语法是阅读、翻译和写作的基础，好多同学对语法学习不感兴趣，感到没什么好学的，而且很枯燥，包括不少外语教师也这样认为。（参加国际数模竞赛的同学就体会到了语法的重要性了）。我们有些同志发出去的文章被退回来进行修改，评阅人的评语往往是“Y our English is pretty poor. Please improve it [或：Please rewrite your paper entirely.]”“Y our English is bad. Not only wording, but sentence structures are sometimes hard to follow. IT MUST be reedited seriously.”
我们先来做几个翻译题：
（初速度）given it by the carrier rocket（运载火箭）.
1、你只需要按一下这个按钮。
2、这台设备的体积很小。（重量很轻；质量很好；结构很复杂）
3. 这些因素（factor）确定了计算机存储信息的能力（ability）
上面的例子说明了语法的重要性。今天我们开始讲词类，它是英语的“元件”，就像机器、设备中的元件一样，如果元件的功能不清楚，那么对整个机器、设备的作用就不会理解透彻的，这是一切教科书、许多英语教师很不重视的，可是不少误解就是由于对某个词的词类及用法不清楚而引起的。
第一章词类
I. 冠词
我们的讨论仅限于以下几点：
1. 它们的汉译（有三种可能性——采用“试探法”）
(1)必须译
(2)不得译
(3)可译可不译
例如：
A table is often made of wood.
Here is an experiment. [Here is an example.]
θ is a parameter.
The proof of the theorem（定理）is not difficult.
The unit of current（电流）is the ampere（安培）.
2. 冠词的基本用法
（1）在可数名词单数前一定要有冠词
（2）在特指的名词前要有定冠词
例如：
“工程师能创造以前从来没有过的东西。”
“钨（tungsten）就是用在电灯里的那种金属。”
3. 它们的特殊位置?
“这里的飞机[aircraft]都是从国外进口的。”(要求把“all” 用作为形容词)
“这是一台如此(so)灵敏的(sensitive)安培表(ammeter)以致于它能测出电流的微弱变化(slight change)。”(要求用“this”作为句子的主语)
小结：
all
both + the + 名词
half
such
+ a (an) + 名词
what (多么)[用在感叹句中]
how（多么）
as … (as)
so （如此）+ 形容词+ a (an) + 单数名词?
too（太）
1.中国具有数倍于法国那么大的面积。（要求用“as 形容词+名词as”句型，并且把“China”用作为主语）
2.我们得确定为提起这石头需要多大的力。
II. 填冠词
1. ______ magnet has ______ S pole and ______ N pole.
2. That is ______ 18-volt battery.
III. 英译汉
1. We find that we are dealing with too large a class of circuits（电路）. So we have to choose some of them for discussion here.
2. So instinctive（本能的）an act（行为）as choosing a gradual（平缓的）slope（坡度）of a hill to walk up instead of a steep（陡峭的）slope is based on the principle of the inclined plane（斜面）.
3.This is about as small a mass[质量] as you can find anywhere.
4. This is too complicated a problem for us to go into.
____________________________________________________
4. 不定冠词在不可数名词前的特殊用法（特别是可表示“…一下”及“作一…”）
An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.
It is the force of friction（摩擦）that brings the car to a stop.
There is a growing awareness that it is urgent to reduce global warming.
We shall start with a study of forces.
of …
examination of …
calculation of …
simple extension of …
brief qualitative discussion of …
thorough treatment of …
“为此，对计算机科学必须有很好的了解。”
5. 不定冠词的另一个特殊用法
（失真）measurement involves the passage（使通过）of two large sinusoids
（非线性）distortion.
II．连词
1. and
These basic circuits（电路）consist of independent sources（独立源）, diodes（二极管）and resistors（电阻器）.
Water is a liquid and ice is a solid.
This current is extremely small and can be neglected.
Air has weight and occupies space.
Now let us go one step further and differentiate（微分）the unit step function（单位阶跃函数）.
The author can't require eager people to slow down and read the books they ought to read.
go and …= go to (do)
come and …= c ome to (do)
stop and …= stop to (do)
try and …= try to (do)
go one step further and …
一个固定句型：
含义：“和；以及；而；从而；并且；同时；于是；那么；来；如果”
句型：
一般：A(,) and B
A, B(,) and C
A, B, C(,) and D
强调：A and B and C and D
Another well-known method is due to Korringa and Kohn and Rostoker.
2. or
(1) Accuracy（精度）is expressed as absolute error（误差）or
relative error.
Much ado（费尽力气）has been made about whether the design of computer hardware and software is art, science or engineering.
A（球形的）
are at different elevations（高度）（泥土密度）.
Once G has been measured, the equation for Newton's law of universal gravitation（万有引力）can be used to
find the force of gravitation between any two objects（物体）of known mass（质量）with a known distance between their centers of mass. Or if the force of gravitation, the distance, and one of the masses are known, the equation can be used to find the value of the other mass.
(2) There are three main laws of mechanics or three laws of Newton.
This variable（变量）should be compared with the ideal, or desired, value.
(3) We should learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and dull（愚蠢而单调无味）.
Computers are particularly useful in such systems as telemetry（遥测）, where signals must be quickly recorded or be lost.
A body must be made to move, or no work will be done.
(4)
The greater the resistivity（电阻率）, the greater the field（电场）needed to establish a given current density（电流密度）, or the smaller the current density caused by a given field.
小结：
含义：“或”；“即”；“要不然”；“或者说”
句型：
一般：A or B
A, B(,) or C
A, B, C(,) or D
强调：A or B or C or D
The term "force" is to be interpreted literally（字面上）as the force, or torque（力矩）, or pressure, or whatever may be producing the distortion.
These interrupts（中断）signify that input data are available, or that a failure（故障）has been detected（检测）.
III. 数词
1.表示分数的方法
(1)一般的公式
分子（基数词）/ 分母（序数词——分子超过1时用复数）
5/6 five sixths
1/2 one [a] half
***我们能够说“one second”来表示“1/2”吗?
Formula:
零点三克：three tenths of a gram (0.3 gram)
零点零几克：a few/ several hundredths of a gram
The voltage across this resistor is a few/ several hundredths of a volt.
This means that the volume（体积）decreases by 50 millionths of the original volume.
（2）科技上的一种特殊方法(往往表示一个很小的分数)
in a …______
基数词+ part(s) per____
(分子) in +阿拉伯数词
(分母)
This number differs from that one by more than 1 part in 107.
Its volume（体积）decreases by 20 parts per million for a pressure increase of 1 atm [大气压](= for each atmosphere increase in pressure).
2. 数词作前置定语的特殊情况
倍数the [its; their] + 名词
分数+ that + 后置定语（主要是“of …”）
百分数what从句
The logarithm（对数）of the n th power（幂）of a number is equal to n times the logarithm of the number.
The mass of the proton is about 1836 times that of the electron.
At（以）this angular（角的）speed, the man will weigh four times what he does in his normal（正常的）1g environment.
“两根平行的橡皮筋（rubber band）所提供的力为一根橡皮筋的两倍。”
“这时该支路（branch）中的电流为原来的十倍。”
I.注意句中“over”的确切词义：
1. This new type of aircraft can fly over 5,000 kilometers.
2. Its flight over this city was a great success.
3. This scheme has a few advantages over that one.
4. The determination of its average velocity over this distance is not difficult.
5. This voltage gives the control over the brightness（亮度）of the light spot（光点）.
6. This wire is over five times as long as that one.
II.注意句中“and”的确切词义：
1. Audio-frequency（音频）transformers are heavy, and they often introduce distortion（失真）.
2. On the second half-cycle（半周）, T2 is cut off（截止）, and T1 conducts（导通）.
3. In this way less collector（集电极）dissipation（功耗）results, and the efficiency increases.
3. 两个句型的译法
(1) 第一个句型
The average Nu is found to equal 23.5 or nearly 4.5 times greater than the ideal Nu of 5.38.
XVI is used to express the number of 16. To express a number a thousand times larger, the Romans put a line above that number.
***
(2)
This causes the collector current（集电极电流）to increase by
a factor of100. (= multiplied by …)
If the radius（半径）is halved, the flow rate（流速）is reduced
by afactor of16.
公式：
IV. 介词
注意介词短语的功能：
1．状语：（注意其灵活的位置）
There are many components in this device.
(1)“with +某些抽象名词” = 相应的副词
care
ease
difficulty
skill
accuracy
precision
“当时我们做这个实验很困难。”
(2)表语性状语(或看成“同位语”)
Their channel resistances（沟道电阻）will be relatively low, of the order of 500 Ω. （the order of = about“大约”）
The receiver noise figure（噪声值）is low, in the order of 5 to 10 dB.
2. 定语（只能作“后置定语”）
The switch on the wall near the door of the room is for the
ceiling light.
注意：在句尾名词后的介词短语功能的判别“试探法”
These are batteries for mobile phones.
We can make magnets with electric currents.
This vector (矢量) represnts the velocity (速度) of the ball at point A.
We place the ball at point A.
3.补足语：大多数是由某些动词要求的“as短语”
define A as B
regard A as B
refer to A as B
speak of A as B
This parameter（参数）is defined as the ratio of signal to noise.
The mass（质量）of a body can be thought of as the force per unit of acceleration（加速度）.
We refer to the opposition to the flow of electrons as electrical resistance.
*** 几个固定的动词词组( keep … at work; set … in motion )
Pressure is required for forcing the water through a pipe.?
Everywhere we can see gravity（重力）in action.
Electricity keeps machines at work.
Now set（使）the charges（电荷）in motion and measure the magnetic force（磁力）.
*** 有时“of + 一些抽象名词”= 相应的形容词可以用作为补足语：
interest
importance
of + use
value
help
significance
***An increasing number of engineering designers find it of value to have a working knowledge of electronic computers.
Laboratory work is considered of great importance to engineering students.
4. 表语
Another common approach is through the use of a s ymmetrical square wave. (对称方波)
The MKS system is also in common use.
5.插入语（涉及许多固定词组，词典里均标出）
如：in fact; of course; for example, ……
6.介词宾语—只在几个介词之后，例如from?, except?, to, …
Noise（噪声）is present in every electrical circuit
The highest order（度）
7. 表示数值范围时可以作前置定语
A package（集成块）containing one or more op amps（运算放大器）typically has between 8 and 14 terminals （端点）.
This greatly simplifies the measurement of phase（相位）in the frequency range of from 1 to 1,000 MHz. 8. 构成各种动词或形容词短语
depend on---
remind sb. of sth.
equal to---
capable of ---
familiar with---
V. 动词
1.一种特殊的连系动词：来自于实意动词，如：remain, look, appear, prove, go, get, stay, turn, etc.
These “logic bombs” lie dormant（休眠的）for a time and then activate（激活）to eat（吞噬）data.
Digital electronics looks and is complex.
The above approach sounds very simple.
One of these screws has worked loose.
”
公式：
2. remain?,appear,
seem, happen, prove, turn out, …
“这些技术问题有待于解决。”
“宇宙中电荷似乎只有两种。”
公式：
3. 代动词（为了避免重复，主要出现在比较状语从句和由
“as”引导的方式状语从句和定语从句中）
Ohm’s law applies to organic tissues（有机组织）as well as
it does to wires and resistors（导线和电阻器）.
The number of neutrons（中子）in the nucleus（原子核）of a given kind of atom may vary and often does. Impedance（阻抗）in an ac circuit（交流电路）plays the same role that [as] resistance（电阻）does in a dc（直流）circuit.
VI. 副词
功能
1. 状语
2.表语：表示状态或地点
In this case the diode（二极管）remains on [=conducting（导通）].
Op amps（运算放大器）have been around [=available]since the 1940s.
3. 补足语：表示状态
This input signal can make transistor Q2 on.
4.定语：只能作后置定语▲
(1) 表示地点和时间的单个副词
①地点：h ere, there, above, below, around, nearby, up, down, on, …
The brain must keep in touch with the world around.
The equations of science are a sort of universal language easily understood by scientists everywhere.
②时间：now, then, today,.…
The Miller integrator（积分器）is in common use in laboratory oscilloscopes（示波器）today.
These theories represent the universe as having evolved from a great explosion several billion years ago in a relatively small region of space.
③“thereof,” “ahead,” 等
This example illustrates a practical problem and the solution thereof.
The computer revolution promises（有望）to bring about even greater changes in the years ahead.
（2）“数量状语+少数单个副词[主要有“apart; away, on, ago…”]
Electronic mail enables one to establish contact with people half a world away.
This type of keyboard puts the keys in two curved wells, a shoulder distance apart.
VII. 形容词
1. 在某些情况下，单个形容词可以作后置定语
(1) 少数形容词
①availabl e?, obtainable , attainable, achievable, receivable, usable, responsible, possible, practicable, corresponding,, total,…（为了加强语气）
No textbooks available mention this point.
Its highest speed possible is 140 kilometers per hour.
②present [= existent]
else [after interrogative or indefinite pronouns]
what(so)ever [after a noun modified by a negative word or
“any”]
Inclusive（首尾包括在内）
Involved（涉及到的）
(这些形容词必须后置?)
At resonance（谐振）, the impedance（阻抗）is limited by the value of resistance（电阻）present.
Everything else in this equation can be measured except C2.
The numerator（分子）may be any polynomial（多项式）whatever.
In Chaps. 9 to 14, inclusive, the detailed design of the components shown in Fig. 1.4 is treated.
Eq. (1 – 7) can be used to determine any of the variables（变量）involved.
（2）形容词必须放在不定代词之后?
some, every, any, no →thing, body, one [各种组合]
Everything electronic will be done digitally.
Now computers are nothing mysterious.
Something similar happens in collisions（碰撞）between bodies（物体）.
(3) “状语(主要是数量) +形容词”?
Let us consider a situation a bit more complex.
Fig. 5 shows two parallel wires（平行导线）10 cm long[=… in length].
“这个厂将要生产一英寸厚的巨型（giant）电视机。”
2. 少数形容词还可以作方式状语(大多数是以“ed”结尾且有前缀“un”的那些形容词)▲
These devices can work unattended.
Superconductors（超导体）let electrons race through them
undisturbed（不受干扰的）by normal resistance.
If the population grows unchecked（不加以控制的, 不受阻止的）, a disaster will result to mankind.
The sun's rays come to the earth almost parallel.
Cast iron（铸铁）is usually machined dry.
Even if a student ca n follow every line of every example
solve problems unaided.
3. 形容词短语
(1)构成（这里采用狭隘的定义）
①“形容词+介词短语”?
similar to ～
different from ～
dependent on ～
small in size
②“形容词+不定式”（不多）
able to do
necessary to do
ready to do
free to do
too...to do
③“形容词+比较或结果状语从句”
as ... as
than …
so … that ...
④“由等立连词连接的两个或多个形容词”
(2) 功能(主要与单个形容词雷同)
①表语
This computer is different in size from that one.
②补足语
This rule makes matrix A equal to matrix B.
③定语（只能后置）▲
This is a number larger than 1.
The more the spring（弹簧）is stretched, the greater the force
necessary to stretch it.
Another way to provide broadband（宽带）services is to move to frequencies so high that less reuse（复用）is needed.
This text is a help to digital designers both new and old.
A useful approximation, good to within 1%, is
1 foot = 30 centimeters.
All systems, living and mechanical, are both information and feedback control systems.
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical.
④状语?
在这种情况下，其逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语或其后面或前面的整个句子。
ⅰ. 在主语前—有以下一些含义：其确切含义只能通过试探来确定
理由（因为）?
条件（如果）
让步（虽然；无论）
方式
对主语或后面整个句子的一种说明▲（为了加强语气）
Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers can save man a lot of time and labor.
Free from the attack of moisture, a piece of iron will not rust very fast.
Analogous to（类似于）the technique used in discussing power averaging（功率平均）, let us define a new random variable（随机变量）ω.
Contrary to popular belief, humans don't need less sleep as they age.
Medium-sized and coeducational, Washington University ranks among the nation’s leaders in higher education.
ⅱ. 在句尾
对主语或前面整个句子的一种说明
方式
In this case, the file（文件）is loaded（装入）, ready to be edited.
The current reaches the maximum value when ω = ωo, similar to the situation in a series resonant circuit（串联谐振电路）.
The force M acts perpendicular to the earth's surface.
The principle of conservation of momentum（动量守恒）holds whatever the nature of the internal forces, conservative（守恒的）or not.
Air is not visible, but it is matter.
The atomic furnace（原子反应堆）will not work but it has enough fuel.
We cannot discover any material in an element but itself.
An element is made of but one kind of material.
There is not a single substance but has resistance to the flow of electrons.
This roll of film（胶卷）has been exposed to light.
This book should be useful in exposing computer scientists to the latest technology.
Excessive exposure to X-rays is harmful to your health.
Prior（先前的）exposure to advanced mathematics is required.
●Familiar to all with but the slightest exposure to scientific literature, this model shows the atom as a miniature（微型的）solar system（太阳系）.
●The absence（不存在）of atmosphere（大气）in space will allow the space telescope（太空望远镜）to show scientists light sources as far as 14-billion（十亿）light years away, some seven times farther out than those visible to the biggest ground-based（地面上的）optical（光学的）telescopes.
I. 英译汉
1. There is a 1-in-17 chance of drawing（抽出）two successive hearts（红桃）in this manner.
2. The varieties（种类）of nonferrous（有色的）metals are nearly four times what they were.
3. This temperature is a marked（明显的）decrease over the 150o C previously（前面）cited（提到）.
4. Electrons move relatively unimpeded（不受阻的）through metal.
5. This total modulation index（调制度）must not exceed unity（一）, or distortion（失真）will result.
II. 汉译英
1. 这个信号包含的信息比那个信号多三倍。（要求用“主→谓→宾”的句型，并且把“信号”作主语）
2. 在这种情况下，温度就并不是那么（so）重要的因素了。
____________________________________________________
VIII.物主代词
1. 物主代词与它修饰的名词之间的四种逻辑关系（注意汉译法）
(1) 表示“所属”
The energy of a body（物体）is its power（能力）to do work.
(2)表示“主表”关系（这时该名词来自于形容词，如：
presenc e?,absence▲, simplicity, availability等）
Water and carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）are among substances that absorb in the infrared（红外线）. Their presence in the atmosphere has an insulating（隔离）effect. [≈The fact that they are present in the atmosphere has an insulating effect.]
Light is needed by the green plants to make them green and
they cannot survive for long in its absence. [= without it≈if it is absent]
This the grid (栅极) is able to do primarily because of its great proximity (靠近) to the cathode.(阴极) [=Because it is extremely proximate to the cathode.]
(3) 表示主动的“主谓关系”
①这时被修饰的名词来自于不及物动词▲
A baseball（棒球）that land（落）in an open（开阔地）soon comes to rest（静止）because of its interaction with the ground. [= … because it interacts with the ground.]
It is estimated that during the 5 billion years of its existence the core of our sun has used about half of its original supply of hydrogen.
Capacitors (电容器) are never perfect, and their departure from (偏离) the ideal can best be modeled by a parallel resistence. [= the fact that they depart from the ideal can---]
②这时被修饰的名词来自于及物动词（这时其后面必定有“of短语”或“that”从句，作它的逻辑宾语）
（电路）by considering models of linear elements（线性元件）.
（力学）has been concerned primarily（主要）with particles （质点）.
This is possible because of our assumption
currents of interest. [= because we assume that ---.]
(4) 表示“动宾关系”（或被动的“主谓关系”）：这时该名词来自于及物动词?
The Fourier transform（傅氏变换）is a very powerful（有
效的）tool that is used to a great extent in engineering. However, the limitation（限制因素）defined by Eq. (2-1) restricts its use in important situations.
These equations are called differential equations（微分方程），and their study forms one of the most
challenging branches of mathematics.
The results of an experiment forced（迫使）the abandonment（放弃）of Thomson’s model and its replacement （代替）by a new model.
Attention focuses on the floated gyroscopes（浮型陀螺仪）because of their utilizatio n as an essential component in ballistic missiles（弹道导弹）.
2. 人称代词可以代替后面出现的东西
①代替后面句子的主语▲
When they get hot, all metals melt.
When it is used, the information must be accessed and read into computer memory.
Because of their assistance during these early stages of the program our thanks are due to
Because of its capacity to handle large volumes of data in a very short time,
resolving problems when time is limited.
②代替后面整个句子
It can not be proved here, but the rational numbers（有理数）do not take up all the positions on the line. (。。。确实并不能。。。)
Although we seldom pay attention to it, the air around us and in our lungs and ears is under a very considerable pressure.
We would appreciate it if you would notify us of any errors or omissions（疏漏）that you identify（发现）in the book.
IX. 名词
注意以下几点：
1. 名词短语可以作定语
(1) 作前置定语
The first term（项）can be integrated（积分）by multiplying
（乘）the x dx + y dy factor（因子）by 2.
American Society（学会）of Photogrammetry（摄影测量）and Remote Sensing（遥感）Annual Convention （年会）
Aerospace Applications of Artificial Intelligence Annual
Conference
(2) 作后置定语?—表示大小、尺寸、数值等
A generation or two ago, a consumer products manufacturer the size of Sega would have had perhaps ten percent of its workforce designing products.
Standard chains are made in widths approximately 1.5 to 12 times the pitch（节距）.
Wires one hundredth the diameter（直径）of a silk thread（丝线）are used to connect the components in the chip（芯片）.
六年后，我们就有手表那么大小的计算机了。
the size of = as large as
the height of = as high as
the length of = as long as
the depth of = as deep as
the diameter of = as thick as
2. 名词（或名词短语）可以作状语
(1)表示数量?，距离或时间
It is often necessary to multiply（乘）a quantity by itself a number of times.
In this case, most of the channels（信道）will be idle most of the time.
1972年比正常年份长了两秒。
（2）表示“方面”或“方式”（事实上来自于一种构词法，
中间的连词符号省去了）——该名词前是不能带有冠词的
①表示“方面”
This solution（解法）is time efficient.
（= … efficient in time）
This control unit（单元）is instruction（指令）dependent.
（= … dependent on ---）
This material is acid（酸）resistant.
(= ... resistant to any acid)
晶体管对温度是敏感的。
②表示“方法”
We must air cool these devices.
（= … with air）
The material in this book has been class tested.
(= … in class)
B-52s carpet bombed Taliban（塔利班）positions（阵地）yesterday.
（… like a carpet）
地址的指定（addree assignment）是可以用开关来选定。
I. 英译汉
1. In this case, the ball flies off tangent to（正切于）its original circular path.
2. Where there is too much of it, the poisonous waste（有毒废料）may do great harm to the things around us.
3. Although they follow the same basic pattern mentioned above, TV receivers will be dealt with separately.
4. Logic equations come in all shapes and sizes, and their algebraic simplification（代数简化）is not always easy. II. 汉译英
他们使用了与桥同宽的钢箱。（using a noun phrase to express the underlined part）
（将下列句子译成汉语）
1.Our analysis of the various gate families（门电路系列）
will be made in the next chapter.
2. Since transformers（变压器）are large, heavy, and expensive, their elimination（消除）from the circuit results in considerable savings.
3. The coming years will witness the arrival of microprocessors（微处理器）with performance（性能）and complexity levels so high that such devices would have been inconceivable（不可想象的）only a decade ago. ____________________________________________________
2.名词短语放在句尾可以作前面整个句子（或其一部分）
的同位语，使句子简练??
句型：
(1)a/an + 形容词+ 名词. (+ 介词短语等)
译法:“这是一种[个]……的～。”
“这种[个]～是……的。”
～,
定语从句?
(2) a fact [something] 过去分词短语?
a/an+n. +后置定语形容词短语▲
同位语从句
译法: “这一[种] →…”(按词序顺译下去)
If x were outside this range, the potential（位的）energy would exceed the total energy, an impossible situation.
Standing-wave-ratio（驻波比）measurements must be made at many frequencies, a rather time-consuming and tedious（烦人的）task.
------, an uneconomical situation.
（二氧化碳）and other pollutants（污染物）are responsible for a rise in global temperature, a phenomenon called global warming.
AC can be changed into DC—a process known as rectification（整流）.
Host name（主机名）conflicts would occur constantly unless names were centrally managed（集中管理），something unthinkable in a huge international network.
In every atom in its normal state, the number of protons equals the number of electrons, a fact [something] which is directly related to the electrical properties of the proton and the electron.
Computers are electronic devices capable of processing informatio─a process which previously could be accomplished only inside our heads.
3. 有时主语的同位语可以处于句首，为了强调或句子平衡（一般把这种同位语译成一个并列的分句，有时也可译成“as短语”）
One of the foremost（最重要的）pioneers（先驱）in the
development of military electronics（电子设备）, Westinghouse （西屋公司）has produced over 35,000 radars for air, sea, ground and space applications.
A n ew technology introduced in the 1960’s, laser can pierce（穿透）the hardest substance such as diamond（金刚石）.
An Ivy League university（长青藤名牌大学）located in
Philadelphia, Penn was founded by Benjamin Franklin and has been a pioneer in education and research for more than two hundred years.
在某些情况下，一个词的同位语也可以按上面的译法处理。
When ic=0, Vce = Vt/n(1/ar), a positive voltage.
In this case, Vce = 0.12 V, a value which is closer to our assumption of 0.1V.
汉译英（要求用简单句表示）
1、磁铁（magnet）能吸引铁质材料（iron material），这是大家熟悉的一种现象（phenomenon）。
2、电（electricity）与磁（magnetism）是密切相关的，这一点已广泛地用在工程中。
3、这个研究所是信息产业部的重点研究所之一，它建立于20世纪50年代初。
____________________________________________________
第二章词汇搭配和句子成分
I. 词汇搭配
1. 固定词组—in a word, take place, as usual,as a matter of fact, …
2. 习惯搭配
(1)某些名词要配特定的动词
质量improve the quality
效率raise [increase] the efficiency
能力increase the ability
认识deepen one’s understanding
警惕enhance [heighten] the vigilance
成就[进步] make achievements [progress]
一致意见reach complete agreement of views
教训draw lessons
成功achieve success
同意obtain consent
[比较；研究]
make an analysis [a comparison; a study]
[描述；说明]
give an introduction [a description; an explanation]
（2）某些动词、形容词和名词要配特定的介词
Laser beams are sent at the moon.
send
point
aim rush [冲向]
(vt.) shoot … at ～(vi.) fire at ～[向…开火]
emit shout [朝…欢呼]
throw
(be) representative of = represent
(be) descriptive of = describe
(be) characteristic of = characterize
(be) indicative of = indicate
(be) symptomatic of = symptomize [symptomatize]
这里我们把重点放在名词与介词的搭配上，因为它可能对中国人是个难点。
①在名词的前面或后面要有特定的介词
ⅰ. 名词前
无线电波向四面八方传播。
为此目的，大学生必须至少掌握一门外语。
在这个温度上该金属会融化（melt）。
on a large scale（大规模地）
to a great [large] extent [point, degree]（在很大程度上）
in (a) great [large] measure（在很大程度上）
at a rate
at a point
ⅱ. 名词后
他们在参加移动通讯国际会议。
王教授是雷达专家。
the answer [key; solution] to (a problem)
the preface to (a book)
an exception to (a rule)
the research on [into; with; for] image processing
the current through (a component)
the voltage across (a component)
a tangent to…
a correction for [to; of]
increase [decrease; rise; fall reduction; variation] in…
condition [requirement; algorithm, technique, method; language; skill, equation; expression] for…
②一个重要的搭配模式?(注意其汉译法)
模式:
[这里A
这又可以分为以下三种分模式：
ⅰ. 该“名词”为普通抽象名词
汉译方法: “A。。。B的～”
“月球离地球中心的距离为二十四万英里。”
“温度对半导体电阻的影响必须考虑进去。”
“本节讨论AC与DC相比的一些优点。”
the ratio of A to B
the effect of A on [upon] B
the superiority of A to B
the relationship of A to B
the attraction（引力）of A for B
the susceptibility of A to B
the sensitivity of A to B
the applicability of A to B
perpendicularity of A to B
the immunity of A to [from] B
familiarity of A with B
ⅱ. 该名词来自于不及物动词，这时“A”是该名词的逻辑主语
汉译方法: “A。。。B的～”
This curve shows the dependence of the output on [upon] the input.
The control engineer is usually interested in the response of a control system to unit step（单位阶跃）, ramp（斜波）, and parabolic（抛物）functions.
The interaction of the ball with the ground is called friction.
“图1画出了电流随阻抗的变化情况。”
the passage of A through B
the motion of A round [around] B
the departure of A from B
the deviation of A from B
the reaction of A to B
the interaction of A with B
ⅲ. 该名词来自于及物动词，这时“A”是该名词的逻辑宾语
汉译方法: 一般把该名词译成动词，按“动宾”译法处理
In solving the problem, the resolution of this force into x- and y-components is necessary.
The definition of electric current as a flow of charge is familiar to all of us.
The separation of aluminum from its ore was very difficult at that time.
a comparison of A with B
the transformation of A into [to] B
the use of A as B
the exposure of A to B
the separation of A from [into] B
the protection of A from B
the isolation of A from B
the transfer of A to B
the conversion of A to [into] B
the exposure of A to B
***另一个句型
What is the date of the discovery of America by Columbus?
The formulation（确立）of the theory of relativity（相对论）by Einstein was one of the most significant events of the 20th century.
Niels Bohr, in 1913, first applied these ideas to the emission of light by atoms.
1. The second and subsequent（随后的）flip-flops（触发器）toggle（翻转）at frequencies one-half or less that of the first.
2. If the basic relation I C = I B were to hold here, we should have I C = 100 mA, and V CE = 10 – 100 = – 90 V, an impossible situation.
3. It is possible to produce an interference pattern（干涉特性图）by using two identical（相同的）lasers, something that cannot be done with ordinary light sources.
4. Faraday（法拉第）was unable to calculate the velocity of propagation（传播）of electromagnetic waves（电磁波）, a task which required the mathematical precision（精度）of Maxwell（麦克斯韦）, which Faraday entirely lacked（缺乏）.
5. This property justifies（使…正当）our choice of the above constant（常数）as positive.
6. The importance of this device in modern communications systems is largely due to its realization（实现）as an integrated circuit（集成电路）.
7. Addressing modes（寻址方式）are sometimes computer specific.
8. With care a micrometer（测微机）will give an accuracy of better than 1 part in a thousand. ——————————————————————————
II. 句子成分
注意以下几点：
1. 同位语的位置(注意译法)
(1) 正常位置
①▲直接跟
②?有逗号
名词③有冒号+ 同位语
④有破折号
⑤有引导词或短语(namely, that is, such as, for example, ...)
The term "sensitivity"（灵敏度）is often used in radio engineering.
The word “radar” comes from RAdio Detection And Ranging.
The rigid body（刚体）, a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape, is itself an idealized model.
Arithmetic, the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics.
The decibel is one tenth of a bel, a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell.
Salt water（盐水）, a mixture, is made up of two compounds（化合物）, salt and water.
(2) 特殊位置(小结)
①同位语, 主语～
②～[句子], 同位语(名词短语)
[这时，同位语一般译成一个并列的分句]
2.插入句(即具有“主谓”结构的插入语)——去掉它不会影响句子的结构和含义的
(1) 在主句中
Living things too, it now seems certain, obey the laws of
physics and chemistry. [≈It now seem s certain that ….]
The density（密度）of a substance, we recall, is its mass（质量）per unit volume（体积）.
(2) 在从句中
Last year RCA demonstrated a new technique for a wall-hung TV that it was predicted would be on the consumer market “close to 1990.”
The machine seems to do many tasks which one would have thought required intelligence.
The following table lists some of the ways I feel the book may be used to teach either undergraduates or graduate students.
One of the major problems which faced me in writi ng this book was “digesting” the vast literature on computer-based library systems and presenting it in what I hope is a clear and concise manner.
（3）采用“say = let us say” 或某些特殊的“what从句”
A resistor of say 100 ohms may be connected across C2.
or, what is equivalen t, the number of protons per nucleus.
which amounts to the same thing “换句话说”
what is equivalent “换句话说”
what is more important 更为重要的是
what is more “而且；更有甚者”
what is the same thing “同样的是；换个说法（也一样）”
第三章否定，时态，被动语态和比较等级
先翻译以下的句子：
This parameter（参数）does not change during all time intervals.
Eq. (5) can not be satisfied（满足）for all values of x.
“普通的窗户均承受（withstand）不了如此大的力。”
1. 部分否定—“all [both, every] + ……not”处在同一个句中
These rules will not be valid（有效的）for all types of circuits（电路）.
One of these two circuits may be reasonably accurate over a reasonable frequency range, but both can not be.
2. 全否定—“ no [none （名词”
None of the existing general-purpose operating systems support hard real-time functionality（硬实时功能）.
3. 否定的转移???
先翻译以下句子：
This figure（数字）showed that the speed of light was not infinite（无限大的）, as many then believed.
The presence of the minus sign indicates that the current of 1.5 A flows from C to F, and not from F to C as shown.
The HIGH-level（高电平）output voltages for both OR and NOR are between –0.81 and –0.96 V rather than–0.8 V, as predicted by Eq. (2-9).
During this period, the climate oscillated（摆动）between three states instead of remaining in one, as in the whole of recorded human history.
小结：
(1) 主句中表示“臆想”动词的否定转移到宾语从句中（科技文中很少见）
think
feel
suppose
not expect + 宾语从句
believe
imagine
reckon [认为]
(2) happen
not seem + 主语从句或不定式▲
appear
(否定转移到了后面)
At first glance it does not appear that this integral（积分）fits any of the forms presented up to this point.
This dispute（争论）doesn't seem to be evaporating fast enough.
(3) not [no; rather than; instead of; un～]…... as [the way]（如同；像）～“并不像～那样……”?
The majority of distance communication in the future could well be computer-to-computer, not person-to-person as at present.
This relation（关系式）refers to a specific piece of material, not to a general property of the material as with Eq.
The sign of its charge（电荷）does not affect the conclusion,
as may readily be seen. [这一点…]
1.“近年来，他们一直在研制一种新的半导体材料。”
2.“到十九世纪二十年代末，人们认识到了这种金属可用在制造电灯上。”
3.“到今年年底，他们参军三十年了。”
present perfect
past perfect [对于动作动词]
future perfect
By ～time,
present
past [对于状态动词—
future “be, have, …”]
III. 被动语态
注意以下几点：
1. 有双宾语时转变成被动句时：谓语后有一个“保留宾语”
In 1858 Darwin（达尔文）was sent a scientific paper by a man called Alfred Wallace.
Y ou are told by this formula（公式）that energy is proportional to mass（质量）. [the retained object clause] We are given that the coefficient of sliding friction（滑动摩擦系数）between box and floor is μ.
A thorough exposition is accorded principles of a computer in this book.
2. 使用短语动词的情况
(1) vi. + 介词[或: vt. + 副词] = vt.
This solution can be arrived at analytically（用解析法）.
Electronic radar systems are relied on for a safe flight from one airport to the next.
（2）vt. + 名词+ 介词= vt. (make use o f?; pay attention to; take care of, …)
This phenomenon has been made no mention of in other book available.
In the quantum theory（量子理论）of the atom no use is made of these models.
“必须充分利用现有的设备”。(要求使用“make use of”.)
3.特殊类型的被动句
get?
become▲
remain + pp. [为了强调状态]
appear
come
The energy that is stored in the inductor（电感器）and capacitor（电容器）eventually gets dissipated（消耗）
（对流气流）.
The gate（时钟脉冲）arrives.
4.
vi.
vt.—主要表示状态的“静态动词“have; afford; f it; resemble; …”
vi + 介词—表示状态: “belong to; consist in; …”
vi. + 介词—表示被动含义: “consist of; serve as; act as; behave as; function as; result from; arise from; …”?vt. + 名词= vi.—“take place”