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apa格式英文范文举例APA格式是一种常用的学术写作格式，本文将为您提供一篇APA格式的英文范文，以便您了解如何按照APA格式撰写学术论文。
Title: The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress ReductionAbstract:This study examines the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction in college students. A sample of 100 participants was recruited and randomly assigned to either a mindfulness meditation group or a control group. The mindfulness meditation group participated in a four-week meditation program, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Pre- and post-intervention measures of stress level were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale. Results indicated that the mindfulness meditation group had a significant reduction in perceived stress levels compared to the control group. These findings suggest that mindfulness meditation may be an effective technique for reducing stress among college students.Introduction:Stress is a common issue among college students and has been linked to various negative outcomes, including decreased academic performance and mental health problems. Mindfulness meditation has emerged as a potential technique for reducing stress, as it involves the use of focused attention on present-moment experiences. However, little research has been conductedon the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction among college students. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction in college students.Method:Participants:A total of 100 college students (50 female, 50 male) were recruited from a university in the United States. Participants were between the ages of 18 and 25 and were not currently receiving any treatment for anxiety or depression.Procedure:Participants were randomly assigned to either a mindfulness meditation group or a control group. The mindfulness meditation group participated in a four-week meditation program consisting of weekly group sessions led by a trained mindfulness meditation instructor. Participants were also instructed to practice mindfulness meditation at home for at least 15 minutes per day. The control group did not receive any intervention.Measures:Pre- and post-intervention measures of stress were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS is a self-report questionnaire that assesses the extent to which individuals perceive their life as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded.Data Analysis:Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA)with one factor (group) and two levels (mindfulness meditation and control). Post-hoc analyses were conducted using paired-samples t-tests.Results:Results indicated that there was a significant interaction between group and time (F(1, 98) = 9.23, p < .05). Post-hoc analyses revealed that the mindfulness meditation group had a significant reduction in perceived stress levels from pre- to post-intervention (t(49) = 7.82, p < .001), whereas the control group did not show any significant change in perceived stress levels (t(49) = 1.14, p > .05).Discussion:The results of this study suggest that mindfulness meditation may be an effective technique for reducing stress among college students. The finding that the mindfulness meditation group had a significant reduction in perceived stress levels compared to the control group is consistent with previous research on mindfulness meditation and stress reduction. However, this study has several limitations, including the lack of a follow-up assessment and the use of self-report measures. Future research should address these limitations and further explore the potential benefits of mindfulness meditation for stress reduction among college students.。
apa第七版格式英文范文举例Living in the digital age has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with one another. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become integral parts of our daily lives, allowing us to connect with friends and family, share our thoughts and experiences, and stay up-to-date on the latest news and trends. However, the widespread use of social media has also raised concerns about privacy, cyberbullying, and the impact of excessive screen time on our mental and physical health.Privacy has become a major issue in the digital age, as personal information shared on social media can easily be accessed by third parties without our knowledge or consent. Companies use our data to target us with personalized advertisements, while hackers can steal our information for malicious purposes. In response to these threats, many peoplehave become more cautious about what they share online, adjusting their privacy settings and using encryption tools to protect their data.Cyberbullying is another significant concern in the digital age, as people can hide behind the anonymity of the internet to harass, intimidate, or threaten others. Social media platforms have taken steps to combat cyberbullying, such as implementing reporting tools and algorithms to identify and remove harmful content. However, cyberbullying remains a pervasive issue, particularly among teenagers and young adults who are more likely to experience online harassment.Excessive screen time has also emerged as a health concern in the digital age, as many people spend hours each day staring at their devices. This sedentary lifestyle can lead to physical health problems such as obesity, eye strain, and poor posture. Additionally, constant exposure to screenshas been linked to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. To mitigate these risks, health experts recommend taking breaks from screens, limiting screen time before bedtime, and engaging in physicalactivities to maintain a healthy lifestyle.Despite these challenges, the digital age has brought about many positive changes, such as greater access to information, increased connectivity, and new opportunitiesfor creativity and expression. Social media platforms have allowed marginalized groups to amplify their voices, mobilize for social justice causes, and build supportive communities. Online education platforms have made learning more accessible and flexible, enabling people to acquire new skills and knowledge from the comfort of their own homes.In conclusion, the digital age has fundamentally transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. While it has brought about many benefits, such as increasedconnectivity and access to information, it has also raised concerns about privacy, cyberbullying, and the impact of excessive screen time on our health. As we navigate this new digital landscape, it is important to remain vigilant about our online behavior, prioritize our mental and physical well-being, and use technology responsibly to create a safer and more inclusive digital environment.。
Abstract: As we know, Hanfeizi is the most representative figure of the legist school. His ideas are best described in his book “Hanfeizi ”,in which he strongly advocated the importance of “law”, “means”, “force ” for an emperor to control his country. About one thousand years later, in Italy there was an politician named Machiavelli. In his famous book called “The Prince”, he adopted the same attitude with Hanfeizi towards how an emperor should rule his country. In this paper, the author tries to explore some similarities and some dissimilarities between the two great thinkers from the aspect of their background, their attitudes towards the nature and relationship of human beings and so on.I Similarities in their backgroundsHanfeizi (280BC_233BC) was born in the Spring and Autumn Period in Han state. At that time Han state was the most weakest state of the seven states.Hanfeizi ,who was much influenced by his teacher Xunzi and the Taoism, saw the political corruption in his country and put forward much useful advice to carry out reform.. Unfortunately the emperor of Han would not like to adopt his ideas and let his country wither away. However the emperor of Qinshihuang admired the talent of Hanfeizi and wanted to give him a position in Qin state. Although Qinshihuang finally killed Hanfeizi owing to listening to the unfaithful advice of Lisi., he ruled his country on the principles advocated by Hanfeizi. Until that time did the divived situation come to an end and the united central right come out.Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy at a time when the country was in political upheaval . Italy was divided between four dominant city-states, and each of these was continually at the mercy of the stronger foreign governments of Europe. Since 1434 Florence was ruled by the wealthy Medici family. Their rule was temporarily interrupted by a reform movement, begun in 1494, in which the young Machiavelli became an important diplomat. When the Medici family regained power in 1512 with the help of Spanish troops, Machiavelli was tortured and removed from public life. For the next 10 years he devoted himself to writing history, political philosophy, and even plays. He ultimately gained favor with the Medici family and was called back to public duty for the last two years of his life. Machiavelli's greatest work is The Prince, written in 1513 and published after his death in 1532. The work immediately provoked controversy and was soon condemned by Pope Clement VIII. Its main theme is that princes should retain absolute control of their territories, and they should use any means of expediency to accomplish this end, including deceit. Scholars struggle over interpreting Machiavelli's precise point. In several section Machiavelli praises Caesar Borgia, a Spanish aristocrat who became a notorious and much despised tyrant of the Romagna region of northern Italy. During Machiavelli's early years as a diplomat, he was in contact with Borgia and witnessed Borgia's rule first hand. Does Machiavelli hold up Borgia as the model prince? Some readers initially saw The Prince as a satire on absolute rulers such as Borgia, which showedthe repugnance of arbitrary power (thereby implying the importance of liberty). However, this theory fell apart when, in 1810, a letter by Machiavelli was discovered in which he reveals that he wrote The Prince to endear himself to the ruling Medici family in Florence. To liberate Italy from the influence of foreign governments, Machiavelli explains that strong indigenous governments are important, even if they are absolutist.II Similarities in their attitudes reflected in their works1.On forceFrom the experience Machiavelli learned that weak countries had no diplomatic relationship with other counties. In his work he put forward that the weakest thing in the world was the power that was exaggerated. He tried to persuade the emperor to make a strong army, which would become the solid foundation of any course. While Hanfeizi held the same opinion with Machiavelli, he said that the most important task for an emperor was to develop his country in many ways such as increasing the production of agriculture, establish clear encouragement and punishment laws, have a forceful army under his control.2. On humans nature and their relationshipThough humanists of Machiavelli's time believed that an individual had much to offer to the well being of the state, Machiavelli was quick to mock human nature. Humanists believed that "An individual only grows to maturity- both intellectually and morally- through participation' in the life of the state."Machiavelli generally distrusted citizens, stating that "...in time of adversity, when the state is in need of it's citizens there are few to be found.” Machiavelli further went on to question the loyalty of the citizens and advised the Prince that "...because men a wretched creatures who would not keep their word to you, you need keep your word to them."The same to Hanfeizi. Under the influence of his teacher Xunzi, Hanfeizi adhered to the principle that human nature was bad. And his developed his ideas to the enumerated kingdom which he thought was the heaven of the earth. He believed that human beings were driven by the greed for profit. We can see some trace in his famous saying: strict mother has kind children, while kind mother has brute children. Both of them believed that the relationship among human beings was a kind of naked interest_oriented relationship. They make use of each other, not believe in others, and would try every means to reach ones aims.3.On the image of emperor.In The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli presents a view of governing : state that is drastically different from that of humanists of his time. Machiavelli believes the ruling Prince should be the sole authority determining every aspect of the state and put in effect a policy, which would serve his best interests. These interests were gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political power. His understanding ofhuman nature was a complete contradiction of what humanists believed and taught. Machiavelli strongly promoted a secular society and felt morality was not necessary but in fact stood in the way of an effectively governed principality. Though in come cases Machiavelli's suggestions seem harsh and immoral one must remember that these viewswere derived out of concern Italy's unstable political condition. If a prince can not be both feared and loved, Machiavelli suggests, it would be better for him to be feared bey the citizens within his own principality. He makes the generalization that men are, "...ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well they are yours." He characterizes men as being self centered and not willing to act in the best interest of the state,"[and when the prince] is in danger they turn against[him]." Machiavelli reinforces the prince's need to be feared by stating: Machiavelli postulates that a prince must also deceive those whoattempt to flatter him.In choosing wise men for his government and allowing those the freedom to speak the truth to him, and then only concerning matters on which he asks their opinion, and nothing else. But he should also question them toughly and listen to what they say; then he should makeup his own mind.Machiavelli actively promoted a secular form of politics. He laid aside the Medievalli conception "of the state as a necessary creation for humankinds spiritual, material, and social well-being." In such a state,"a ruler was justified in his exercise of political power onlyif it contributed to the common good of the people he served, and the ethical side of a princes activity...ought to be based on Christian moral principles...." Machiavelli believed a secular form of government to be a more realistic type. His views were to the benefit of the prince, in helping him maintain power rather than to serve to the well being of the citizens. Machiavelli promoted his belief by stating: The fact is that a man who wants to act virtuously in every way necessarily comes to grief among those who are not virtuous. Therefore,if a prince wants to maintain his rule he must learn not to be sovirtuous, and to make use of this or not according to need.Hanfeizi also had the same attitude .He advocated his ideas about the“law”, ”mean”, ”force”. Many emperors in the Chinese history adopted his ideas in order to rule their countries. He believed that as an emperor ,one should know the dividing line of the encouragement and punishment and use these them wisely. The emperor should learn to get rid of the opponents and use law to rule the country so that all the citizen would know what they should do and what they should not.III Their different resultHanfeizis ideas have led our country to the absolutism, while Machiavellis ideas became theresources of the western democracy. Their ideas were about the same, why their result had so much difference? This was because that the feudality system lasted foralmost two thousand years.While after Machiavelli there existed many philosophers in the west to discuss the validity of the absolute monarchy. They changed with the tides, while on the other hand we Chinese kept the old form and too outdated.。
apa英文范文The APA (American Psychological Association) style is a widely recognized and accepted format for academic and professional writing. It is commonly used in the fields of social sciences, including psychology, education, and business. The APA style provides a standardized set of guidelines for the structure, organization, and presentation of research papers, articles, and other written works. Adhering to these guidelines ensures consistency, clarity, and professionalism in academic and scholarly communication.One of the primary purposes of the APA style is to establish a common framework for the organization and formatting of research papers. This includes the structure of the paper, the citation of sources, and the presentation of tables and figures. By following the APA guidelines, authors can ensure that their work is easily readable, well-structured, and properly referenced, making it more accessible and understandable to the reader.The APA style typically includes the following key components in a research paper or article:1. Title Page: The title page should include the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. It should also include a running head, which is a shortened version of the title that appears at the top of each page.2. Abstract: The abstract is a concise summary of the paper, typically ranging from 150 to 250 words. It should provide an overview of the study's purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions.3. Introduction: The introduction section should provide background information on the topic, clearly state the research question or hypothesis, and outline the purpose of the study.4. Method: This section describes the research design, participants, materials, and procedures used in the study. It should be detailed enough for the reader to understand and potentially replicate the study.5. Results: The results section presents the findings of the study, including any statistical analyses or data that were collected.6. Discussion: The discussion section interprets the results of the study, explains their significance, and addresses any limitations or implications of the research.7. References: The references section lists all the sources cited in the paper, formatted according to APA style guidelines.In addition to these core components, the APA style also provides guidelines for the formatting of in-text citations, the use of headings and subheadings, the presentation of tables and figures, and the overall layout of the paper.Adhering to the APA style is not only important for ensuring the quality and consistency of academic writing but also for demonstrating the author's attention to detail and commitment to professional standards. By following the APA guidelines, writers can effectively communicate their research findings, ideas, and arguments in a clear and organized manner, making their work more accessible and impactful to the academic community.Furthermore, the APA style is widely recognized and used across various disciplines, making it a valuable skill for students, researchers, and professionals to develop. Mastering the APA style can not only improve the quality of one's own writing but also facilitate the peer review and publication process, as many academic journals and publishers require submissions to be formatted according to APA guidelines.In conclusion, the APA style is a crucial component of academic and professional writing, providing a standardized framework for the organization, formatting, and presentation of research papers and articles. By following the APA guidelines, writers can ensure the clarity, consistency, and professionalism of their work, ultimately enhancing its impact and accessibility within the scholarly community.。
apa格式英文作文Sure, here's an example of an APA format English essay without revealing your prompt:---。
Title: The Impact of Technology on Modern Education。
Abstract。
This paper explores the profound influence of technology on contemporary education. It delves into the ways in which technology has transformed traditional educational practices, focusing on its advantages and disadvantages.Introduction。
Technology has become an integral part of modern education, revolutionizing the way students learn andteachers instruct. This essay examines the impact of technology on education, considering its implications for both students and educators.Advantages of Technology in Education。
One of the significant advantages of technology in education is its ability to enhance learning experiences. Through interactive multimedia presentations, simulations, and virtual reality, students can engage with course material in more immersive and meaningful ways. This fosters deeper understanding and retention of information.Furthermore, technology enables personalized learning experiences tailored to individual student needs. Adaptive learning platforms can adjust the pace and content of instruction based on students' abilities, ensuring that each student receives targeted support.Another benefit of technology in education is its role in promoting collaboration and communication. Online discussion forums, video conferencing tools, andcollaborative document editing software facilitate peer interaction and group projects, irrespective of geographical distances.Disadvantages of Technology in Education。
【精品】APA格式范文Title: The Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress Reduction in College StudentsAbstract:Stress among college students is a growing concern, as it can significantly impact their physical and mental health. This study examined the effect of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction in 50 college students. Participants were randomly assigned to a mindfulness meditation group or a control group. The mindfulness meditation group received eight weeks of guided meditation sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Results show that the mindfulness meditation group had significantly lower levels of perceived stress compared to the control group (t= -3.09, p=0.002). These findings suggest that mindfulness meditation may be an effective intervention to reduce stress among college students.Keywords: mindfulness meditation, stress, college studentsThe Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress Reduction in College StudentsCollege students are a population that is particularly prone to experiencing high levels of stress. According to the National College Health Assessment survey conducted in 2019, more than 85% of college students reported feeling overwhelmed by their workload, while nearly 60% reported feeling overwhelminganxi ety. Stress can negatively impact students’ academic performance, physical and mental health, and overall quality of life. Therefore, it is important to explore effective strategies to manage stress among college students.Mindfulness meditation, a technique that involves paying attention to the present moment without judgement, has gained attention as a possible tool for stress reduction. Previous research has shown that mindfulness meditation can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression in both clinical and non-clinical populations (Khoury et al., 2015). However, few studies have examined the effect of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction specifically in college students.The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction in college students. We hypothesize that participants who receive guided mindfulness meditation sessions will report lower levels of perceived stress compared to those who do not receive any intervention.MethodsParticipantsThe participants were 50 undergraduate students from a large Midwestern university. Participants were recruited via fliers and email invitations. Inclusion criteria were at least 18 years old, currently enrolled in the university, and experiencing moderate to high levels of stress. Participants were excluded if they had a history of mental health disorders or were currently receiving any psychological treatment. The mean age of the participants was 20.3 years, with 60% female and 40% male.ProcedureAfter obtaining informed consent, participants were randomly assigned to either the mindfulness meditation group or the control group using a computer-generated randomization program. Participants in the mindfulness meditation group received eight weeks of guided meditation sessions, while those in the control group received no intervention.The guided mindfulness meditation sessions were led by a trained meditation instructor. Each session lasted for 30 minutes and was held once per week on campus. Participants were also encouraged to practice mindfulness meditation at home using an audio recording provided by the meditation instructor. Participants in the control group were asked to maintain their usual activities during the study period.MeasuresPerceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983). The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a 10-item self-report questionnaire that assesses the degree to which individuals perceive their lives to be stressful. Items are rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). The PSS has been widely used in research and has good reliability and validity.Statistical AnalysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the demographic characteristics of the participants. Independent samples t-tests were conducted to compare the mean scores of the PSS between the mindfulness meditation group and the control group. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.ResultsThe mean PSS scores for the mindfulness meditation group and the control group at baseline were 23.4 (SD=3.5) and 22.8 (SD=3.2), respectively. After eight weeks, the mean PSS score for the mindfulness meditation group decreased to 18.2 (SD=2.9), while the mean PSS score for the control group remained stable at 22.9 (SD=3.4).Independent samples t-test revealed that the mean PSS score for the mindfulness meditation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (t= -3.09, p=0.002). These results suggest that the guided mindfulness meditation sessions were effective in reducing perceived stress in college students.DiscussionThe results of this study provide support for the use of mindfulness meditation as an effective intervention to reduce stress among college students. Participants who received eight weeks of guided meditation sessions reported significantly lower levels of perceived stress compared to those in the control group who received no intervention.These findings are consistent with previous research that has shown the effectiveness of mindfulness meditation in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression (Khoury et al., 2015). This study extends this research by demonstrating the potential benefits of mindfulness meditation specifically for college students. Limitations of this study include a relatively small sample size and a lack of long-term follow-up. Future research should aim to replicate these findings with a larger and more diverse sample, as well as to examine the long-term effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction.Overall, this study provides support for the use of mindfulness meditation as a potential tool for stress reduction among college students. Further research examining the specific mechanisms through which mindfulness meditation can reduce stress and improve well-being is needed.。
apa格式英文引用范文举例APA Format Example in English Citation.APA (American Psychological Association) format is a widely used citation style in academic writing,particularly in the fields of social science and humanities. It emphasizes the author-date method of citation, which means that the author's last name and the year ofpublication are included in the text, followed by a full reference list at the end of the paper.Here is an example of how to cite a source in APAformat within the text of an English paper:In their recent study, Smith and Johnson (2023) argue that the impact of technology on education has been significant. They found that students who use digital tools in their learning demonstrate higher levels of engagement and achievement. This finding is consistent with previous research conducted by Anderson (2021), who noted a positivecorrelation between technology use and academic performance.The full reference list for the above citations would appear at the end of the paper and would include the following information:Smith, J., & Johnson, T. (2023). The impact of technology on student engagement and achievement. Journalof Educational Technology, 15(2), 89-102.Anderson, M. (2021). Technology use and academic performance: A review of the literature. Educational Psychology Review, 33(1), 1-20.Note that in the reference list, the authors' names are inverted (last name first, followed by the first initial of their first name). The title of the article, the journal name, volume number, issue number, and pagination are also included. The publication year is placed at the end of the entry.It is important to follow the specific guidelines forAPA format, as they can vary depending on the version of the style manual being used (e.g., 6th edition, 7th edition). Always consult the latest edition of the APA manual or an online resource like the Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) for accurate and updated information on citation formats.。
APA范文英文1. IntroductionIn academic writing, the American Psychological Association (APA) style is widely used for citing sources, formatting papers, and structuring research articles. The APA style provides guidelines for authors to ensure clarity, consistency, and credibility in their work. This article aims to explore the essential components of a paper written in APA format, including title page, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and references.2. Title PageThe title page is the first page of an APA paper and contains the title of the paper, the author’s name, and the institutional affiliation. The title should be concise, yet descriptive, and it should accurately represent the content of the paper. The author’s name should be writte n in full, including first name, middle initial, and last name. The institutional affiliation indicates the academic institution or organization with which the author is affiliated.3. AbstractThe abstract is a brief summary of the key points of the paper. It provides a concise overview of the research topic, the research question or hypothesis, the methodology used, the main findings, and the implications of the study. The abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be written in a single paragraph. It should be clear, concise, and informative. The abstract should be able to stand alone, meaning it should accurately represent the content of the paper without the needfor further reading.4. IntroductionThe introduction section provides the background information on the research topic, the rationale for conducting the study, and the research question or hypothesis. It should provide a clear and concise overview of the topic, highlighting the significance and relevance of the research. The introduction should also include a review of relevant literature to establish the context for the study. The research question or hypothesis should be clearly stated at the end of the introduction section.5. Literature ReviewThe literature review section provides a comprehensive analysis and critical evaluation of previous research related to the research topic. It aims to present a synthesis of existing knowledge, identify gaps in the literature, and justify the need for the current study. Theliterature review should be organized thematically or chronologically, depending on the research topic and the available literature. It should provide a balanced and objective assessment of the existing research, and it should include proper citations for all the sources consulted.6. MethodologyThe methodology section describes the research design, the participants or subjects, the data collection instruments or procedures, and the data analysis techniques used in the study. It provides a detailed explanation of how the study was conducted to ensure its replication by other researchers. The methodology section should be clear, comprehensive, and transparent, allowing readers to understand the validity and reliability of the study. It should also include anyethical considerations and limitations of the study.7. ResultsThe results section presents the findings of the study in a clear and organized manner. It should provide a concise summary of the data collected and analyzed. The results can be presented in the form of tables, figures, or descriptive statistics. It should avoidinterpretation or discussion of the results, as that belongs to the next section. The results section should be objective, accurate, and focused on answering the research question or testing the hypothesis.8. DiscussionThe discussion section interprets the results of the study in relation to the research question or hypothesis. It aims to explain the meaning and implications of the findings, compare them with previous research, and provide possible explanations or theories. The discussion section should also address the limitations of the study, suggest directions for future research, and discuss the practical and theoretical implications of the findings. It should be coherent, logical, and well-supported by the data presented in the results section.9. ReferencesThe references section provides a list of all the sources cited in the paper. It should follow the APA format guidelines for citing different types of sources, including books, articles, websites, and others. The references should be listed in alphabetical order by the authors’ last names. Each reference should include the author’s name, the publication year, the title of the source, the name of the publisher or journal, and the relevant page numbers. The references section should be accurate, complete, and consistent with the citations in the paper.ConclusionIn conclusion, following the APA style guidelines is essential for academic writing. It ensures consistency, clarity, and credibility in the presentation of research. The APA format provides a standardized structure for papers, including title page, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and references. By following these guidelines, authors can effectively communicate their research findings and contribute to the body of knowledge in their respective fields.。
历史学apa格式英文范文举例In the realm of historical studies, the American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is widely used for academic writing. This style is known for its clarity and consistency, making it a popular choice for scholars in the social sciences. Below is an example of an essay written in APA format, focusing on the impact of the Industrial Revolution on society.The Industrial Revolution: A Catalyst for Societal TransformationThe Industrial Revolution, a period of rapid industrialization that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century, marked a significant turning point in human history. It brought about profound changes in the way people lived and worked, transforming economies and societies in ways that are still felt today.One of the most notable impacts of the Industrial Revolution was the shift from an agrarian society to an industrial one. Prior to the revolution, most people worked in agriculture, but as new technologies emerged, they were drawn to the cities in search of work in factories (Smith, 2015). This urbanization led to the growth of cities and the development of new social classes, such as the working class and the industrial bourgeoisie.The introduction of machinery and the factory system revolutionized the production process. The steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1769, was a key innovation that allowed for the mechanization of various industries (Watt, 1769). This mechanization increased production efficiency and led to a significant increase in the availability of goods, which in turn affected the economy and the standard of living for many people.However, the Industrial Revolution was not without its drawbacks. The working conditions in factories were often harsh and dangerous. Workers, including children, labored long hours in poorly lit and ventilated environments (Engels, 1845). The exploitation of labor and the lack of regulation contributed to social unrest and the rise of labor movements advocating for workers' rights.The environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution was also significant. The increased use of coal for steam power and other industrial processes led to air pollution and other environmental concerns (Carson, 1962). These issues have persisted and evolved over time, leading to ongoing debates about the balance between industrial progress and environmental sustainability.In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution was a period of immense change that reshaped the world in many ways. It brought about economic growth, technological advancements, and social transformations, but also highlighted the need for social and environmental considerations in the pursuit of progress.References- Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.- Engels, F. (1845). The Condition of the Working Class in England. Leipzig: Otto Wigand.- Smith, J. (2015). The Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.- Watt, J. (1769). Specification of patent for a new invention by James Watt. The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle, 39(2), 146.This essay provides a concise overview of the Industrial Revolution, incorporating citations in APA format to support the discussion. It is important to note that the references listed are fictional and provided for illustrative purposes only. In an actual academic paper, the references would be real publications that have been peer-reviewed and are accessible to the reader.。
apa格式英文论文范文英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流;下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式英文论文范文，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。
apa格式英文论文范文篇一The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要：文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。
越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济，政治和文化根源。
悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。
西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。
悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧，而是对现实社会的特征的再现，它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。
英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。
他塑造了许多悲剧人物，展现出各种人物魅力。
小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外，还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义，蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。
哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。
小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象，无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。
本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面，探讨导致其悲剧的成因。
关键词：托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars ha ve begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creation, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writerThomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides providing the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succe eded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psychology.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a count ry’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or success. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life . There are lots of tragedies in western literature such asOedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publishing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragic spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortune deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many papers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he was bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s tragedy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before the writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their primary material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society. In many cases, the social background of thenovel is the writer’s background. Before analyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this no vel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which we can see the background of this novel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages. The Victorian age was an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accident for the tragedy consciousness. Hardy’s tragic novels has sprung from and developed this tragic idea in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.Thomas Hardy studied Greek tragedies and Shakespearean tragedies all his life. And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy cons ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy –life wasfilled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel painful; however, when he could gain his desires, he would become insipid. This was another torment. Schopenhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this periodcould not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflection of life. Almost all writers created their novels according to his social background. We can see many literary works written on the basis of their ages. They wanted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writers from their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the people know the dark aspects of the government and then fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D’urbervilles must be helpful to show us the background of Clare’s tragedy.2.1.1 About the writer –Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840～1928), born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famous British poet and novelist. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian age. He vividly and truthfully described the tragic plots in his works. The critics of literature called him “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born into an architect’s family and was expected to become an architect. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing.Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. The dominant theme of his novels is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the Immanent Will. He bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. And he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and religions of capital. Hardy’s works reflected the tremendous changes and people’s miserable lives especially the women’s lives in soc ial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc after the invasion of industrial capital to the British villages. Moreover, where we see Hardy's real mastery is the difference in the language of people from the social classes (e.g. the Clare’s in contrast with the farm workers’). He was good at viewing life with a tragic light. “Tess of The D’urbervilles” was his masterpiece which was noted by lots of critics of different periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D’urbervillesTess of The D’urbervilles cam e into conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other Hardy novels, rural lifeis a prominent issue in the story. And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, plain, honest, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D’urbervilles A lec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for having another man’s child even tho ugh she forgave him everything. Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found Alec became a minister. After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her, and Alec said it as well, and Tess knew her family would do well by Alec’s wealth and property. But to her surprised, Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested and hanged. She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of common people’s destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for women. Hesucceeded in portraying an artistic image –a village girl with kindness, tenderness and amorousness. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.Ch apter3 The origins of Angel Clare’s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and having its roots. The essence of tragedy is almost the same thought different writers create the stories from different points of view and with different techniques. A number of critics had many kinds of interpretations for Angel Clare’s tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives. This paper will explain his tragedy as the following aspects:3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mainly to the social conventions and moral standards which led to Clare’s tragedy. Clare lived in such conditions which the masculine authority played an important role in traditional society. Angel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, women were regarded as being subordinate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view on chastity considered a woman’s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If the women lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral standards for the female, demanding of the female to be pure and virginal; on the other hand, the male indulged himself in sexual matters. They demanded that the most magnanimous act the female had should be chastity; nevertheless, those who broke the women’s chastity were themales themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking Clare “Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you. Angel” (Hardy, 1993) would become the impossibility.Under such circumstances, after Tess lost her virginity, she should be Alec’s concubine or make their relationship legalized according to the social bad habits of the time. But T ess, who pursued her innocent love, had rather be “a lady of easy virtue”. In the literature, there was a set form for the images of women, namely, women should be beautiful and virtuous, gentle and biddable, and should cleave to his husband and families. All these sets are related to the real society. Traditionally, a woman must obey her husband like his wretched slave. The description about this age given by Hardy was just the society whose “social morals” had manifested mainly in “chastity” that centered on men. Even if a man of that age was bold in challenging the old system, it was impossible for him to abandon the social morals. In addition, a large part of people around him were still controlled by feudal ideas, so the social roots should be the direct cause of Clare’s tragedy.3.2 Psychological rootsA person’s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardy naming his hero “Angel” might have his own intent. We know that Angel should be pure; however, from the development of the plot, we can not see “pure” from Angel Clare. Angel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was unwilling to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette, and gave a damn for the superior of material things such as wealth and position. He was born andbred the religion. But he thought that he could not honestly be ordained a minister as his brothers were. He took up a disdainful position on the social customs and found the value of working people. He abandoned the chance of studying in university and went to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. This is sufficient to show that he was bold in struggling with the traditional view and tried to show off the shackles of the class. At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt” in detail. Angel fell out with Tess and then went to Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquainted with him. He could not forgive Tess her “guilt”. The so-called “pure” in his mind was so ingrained that he could not accept Tess’s past. He considers her as a "fallen women".Clare was also such a man with a ridiculous point that a man could have affair with many girls but a girl must keep to be a virgin before she become a bride. It showed his cowardice in his character. Tess trusted him and made a decision to confide her secret to him. But on the night of their wedding, when Clare learned that Tess was not a virgin and had had a bastard, the original perfect image was suddenly broken by the sad facts. Apparently he said he was deeply attached to Tess, but actually he could not face the truth with courage. He just loved Tess’s pleasing appearance rather than any other things of her. Angel Clare was more or less an open-minded bourgeois intellectual. In love, although he was not as despicable as Alec, he was devoid of selfless and sincere feeling as Tess did. Clare loved Tess just because of her beauty. And she could become his right hand in the futur e.He told Tess: “I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you. Another woman in your shape.”(Hardy, 1993) Hecould not believe this bad truthe and said “Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!” It is clear that he took a deadly knock psychologi cally. Clare’s character determined his tragedy –he could not accept her past.It is clear that the seeds of tragedy are sown when all the rigid rule of his forebear and the unfair social systems firmly laid hold of Angel Clare, who had preached the liberation of mankind no longer exists. When Clare finally realized the immensity of Tess’s love and the piteous plight it had brought upon her, everything was too late. He could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards. Tess would go away forever. It was Clare’s tragedy –the social system and morality and his character decided that it could be inevitable.Chapter4 ConclusionLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Literature originates from life and then reforms life. They can make you subconsciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. After you finish reading, the characters that it depicted will appear vividly in front of you. They are true to life—— you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excellent literary works, we can feel the history vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attraction. The reason why a great number of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experience with the characters in the novels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. The strong tragedies can touch the heart ofthe readers. The modern western tragedies represented the life style of modern westerners. They have some characteristics of modern lives and consciousness. Studying on the masterpieces of an age can help a lot for studying its history. Thomas Hardy was born in Victorian age. The novel in this age became the most widely read, the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the writers of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. In Hardy’s works, man is also shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary characteristics which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. He vividly portrayed different characters of tragedy. Tess of the D’urbervilles was one of his masterpieces. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty can be clearly seen in this novel and it is not difficult to see the roots of this tragedy either from Tess or C lare. This paper analyzed Clare’s tragedy and described the roots of tragedy in this process. A wonderful description is just a part of a novel, but only those things which can strike deep into the minds of the people will be remembered by them. From the tragedy of Angel Clare, we can see the dark of a society again.Bibliography:[1] Abcarian, Richard. Marvin Klotz: Literature—The Human Experience[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000[2] Force, Lorrain.M. Cliffs Notes on Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Washington University, 1996.[3] Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. ForeignLanguage Press ,1993.[4] Robert Ackerman. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Beijing: Simon&Schuster Press and Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996[5] 马新国主编，2002，西方文论史[M]，北京：高等教育出版社[6] 颜学军，论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J]，四川外语学院学报，2001(3)[7] 张谷若译本，1990，德伯家的苔丝[M]，北京：人民文学出版社[8] 朱立元，1997，当代西方文艺理论[M]，上海：华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二On Thomas Hardy’s Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the limitation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation.内容摘要：宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。
