Answer to Exercise 16B
1. Couldn’t someone be asked to do the work privately without being known?
2. They were shocked by the boy’s rudeness, which was put down to his having been spoiled by his parents.
3. They didn’t discover until later that the picture had been stolen.
4. The question was put to debate, but on very few occasions was a question fully debated in Parliament.
5. The rebellion was put down, and martial law was declared. / The army put down the rebellion and declared martial law.
6. He wanted the information to be treated as confidential, but it was made public at a press conference.
7. His property will be disposed of, and the proceeds will be shared among his family.
8. All the members should have an equal right to speak and to vote. Only in this way could they make the law effectively.
9. Having been ignored for many years, the writer suddenly became famous.
10. Should it be proved beyond doubt that the fire was caused by an accident, the man
being held on suspicion of arson will be released.
11. On being informed that he was wanted by the police, the man realized that he had
been betrayed by his accomplice.
12. When the stolen car was finally discovered, it was found that most of its fittings had
been stripped and the air had been let out of the tires.
13. A speech to the nation was to have been made by the Prime Minister, but it had to
be cancelled at the last minute because of a cabinet crisis.
14. The fire was finally got under control, but not before it had caused extensive damage
/ but not before extensive damage had been caused.
15. You should have obtained your lawyer’s advice before you made any decision.
16. Feudalism was not accepted, any more than capitalism is.
17. The house had been broken into, and two thousand pounds’ worth of jewelry had
been stolen.
18. Information about the source from which the startling news had been obtained was
withheld by the reporter. / The reporter withheld information about the source from which he had obtained the startling news.
19. The army authorities needn’t have caused him so much distress by telling him that
his brother had died in action, as they later discovered that they had made a mistake as to the missing man’s identity.
20. A kind of lid is fixed to the top of the pipe, and the oil is allowed to flow gently
through taps.
导论———语法层次 0.1 词素 1）自由词素 2）粘附词素 0.2 词 1）简单词、派生词、符合词 2）封闭词类和开放词类 0.3 词组 1）名词词组 2）动词词组 3）形容词词组 4）副词词组 5）介词词组 0.4分句 1）独立分句和从属分句 2）简单分句和复杂分句 3）主句和从句 4）限定分句、非限定性分句、无动词分句0.5 句子 1）完全句和不完全句 2）简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句 第1讲句子结构 1.1 主谓结构和句子分析 1）主语和谓语 2）句子分析 1.2 基本句型及其转换与扩大 1）基本句型 2）基本句型的转换与扩大 第2讲主谓一致（一） 2.1指导原则 1）语法一致 2）意义一致和就近原则 2.2 以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1）以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 2）以-s结尾的学科名称 3）以-s结尾的地理名称 4）其他以-s结尾的名词 2.3 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 1) 通常作复数的集体名词 2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词 3）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词 4）a committee of 等+复数名词
第3讲主谓一致（二） 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1）由and/both... And 连接的并列主语 2）由or/nor/either...or 等连接的并列主语 3）主语+as much as 等 4）主语+as well as 等 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一直问题1）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 1）以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 2）以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题 3）关系分句中的主谓一致问题 4）分裂句中的主谓一致问题 5）存在句中的主谓一致问题 第4讲 4.1 名词分类和名词词组的句法功能 1）名词分类 2）名词词组的句法功能 4.2 名词的数 1）规则复数和不规则复数 2）集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数4.3 单位词 1）一般表示个数的单位词 2）表示形状的单位词 3）表示容积的单位词 4）表示动作状态的单位词 5）表示成双、成对、成群的单位词 第5讲 5.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 1）名词属格的构成 2）名词属格的意义 3）名词属格的用法 5.2 独立属格和双重属格 1）独立属格 2）双重属格 第6讲限定词（一） 6.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 1）能与三类名词搭配的限定词 2）只能与单数名词搭配的限定词 3）只能与复数名词搭配的限定词
新编英语语法教程第06 讲练习参考答案 Ex. 6A (4A) 1. description 2. arrangement 3. attendance 4. peculiarity 5. expectation 6. argument 7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness Ex. 6B (6E) 1. How much work have you done this morning? 2. To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. 3. He o'nesthde least work. 4. There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. I know little French. 6. There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7. Were there many people at the reception? 8. May I have a few words with you? 9. There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10. Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11. You ' ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12. Jack ' s done the most work and made the most mistakes. 13. He 'dosne a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes. 14. A millionaire has lots of money —and lots of worries. 15. Anna has enough worries because she hasn ' t got enough money. 16. The telephone rang every few minutes. 17. We have been persisting in making the experiment all these last few cold days. 18. Both his next books on English linguistics will come out in 2006. 19. Soon we learned that we had to wait another three more weeks. 20. My brother spent $ 500 for a second-hand car, but I spent almost twice the amount for the same stuff. 新编英语语法教程第07 讲练习参考答案 Ex. 7A 1. experience
1、课程编码：GX009121B/ GX009122B 2、课程名称：英语语法 3、英文名称：English Grammar 4、推荐教材和教学参考书： 5、教材：《新编英语语法教程》(学生用书)，章振邦主编，2003年12月第4版，上海外语教育出版社出版。 5、教学参考书： ⑴《新编英语语法教程》(教师用书)，章振邦主编，2004年1月第4版，上海外语教育出版社出版。 ⑵《牛津实用英语语法》，A. J. 汤普森, A. V. 马蒂内特著，陈则源、夏定雄译，1986年3月第一版，牛津大学出版社，外语教学与研究出版社出版。 ⑶《实用英语语法》，张道真主编，商务印书馆出版。 ⑷《高级英语语法》（上下册），薄冰主编，高等教育出版社出版。 ⑸《大学英语语法》（第三版），徐广联主编，2005年10月第三版，华东理工大学出版社出版。 ⑹《英语语法大全》，（英）伦道夫.夸克等著，苏州大学《英语语法大全》翻译组译，1989年9月第一版，华东师范大学出版社出版。 6、课程类型：专业基础课 7、总学时：72 学时 8、学分：4 9、适用专业：各种英语专业 10、先修课程：综合英语，英语阅读 二、课程性质与设置目的： 《英语语法》是英语专业技能必修课，其目的是培养学生掌握系统的英语语法知识，养成良好的语言运用习惯，保证他们使用英语语言时的正确性和准确性。 作为英语专业的主要必修课程之一，《英语语法》应该和其他专业各门课程一起，力争保证学生能够通过英语专业全国统考TEM4和TEM8。 三、课程教学基本目标： 英语语法课旨在通过该课程的学习，帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目，提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并能借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。学生有计划地阅读英语语法教材，探讨英语语言的结构，通过各种练习，牢固地掌握英语语法，提高运用英语的能力。 四、考核方式： 1、本课程为考查课，采用闭卷开卷结合的考试方式，要求学生在一定的时间内完成教师所设计的考题。成绩评定分为平时和考试成绩，平时作业和课堂表现， 2、本课程考试的命题，应根据大纲规定的要求，确定测试范围和考核标准。考试内容应覆盖到各个章节，重点突出，难易适中。 考核是检查教学大纲执行情况、评估教学质量的一种有效手段，是获取教学反馈信息的主要来源和改进教学工作的重要依据。本课程的考核着重检查学生的英语语法基础知识。 本课程的考核采取两种形式：形成性考核和课程终结考试。 形成性考核：包括平时练习、面授辅导和各项教学活动中的参与情况，以及学生对学习过程的自我监控情况，占总成绩的20%。 每学期期末均安排课程终结考试，考试形式为笔试。考试内容应以所指定教材为基本依据，实行统一考试，考试总成绩的80%。
新编英语语法教程（第六版）第02讲练习参考答案 Ex. 2A 1. SVC Within the stricken area, not a single soul remained alive, and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by monster steam-roller. 2. SV The bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the ground. 3. SVO On August 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima. 4. SvoO Three days later, yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow. 5. SVOC The explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expense of reddish rubble. 6. SV A Within the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of expanding gas, millions of degrees hot. 7. SVOA A tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, concrete, metal, and wood over the ground.
《英语语法》教学大纲 课程编号：2152102 课程类别：专业课 学时：32 学分：2.0 适用专业：英语专业一年级 先修课程：无 一、课程性质、目的和任务 《英语语法》为英语专业基础课，英语语法根据英语专业人才培养的要求，旨在对学生进行英语语法基本理论和基本技能的教育和培养。通过本课程的学习，学生应具有基本的理论知识和应用能力，了解英语语法的一些基本知识与概念，了解英语语言的原理、规则与特点，熟练掌握常用的语法知识，语法体系，具备进一步学习英语语言与英语高级语法的基础，并能够在英语口语、阅读、写作、翻译等实际应用中正确使用英语。 课程任务是帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目，提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。 二、课程教学内容、要求 1 ?课程教学内容语法层次；句子结构；主谓一致；名词和名词词组及属格；限定词；代词；动词和动词词组； 动词的时和体；将来时间表示法；被动态；虚拟式；助动词；不定式；分词；独立结构；比较 等级和比较结构；并列结构；从属结构；关系分句；倒装；省略；替代；语篇衔接 2.课程教学要求： 1）.精讲多练，注重实践2）?以学生为中心组织教学3）.注意培养语篇水平上应用语法知 识的能力。 导论：语法层次
第1讲：句子结构 第2、3讲：主谓一致 第4、5讲：名词、名词词组和名词属格 第6、7讲：限定词 第8、9讲：代词
第10讲：动词和动词词组 第11、12讲：动词的时和体 第13讲：将来时间表示法 第14、15讲：被动态 第16讲：虚拟式 第17、18讲：助动词
新编英语语法教程第06讲练习参考答案Ex. 6A (4A) 1. description 2. arrangement 3. attendance 4. peculiarity 5. expectation 6. argument 7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness Ex. 6B (6E) 1. How much work have you done this morning? 2. To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. 3. He’s done the least work. 4. There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. I know little French. 6. There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7. Were there many people at the reception? 8. May I have a few words with you? 9. There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday.
新編英語語法教程第06講練習參考答案 Ex. 6A (4A) 1. description 2. arrangement 3. attendance 4. peculiarity 5. expectation 6. argument 7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness Ex. 6B (6E) 1. How much work have you done this morning? 2. To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF
3. He’s d one the least work. 4. There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. I know little French. 6. There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7. Were there many people at the reception? 8. May I have a few words with you? 9. There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10. Harry made the fewest mistakes. GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF
一、说明部分 1、课程编码：GX009121B/ GX009122B 2、课程名称：英语语法 3、英文名称：English Grammar 4、推荐教材和教学参考书： 5、教材：《新编英语语法教程》(学生用书)，章振邦主编，2003年12月第4版，上海外语教育出版社出版。 5、教学参考书： ⑴《新编英语语法教程》(教师用书)，章振邦主编，2004年1月第4版，上海外语教育出版社出版。 ⑵《牛津实用英语语法》，A. J. 汤普森, A. V. 马蒂内特著，陈则源、夏定雄译，1986年3月第一版，牛津大学出版社，外语教学与研究出版社出版。 ⑶《实用英语语法》，张道真主编，商务印书馆出版。⑷《高级英语语法》（上下册），薄冰主编，高等教育出版社出版。⑸《大学英语语法》（第三版），徐广联主编，2005年10月第三版，华东理工大学出版社出版。 ⑹《英语语法大全》，（英）伦道夫.夸克等著，苏州大学《英语语法大全》翻译组译，1989年9月第一版，华东师范大学出版社出版。6、课程类型：专业基础课7、总学时：72 学时 8、学分：4 9、适用专业：各种英语专业 10、先修课程：综合英语，英语阅读 二、课程性质与设置目的： 《英语语法》是英语专业技能必修课，其目的是培养学生掌握系统的英语语法知识，养成良好的语言运用习惯，保证他们使用英语语言时的正确性和准确性。作为英语专业的主要必修课程之一，《英语语法》应该和其他专业各门课程一起，力争保证学生能够通过英语专业全国统考TEM4和TEM8。三、课程教学基本目标： 英语语法课旨在通过该课程的学习，帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目，提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系 统的了解并能借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。学生有计划地阅读英语语法教材，探讨英语语言的结构，通过各种练习，牢固地掌握英语语法，提高运用英语的能力。 四、考核方式： 1、本课程为考查课，采用闭卷开卷结合的考试方式，要求学生在一定的时间内完成教师所设计的考题。成绩评定分为平时和考试成绩，平时作业和课堂表现， 2、本课程考试的命题，应根据大纲规定的要求，确定测试范围和考核标准。考试内容应覆盖到各个章节，重点突出，难易适中。 考核是检查教学大纲执行情况、评估教学质量的一种有效手段，是获取教学反馈信息的主要来源和改进教学工作的重要依据。本课程的考核着重检查学生的英语语法基础知识。本课程的考核采取两种形式： 形成性考核和课程终结考试。 形成性考核：包括平时练习、面授辅导和各项教学活动中的参与情况，以及学生对学习过程的自我监控情况，占总成绩的20%。 、管路敷设技术通过管线不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程中，要加强看护关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。、电气课件中调试对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行 高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。 、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。
Answer to Exercise 16D The heart, which is a muscular pump, beats 72 times a minute through a continuous and automatic process of muscular contraction and relaxation. It is about the size of a fist, weighs about 9-11 ounces and is placed snugly between the lungs, a little more to the left than to the right. A portion runs down the center of the heart, dividing it into left and right sections which work at the same time but deal with two different types of blood. Each section is again divided into upper and lower parts, the auricles and ventricles. The blood is pumped through all four chambers in turn in the course of being circulated through all parts of the body. The heart’s first purpose is to supply a steady flow of oxygen to all the body cells and to return carbon dioxide to the lungs. On its journey the blood distributes dissolved foods and carries away wastes. Two large veins pour the used blood into the first chamber, the right auricle, which passes it into the chamber below, the right ventricle. The muscle surrounding this part contracts in a beat that pushes the blood into the lungs where the carbon dioxide is removed and replaced with vital oxygen. Meanwhile, fresh scarlet blood from the lungs enters the left auricle to be transferred to the left ventricle. From there it is forced by the contracting muscle through a valve into the aorta, the body’s largest artery which distribute it all over the body. The heart beats about 100,000 times every 24 hours and pushes several quarts of blood through miles of arteries, veins and capillaries. A healthy heart keeps this up for a lifetime without faltering.
Lecture 7 Number and Genitive 7.1 Number In the broadest sense of the word, NUMBER refers to a grammatical classification used in the analysis of word classes which have contrasts between singular and plural. Number contrasts in English are seen in nouns (boy, boys), pronouns (she, they, this, these), determiners (this, these, each, all), and verbs (say, says, was, were). But in the present lecture, the sense of NUMBER is restricted only to the number forms in nouns. 1) Regular and irregular plural Individual nouns are all countable and therefore have singular and plural forms. The singular form of an individual noun, which shares the same form as the base of the word, can take such determiners as a(n) and one (e.g.: a/one desk, an/one article). The plural form of an individual noun can be regular or irregular. The regular plural is formed by adding –s or –es to the base (e.g.: days, houses, donkeys, tomatoes, boxes, churches, brushes, classes, babies, countries, loaves, wives, etc/), while the irregular plural is not formed in the same way but by other means such as by changing the internal vowels or by changing the ending of the noun (e.g.: tooth—teeth, man—men, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen). Irregular plurals also include some words of foreign origin,
英语语法答案 翻译： Ex. 17D 1. He may be doing his homework. 2. She may have forgotten to call me back. 3. Could you lend me 5 pounds until tomorrow? 4. I wonder if I could leave now. 5. It might rain this evening. 6. Old Tom might have left San Diego. 7. If it should rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. 8. You should do as he says. 9. If you should change your mind, please let me know. 10. I’m surprised that he should have an accident. 11. Shall I go with you? 12. You shan’t answer her back again. 13. You mustn’t violate the traffic regulations again. 14. He must have got lost in the mountains. 15. You needn’t go and see him. 16. You needn’t have written to her. 17. You should have helped her. 18. If you would change this car, I should be very grateful. 19. Would you mind shutting the door? 20. She shouldn’t have bought that house. 21. It’s odd that she should say that. 22. Don’t call him. He’ll be taking a nap. 23. Don’t write to him. He won’t be home now. 24. Don’t bother him. He will have heard the news. 25. A lion will attack people only when hungry. 26. What will you do after graduation? 27. Mary ought to be home by now. 28. You oughtn’t to have bought a new car. 29. He used to work in Shanghai, but now he is nowhere to be found. 30. How dare you say that in the presence of the principal? Ex. 20D 1. Environmental pollution is a hard problem to be coped with. 2. There is no time to lose. We must start at once. 3. This is an infectious disease to be wiped out in a few years. 4. There was no sound to be heard. 5. I’ve spent two days here. There is nothing to see. 6. This is a good book in which there is much to be learnt. 7. This is an item of information not to say to any other prople. 8. This is a difficult question to answer. 9. At the sound of footsteps outside the window, I stole out of the room, but
Answer to Exercise 16 A 1. This topic has been talked about for years. 2. It will then be dealt with more fully. 3. The children were not properly looked after. 4. Has this matter been looked into? 5. Are you being attended to? 6. Smith’s warehouse was broken into last night. 7. My application has been turned down. 8. This question will be brought up at our next meeting. 9. The trains were held up by fog. 10. Your argument is not borne out by the facts. 11. Their stories are made up. 12. The application has been filled in incorrectly. 13. The scheme was thought out carefully. 14. The prices were put up. 15. Your photographs will be blown up well. 16. The recorded programs can be played back. 17. These interruptions were put up with. 18. His retirement is being looked forward to very much. 19. The responsibilities are being face up to badly. 20. He was looked up to by everyone. 21. This piece of legislation had been done away with reluctantly. 22. They were not taken in by her story. 23. I was got through the written papers by special coaching. 24. He will be seen off at the airport by all the ministers. 25. If it rains, the match will have to be put off.
新编英语语法教程第23讲练习参考答案 Ex. 23A 1. favourable 2. plentiful 3. momentous 4. hurried 5. valuable 6. thoughtful 7. mischievous 8. spiced 9. dependable 10. restful 11. disastrous 12. packaged 13. breakable 14. mournful 15. courteous 16. fenced 17. laughable 18. forgetful 19. dangerous 20. lined 21. preferable 22. powerful 23. mountainous 24. striped 25. lovable 26. doubtful 27. mysterious 28. coloured 29. agreeable 30. truthful 31. melodious 32. detailed 33. noticeable 34. hopeful 35. courageous 36. different 37. patient 38. independent 39. important 40. urgent Ex. 23B 1. well-read 2. well-beahved 3. over-cautious 4. well-equipped 5. overloaded 6. well-trained 7. tear-filled 8. storm-battered 9. Fur-lined 10. well-worm 11. over-excited 12. well-informed 13. horse-drawn 14. well-developed 15. ink-stained 16. hard-topped 17. smoke-filled 18. snow-covered 19. Blue-eyed 20. grief-stricken Ex. 23C 1. This is a piece of very alarming news. 2. That was a most astonishing story.
章振邦《英语语法教 程》教学大纲 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
《英语语法》教学大纲 课程编号：2152102 课程类别：专业课 学时：32 学分：2.0 适用专业：英语专业一年级 先修课程：无 一、课程性质、目的和任务 《英语语法》为英语专业基础课，英语语法根据英语专业人才培养的要求，旨在对学生进行英语语法基本理论和基本技能的教育和培养。通过本课程的学习，学生应具有基本的理论知识和应用能力，了解英语语法的一些基本知识与概念，了解英语语言的原理、规则与特点，熟练掌握常用的语法知识，语法体系，具备进一步学习英语语言与英语高级语法的基础，并能够在英语口语、阅读、写作、翻译等实际应用中正确使用英语。 课程任务是帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目，提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。 二、课程教学内容、要求 1．课程教学内容 语法层次；句子结构；主谓一致；名词和名词词组及属格；限定词；代词；动词和动词词组；动词的时和体；将来时间表示法；被动态；虚拟式；助动词；不定式；分词；独立结构；比较等级和比较结构；并列结构；从属结构；关系分句；倒装；省略；替代；语篇衔接 2. 课程教学要求： 1).精讲多练，注重实践 2)．以学生为中心组织教学 3)．注意培养语篇水平上应用语法知识的能力。 导论：语法层次
第1讲：句子结构 第2、3讲：主谓一致 第4、5讲：名词、名词词组和名词属格 第8、9讲：代词
第10讲：动词和动词词组 第11、12讲：动词的时和体 第13讲：将来时间表示法 第14、15讲：被动态 第16讲：虚拟式 第17、18讲：助动词
第三十七讲替代 替代（substitution）是一种避免重复和连接上下文的手段。对句中相同的非关键性词语可以用替代词（substitute）来替代，从而避免重复。替代的结果还会使替代词的邻近词语受到强调。例如： Here are two dresses .one is red ; the other blue . I prefer the red one . 在这里，由于dress为替代词one所取代，不仅避免了重复dress一词，而且通过这种替代关系而使上下文紧密连接，同时也使red一词受到强调。 有三种替代现象：名词性替代，动词性替代和分句性替代。也有三种替代词：名词替代词，动词替代词和分句替代词。分述如下： 一、名词性替代 首先介绍名词性替代和名词替代词。 1.1什么是名词性替代 用名词替代词one（s），the same ,the kind ,the sort 等所表示的替代现象叫做名词性替代。例如： The child doesn’t like this book .show him a more interesting one . (one =book) There are good films as well as bad ones .(ones=films) Can you play the piano ? there is one in the room .(one = a piano ) American food is not the same as the English kind . (kind=food) Slang disappears quickly ,especially the juvenile sort (sort = slang ) 名词替代词还包括一些不定代词，如all ,both ,some , any ,enough ,several ,none ,many ,much ,more ,the most ,a few , a little ,less ,the least ,another ,the other , others ,either,neither 等。例如： Can you give me a few nails ? I need some (=some nails) We offered Jack a cup of coffee ,but he didn’t want any .(=any coffee) I don’t want any more food ,I’ve had enough (=enough food). Use this typewriter ;all the others (=other typewriters )are being repaired 1.2替代词one、ones的用法 下面着重介绍名词替代词one/ones的用法。 a）One 通常可用来替代上下文中出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心词的整个名词词组，既可指人，也可指物。例如： The grey horse is stronger than the black one (one = horse ) I lose a neighbor and you gain one . (one = a neighbor ) 替代词one的复数形式是onse，只能替代复数名词，既可指人，也可指物。例如： The new design is much better than the old ones , (ones = designs) There were a few young people with some older ones in the house .(onse = people) One/onse作为替代词只能用以替代可数名词，不可用来替代不可数名词。例如：不可以说*it’s cheaper to buy furniture than to have new one made . *if you haven’t got fresh milk ,I’ll take some tinned ones . 在上述两例中，应该分别重复furniture和milk两个词，而不能用one和ones来代替。 B）当替代词one用以替代名词词组中心词时，它通常带有限定词，但是，不定冠词和物主