新版二十一世纪大学英语网络学习平台注册方法
1访问系统
打开浏览器（如下图）
在浏览器的工具栏的收藏菜单项中找到“新版二十一世纪大学英语网络学习平台（3.1）”这一项（如下图），点击即可访问系统。
2登录系统
访问系统首页，在登录区输入您的学员帐号和密码，如图：
登录对话框
注意：同学们的用户名和密码都是你们的学号。
登录后，将进入系统。默认将进入您的桌面。
如果你在“我的界面”上没有看到课程，请按照下文的说明进行选课。
3、选课
如下图，展开桌面上的“管理”面板。点击“我的学习->选课”节点。
用户桌面
我的课程列表
个人管理功能
选课菜单
在接下来的界面中，你可以看到允许选课的课程列表。课程名称为“XXX 的课程”（XXX为英语老师的姓名，请务必选择正确，否则老师将无法看到你的作业）。
选择你要选的课后，你看到如下的选课界面：
注意：选课密码由任课教师提供。
登陆之后，所见画面应为下图：
至此，注册结束。点击“进入学习”按钮，进入课程内容进行学习。
4、出于安全性的考虑，登录之后，务必立即修改自己的密码。修改方法如下：点击“个人”——“修改密码”。
到此21世纪视听说教程的注册完成，同学们可以开始学习了。请同学们牢记自己的密码，并务必妥善保管。
UNIT1 PARTA SECTIONA TASKTWO CCCCA CB DCCTASKONESECTIONB BDCBA TASKTWO TFTFT TASKTHREE PARTB SECTIONA TASKONE DCB TASKTWO 1.identical 2.cut 3.rough 4.sew 5.subscribe SECTIONB TFFFT Lemon battery An LED Have enough power Is capable of empowering up to three LEDs A night light or a simple flash light PARTD 1-2 AC 3-4 BC 5-7 ABD 8-11 DBDD 12-15 CCAC 16-18 BBA 19-22 ADCB 23-25 ADB UNIT2
PARTA SECTIONA TASKTWO CDACD SECTIONB TASKONE CA ACB TASKTWO CBBDD TASKTHREE TFTTF PARTB SECTIONA TASKONE BCB TASKTWO 1.privacy 2.free 3.build 4.signing 5.personal SECTIONB TFFTT Almost 120 mile an hour Have been responsible for Took the life of Bottom line Break the rules of engagement,privacy and decency PARTD 1-2 DC 3-4 BB DBC 7-5． 8-11 CBAC 12-15 CBBB 16-18 DDC 19-22 DDDD 23-25 DDD UNIT3 PARTA SECTIONA TASKTWO BBCBC BC CBA SECTIONB TASKONEBDADCTASKTWO FTTFF TASKTHREE PARTBBDCSECTIONA TASKONE 1.public 2.appropriate 3.opinion 4.motivation 5.barrier TASKTWO
21世纪大学英语应用型综合教程一-1-5章课后题答案
英语课后题复习资料 Unit 1. 一． flexibility duration option definitely actually ignore convince survive 1.Economic crises destroy the capitalist system,and they grow in size and duration. 2.Stability also depends upon the flexibility of the local economy. 3.He was sentenced to do hard labor without the option of a fine. 4.She states her views very definitely. 5.Did he actually say in so many words that there was no hope of a cure? 6.The baby felt ignored by her parents. 7.You need to convince the employers that you can do the job. https://www.doczj.com/doc/ad4916190.html,panies will have to do more than this if they are to survive the earthquake.
二． 1.I only cautht a glimpse of him sitting in the car (瞥见他坐在车里),so I can’t tell exactly what he looked like. 2.They are seeking/searching for(寻求新的机会) to reach their final goals. 3.It happened without my being aware of it(在我不知不觉中). 4.We are/get involved in different activities(投入到各项课外活动中) on campus. 5.Some guys always do everything as they like,that ignore the feelings of others(却忽视了别人的感受) . 三． 1.你的老师在评卷的时候会把你生病的情况考虑在内。 Your teacher will take your illness into consideration when marking your exams. 2.因为他总是轻信别人，所以很容易受伤。 He is likely to be hurt because he always believes/trusts others easily. 3.他的肤色跟他是不是好律师无关。
一位移民的无声挣扎 在老家加纳，我是成功的化身。可是，在美国的生活却一直不容易。 “我想像你那样。你住在城外住宅区，是吗？”年轻人不顾热带阳光的炽烤，面带充满朝气的微笑，用当地俚语问道。他在路边出售着一袋袋的洋葱，身穿超大的T 恤和宽松肥大的牛仔裤——美国流行文化在非洲的广泛影响力的佐证。我受邀在他的洋葱摊位旁坐下小憩片刻，下午将前往阿克拉成交一笔业务。他生意兴隆，在为堵在路上的顾客提供服务的间隙，还不停地问我一些关于美国生活的问题，深信获得一张去美国的签证就像赢得彩票一样幸运。当我为这种令生活在海外的非洲人的虚假形象得以长存的无声文化感到内疚时，我怎么才能告诉他，我羡慕他简朴的生活和无忧无虑的单纯呢？ 从外表上看，我是从美国回来探亲的成功人士的典范。我作为一名工程师在底特律工作，身上穿的白色品牌衬衫及与之相配的裤子是直接从底特律的大型购物商场购买的。而在内心深处，我却陷入一种雄心勃勃和文化幻灭交织的迷惘中。我的衣着使人联想到“富裕”，然而我却不能承担大量支付钱财的要求，或把我的财产当作礼物相赠。10年前曾准备抵押房产资助我去美国留学的叔叔阿姨们，现在指望我为打算步我后尘的堂表兄妹提供资金援助。 回到加纳两周之后，返乡的兴奋已经减退。此时的我已身无分文，渴望着返回美国。不过，这一次却不会再有那种曾激励我雄心勃勃地离开的幼稚想法了。想当年，有朝一日重回加纳定居的信念曾赋予我非凡的忍耐力。而现在，面对美国生活的挑战，我更希望永久定居在那里。 美国满足了我学业深造和职场历练的雄心。我来的时候差不多是高中学历，而10年后，我拥有了研究生学位，也有了比较成功的职业生涯。然而，前进的每一步都是通过令人精疲力竭的奋斗取得的。我的大学学费一部分是通过打多份报酬极低的零工挣来的。毕业以后，我很幸运地找到一份工作。可是，适应企业文化需要付出另一种代价。最初，我需要付出双倍的努力才跟得上。渐渐地，我意识到如果缺乏自信，别人就不把你当回事儿，于是便学着装出一副自信满满的样子。迫于裁员潮的威慑，我利用业余时间读了研究生，因为那是我所知道的能在保障工作方面取得优势的唯一办法。当我有资格申请公民身份时，又花了一大笔律师费，并且忍受了充满压力的数年时光，努力应对种种纷繁复杂的情况以获得在美的永久居住权。 这一切就像我连续跑了10场马拉松，在国外的每一年跑一场，我的身体叫嚷着要休息。返乡原本是期待着稍事休息一下，但结果我却感觉仿佛被淹没于一个文化的大熔炉中。一部分的我想要永久地定居在美国，为生活迈进的方向划上句号。另外一部分的我仍旧渴望着自己曾经在加纳熟悉的简单生活——尽管接受这种生活要付出虚幻的代价。我们大多数人离家远行时从不考虑自己会发生多么大的变化，或是有多少令人伤痕累累的挑战将摆在我们面前。我还记得自己的想法曾经一度跟那个洋葱小贩没什么两样。有人看得比较远，给了我一个来美国的机会，所以我还是感到必须作出回报。 也许我该问问自己，我是否真的愿意跟那个洋葱小贩交换地位。内心深处，我知道我的回答是“不”。知识的教化带来了纯真的丧失和一种无声的挣扎。我所经历的文化冲突与来自其他文化的移民在美国所面临的如出一辙。我可以接纳我的新身份——两个国家进步性的融合者并欣然接受其赋予的新责任，而不再去多想自己在两个国家间饱受折磨之事。 奇怪且具有讽刺意义的是，我可以学习洋葱小贩，以愉悦的心情对待生活，尽管它有着种种磨难。如果我掌握好自己的节奏，继续勤奋地工作，我也许就可以享 受在美国的马拉松式的生活，同时为我在加纳的挚爱亲人提供一些有价值的东西。也许正是这一缺失的成份令一种理想幻灭、沮丧失意的生活与一种富有魅力、令人 满意的生活有了区别。
21世纪大学实用英语课文翻译及课后答案 Text A 大学——我一生中的转折点 佚名 作为一名一年级新生初进大学时，我害怕自己在学业上搞不好。我害怕独自一人在外，因为我是第 一次远离家人。这里周围都是我不认识的人，而他们也不认识我。我得和他们交朋友，或许还得在我要学的课程上 跟他们在分数上进行竞争。他们比我更聪明吗？我跟得上他们吗？他们会接受我吗？ 我很快就认识到，我的生活现在就取决于我自己了。如果我要在学业上取得成功，我就必须制定一份学习计划。我 必须调整花在学习上的时间和花在社交上的时间。我必须决定什么时候上床睡觉，什么时候吃什么，什么时候喝什 么，对什么人表示友好。这些问题我都得自己回答。 开始时，生活有点艰难。我在怎样利用时间上犯了错误。我在交朋友上花的时间太多了。我还在怎样选择大学里的 第一批朋友上犯了一些错误。 然而不久，我就控制住了自己的生活。我做到了按时上课，完成并交上了第一批作业，而且以相当好的成绩通过了 前几次考试。此外，我还交了一些朋友，跟他们在一起我感到很自在，我能把我担心的事告诉他们。我建立了一种 真正属于我自己的常规——一种满足了我的需要的常规。 结果，我开始从一个不同的视角看待我自己了。我开始把自己看作是一个对自己负责也对朋友和家人负责的人。凡 事自己做决定并看到这些决定最终证明是明智的决定，这种感觉很好。我猜想这就是人们所说的“成长”的一部分 吧。 我未来的生活将会怎样呢？在人生的这一阶段，我真的不能确定我的人生之路最终将会走向何方，我真的不知道在 以后的几年中我会做什么。但我知道，我能应对未来，因为我已经成功地跃过了我生命中的这一重要障碍：我已经 完成了从一个依赖家人给予感情支持的人向一个对自己负责的人的过渡。 Practice 5 1. smart 2. succeed 3. shortly 4. managed 5. share 6. fear 7. responsible 8. however 9. enter 10. surrounded 11. handle 12. comfortable Practice 6 1. is up to 2. keep up with 3. under control 4. at first 5. grew up 6. make friends with 7. turned out 8. as a result 9. set up 10. in addition Practice 7 1. how to play the game 2. where I wanted to go 3. whether they would accept him or not 4. what to do and how to do it 5. whom to love and whom not to 6. when he made that decision Practice 8 1. I see Li Ming as my best friend. We share the same hobbies and interests. 2. They looked upon their math teacher as their best teacher. 3. We think of this place as our home. 4. They looked on their college life as their happiest years in their life. Practice 9 1. John is both smart and responsible. He likes to make friends with other people. 2. I have made the decision to compete for the new post. You can compete for it, too. 3. Shortly after the doctor came, he managed to have my father’s illness under control. 4. As freshmen, most of us do not know what college life has in store for us, but we all know that we must do well in our studies. 5. To succeed in college, we must keep up with the other students and set up a routine that meets out needs. 6. Though the assignments last week turned out to be more difficult than I thought, I handed them in
21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册课后答案 第一单元 Text Comprehension II． 1.It was a military campaign in which many soldiers died.The effects on Churchill were()he lost his political position and he was overwhelmed with grief. 2.He felt so inspired to paint that he was distracted from his personal problems. 3.His sister-in-law’s painting inspired him to try his hand at it;his wife rushed out to buy all the materials he would need;and the wife of Sir John Lavery helped him overcome his fear of the blank canvas. 4.The blank whiteness of the canvas made him feel he didn’t know where to begin.This nervousness was not typical of Churchill,who was known publicly as a brave and strong-willed person. 5.Churchill was comparing the canvas to an opponent in a fight,and he could now see that he need not fear his“adversary”. 6.He meant that Churchill would have been a great painter,just as he was a great politician. 7.It was his great comfort when the death of his mother was followed quickly by the death of his daughter. 8.Because the judges suspected that it was not painted by an amateur;they were later surprised and delighted because Churchill was not just a famous political figure but also a talented untrained artist.
21世纪大学英语第一册课文的翻译 Unit1 TextA 优等生的奥秘 埃德温·基斯特莎莉·瓦伦丁·基斯特 现在是剑桥大学理科一年级学生的阿历克斯，曾在曼彻斯特的中学校队里踢足球，还导演过学校的戏剧演出——但他中学毕业时得了五个A。在布里斯托尔大学攻读英语的阿曼达在中学里参加过戏剧演出，还经常打网球，但她仍然得到了四个A。 像他们这样的优等生是如何做到这一点的呢？脑子好使并不是唯一的答案。最有天赋的学生未必在考试中取得最好的成绩。懂得如何充分利用自己的才能要重要得多。 学习刻苦也不能说明全部问题。在这些成绩优秀的学生中，有些人投入的时间其实比那些分数低的同学还少。班级中拔尖学生的成功之道在于他们掌握了一些基本的技巧，这些技巧其他人也能很容易地学到。根据教育专家和学生们自己的叙述，优等生成功的奥秘有以下几点。 1.全神贯注！拔尖生不允许他们的学习时间受到干扰。一旦书本打开，便电话不接，电视不看，报纸不读。“这并不意味着对生活中的重要事情置之不理，”阿曼达解释说，“这意味着要安排好学习时间，以便能全神贯注。要是我牵挂一位患病的朋友，我会在做功课之前先给她打个电话。这样我坐下来学习时，就能真正集中心思了。” 2.在任何地方——或所有的地方学习。亚利桑那州一位教授曾奉命辅导一些成绩欠佳的大学运动员。他记得有一名赛跑运动员每天都要训练。他曾说服他利用这段时间记忆生物学术语。另一名学生则把词汇表贴在盥洗室墙上，每天刷牙时都记住一个生词。 3.安排好资料。汤姆在中学时打过篮球。“我非常忙，不可能为了找一支铅笔或一本不见的笔记本而浪费时间。我把每样东西都放在随后可取的地方，”他说。新墨西哥州学生保罗为每门功课备有两个文件夹，一个放当天布置的作业，另一个放已完成要交的家庭作业。一个抽屉把必需的用品放在一起，这样就可减少因找东西而浪费的时间。 4.安排好时间。当教师布置写一篇长论文时，阿历克斯会花两三天时间去阅读与题目有关的资料并做笔记，然后写出草稿，再写成论文。他会计划好在作业该交的前两三天完成，以便如果花费的时间超过预期，他还能在规定的最后期限前完成。阿曼达严格遵守一张学习时间表，其中包括每两小时休息一次。“在你过度疲劳时还试图学习并不明智，”她指出，“短暂的休息，哪怕只是伸展一下身体，呼吸呼吸新鲜空气，也能带来意想不到的效果。” 5.学会阅读。“我过去常花许多时间阅读一些无关的资料，”阿曼达回忆说，“但后来我习惯了快读；如果一段文章的第一句话无关紧要，我便接着读下一段。”“我修过的最好的一门课便是快速阅读，”一名俄克拉荷马州的学生说，“我不仅提高了每分钟阅读的词数，而且学会了首先看书的目录和插图。这样，当我开始阅读时，我就对阅读材料先有了一些了解，而且能记住更多的内容。”在这些学生看来，有效阅读的奥秘就在于做一个主动的阅读者，即能不断提出一些能使自己充分理解所读材料的问题。 6.做好笔记。“在写任何东西之前，我先把一页纸分成两部分，”阿曼达说，“左边部分约占纸宽的三分之一；右边部分占三分之二。我把笔记写在宽的一边，而把中心思想写在左边。这在复习时非常有用，因为你马上就能看到为什么这些材料是有关的，而不用为信息量太大而发愁。”在下课铃响起之前，多数学生便已经合上书本，收好作业，和朋友们说说话儿，准备离开了。而聪明的学生却利用这几分钟，用两三句话写出这堂课的要点，下一次上课之前，他便可以把这些要点浏览一遍。 7.问问题。“如果你问问题，你立刻就会知道，你是否已经掌握了要点，”阿历克斯说。课堂参与是一种求知欲的显示。例如，在经济学课上，好奇的学生会问，中国经济怎么可能既是社会主义的，又是市场驱动的，从而使他们不仅对于“什么”，而且对于“为什么”和“怎么样”产生兴趣。 8.一起学习。一起学习的价值从加州大学伯克利分校的一项试验中显示了出来。该校的
21世纪大学英语应用型视听说教程1 Unit 1 Part A Section A Ⅱ 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B Section B Ⅰ 1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T Ⅱ 1.textbooks 2.list 3.bookstore 4.library 5.sell 6.Really 7.entrance 8.pay 9.meet https://www.doczj.com/doc/ad4916190.html,ter Ⅲ 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.A Part B Section A Ⅱ 1.F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.F Section B Ⅱ 1.1701 2.undergraduates 3.winner 4.senior 5.same 6.remained 7.explain 8.hearts 9.conversation 10.chose Section C Ⅱ 1.marks 2.introduction 3.goals 4.assist 5.perform 6.quickly 7.guide 8.receive 9.international 10.arrival Ⅲ 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D Part C Ⅰ 1.what to eat 2.very likely 3.need to think about 4.Once in college 6.I see Part D Section A
Ⅰ 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.B Ⅱ 9.C 10.D 11.C 12.A Ⅲ 13.D 14.D 15.C Section B Ⅰ 16.C 17.D 18.B Ⅱ 19.C 20.A 21.B Ⅲ 22.B 23.D 24.A 25.B Section C Ⅰ 26.cultures 27.contacts 28.key pals 29.consideration 30.sites 31.research 32.nick 33.identity 34.never give your personal information to anyone 35.Tell your teachers，parents or classmates if problems arise 36.Ask appropriate questions that will also help you learn about other cultures Unit 2 Part A Section A Ⅱ 1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.D Section B Ⅰ 1.health 2.missing 3.soul 4.balance 5.journey 6.caring 7.views 8.firm 9.person 10.burning Ⅱ 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B Ⅲ 1.F 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.F Part B Section A Ⅱ 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F Section B Ⅱ 1.couple 2.battle 3.recent 4.ocean 5.trip 6.superstars 7.prefer 8.realistic 9.Regardless 10.theater Section C Ⅱ 1.concern 2.scared 3.interrupt 4.assure 5.sight 6.stuck 7.move 8.trouble Ⅲ 1.D 2.C 3.A 4.E 5.B Part C Ⅰ 1.drawing 2.a much 3.a love letter 4.not much of a writer 5.Why not propose
Unit 1 Text A Listening First Listening Before listening to the tape, have a quick look at the following words. grade 分数 concentrate 全神贯注 schedule 时间表 pressure 压力 selectively 有选择地 relevant 有关的 skip over 跳过;略过 approach 方法 Second Listening Listen to the tape again. Then, choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 1. The purpose of this listening passage is ____. A) to describe college life B) to give advice for college success C) to warn against being lazy at college D) to increase college enrollment（入学人数） 2. According to the listening passage, the most important key to getting good grades at college is _____. A) asking questions in class B) doing assignments ahead of time C) working as hard as you can
21 世纪大学英语 2 答案【篇一：《21 世纪大学英语》第二册课后翻译答案】 p class=txt>unit1 老伴60 多岁中风去世时，那位72 岁的退休教授不胜悲痛。无人依靠的生活对他来说将是非常困难的。 when his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief. life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on. 两位业余画家上个月在伦敦举办了一次个人画展。许多人前去参观，其中包括一些著名的专业画家。 last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in london. many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professionals. 当20 世纪80 年代中期，7 名宇航员在“挑战者”号的灾难中遇到困难时，全世界一下子陷入了震惊与悲痛之中。 when seven astronauts died in the challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief. 在结束了其第二届首相任期之后，她仍积极参与政治事务。当政府遇到困难时，她屡次前来帮忙。 after completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs. she came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty. 大选失败之后，史密斯博士隐退到一个小村庄，在那里尝试工作。 after his failure in the election campaign, dr. smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming. 只要你一辈子不停地努力工作，你在回忆里往事时就会感到心满意足的。 as long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction. 我们现在必须唤醒人们认识到环境保护的重要性。否则很快就为时太晚了。we must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection, or it will be too late. 那位官员因卷入一件政治丑闻而被撤职。如果早知会落到这般地步，他当初也许就会以不同的方式行事了。
Unit 1 subjects in schools would reduce some children's enjoyment of them? risk and danger — he'd be bored in a safe, steady job. 3. Elizabeth is certainly talented enough to succeed in her career; she just doesn't have in her own abilities. 4. I'm sorry you're in trouble, but as you made your decision on your own you'll just have to face 5. Many educators would be delighted to abolish exams, but they also worry that without for students to work hard. known as "dead-Eye Bean." it all in Internet companies. 8. Psychologists say that our behavior is influenced by many factors too subtle for us to 9. He's always had for books. If he could work in a library, it would be a dream come true. 10. Look at those three whispering in the corner again —something, I just don't know what! 参考答案： (1)compulsory (2)relish (3)confidence (4)consequences (5)incentive (6)h enceforth (7)invest (8)perceive (9)passion (10)scheming The suffix -ess can be added to some nouns to refer to female humans and animals.(U1TA) e.g.: prince →princess tiger →tigress A. Add this suffix to the following nouns so that they refer to a female person or animal. Be sure to make any necessary spelling changes.
英语习题 pursue responsibility grant equit restrict distinct minmum expoit award elect 1、The group elected one of its members to be their spokesperson. 2、Wage increases are being kept to a(n)minimum in many companies because of the economic depression. 3、The engineering profession now has many distinct branches. 4、Now that you’re 13 you should have more of responsibility. 5、Students usually pusue one or more of the subjects,which they have studied at “A” level,such as Art,Drama,English,Music,etc. 6、We need to make sure that we expoit our resources as fully as possible. 7、College is considering measure to restrict the sale of cigarettes. 8、College courses should be designed to equip students with knowledge and skills to help them survive in modern society. 9、The local government grant$1.1 million so that the old theater could be taken down and rebuilt. 10、For his achievement in the medical field,the Mayor awarding him a medal of merit. 5： 1、The organization provides information on health issues to the public at large. 2、On the basis of what the Minister says,we will lern whether the Governments thinking has advanced. 3、I’d like to say a word or two in support of his proposal. 4、In response to your advertisement in the Bedfordsbire Reporter,I an writing to apply for the post of secretary. 5、Our company is aiming at a 50% increase in production this year. 12: 1、What question do we face due to the change of the environment? C、How to develop a pattern for sustainable existence. 2、What can we learn from the fifth paragraph? D、Students should learn to understand and appreciate people from other cutures. 3、What did president think of his participating in research when he was an undergraduate? B、It was rewarding. 4、What does the seventh pargraph tell us? C、The president attaches great importance to the undergraduate education. 5、It can can be inferred from the passage that the president introduces undergraduate education at Stanford as . D、a one-in-a-lifetime journey.
21世纪大学英语读写教程（第四册）Unit1课文原文 《Who Is Great?》 Michal Ryan As a young boy, Albert Einstein did so poorly in school that teachers thought he was slow. The young Napoleon Bonaparte was just one of hundreds of artillery lieutenants in the French Army. And the teenage George Washington, with little formal education, was being trained not as a soldier but as a land surveyor. Despite their unspectacular beginnings, each would go on to carve a place for himself in history. What was it that enabled them to become great? Were they born with something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and, perhaps, an uncompromising personality? For decades, scientists have been asking such questions. And, in the past few years, they have found evidence to help explain why some people rise above, while others—similarly talented, perhaps—are left behind. Their findings could have implications for us all. Who is great? Defining who is great depends on how one measures success. But there are some criteria. "Someone who has made a lasting contribution to human civilization is great," said Dean Keith Simonton, a professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis and author of the 1994 book Greatness: Who Makes History and Why. But he added a word of caution: "Sometimes great people don't make it into the history books. A lot of women achieved great things or were influential but went unrecognized." In writing his book, Simonton combined historical knowledge about great figures with recent findings in genetics, psychiatry and the social sciences. The great figures he focused on include men and women who have won Nobel Prizes, led great nations or won wars, composed symphonies that have endured for centuries, or revolutionized science, philosophy, politics or the arts. Though he doesn't have a formula to define how or why certain people rise above (too many factors are involved), he has come up with a few common characteristics. A "never surrender" attitude. If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. "There's a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal," he explained. "But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It's a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion." He cited Winston Churchill, Britain's prime minister during World War II, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his country's morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said, "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end...We shall never surrender."