流程图
流程图6点参考要领：
1. 找到流程图的过程，起点，终点。
2. 找到图上标出的已知动作，如果出现生词，尽量猜测。无词，用自己的语言。
3. 按照步骤，分段描述，千万不能省略任何一步。
4. 切记!加入流畅合理的表示顺序的关联词。
5. 句型以主动为主，搭配被动，以及主语从句(例如：It can be seen from the graph that…)。
6. 时态要使用一般现在时。
Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown in parts of South America, Africa and Indonesia.(开头不能一上来就直接介绍cacao tree,而是通过主题词chocolate引出，否则显得太唐突)【流程图特点之一：介绍过程要使用一般现在时】【流程图特点之二：大量使用定语从句，将有关联的两句话连接。】【流程图特点之三：大量使用被动语态】The tree produces large red pods which contain white cocoa beans.【流程图特点之四：使用一些表示顺序的连接词】when the pods are ripe, they are harvested, the beans are removed and they are fermented for several days in large wooden boxes.(三个句子的并列：“句子A,句子B and 句子C”。)During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown.【流程图特点之五：要适当地添加个别图中没有交代但能从图片中直接读出来的一些内容，否则可能达不到字数要求。但是一定要把握尺度，千万不要加上自己的主观观点，否则会扣分】
Next, the brown beans are spread in the sun to dry. They are then put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry. After this, the beans are taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures of between 250 and 350 degree Celsius.
After being roasted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell is removed. This part is not needed for making chocolate. Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressed and liquid chocolate is produced.【流程图特点之六：一般不需要写总结】
The process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry can be outlined in seven consecutive steps. First the raw material, clay, which was just below the surface of soil in certain clay-rich areas has to be dug up by a digger.
Then the lumps of clay are placed on a metal grid in order to break up the big chunks of clay into much smaller areas, which fall through the metal grid onto a roller, whose motion further segregates the bits of clay. Sand and water are added to make a homogenous mixture, which is then either formed in moulds or cut into brick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter.
Those fresh bricks are then kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum of 48 hours, several dozens if not hundreds of bricks at a time. The dried bricks are then transferred to a so-called kiln, another type of high temperature oven. First they are kept at a moderate temperature of 200 ℃-1300 ℃. This process is followed by cooling down the finished bricks for 48 to 72 hours in a cooling chamber.
Once the bricks have cooled down and have become hard, they get packaged and delivered to their final destination, be it a building site or storage.
The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm.
第一个图显示了，在蚕的生命过程中主要有四步。First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. 首先，蛾子产出卵，每个卵用10天的时间变成蚕的幼虫，他们以桑叶
为食。This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. 这个阶段持续最多到六个星期，直到幼虫周围生产出茧（silk thread）. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge
from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. 经过三个星期的一段时间之后，
成年的蛾子最终从茧里面出来，这个生命的循环就再一次开始了。
The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. 茧是生产
丝绸的原材料。Once selected, they are boiled in water and the thread can be separated in the unwinding stage. 一旦被挑选出来，他们在水里煮沸，丝可以在打开的阶段中被分
离出来。Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage. 每条丝是300
到900米长，这就意味着，他们能够被缠绕在一起，染色，然后在织布阶段被用于生产布品。
Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silk worm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.
范文总结：
1．163个字。
2．使用了很多合适的关联词，见阴影部分。
3．主要是简单的并列句。
4．句型，搭配了一些被动语态。
5．动词使用丰富：produce, feed on, last, emerge, select, boil, separate, unwind,
in 10 days
during the period of 10 days
The process lasts for up to 10 days
after 10 days
10 days passed until something happened.
就这些图形，我们来总结地理变迁题的写作要点。
地图题注意要点：
1 .地图的起始点
2 .方向很重要
3 .认真阅读并尽量记住图中已有的信息
考察点：
1 .方向方位路线顺序的把握
2 .相对位置关系的描述和辨别
3 .表方位的词或者词组主要是介词的用法
4 .图中关键词的定位
The car park has been removed and replaced by a theatre.
The number of homes in Town A is likely to double
2．确定写的顺序，是按变化写还是按位置写，还是两个的综合体。
3. 描述变化，把明显的变化先划出，最好用词在图旁边描述，确定
自己要写几点。
4．句型多用被动语态。
5．时态使用一般现在时或者过去时,也可能现在完成时。表示将来的时间可以用
下列表达：be predicted/be expected to do…
一般不用将来时，用上面的结构。
It is obvious/notable/noticeable
It is easy to locate/to find that…
It can be seen from the graph that…
?细节变化
地图每个细节变化都要提到，不要忽视一个细节
?语态
地图题用被动语态
A is/ lies/ is located/ is situated in/on / to the east/west/south/north of B
A 在B…..角落
A is at/in the south-eastern corner of
B ( at 表示A 在B 外部，in表A 在
B 内部)
On the south/southern side of the river
临近马路的地区
The area adjacent to/ near /next to/ just off the road
?在道路或河流的最南端
At the southern end of the river
? A 在B 的对面
A is on the opposite side of B
A is opposite B
? A 在B 东部的边界上（A 在B外部）
A is on the eastern border of B
原有事物可说成：
The original/previous/former garden
?原有事物尺寸上变大/变小：
The size of the library has been enlarged/extended/halved/reduced by ha lf
?原有事物在数量上增多或减少：
The number of homes has increased/risen/grown/reduced /decreased/dr opped/fallen/
doubled/ tripled/ quadrupled to 500.
?原有事物没了：
The farms completely disappeared/were removed.
?原有事物被改为：
A becomes B
A is transformed/reconstructed/redeveloped/converted/changed /turned over to/ into B
图形新添事物
A newly-built road
A new car park was built/established/set up/constructed/completed and o pened in the middle of B
A new IT centre has been added to the library
The year 2000 saw two additions to the land: a pond in the northern part and a vegetable garden on the opposite side.
选址题并不难写，主要注意两点：
?位置描述
?优缺点
这篇文章我们BODY段可分两段，分别陈述：
S1的位置及位置相应的优缺点
S2的位置及位置相应的优缺点
The bar graph shows the global sales (in billions of dollars) of different types of digital games between 2000 and 2006.
The bar chart compares the turnover in dollars from sales of video games for four different platforms, namely mobile phones, online, consoles and handheld devices, from 2000 to 2006.
It is clear that sales of games for three out of the four platforms rose each year, leading to a significant rise in total global turnover over the 7-year period. Sales figures for handheld games were at least twice as high as those for any other platform in almost every year.
In 2000, worldwide sales of handheld games stood at around $11 billion, while console games earned just under $6 billion. No figures are given for mobile or online games in that year. Over the next 3 years, sales of handheld video games rose by about $4 billion, but the figure for consoles decreased by $2 billion. Mobile phone and online games started to become popular, with sales reaching around $3 billion in 2003.
In 2006, sales of handheld, online and mobile games reached peaks of 17, 9 and 7 billion dollars respectively.By contrast, turnover from console games dropped to its lowest point, at around $2.5 billion.
The map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and 1994.
It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was improved.Four periods of development are shown on the map, and each of the populated areas is near to the main roads, the railway or the motorway.
From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main roads. Chorleywood Park and Golf Course is now located next to this original village area. The village grew along the main road to the south between 1883 and 1922, and in 1909 a railway line was built crossing this area from west to east. Chorleywood station is in this part of the village.
The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west alongside the railway line until 1970. At that time, a motorway was built to the east of the village, and from 1970 to 1994, further development of the village took place around motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads.
--by Simon
It is clear that there are five distinct stages in this process, beginning with the capture of energy from sunlight. The final two steps show how domestic electricity is connected to the external power supply.
At the first stage in the process, solar panels on the roof of a normal house take energy from the sun and convert it into DC current. Next, this current is passed to an inverter, which changes it to AC current and regulates the supply of electricity. At stage three, electricity is supplied to the home from an electrical panel.
At the fourth step shown on the diagram, a utility meter in the home is responsible for sending any extra electric power outside the house into the grid. Finally, if the solar panels do not provide enough energy for the household, electricity will flow from the utility grid into the home through the meter.
?distinct stages
?final steps
?at the... stage
? a significant rise
?over a/the period
Collocations for specific topics:
?produce electricity
?the capture of energy
?take energy, convert energy
?global turnover
?sales figures, worldwide sales
The chart and graph below give information about sales and share prices for Coca-Cola.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
?You should write at least 150 words.
?You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
model answer:
The pie chart shows the worldwide distribution of sales of Coca-Cola in the year 2000 and the graph shows the change in share prices between 1996 and 2001.
In the year 2000, Coca-Cola sold a total of 17.1 billion cases of their fizzy drink product worldwide. The largest consumer was North America, where 30.4 per cent of the total volume was purchased. The second largest consumer was Latin America. Europe and Asia purchased 20.5 and 16.4 per cent of the total volume respectively, while Africa and the Middle East remained fairly small consumers at 7 per cent of the total volume of sales.
Since 1996, share prices for Coca-Cola have fluctuated. In that year, shares were valued at approximately $35. Between 1996 and 1997, however, prices rose significantly to $70 per share. They dipped a little in mid-1997 and then peaked at $80 per share in mid-98. From then until 2000 their value fell consistently but there was a slight rise in mid-2000.
The graphs below show the numbers of male and female workers in 1975 and 1995 in several employment sectors of the republic of Freedonia. Write a report for a university teacher describing the information shown.
?You should write at least 150 words.
?You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
model answer:
The two decades between 1975 and 1995 brought significant changes in the representation of women in Freedonia's work force, according to the graphs.
In 1975, for example, some 300 000 men and 250 000 women worked in the communications sector. Twenty years later, though the number of men remained
unchanged, the number of women rose to 550 000.
A similar situation was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector, where the number of women rose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two decades later. The number of men in this sector remained stable over the period, at around 700 000.
Women also made gains in both the finance/banking industries and in the defence-related public sector. Whereas some 125 000 women worked in finance and banking institutions in 1975, the number increased to 450 000 by 1995. The number of men grew only marginally from 425 000 to 480 000 over the same period. In defence, the number of men declined from 225 000 to 200 000, while the number of women rose from 25 000 to over 100 000.
Two sectors that retained stable employment numbers for both men and women were manufacturing, which had about 300 000 women and 650 000 men in both surveyed years, and the public sector (non-defence), which employed 650 000 women and 850 000 men.
Thus, women appear to have made gains in the Freedonian work force but not at the expense of men.
The table below shows social and economic indicators for four countries in 1994, according to United Nations statistics.
Describe the information shown below in your own words. What implications do the indicators have for the countries?
?You should write at least 150 words.
?Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.
model answer:
A glance at four indicators of economic and social conditions in four countries, Canada, Japan, Peru and Zaire, in 1994 reflects the great differences that exist between wealthier and poorer nations.
The table shows that Japan and Canada had annual incomes of $15 760 and $11 100 per person, respectively. These figures were overwhelmingly greater than the corresponding figures of $160 in Peru and $130 in Zaire.
Health indicators, too, reflected overall levels of affluence in the four nations. Life expectancy at birth, for example, was higher among the more economically developed countries. Japan reported the highest life expectancy, 78. This was followed by Canada, 76; Peru, 51; and Zaire, 47; This suggests that richer societies are able to put more money into health care than poorer ones.
The amount of calories consumed daily per person roughly followed the same ranking. Canadians each consumed some 3 326 calories per day while the Japanese took 2846 calories. The corresponding figures for Peru and Zaire were 1927 and 1749, respectively.
Literacy rates among adults, too, were higher in wealthier countries, no doubt a reflection of ability to invest in education. Canada and Japan both reported literacy rates of 99%, while Peru claimed 68%. Zaire, the least economically developed of the four countries, had a literacy rate of 34%.
The data appear to confirm the often cited link between national wealth and health and education standards.
The diagram below shows the average hours of unpaid work per week done by people in different categories. (Unpaid work refers to such activities as childcare in the home, housework and gardening.)
Describe the information presented below, comparing results for men and women in the categories shown. Suggest reasons for what you see.
?You should write at least 150 words.
?You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
model answer:
The diagram reveals that the number of hours per week spent in unpaid work is unequally distributed between men and women.
In households where there are no children, women are reported to work some 30 hours per week in such tasks as housework and gardening. Men's contribution to these unpaid jobs averages a considerably lower 18 hours.
When children enter the household, however, the inequality becomes even more pronounced. In families of 1 - 2 children, men maintain approximately the same number of hours of unpaid work as in childless households, but the number of hours women work in the home rises to 52 per week, much of it, on doubt, due to childcare responsibilities.
Interestingly, when there are three or more children in the household, men are found to work even fewer hours around the house than before the appearance of the third child. Whereas women's unpaid hours rise to approximately 56 per week, the corresponding figure for men, 16, actually represents a decrease.
The data suggest that the increased presence of women in the paid work force has yet to lead to an increased role for men in the home.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.
?You should write at least 150 words.
?You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
model answer:
The pie charts show changes in American spending patterns between 1966 and 1996.
Food and cars made up the two biggest items of expenditure in both years. Together they comprised over half of household spending. Food accounted for 44% of spending in 1966, but this dropped by two thirds to 14% in 1996. However, the outlay on cars doubled, rising from 23% in 1966 to 45% in 1996.
Other areas changed significantly. Spending on eating out doubled, climbing from 7%
to 14%. The proportion of salary spent on computers increased dramatically, up from 1% in 1996 to 10% in 1996. However, as computer expenditure rose, the percentage of outlay on books plunged from 6% to 1%.
Some areas remained relatively unchanged. Americans spent approximately the same amount of salary on petrol and furniture in both years.
In conclusion, increased amounts spent on cars, computers, and eating out were made up for by drops in expenditure on food and books.
The table below shows the sales at a small restaurant in a downtown business district.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
?You should write at least 150 words.
?You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
model answer:
Gaining work experience prior to graduation helps university students to succeed in getting their first job. For this reason, some universities insist that all students must complete a Work Experience Requirement. Completing the following six stages results in the requirements’ fulfillment.
The process begins with the Application stage. A student reviews an approved list of workplaces and submits applications to places where he would like to work. Next is the Approval stage. When a student receives an acceptance letter, he gives it to the professor for approval. The third stage, Schedule, requires a student to arrange his work schedule. The student should work at least 10 hours/week over 20 weeks. Reports are next. The student must complete a Weekly Report Form and turn it in to the professor every Friday.
The fifth stage, Evaluation, takes place during the final work week. A student participates in an evaluation meeting with his work supervisor, who submits an Evaluation Form. The last stage requires that a student submit a Final Report before the last week of spring semester.
By following these stages and subsequently submitting the final report, the student receives credit from the university.
The diagrams below give information about the Eiffel Tower in Paris and an outline project to extend it underground.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown.
?You should write at least 150 words.
?You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
model answer:
The Eiffel Tower is situated close to the Seine River in Paris. It is a metal structure that is 1,063 feet high and weighs 7,417 tonnes. The tower has been a tourist attraction since 1889, when it was built, and there are 1,665 steps that can be climbed in order to reach the two viewing platforms.
There are now plans to build below the foundations of the tower. These plans include the development of five underground levels that will incorporate the tower's ticket office,
shopping facilities, a cinema and museum and two floors of underground parking.
Although details have yet to be finalised, the principle is that the five floors will be connected by two vertical passenger lifts on either side of the tower. In addition, the floor immediately below the tower, which is planned to house the ticket office, will also consist of a large atrium with a glass ceiling so that visitors can look directly up at the tower itself.