughterB. prove that riding is a tough taskC. persuade her daughter to give upD. indicate she was proud of Emalee3. What does the author want to tell us according to the story?A. Never say die.B. Do nothing by halves.C. Children are what the mothers are.D. Every mother's child is handsome.BRecently, I experienced a wonderful lesson in how little things still meana lot. My brother, mother and I live in Hawaii. Our farm is at least a dozen miles from even the most basic of services. Therefore, I take weekly trips to the shop to gel supplies. About a month ago, I finished loading up the car and was about to leave when a piece of paper on the ground caught my eye. I picked it up and read it carefully.Immediately, I was grateful that I had done that___4___It was a receipt (收据) from the State Motor Vehicle Division, recording the owner's payment of her Vehicle's Registration fees. I put myself in his or her shoes and thought: no one would throw this away. I looked over the receipt for any personal data, perhaps a license plate (车牌) or telephone number, but failed. How could I find the owner in the busy, crowded parking lot? Had it been lying there for a few minutes or a week? So I checked the date, the fees paid and the name of the owner, who must live in our town. I decided that the best and easiest step to take was to put the receipt in an envelope and send it to the owner first the next morning.By the end of the week, I received a beautiful “thank you” letter from a woman including a handwritten message and a card. In the letter, the woman explained how the wind took her receipt from a pocket in her car's passenger door. She had searched everywhere for quite some time before giving up.It felt great to know I had helped someone avoid a loss by doing something that seemed little and unimportant.4. What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 mean?A. He was lucky to learn the lesson.B. It was a good idea to do shopping that day.C. He was right to pick up the paper.D. It turned out the paper belonged to the writer.5. What information did the writer get from the paper?A The woman's license plate number.B. The woman's phone number.C. The woman's name.D. The woman's address.6. How did the woman lose the receipt?A. She forgot where she had put it.B. A strong wind blew it away.C. It fell onto the floor.D. She left it in the parking lot.7. What can be the best title for the text?A. A Lesson I Will Never ForgetB. Never Lose Heart or Give upC. Little Things Still Mean a LotD. Think Carefully Before You ActCA year ago I received a full scholarship to attend the University of San Francisco. All of my hard work paid off. My mom had spent a lot on my attending a private high school, so I made sure to push myself: I volunteered, took part in various clubs, and graduated with honors. I was so excited to start a new part of my life.Soon enough, the big day came, but it wasn't like what I had thought. The first two weeks were the most difficult days of my entire life. Every night I would cry myself to sleep. I was missing my family, my home and everything in my hometown so much and I didn’t know how to deal with my broken heart.To distract myself, I threw myself into my studies. I also found a ton of jobs. In any free time, I started forcing myself to go to the gym. I wanted to keep every part of my day busy so I wouldn’t think about how lonely I felt. Soon after, I began to control my eating, considering it another solution to my homesickness. But soon there was something wrong with me.Finally, I went to see a doctor. When the doctor told me I had no choice but to take time away from school, I started to fear. How could I stop? School was what I was best at. “I’m not so bad,” I thought in my head. But the result was that I was taken to hospital again a month later and my mother camewoefully. I had to take a semester off from school, and go to the treatment center near my home.If there are girls who are suffering similarly, I hope you know that there is hope and that you should have a positive attitude towards life. Though you may feel alone, there are so many people who can understand your struggle. That’s why I want to share my story.8. Why did the author push herself during high school?A. She wanted to attend the University of San Francisco.B. It cost too much to study in a private school.C. Her parents controlled much of her life.D. Her family put her under pressure,9. What can we know about the author in the first two weeks?A. She couldn't fall asleep because of pressure.B. She couldn't pay attention to her study.C. She couldn't deal with her homesickness.D. She couldn't catch up with others.10. What does the underlined word “woefully” in paragraph 4 mean?A. Sadly.B. Surprisingly.C. Curiously.D. Happily.11. What is the author's purpose in writing this text?A. To look back on her past life.B. To increase her own confidence.C. To express appreciation to her mother.D. To encourage other girls like her to be positive.DOlder adults with a better sense of smell may live longer than thosewho have a poor sense of smell, a new study suggests. The study was a project of researchers in theUnited Statesthat was ongoing for over 13 years. They asked nearly 2,300 men and women to identify 12 common smells. All the subjects were from 71 to 82 years of age. The researchers gave the adults scores, from 0 to as high as 12, based on how many smells they identified correctly.During the years of follow-up investigation, over 1,200 of the subjects died. When the study was launched, none of the adults were weak. They could walk a little under half a kilometer, climb 10 steps and independently complete daily activities. In the latest findings, the researchers noted that those with a weak nose were 30 percent more likely to die than people with a good sense of smell. The findings were reported last month in the scientific publication Annals of Internal Medicine.Honglei Chen, a doctor withMichiganStateUniversityinEast Lansing,Michigan, was the lead writer of a report on the study. He said the connection between a poor sense of smell and an increased risk of dying was limited to adults who first reported good-to-excellent health. This suggests that a poor sense of smell is an early and sensitive sign for worsening health before it is recognizable in medical tests. With a poor sense of smell, people are more likely to die of brain and heart diseases, but not of cancer or breathing disorders.The results also suggest that a poor sense of smell may be an early warning for poor health in older age thatgoesbeyond dementia or other neurodegenerative(神经变性的) diseases. These often signal the beginning of a weakening of the mind or body.12. What do you know about the study mentioned?A. The study involved researchers from the world.B. All the participants were of different ages.C. The study began to be performed about 13 years ago.D. 2 ,300 men and women were young and healthy.13. What was the situation like at the beginning of the study?A. More than 1,200 of the participants passed away.B. Many of the subjects were found with health problems.C. All the subjects were independent of others when walking.D. One third of the participants had a poor smell sense.14. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?A. People with a poor sense of smell have heart disease.B. You should be careful with your health if you smell poorly.C. People with a poor sense of smell won't suffer from cancer.D. Most of the elder people may have the dementia disease.15. Which is the best title for the passage?A. Strong Sense of Smell May Be Linked to Longer LifeB. Old People Tend to Have a Poor Sense of SmellC. A Number of Factors Result in Longer LifeD. Being Ill Means Losing the Sense of Smell第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

一、翻译题（10分）1、骄必败。

正确答案Pride goes before a fall2、无论你将从事哪一门自然科学的研究，对基本化学知识的了解都是十分必要的。

（discipline，pursue)正确答案Regardless of the discipline of natural science you wish to pursue，the basic knowledge about chemistry is necessary3、At times，the crews could work only three hours a day because their activities interfered with the running of the subway.正确答案有时，施工队一天只能工作三个小时，因为他们的工作影响地铁的运行4、Man's knowledge about himself and nature has grown into a variety of sciences.正确答案人类关于自身和自然界的知识，已经发展成了各种门类的科学5、他专门从事进出口贸易。

正确答案He specializes in foreign trade二、英译汉（4分）6、Through my association with Americans during the past six years I hadgradually adopted some of their ways.正确答案在过去六年与美国人的接触中，我已渐渐接受了他们一些行为方式7、At times，the crews could work only three hours a day because their activities interfered withthe running of the subway.正确答案有时，施工队一天只能工作三个小时，因为他们的工作影响地铁的运行三、写作题（30分）8、要求在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目和中文提纲用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。

山东省英语三级考试真题及答案English:The Shan Dong Province English Level 3 exam usually consists of sections testing listening comprehension, reading comprehension, vocabulary and grammar, and writing. The listening comprehension section generally includes multiple choice questions based on recorded conversations or monologues. The reading comprehension section may require test-takers to read and answer questions about written passages. The vocabulary and grammar section typically involves fill-in-the-blank exercises, sentence completion, and error correction tasks. The writing section often requires test-takers to write short essays or respond to prompts. It is important for test-takers to prepare by practicing all aspects of English, including listening, reading, vocabulary, grammar, and writing.中文翻译:山东省英语三级考试通常包括听力理解、阅读理解、词汇和语法以及写作等部分。

2016年山东大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷(总分：72.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.He felt that the uninspiring routine of office work was too______for someone of his talent and creativity.（分数：2.00）A.prosaic √B.insatiableC.exactingD.enthralling解析：解析：本题考查形容词辨析。

根据空前的uninspiring routine of office work(让人提不起精神的办公室日常工作)可知，他觉得工作过于平淡乏味，故答案为prosaic(平淡无奇的，乏味的)。

insatiable 意为“贪得无厌的，不能满足的”；exacting意为“要求严格的，要求高的”；enthralling意为“迷人的，非常有趣的”。

2.The museum arranged the fossils in______order, placing the older fossils dating from the Late Ice Age on the first floor and the more recent fossils on the second floor.（分数：2.00）A.alphabeticalB.chronological √C.randomD.arbitrary解析：解析：本题考查形容词辨析。

根据空后的the older…on the first floor和the more recent…on the second floor可知，博物馆是把化石按一定时间或年代顺序排列的，故答案为chronological(按时间先后顺序排列的，按年代先后顺序排列的)。

alphabetical意为“按字母顺序的”。

College English Test for Non-English Majors of Adult Education（英语三模拟题2）I. Vocabulary and StructureThere are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the One answer that best completes the sentence.1. I think the team’s performance was B by the sudden rain.A. effectedB. affectedC. defectedD. infected2. Tourism has A agriculture as the nation’s main industry.A. replacedB. placedC. taken placeD. substituted3. This district has changed so much since I was last here that I hardly _____B_____ it now.A. seeB. recognizeC. organizeD. admit4. Reducing unemployment will be the main ______A_______ for the new government.A. challengeB. struggleC. warD. fighting5. The old machine won’t _____A______ properly if you don’t oil it regularly.A. affectB. effectC. functionD. practice6. I’m sorry to _______B_______ you, but can you direct me to the railway stationA. worryB. botherC. upsetD. hurry7. The crowd started to ______A_______ when the night fell.A. break outB. break inC. break overD. break up8. _____A______ another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park.A. OnB. ForC. ToD. In9. He came here for a ___B_____ aim.A. regularB. specificC. especialD. famous10. In learning a foreign language, various forms of practice are good ____D______.A. disciplinesB. theoriesC. techniquesD. skills11. Yesterday I went shopping and found a lot of _____B______ in the sale.A. bargesB. bargainsC. barragesD. barracks12. There is no ___C_ ___ for air conditioners during the winter.A. saleB. sellingC. purchaseD. buy13. Eventually, your body will demand that the debt be repaid. (D)A. OtherwiseB. HoweverC. NeverthelessD. Ultimately14. Sleep deprivation also magnifies alcohol’s effects on the body. (A)A. intensifiesB. weakensC. reducesD. expands15. In a ten-year ___D______ from 1976 to 1985, the total world fish catch increased 29%.A. expanseB. expenseC. stanceD. span16. He quickly ____B____ to the climate in the high mountains and finally became an outstanding soldier.A. adoptedB. adaptedC. addictedD. added17. Would you please ___D_____ your visit for a few days, stay a few days longerA. expandB. lengthenC. stretchD. extend18. The more dangers we ___B_____, the harder should we push forward.A. dealB. encounterC. accountD. dispose19. Please ____A______ sure that the house is locked before you leave.A. makeB. takeC. doD. let20. Their traveling expenses amount ______C______ seven hundred dollars.A. forB. withC. toD. about21. Shall I ____B_____ you up at the airport tomorrow morningA. sendB. pickC. seeD. look22. The managing director’s only _____A_____ was how to improve the quality of their products.A. concernB. confirmC. concludeD. confess23. Do you mind D for him for a few minutesA. have waitedB. being waitedC. to waitD. waiting24. There are some famous sayings in D of the magazine.A. the faceB. the beginningC. the initialD. the front25. We ___A______ with you as to the precise meaning of this phrase.A. distinguishB. differentiateC. differD. disintegrate26. All the students must wear ____C_____ at our school.A. costumesB. hatsC. uniformsD. shoes27. The young man managed C from his parents where he was going.A. concealingB. concealedC. to concealD. having concealed28. Hawthorne was chosen to A one of the country’s leading travel firms.A. leadB. coverC. beheadD. head29. A lot of people have ______C______ on the similarity between them.A. saidB. toldC. remarkedD. remade30. There was _____B_______ agreement that it was a splendid wedding.A. ordinaryB. universalC. anniversaryD. reversalII. ClozeThere are 20 blanks in the following passage(s). For each blank are provided four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the passage(s)People tend to sleep more lightly and for shorter time spans as they get older, although they generally need about the same 31 of sleep as they 32 in early adulthood. About half of all people over 65 have 33 sleeping problems, such as insomnia, and deep sleep 34 in many 35 people often become very short or 36 completely. This 37 may be a normal part of aging, 38 it may result from medical problems that are common in elderly people and 39 the medications and 40 treatments for those problems.Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the 41 , even during boring activities, you 42 had enough sleep. If you routinely fall 43 within 5 minutes of lying down, you probably have severe 44 deprivation, possibly even a sleep 45 . Microsleeps, or very brief episodes of sleep in an otherwise 46 person, are another mark of sleep deprivation. In many cases, people are not 47 that they are experiencing microsleeps. The widespread 48 of “burning the candle at both ends”in western industrializedsocieties has 49 so much sleep deprivation that 40 is really abnormal sleepiness is now almost the norm.(C)31. A. account B. number C. amount D. quantity(D)32. A. demanded B. required C. requested D. needed(A)A33. A. frequent B. often C. once D. almost(B)34. A. steps B. stages C. stances D. status(A)35. A. elderly B. oldly C. older D. elder(D)36. A. state B. stay C. start D. stop(B)37. A. shift B. change C. transfer D. vary(A)38. A. or B. and C. but D. else(D)39. A. at B. in C. with D. from(C)40. A. another B. the other C. other D. others(A)41. A. day B. night C. evening D. morning(D)42. A. didn’t B. hasn’t C. hadn’t D. haven’t(B)43. A. sleepy B. asleep C. drowsy D. fainted(C)44. A. asleep B. rest C. sleep D. drowsy(D)45. A. symptom B. disease C. illness D. disorder(B)46. A. wake B. awake C. waking D. awaking(A)47. A. aware B. away C. wary D. wearing(C)48. A. work B. exercise C. practice D. drill(A)49. A. created B. contributed C. conducted D. conduced(D)50. A. it B. this C. which D. whatIII. Reading ComprehensionSection A There are two reading passages in this section. Each passage is followed by 5 questions. Each question is provided with four answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best answers the question.Passage 1A friend of mine named Paul received an automobile from his brother as a Christmas present. On Christmas Eve when Paul came out of his office, a street urchin was walking around the shiny new car, admiring it. “Is this your car, Mister” he asked.Paul nodded. “My brother gave it to me for Christmas.” The boy was astounded. “You mean your brother gave it to you and it didn’t cost you nothing Boy, I wish….” He hesitated.Of course Paul knew what he was going to wish for. He was going to wish he had a brother like that. But what the lad said jarred Paul all the way down to his heels.“I wish,” the boy went on, “that I could be a brother like that.”Paul loo ked at the boy in astonishment, then impulsively he added, “Would you like to take a ride in my automobile”“Oh yes, I’d love that.”After a short ride, the boy turned and with his eyes aglow, said, “Mister, would you mind driving in front of my house”Paul smiled a little. He thought he knew what the lad wanted. He wanted to show his neighbors that he could ride home in a big automobile. But Paul was wrong again. “Will you stop where those two steps are” the boy asked.He ran up the steps. Then in a little while Paul heard him coming back, but he was not coming fast. He was carrying his little crippled brother. He sat him down on the bottom step, then sort of squeezed up against him and pointed to the car.“There she is, Buddy, just like I told you upstairs. His brother gave it to him for Christmas and it didn’t cost him a cent. And some day I’m gonna give you one just like it…, then you can see for yourself all the pretty things in the Christmas windows that I’ve been trying to tell you about.”Paul got out and lifted the lad to the front seat of his car. The shining-eyed older brother climbed in beside him and the three of them began a memorable holiday ride. That Christmas Eve, Paul learned what Jesus meant when he had said: “It is more blessed to give….”B51. The boy was astounded.A. He was very surprised.B. He was so surprised that he was shocked.C. He was extremely surprised.D. The car was so beautiful that he felt excited.A52. Paul looked at the boy…, then impulsively he added, “….”A. he did this without planning and thinkingB. he did this with careful thinkingC. he was impelled by his brother to do thisD. he was forced by his mother to do thisD53. The boy was not coming fast because .A. he was coming down the stepsB. he wanted to sit down on the stepsC. he wanted to see the car clearlyD. he was carrying his crippled brotherD54. He…squeezed up against him and pointed to the car.A. moved closer and touched himB. held him tightly in his armsC. pushed him nearer to the carD. pulled him closer and supported himC55. …the three of them began a memorable holiday ride.A. easy to rememberB. likely to be noticeableC. worth rememberingD. likely to be seenPassage 2No specific food will prevent or ease facial lines. But you can slow your rate of wrinkling by eating the right foods to keep the fat layers under your skin sufficiently plump to maintain a smooth complexion. For example, while one baked sweet potato, eight ounces of orange juice or ten potato chips provide about 100 calories, only the sweet potato and orange juice supply quality calories. The sweet potato is rich in vitamin A, which helps skin cells shed smoothly, and the juice provides vitamin C, which helps form collagen, the supportive substance that gives youthful skin its elastic quality. Good sources of vitamin A include dark-green, orange and deep-yellow vegetables, and orange-colored fruits. Citrus fruits are a good source of vitamin C.Drink plenty of water. Once you’re past your 20s, many of your skin’s natural moisturizers—sweat and oil glands—shut down, and the top layer of skin thins out. As a result, skin no longer holds moisture well. Also, if you don’t drink enough water to replace what you lose every day through urination and perspiration, your body pulls what it needs from your cells, including skin cells, resulting in drier, older-looking skin.To minimize dryness, drink at least eight to ten eight-ounce glasses of water a day. Don’t count drinks such as coffee, tea and cola as part of your daily intake. They contain caffeine, a diuretic that may increase water loss from the skin, as will alcohol.Another symptom of aging you can offset with diet is lowered resistance to illness. However, vitamin E may strengthen the immune system. In an American study, researcher Simin Meydani gave 32 healthy adults over age 60 large doses of vitamin E twice a day for a month. As a result, their lymphocyte function was significantly improved. Foods rich in vitamin E include dark-green, leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts and whole-grain cereals.Food is not a quick fix for aging. But a sound diet—plenty of fiber, water and vitamin-rich, deep-colored fruits and vegetables—is bound to have a positive effect on your overall health and looks.56. To maintain a smooth complexion, you should C .A. slow your rate of wrinklingB. keep a certain fat layer under your skinC. eat some proper foodsD. drink plenty of coffee57. Good sources of Vitamin A comes from A .A. sweet potatoB. orange juiceC. citrus fruitD. tea58. If you don’t drink enough water C .A. sweat and oil glands will shut downB. top layer of skin will thin outC. drier, older-looking skin will appearD. skin no longer holds moisture59. To minimize dryness, the best choice of your daily intake is A .A. waterB. coffee and teaC. colaD. wine60. Proper intake of Vitamin E may B .A. lower resistance to illnessB. improve the immune systemC. increase water loss from the skinD. make a good dietIV. TranslationSection A Translate the following sentences into Chinese.61. Experts in psychology believe that for many people, money is an important symbol of strength and influence.心理学专家认为，对于很多人来说，金钱是一种非常重要的力量和影响力的象征。

英语3—线上一、ClozeMs.Clark is a"mystery shopper，"one of thousands of contract workers that companies hire to pose as regular customers in#1#to gauge customer service，cleanliness and whether a store is selling a product that meets company specifications. Mystery shoppers can be found，or rather，not found，everywhere from restaurants and automotive shops to video rental chains，##2##stores and department stores.They play a constant cat-and-mouse game with store and restaurant employees and managers.However it's not all##3#and games.Once in the field，a mystery shopper will typically work several stores or restaurants per hour，taking mental notes while inside，then joting down##4#notes after they leave.It's important for mystery shoppers to be as exact as possible，because the client companies are looking for data they can use to#5#their panies don't need opinion but facts.Nowadays mystery shoppers are armed with a number of hi-tech devices，such as a digital scale and a digital thermometer，as##6#as a handheld PC for recording the entire experience.It's a challenging job but a rewarding one.Mystery shoppers stay disguised only until the"shop"is finished，and then##7#themselves to the store management and award prizes to employees who provided excellent service.To be a mystery shopper，it's important to be a good observer，but sometimes it's important to have the right profile，#S#.If a secret shopper will be sent in，for example，to do a high-end automotive shop，the##9#must have a particular profile that meets a high-end，luxury car-type buyer profile."It's a challenge to perform your shop without being discovered，"Ms.Clark said，"because most of the people that we work for are very#10#of the mystery shopping program."1、A、the order B、orders C、order D、an order正确答案：C2、A、convenience B、convenient C、conveniences D、convenients正确答案：A3、A、funny B、funnily C、fun D、funs正确答案：C4、A、physical B、practical C.physics D、practice正确答案：A5、A、improve B、prove C、understand D、know正确答案：A6、A、well B、good C、better D、best正确答案：A7、A、refer B、tell C、show D、reveal正确答案：D8、A、too B、also C、either D、s0正确答案：A9、A、representative B、candidate C、delegate D、member正确答案：B10、A、understanding B、aware C、awaking D、knowing正确答案：B二、Cars are an important part of life in the United States.##1#most people feel that they are poor.And even if a person is poor he doesn't feel really poor#2#he has a car.There are three main reasons the car became so popular in the United States.##3##of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it.The car provides the most comfortable and##4#form of transportation.With a car peoplecan go any place without spending a lot of money.The second reason cars are popular is the fact##5#the United States never developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public##6##.Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world.Nowadays there is a good system of air-service##7#by planes.But it is too expensive to be used frequently.The third reason is the most important one，though.The American spirit of independence is##8#really made cars popular.Americans don't like to wait for a bus，or a train or even a plane.They don't like to have to##9##an exact schedule.A car gives them the freedom to schedule their own time.And this is the freedom that Americans want#10#to have.11、A、Without a car B、Not with a car C、Without no car D、With not a car正确答案：A12、A、although B、when C、whether D、but正确答案：B13、A、First B、Firstly C、At first D、The first正确答案：A14、A、cheap B、most cheap C、cheapest D、cheaper正确答案：C15、A、which B、that C、where D、what正确答案：B16、A、movement B、carriage C、shipping D、transportation正确答案：D17、A、providing B、to provide C、provided D、provides正确答案：C18、A、that B、what C、how D、which正确答案：B19、A、follow B、further C、chase D、run正确答案：A20、A、best B、most C、worst D、least正确答案：B三、Reading ComprehensioWhat makes Americans spend nearly half their food dollars on meals away from home？The answers lie in the way Americans ive today.During the first few decacdes of the twentieth century，canned and convenience foods freed the family cook from full-time duty at the kitchen range.Then，in the 1940s，work in the wartime defense plants took more women out of the home than ever before，setting the pattern of the working wife and mother.Today about half of the country's married women are employed outside the home.But，unless family members pitch in with food preparation，women are not fully liberated from that chore.Instead many have become，in a sense，prisoners of the completely cooked convenience meal.It is easier to pick up a bucket of fried chicken on the way home from work or to take the family out for pizzas，or burgers than to start opening cans or heating up frozen dinners after a long，hard day.Also，the rising divorce rate means that there are more single working parents with children to feed.And many young adults and elderly people，as well as unmarried and divorced mature people，live alone rather than as part of a family unit and don't want to bother cooking for one.Fast food is appealing because it is fast，it doesn't require any dressing up，and it offers a"fun"break.21、American women left home to work in large numbers because of Athe increase in food prices B、the need of wartime industryC、the improved living standard D、the modernization of the kitchen正确答案：B22、The phrase"ptch in"in Line 2，Paragraph 2，is closestin meaning to A、"disagree with"B、"eat with good appetite"C、"offer compliment"D、"offer help or support"正确答案：D23、What is a working mother's best choice if she does not have time to prepare dinner for the family according to the passage？A.Makng a meal out of canned food.B、Buying some chicken on the way home and frying it.C、Taking the family to dinner at a piza place.D、Heating up frozen dinners.正确答案：C24、Which of the following groups of Americans are most likely to cook their own meal at home？A、Single working mothers.B、Unemployed women with family.C、Elderly people living alone.D、Unmarried mature people.正确答案：B25、What is this passage mainly about？A、Changes in the American family during World War ll.B、Women's liberation in America.C、Rising divorce rate in America today.D.Reasons for the popularity of fast food in America.正确答案：D四、Translate the following sentences into English26、那栋高楼使我们家照不到阳光。

山东交通学院继续教育学院20 学年第学期《大学英语3》复习题7月无纸化考试复习专用（答案在试卷后）一、单选题Vocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. It rained __________ all summer, which completely spoiled our vacation.A. gracefullyB. graduallyC. suddenlyD. continually2. Police can not find any ________ of the young woman who was involved in the traffic accident.A. tracesB. tracksC. pointsD. spots3.Such great work _____ the expenditure of much money and time.A. acquiresB. inquiresC. requiresD. request4. The natural ______ of our country are leaking away through misuse.A. resourcesB. sourcesC. materialsD. fuels5. The policeman ____ the thief down the road.A. chasedB. rushedC. racedD. ran6. There are more than fifty proposals ____ at the conference.A. discussedB. to be discussedC. discussingD. having been discussed7. The tough conditions caused us to have no choice but to think out various ways to______ the obstacle.A. comfortB. outcomeC. commandD. overcome8. In my point of view, the best way to keep ____ is to go in for sports.A. properB. fitC. correctD. suitable9.It’s certain that this reform will be ____ with a lot of disagreement at the start.A.confrontedB. concentratedC. concludedD. congratulated10. When I _____ rejections, I tell myself to calm down and never give up.A. confuseB. confirmC. conflictD. confront。

SHANDONG UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ENGLISH TEST FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJORS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION（本科第3册）3I. Vocabulary and Structure (15%)There are 30 questions in this section. For each of the questions, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best answers the question.1. Is the city noted D its champagne?A. inB. aboutC. onD. for2. Everyone blames you A a certain mistake.A. onB. forC. inD. against3. The Mississippi River carries great amounts of fine sand and silt into the Gulf of Mexico south ofNew Orleans. DA. collectionsB. moundsC. reservesD. quantities4. In arithmetic, a number stands for the size of a set of things. DA. measuresB. estimatesC. cancelsD. represents5. The theory of plate tectonics provided scientists with a framework for understanding how andwhy the various features of the Earth constantly change. DA. goalB. motiveC. subjectD. structure6. Without exception, the earliest literate societies originated along the banks of great rivers. DA. public librariesB. schoolsC. naval academiesD. communities7. An employment contract can be mutually beneficial to both employer and employee. DA. obviouslyB. hardlyC. frequentlyD. jointly8. The school ____D______ is worn on the boys’ caps.A. stampB. labelC. figureD. badge9. The committee was under ____B_________ to reach agreement before midnight.A. dutyB. pressureC. controlD. influence10. If you ask me, she _____A______ too high an opinion of herself.A. keepsB. takesC. hasD. feels11. His business is growing so fast that he has to ____B________ more workers.A. take upB. take onC. take overD. take out12. At that time they were poor and they went _______D______ a difficult time.A. downB. along withC. in forD. through13. New ways must be found to facilitate the ___B_____ of the problem.A. revisionB. solutionC. decisionD. conclusion14. One’s mastery of a foreign language is largely deter mined by his ___D____ to the language.A. measureB. exposureC. pressureD. seizure15. She couldn’t understand his ____C_____ of country life to city life.A. likingB. referenceC. preferenceD. loving16. The rapid ___A_____ of the country into a world power surprised the world.A. changeB. shiftC. growthD. break17. The __A_____ of the various sciences are in some way more important than the sciencesthemselves.A. applicationB. useC. usageD. implication18. In recent years, the ___C____ of a wide variety of electronic tools has greatly speeded up the chemists’ work.A. productionB. researchC. developmentD. making19. City dwellers may not be conscious of their ___D_______ of water because water supply isconvenient in the city.A. carefulnessB. hatefulnessC. gratefulnessD. wastefulness20. Before 1949, many poor children in China died of ____B_____.A. shortageB. starvationC. hungerD. anger21. The use of wild animals in circuses was an innovation first introduced in the United States. DA. a numberB. a programC. a musical spectacleD. a new idea22. In his The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway celebrates the indomitable courage of an elderly fisherman. CA. discussesB. investigatesC. praisesD. analyzes23. People who live in cold climates eagerly look forward to warm, ___C______ summer holidays.A. airyB. stuffyC. sunnyD. clean24. Why do we have to put up with this ___D_______?A. worryB. anxietyC. eagernessD. disturbance25. A motor-car may be regarded as a ___B_______ wealth.A. personnelB. personalC. individualD. single26. His illness may result C malnutrition.A. inB. toC. fromD. for27. The manager will have to hire two people to make up B the lost time.A. inB. forC. onD. of28. _____D_______ between them while they waited for the girl to come back.A. A word was hardly saidB. A word was said hardlyC. Hardly a word was saidD. Hardly was said a word29. They supposed he was ____D_____ man to be allowed to miss his flight.A. a too important aB. a too importantC. too importantD. too important a30. A motorway was ____B ___ through the garden of one house.A. buildingB. being builtC. builtD. gong to buildII. Cloze (10%)There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best fits into the passages.The great power of tornadoes is almost (31) . The speed of this whirling funnel-shaped (32) may be more than 500 (33) per hour. It can tear up trees, carry buildings away, and can even lift large trucks (34) the highway. The tornado is like a giant vacuum sweeper that (35) up anything in its (36) . Experts believe that the most violent force of a tornado is (37) inside the funnel, where a vacuum is created because of very low air pressure. When this vacuum moves (38) a building which is filled with air under (39) pressure, the difference between the air pressure inside the building and that outside causes the building to explode. The largest tornado (40) record had a funnel a mile wide.There are many interesting stories about the strange things that tornadoes have done in the U.S. Common wheat (41) has been driven several inches (42) posts and trees. Buildings have been (43) completely around on their foundations and have remained (44) . People and animals have been (45) hundreds of feet, often suffering no physical harm. Feathers have been (46) from chickens. Cars, trucks, and even whole freight-trains have been carried away.A few years ago in the (47) of Indiana, three people were walking into a church just as a tornado (48) . Two walked up the steps into the church building and the third person went (49) into the basement. In that moment, the church building was carried away and the two persons (50) were killed. The one in the basement was not hurt.31. A. inbelievable B. unknowable C. unseeable D. unbelievable D32. A. storm B. wind C. rain D. breeze D33. A. miles B. meters C. inches D. feet A34. A. above B. over C. off D. up D35. A. sucks B. breathes C. stuck D. struck A36. A. passing B. path C. pass D. past B37. A. seen B. looked C. sought D. found A38. A. beyond B. into C. over D. off C39. A. normal B. ordinary C. common D. usual A40. A. in B. of C. off D. on A41. A. stick B. branch C. straw D. grass C42. A. inside B. into C. onto D. past C43. A. turned B. moved C. shifted D. switched C44. A. unchanged B. unwounded C. uninjured D. undamaged D45. A. brought B. taken C. carried D. fetched C46. A. removed B. broken C. infected D. split A47. A. county B. city C. state D. province C48. A. stub B. struck C. stuck D. stuff B49. A. over B. above C. down D. up C50. A. upward B. upstairs C. downstairs D. downward BIII. Reading Comprehension (40%)There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some True-False questions or Multiple-Choice questions. Choose among A, B, C, and D or between T and F to answer each question. Write the letter of your choice on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1If we view a science as a body of systematized knowledge, then chemistry is usually called a natural science because it is concerned with knowledge of the natural world. At times we may wonder why there is no complete system into which all of chemistry fits perfectly. Gaps in the present system, however, show that chemis try is still a growing subject and that we haven’t yet discovered all of its facts, laws, and theories. In other words, chemistry as a science is very much with us today, and its future holds the bright promise of much more to come.Man’s knowledge about h imself and nature has grown into a variety of sciences. The growth of the separate sciences has been more developmental than intentional. The separation of the naturalsciences into physical and biological sciences, and physical sciences into physics and chemistry, happily breaks up a larger body of knowledge into more manageable parts. At the same time we should remember that the concepts, techniques, and applications of the various sciences are interdependent and not exclusively a part of one science or another. In this respect, chemistry is a key science among the natural sciences because everyone, regardless of the area of natural science he wishes to pursue, needs at least an introduction to the principles and simpler applications of chemistry as a foundation for his specialty.Chemistry deals with the properties of matter, changes in matter, the laws and principles describing these changes, and the concepts and theories that interpret them. Traditionally, chemistry has evolved into four provinces: organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical chemistry.The traditional area of organic chemistry is concerned primarily with compounds of carbon, and inorganic chemistry deals with non-carbon compounds. Physical chemistry, a productive marriage of physics with chemistry, includes the problems of chemical reactions, the energy associated with them, the structure of molecules, and the nature of various states of matter. Analytical chemistry emphasizes the development of precise methods of analyzing the chemical composition of substance. Analysis may be qualitative (what is in it?) or quantitative (how much of each component is in it?). In recent years, the development of a wide variety of electronic tools has greatly speeded up the chemist’s work and has made poss ible more accurate measurements as well as measurements of new factors.Chemistry has grown up as a discipline during the past 200 years. It is younger than astronomy but older than psychology. Today, when a student begins to study a discipline, such as chemistry, it may appear to him that the subject is completely “worked out,” that all the answers have been found, and that there is nothing new to discover. Because there is a huge body of knowledge — facts, theories, and applications—already worked out, this impression is understandable. However, more new chemistry than ever is now being discovered in these three areas. There are over tow million entries in the current index to the chemical literature each year, and at least 300,000 new compounds are made annually. An intellectual discipline must provide for freedom of exchange of ideas, discoveries, and applications. Consequently, an intellectual discipline thrives best in an academic atmosphere.51. If we view a science as a body of …. CA. examineB. look atC. considerD. watch52. Gaps in the present system, however, show that …. DA. distanceB. an empty space between two objectsC. differenceD. a lack (of something)53. Chemistry deals with the properties of matter, …. BA. possessionB. qualityC. ownershipD. fortune54. Chemistry has grown up as a discipline…. DA. obedience and self-controlB. punishmentC. a method of trainingD. a branch of learning55. There are over two million entries in the current index to… B.A. entranceB. a listC. a gateD. the right to enterPassage 2For centuries town and country have been regarded as being in opposition to each other. It has been suggested that the superficial differences between the two—wide-open spaces contrasting withbrick and concrete—are less important than the contrasting attitudes of town and country.I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is this dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in noisy massive tower blocks. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or other blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervous, staying at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated form the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don’t even say hello to each other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There’s little possibility o f going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds neurosis and a feeling of isolation—constant noise batters the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the centre of things, and that life doesn’t come to an end at half past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two; they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of the large cities.56. In the author’s opinion, ____C_____.A. city life is better than country lifeB. country life is better than city lifeC. city life and country life have their own advantages and disadvantages eachD. neither of city life and country life is desirable57. All the following are advantages of country life except that C .A. it has fresh airB. people there are more friendly to each otherC. it is cut off from the outside worldD. it is peaceful58. All the following are disadvantages of city life except that B .A. people are more isolated from each otherB. life doesn’t come to an end at half past nine at nightC. it is dirty and noisyD. it is crowded59. All the following about people living in the country are right except that A .A. they live a more convenient life.B. they are easier to find help.C. they have a stronger sense of community.D. they live a less exciting life.60. The compromise between country life and city life is B .A. to live in the city for a period of time and then in the country for anotherB. to work in the city and live in a nearby villageC. to give up the job and live in the countrysideD. to live in the countryside after retirementPassage 3Geologists have been studying volcanoes for a long time. Though they have learned a great deal, they still have not discovered the causes of volcanic action. They know that the inside of the earth is very hot, but they are not sure exactly what causes the great heat. Some geologists have thought that the heat is caused by the great pressure of the earth’s outer layers. Or the heat may be left from the time when the earth was formed. During the last sixty years, scientists have learned about radium, uranium, and other radioactive elements. These give out heat all the time as they change into other elements. Many scientists now believe that much of the heat inside the earth is produced by radioactive elements.Whatever the cause of the heat may be, we do know that the earth gets hotter the farther down we dig. In deep mines and oil wells the temperature rises about 1℉ for each 50 feet. At this rate the temperature 40 miles below the earth’s surface would be over 4,000℉. This is much hotter than necessary to melt rock. However, the pressure of the rock above keeps most materials from melting at their usual melting points. Geologists believe that the rock deep in the earth may be plastic. In other words, the ro ck yields slowly to pressure but is not liquid. But if some change in the earth’s crust releases the pressure, the rock melts. Then the hot, liquid rock can move up toward the surface. When the melted rock works its way close to the earth’s crust, a volcan o may be formed. The melted rock often contains steam and other gases under great pressure. If the rock above gives way, the pressure is released. Then the sudden expansion of the gases causes explosions. These blow the melted rock into pieces of different sizes and shoot them high in the air. Here they cool and harden into volcanic ash and cinders. Some of this material falls around the hole made in the earth’s surface. The melted rock may keep on rising and pour as lava. In this way, volcanic ash, cinders, and lava build up the cone-shaped mountains that we call volcanoes.61. Geologists have discovered the causes of volcanic action. F62. The deeper we dig, the hotter the earth is. T63. Rocks deep in the earth melt when the pressure from the rock above is lost. T64. The explosions blow the melted rock into pieces of different sizes and shoot them high in the airso that they cannot be found again. F65. V olcanoes are cone-shaped mountains built up by volcanic ash, cinders and lava. TPassage 4Individuals receive most of their income as suppliers of the factors of production. As laborers they receive wages. As landlords they receive rent. As lenders of money capital they receive interest. As owners, or part owners, of business firms they receive an income that is partly interest and partly profits. Their decisions in disposing of this income determine what goods will be produced and in what quantities.In primitive times, individuals and families satisfied their own wants directly by hunting and fishing and gathering wild foods. If they had clothing, it was the skins of animals they had killedthemselves. They built their own shelter in the form of huts or of tents made from skins. Later some people started to raise agricultural products and others started to breed domesticated animals for their own use. As long as these conditions persisted, the economy was simple to understand and explain.Later, however, we began to have some specialization and division of labor. Some skilled individuals began to devote most of their time to making bows and arrows and trading them to the hunters for meat. Some people discovered how to make clay pots and traded them to others for agricultural products. In some places people discovered how to weave cloth and traded the cloth for other products. Most primitive tribes developed some form of money to overcome the difficulties of direct barter exchange.Our present economic system represents an extremely high development of this principle of specialization and division of labor. Few people now produce goods for their own use and almost no one produces all the different kinds of goods that he wishes to use. Instead we find large numbers of individuals who devote all their working time to making a small part of one particular article or performing one particular operation in a productive process. Others are performing various kinds of specialized services. Most people sell their productive services for money and then use the money to buy goods and services that are produced by a large number of other people. Some people are engaged in making machines that will be used to make other machines or tools with which to manufacture goods.This process of specialization and division of labor results in a tremendously greater output of goods and services than would be possible without it. It also makes us extremely dependent upon other people both to buy the goods or services that we help to produce and to supply the goods or services for us to buy that we do not produce for ourselves. This interdependence contributes to the complexity and severity of many problems arising out of changes in economic activity. In spite of the problems created by interdependence, almost no one advocates a return to a system of individual family self-sufficiency. Not only would a return to self-sufficiency mean a greatly reduced standard of living; it is doubtful if the present population could even be maintained under such a system. 66. The individuals’ decisions in disposing of their money determine what goods will be producedand how many of each kind of goods will be produced. T67. The specialization and division of labor made the economy simpler to understand and explain. F68. Money was developed as a means to overcome the difficulties of direct barter exchange. T 68. Specialization and division of labor greatly speeded up the development of economy. T 70. The interdependence among people in modern society makes economic problems more complexand severe. TIV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (10%)71. Well do I remember the stories he told me about his childhood.我十分记得他告诉我他童年的故事。

山大国际学术交流英语课后答案1、单选题：The self-introduction speech is usually called at __________. 选项：A:business and academic settingB:graduation ceremonyC:family settingD:informal setting答案: 【business and academic setting】2、单选题：A monologue, as a form of self-introduction speech, means __________.选项：A:you just stand up and introduce yourselfB:you introduce yourself to one teamC:you just stand up and introduce one of your friendsD:you introduce a colleague to your team答案: 【you just stand up and introduce yourself】3、单选题：Your self-introduction speech should be __________.选项：A:sincere and seriousB:funny and shortC:short and sweetD:specific and informative答案: 【short and sweet】4、单选题：There are some helpful tips for self-introduction except __________ 选项：A:use some attractive languageB:write an outline in advanceC:try to be calm and relaxedD:being well prepared for the speech答案: 【use some attractive language】5、单选题：When you introduce yourself in academic settings, you __________. 选项：A:must take your name cards with youB:you can tell a jokeC:can sit on the chairD:need to stand答案: 【need to stand】6、单选题：If you are an outsider to the audience, it’s much better that theperson introducing you is __________.选项：A:a friendB:an organizerC:an insiderD:a boss答案: 【an insider】7、单选题：In order to ensure the introduction sounds authentic, the introducer should __________.选项：A:make his introduction well preparedB:add something unexpected to the introductionC:share some funny things with the audienceD:put his own personal spin on the introduction答案: 【put his own personal spin on the introduction】8、单选题：__________ is effective when trying to connect with an audience.选项：A:The sincere attitudeB:The good preparationC:The real informationD:The self-depreciating humor答案: 【The self-depreciating humor】9、单选题：What is the best way if you want to know what to keep and what to cut from your introduction?选项：A:Previewing.B:Reviewing.C:Rehearsing.D:Memorizing答案: 【Rehearsing.】10、单选题：What moments of a presentation are precious?选项：A:The last few moments.B:The first few moments.C:The serious moments.D:The relaxing moments答案: 【The first few moments.】第二章单元测试1、单选题：____________ can correct themselves and change their utterances asthey go along.选项：A:WritersB:SpeakersC:ColumnistsD:Authors答案: 【Speakers】2、单选题：__________ is used for immediate interactions.选项：A:CardsB:SpeechC:EmailsD:Letters答案: 【Speech】3、单选题：__________ tends to be more complex and intricate. 选项：A:Written languageB:MonologueC:DialogueD:Conversation答案: 【Written language】4、单选题：There is more need for ____________ to explain things clearly and unambiguously.选项：A:writersB:speakersC:storytellersD:commentators答案: 【writers】5、单选题：__________ can use tone to add emotional context.选项：A:WritersB:ColumnistsC:AuthorsD:Speakers答案: 【Speakers】6、单选题：A presentation doesn’t sound natural because ________________选项：A:the way the presenter presents himself/herself is not appropriateB:the language is not accurateC:there is no proper organizationD:there is no enough information答案: 【the way the presenter presents himself/herself is not appropriate】7、单选题：While doing presentation you should try your best to make it __________.选项：A:sound professionalB:formal and seriousC:as academic as possibleD:interesting and attractive答案: 【interesting and attractive】8、单选题：Which of the following sayings is more formal? ____________ 选项：A:I came across him yesterday.B:I ran into him.C:I bumped into him yesterday.D:I met him yesterday.答案: 【I met him yesterday.】9、单选题：Model adjectives can help audience understand the ________ of the presenter.选项：A:reputationB:viewpointsC:professionD:title答案: 【viewpoints】10、单选题：When you do presentations, you should use discourse markers to serve the following purposes except __________.选项：A:to show the audience how excellent your language skills areB:to start something newC:to see if the audience understand you wellD:to tell the audience when to begin and when to end答案: 【to show the audience how excellent your language skills are】。

山东财经大学大学英语三级B级-翻译专项试题一、大学英语三级翻译英译汉1．People’s attitudes towards gift giving may vary from country to country．A．人们的态度是国家之间要送礼物。

B．不同的国家的人对送礼的态度各不相同。

C．国与国之问人们对送礼物的看法不尽相同。

D．各国人们送礼的做法都在变化。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“attitude”和“vary”这两短语意思的理解。

“attitude”意为“看法”，而不是“态度”、“做法”，“vary”是“各不相同”的意思，并不是“变化”。

因此选项A、B和D均存在不同程度的理解错误。

知识模块：英译汉2． Not until the problem 0f talents and funds is solved, is our talking about the project meaningful．A．不到解决人才和资金问题的时候，无须讨论这项工程的。

B．讨论这项工程有无意义要看人才和资金问题能否得到解决。

C．只有解决了人才和资金问题，讨论这项工程才有意义。

D．解决人才和资金问题与讨论这项工程具有同样重要的意义。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“Not until…”这个句型的理解。

该句表示强调，意为“直到……才”。

选项D对句型理解有误。

选项A和选项B没有把强调的语气翻译出来，且选项A后半句有漏译现象。

知识模块：英译汉3．The general manager public relations person as well as the head of the company’s management.A) 总经理不仅要当好公关人员，而且要领导好公司。

B) ，也一定要当好公司的领导。

C) 总经理不仅是公司的管理首脑，还必须起某种公关人物的作用。

D) 总经理要管理好自己的公司，首先必须管理好公司的公关人员。

英语三I。

Vocabulary and StructureThere are 30 incomplete sentences in this part。

For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A，B, C，and D. Choose the One answer that best completes the sentence。

1. Do you want to come for a B on my motorbike？A。

run B。

ride C。

drive D. walk2。

The repairs to my car C me a lot of money。

A。

worth B。

prize C. cost D. spend3. ____A_____ there is no opposition，I will act as representative of our class。

A. provided (that）B. supposed (that）C. opposed （that)D. proved (that）4. She _____D____ （up ) her forehead in disgust。

A. looked B。

pushed C. pulled D. wrinkled5。

Something has to be done D the recent rise in unemployment.A. to counter B。

to count C. to account D。

to encounter6. The party leader is an extreme left—winger，but his deputy is more B in his views。

A。

modest B。

moderate C。

monitor D。

modern7。

英语话中华_山东大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.What’s the name of the summit of Mount Taishan?答案:Yuhuang Summit.2.What’s the original source of the Yangtze River?答案:The Tanggula Range.3.When was the present Great Wall mainly completed?答案:During the Ming Dynasty.4.What is the Liangzhu culture noted for?答案:Jade.5.What kind of invention did Bi Sheng make?答案:The moveable-type printing.6.Who had played a key role in exploring the trade route between east andwest in the Western Han Dynasty?答案:Zhang Qian.7.Which of the following is true about the Maritime Silk Road?答案:All of the above.8.When has Chinese architecture had a major influence on the architecturalstyles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan?答案:Since the Tang Dynasty.9.Which gardens in Suzhou are included in the “Four Famous Gardens” inChina?答案:The Humble Administrator’s Garden and the Lingering Garden.10.Which of the following is true about Shanghai Tower?答案:Shanghai Tower has curved façade and spiraling form which symbolizes the dynamic emergence of modern China.11.Which palace doesn’t belong to the Five Grand Palaces of the World?答案:The Summer Palace.12.Which of the following is a popular activity on Mid-autumn Festival?答案:Families sitting together to appreciate the full moon.13.Scholars generally believe that Dragon Boat Festival originated in old__________.答案:Wuyue area14.In traditional Chinese culture, people commemorate the dead on QingmingFestival by _____.答案:bring offerings to their tombs15.Which of the following is not mentioned about traditional Spring Festivalcouplets?答案:They are usually written on golden paper.16.Who is said to have discovered tea?答案:Shen Nong.17.Which is not a distilled spirits?答案:Beer.18.What should you do when clinking with other diners?答案:Put your glass lower to show respect.19. What cuisine represents the southern Chinese dishes?答案:Yue cuisine.20.Which of the following stories is not related to Wang Xizhi?答案:“Rising up upon hearing the crow of the rooster”21.Which of the following is not true about Chinese painting?答案:It is traditionally more realistic than Western painting. 22.Paper-cut uses the following tools except_____.答案:brush23.In Peking Opera, which role requires a high level of martial arts skills?答案:Wusheng.24.What is the most distinctive feature of cheongsam?答案:Peculiar fashion design.25.Which of the following is not the feature of Hanfu?答案:Barrel waistline.26.Which of the following is not true about Chinese fashion in the 21st century?答案:Chinese fashion was still exclusive to the world.27.According to the Five Elements theory, what is the relationship between fireand earth?答案:Fire creates Earth.28.Who is the author of The Compendium of Materia Medica?答案:Li Shizhen.29.Who is the doctor to make Chinese anesthetic drug, Mafisan?答案:Hua Tuo.30.When was Tu Youyou awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine?答案:In 2015.31.In couplets we often read “May your fortune be as boundless as the easternseas and your life be as long as the long-lasting_______________ mountains”.答案:southern32.Flowing to the lower reaches, the Yellow River develops into a “____________river” where the riverbed is actually higher than the surrounding land.答案:suspending33. The Great Wall functioned as an extremely powerful _________ systemwarding off the invasions from nomadic tribes in the north.答案:defense34.Confucius is commonly known as “Role Model for________ through the Ages”.答案:Teachers35. Xuanzang had made huge contributions to the prosperity of the spreadof________ in the Tang Dynasty.答案:Buddhism36.The Belt and Road _________ can also be called “The Belt and Road”.答案:Initiative37.During ancient Chinese architecture’s long-standing development, _________ isthe most significant architecture feature and wisdom of Chinese craftsmen.答案:timberwork38.Besides emperors and empresses, the top _____ examinees of the annual finalimperial exams walked through the Meridian Gate.答案:three##%_YZPRLFH_%##339.In addition to six towering trees with more than 100 years old, 108decorative openwork __________ are famous within Surging Waves Pavilion.答案:windows40.Some people eat tangyuan on Near Year’s Eve as it symbolizes _____答案:unity41.Qu Yuan was in despair and drowned himself in _____ River.答案:Miluo42. Color, aroma and _________ are three essential considerations of Chinesecuisine.答案:taste43.Unlike black tea, dark tea or oolong tea, green tea is not __________ at all.答案:fermented44.The Four Anhui Opera Troupes come to Beijing in 1790 for the birthday ofEmperor _____.答案:Qianlong45.The block-printed Chinese New Year pictures originated from _______ inancient China.答案:Door Gods##%_YZPRLFH_%##Gods of Door46.In the Han Dynasty, Shenyi means wrapping the body deep within the clothes,and ________is one of the daily clothes worn by women.答案:Ruqun47.The four ________ of Zhongshan Suit were said to have the moral of fourvirtues about “propriety, justice, honesty and honor”(仁义廉耻) of Chinese nationality.答案:pockets48.In treatment practices of TCM, _________ has been listed as the IntangibleCultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.答案:acupuncture49.Among the four diagnostic methods, _________is the essence of TraditionalChinese Medicine.答案:palpation50. _________ is titled as China's King of Medicine.答案:Sun Simiao。

1.What is the nature of language?The nature of language is the nature of human thought and human action, for language is neither more nor less than the tool of both of these aspects of human nature. A word is either the shadow of an act or of an idea. Verbal sounds have no meaning in themselves. They are the channels, the media for the expression or communication of that which lies outside of them. Plato has made clear to us how easy it is to deceive ourselves with words, to labor under an impression that just because we can utter a sound we also necessarily know what we are talking about.A language is defined as "a systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds gestures or marks having understood meanings.", and "is a tool for communication". In most common use of language, these signs are the words which we employ in such a way that they may communicate ideas or feelings. Communication, that is, the conveyance of an idea or emotion from one to another, relies largely upon language, and rightly so, as it is a powerful tool when employed correctly. However, misunderstandings in communication occur when two people have a different understanding of their language, or they use language in sucha way that it results in communication which is unclear or vague.2.What are the differences between traditional grammar and modernlinguistics?Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; it collects authentic and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.Modern linguistic is DESCRIPTIVE (to describe the way people speak), whilst traditional grammar is PRESCRIPTIVE (to prescribe the way people speak, or simply, to tell people how to speak and let people know the correct way of their speaking) Traditional Grammar is a framework used to describe the structural pattern and rules in a language called syntax functions. A language is a composite form of vocal articulation and written form using the sets of rules of that vocalization or writtenstructure of communication in any native language.Tradition grammar pays more attention to the written form of language, while linguistics attaches more importance to speaking than writing. Traditional grammar has been restricted mainly to SYNTAX, that is, the way of words making patterns to form sentences, while linguistics has a boarder scope for researching, e.g. pragmatics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, est. which, accordingly, are out of the scope of traditional grammar.3.How can the speech sounds of the English language be classified?An initial classification will divide the speech sound into two broad categories: vowels and consonants.Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterion, the .openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in classification of vowels is the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and central vowels are rounded vowels, and all the back vowels are rounded.In English, there are five letters which always represent a vowel when written: a, e, i, o, and u. these five letters represent more than five vowel sounds, however, depending on the word, or if they are combined with other vowels. Compare the letter a in the words hat and hate as one of many examples.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides, bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal.A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a constriction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract. The word consonant comes from Latin meaning "sounding with" or "sounding together", the idea being that consonants don't sound on their own, but only occur with a nearby vowel; this conception ofconsonants, however, does not reflect a modern linguistic understanding, which defines them in terms of vocal tract constrictions.There are a group of consonants called sonorant that sometimes act as vowels, occupying the peak of a syllable, and sometimes act as consonants. For example, in English, the sound [m] in "mud" is a consonant, but in "prism", it occupies an entire syllable, as a vowel would.4.What contributions did Saussure make to the development of modernlinguistics?Saussure was a noted linguist whose theories on the structure of language had a profound effect on modern linguistics and Literary Theory. His system was based on the concepts of the signifier (sound image or graphic), the referent (object or real thing) and the signified (concept or meaning). He posited that the connection between the signifier and the signified was an arbitrary one based on conventions of politeness. Another key to his theories is the idea of difference: he believed that signification was a function of difference.Saussure is known as the "Father of Modern Linguistics" Because of his work with Indo-European languages. In Paris and in Geneva, between 1881 and 1891, he studied Sanskrit, comparative languages and linguistics. Three years after his death, his students published his notes on the structure of language which had a profound influence on modern linguistics and Semiology.Its central notion is that language may be analyzed as a formal system of di fferential elements, apart from the messy dialectics of real-time production and comprehension. Examples of these elements include the notion of the linguistic sign, the signifier, the signified, and the referent.5.What is phoneme? How can you determine whether a sound is a phoneme?A phoneme is a member of the set of the smallest units of speech that serve to distinguish one utterance from another in a language or dialect.It’s is a set of similar sounds which contrasts with other such sets to differentiate words.A “phoneme” is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. For example, the phoneme[p] is represented differently in [pit], [tip] and [spit].In a language or dialect, a phoneme is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances.Thus a phoneme is a group of slightly different sounds which are all perceived to have the same function by speakers of the language or dialect in question. An example of a phoneme is the /k/ sound in the words kit and skill. (In transcription, phonemes are placed between slashes, as here.) Even though most native speakers don't notice this, in most dialects, the k sounds in each of these words are actually pronounced differently. The reason why these different sounds are nonetheless considered to belong to the same phoneme in English is that if an English-speaker used one instead of the other, the meaning of the word would not change.6.How can you define meaning?Meaning is central study of communication.In linguistics, meaning is what is expressed by the writer or speaker, and what is conveyed to the reader or listener. Meaning is inferred from objects or concepts expressed by words, phrases or sentences in semantics. Meaning is inferred from the current context as intended by the writer or speaker in pragmatics. Ambiguity in meaning may cause confusion in what is conveyed, and lead to different interpretations of the current context.Pragmatics studies the ways that context affects meaning. The two primary forms of context important to pragmatics are linguistic context and situational context. Pragmatics, then, reveals that meaning is both something affected by and affecting the world. Meaning is something contextual with respect to language and the world, and is also something active toward other meanings and the world.Semantics is the study of meaning as conveyed through signs and language. Semantics can refer to the literal or intended meaning of speakers and writers. Semantics is studied in many branches of science and consequently how meaning is studied may vary. Understanding how facial expressions, body language, and tone affects meaning, and how words, phrases, sentences, and punctuation relate to meaning are two examples of what Semanticists study.7.How can you distinguish conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Take 'The sun rises in the east' for example. The word sun here means 'a heavenly body which gives off light, heat, and energy', a concept which is understood by anyone who speaks English.Associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker. They, in turn, can be broken up into six sub-types: connotative, collective, social, affective, reflected and thematic The connotative meanings of an expression are the thoughts provoked by a term when in reference to certain entities. Though these meanings may not be strictly implied by relevant definitions, they show up in common or preferred usage regardless. This is not to be confused with what is historically referred to as connotation, which more closely describes rigid definitions of words. Collocative meaning, or "collocation", describes words that regularly appear together in common use (within certain contexts).Social meaning, where words are used to establish relationships between people and to delineate social roles. For example, in Japanese, the suffix "-san" when added to a proper name denotes respect, sometimes indicating that the speaker is subordinate to the listener; while the suffix "-chan" denotes that the speaker thinks the listener is a child or childlike (either for purposes of affection or derision).Affective meaning has to do with the personal feelings or attitudes of the speaker. Reflected meaning has to do with when one sense of a particular wordaffects the understanding and usage of all the other senses of the word. Thematic meaning concerns itself with how the order of words spoken affects the meaning that is entailed.An initial classification will divide the speech sound into two broad categories: vowels and consonats8.Will you please distinguish the following terms: entailment,presupposition, and implicature?.Entailment, as used by philosophers, is a term of art that, unlike logical consequence, lacks a precise definition that is consistently adhered to by those who employ it. Throughout much of the twentieth century, especially its early and middle years, many philosophers connected entailment with analyticity, requiring the material conditional ┌A ⊃ B┐ to be analytic when A entailed B. In later years, as conceptions of analyticity became less expansive, and philosophical uses of it more restricted, the presumption that entailment was to be understood in terms of analyticity waned. However, the relationship between entailment and necessity has remained robust.A presupposition must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context. It will generally remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial, or question, and can be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance.Crucially, negation of an expression does not change its presuppositions: I want to do it again and I don't want to do it again both presuppose that the subject has done it already one or more times; My wife is pregnant and My wife is not pregnant both presuppose that the subject has a wife. In this respect, presupposition is distinguished from entailment and implicature. For example, The president was assassinated entails that The president is dead, but if the expression is negated, the entailment is not necessarily true.Implicature is a technical term in the pragmatics subfield of linguistics,coined by H. P. Grice, which refers to what is suggested in an utterance, even though neither expressed nor strictly implied (that is, entailed) by the utterance.[1] For example, the sentence "Mary had a baby and got married" strongly suggests that Mary had the baby before the wedding, but the sentence would still be strictly true if Mary had her baby after she got married. Further, if we add the qualification "— not necessarily in that order" to the original sentence, then the implicature is cancelled even though the meaning of the original sentence is not altered.9. How can you define sentence meaning?A sentence meaning is often considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. For example, “There is a dog at the door”. The speaker could utter it as a matter- of- fact statement, telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could use it as a warning, asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are other possibilities, too. So, the understanding of the utterance meaning of “There is a dog at the door” depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it. A sentence is a grammatical concept. It usually consists of a subject and predicate. An utterance is the unit of communication. It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a communicative value.10.How can you distinguish competence and performance?Competence is the knowledge you (subconsciously) possess about how to speak a language.Performance is your real world linguistic output. Performance may accurately reflect competence, but it also may include speech errors due to slips of the tongue or, as Chomsky points out in the quote above, external factors such as memory problems, etc.Competence refers to a speaker's knowledge of his language as manifest in his ability to produce and to understand a theoretically infinite number of sentences most of which he may have never seen or heard before. Performance refers to the specific utterances, including grammatical mistakes and non-linguistic features like hesitations, accompanying the use of language. The distinction parallels Varela's distinction between organization and structure. The former refers to the relations and interactions specifically excluding reference to the properties of the refit’s components, whereas the latter refers to the relations manifest in the concrete realization of such a system in a physical space. Competence like organization describes the potentiality of a system. Performance like structure describes the forms actually realized as a subset of those conceivable.。