四级考前模考试卷（二）
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of The Young Want to Be Leaders. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below.
1. 现在的年轻人普遍想当领导
2. 人们对此有不同看法
3. 我认为……
The Young Want to Be Leaders
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Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
As English Spreads, Indonesians Fear for Their Language Paulina Sugiarto’s three children played together at a mall here the other day, chattering not in Indonesia’s national language, but English. Their fluency often draws admiring questions from othe r Indonesian parents Ms. Sugiarto encounters in this city’s upscale malls.
But the children’s ability in English obscured the fact that, though born and raised in Indonesia, they were struggling with the Indonesian language, known as Bahasa Indonesia. Their parents, who grew up speaking the Indonesian language but went to college in the United States and Australia, talk to their children in English. And the children attend a private school where English is the main language of instruction.
“They know they’re Indonesian,” Ms. Sugiarto, 34, said. “They love Indonesia. They just can’t speak Bahasa Indonesia. It’s tragic.”
Indonesia’s linguistic legacy is increasingly under threat as growing numbers of wealthy and upper-middle-class families shun (避开) public schools where Indonesian remains the main language but English is often taught poorly. They are turning, instead, to private schools that focus on English and devote little time, if any, to Indonesian.
For some Indonesians, as mastery of English has become increasingly tied to social standing, Indonesian has been relegated to second-class status. In extreme cases, people take pride in speaking Indonesian poorly.
The global spread of English, with its sometimes corrosive(逐渐破坏的) effects on local languages, has caused much hand-wringing (焦虑) in many non-English-speaking corners of the world. But the implications may be more far-reaching in Indonesia, where generations of political leaders promoted Indonesian to unite the nation and forge a national identity out of countless ethnic groups, ancient cultures and disparate dialects.
The government recently announced that it would require all private schools to teach the nation’s official language to its Indonesian students by 2013. Details remain sketchy, though.
“These schools operate here, but don’t offer Bahasa to our citizens,” said Suyanto, who oversees primary and secondary education at the Education Ministry.
“If we don’t regulate them, in the long run this could be dangerous for the continuity of our
language,” said Mr. Suyanto, who like many Indonesians uses one name. “If this big country doesn’t have a strong language to unite it, it could be dangerous.”
The seemingly reflexive preference for English has begun to attract criticism in the popular culture. Last year, a woman, whose father is Indonesian and her mother American, was crowned Miss Indonesia despite her poor command of Indonesian. The judges were later condemned in the news media and in the blogs for being impressed by her English fluency and for disregarding the fact that, despite growing up here, she needed interpreters to translate the judges’ questions.
In 1928, nationalists seeking independence from Dutch rule chose Indonesian, a form of Malay, as the language of civic unity. While a small percentage of educated Indonesians spoke Dutch, Indonesian became the preferred language of intellectuals.
Each language had a social rank, said Arief Rachman, an education expert. “If you spoke Javanese, you were below,” he said, referring to the main language on the island of Java. “If you spoke Indonesian, you were a bit above. If you spoke Dutch, you were at the top.”
Leaders, especially Suharto, the general who ruled Indonesia until 1998, enforced teaching of Indonesian and curbed use of English.
“During the Suharto era, Bahasa Indonesia was the only language that we could see or read. English was at the bottom of the rank,” said Aimee Dawis, who teaches communications at Universitas Indonesia. “It was used to create a national identity, and it worked, because all of us spoke Bahasa Indonesia. Now the dilution (淡化) of Bahasa Indonesia is not the result of a deliberate government policy. It’s just occurring naturally.”
With Indonesia’s democratization(民主化) in the past decade, experts say, English became the new Dutch. Regulations were loosened, allowing Indonesian children to attend private schools that did not follow the national curriculum, but offered English. The more expensive ones, with tuition costing several thousand dollars a year, usually employ native speakers of English, said Elena Racho, vice chairwoman of the Association of National Plus Schools, an umbrella organization for private schools.
But with the popularity of private schools booming, hundreds have opened in recent years, Ms. Racho said. The less expensive ones, unable to hire foreigners, are often staffed with Indonesians teaching all subjects in English, if often imperfect English, she added.
Many children attending those schools end up speaking Indonesian poorly, experts said. Uchu Riza — who owns a private school that teaches both languages — said some Indonesians were willing to sacrifice Indonesian for a language with perceived higher status.
“Sometimes they look down on people who don’t speak English,” she said.
She added: “In some families, the grandchildren cannot speak with the grandmother because they don’t speak Bahasa Indonesia. That’s sad.”
Anna Surti Ariani, a psychologist who provides counseling at private schools and in her own
practice, said some parents even di splayed “a negative pride” that their children spoke poor Indonesian. Schools typically advise the parents to speak to their children in English at home even though the parents may be far from fluent in the language.
“Sometimes the parents even ask the baby sitters not to speak in Indonesian but in English,” Ms. Ariani said.
It is a sight often seen in this city’s malls on weekends: Indonesian parents addressing their children in sometimes halting English, followed by nannies using what English words they know.
But Della Raymena Jovanka, 30, a mother of two preschoolers, has developed misgivings (担忧). Her son Fathiy, 4, attended an English play group and was enrolled in a kindergarten focusing on English; Ms. Jovanka allowed him to watch only English TV programs.
The result was that her son responded to his parents only in English and had difficulties with Indonesian. Ms. Jovanka was considering sending her son to a regular public school next year. But friends and relatives were pressing her to choose a private school so that her son could become fluent in English.
Asked whether she would rather have her son become fluent in English or Indonesian, Ms. Jovanka said, “To be honest, English. But this can become a big problem in his socialization. He’s Indonesian. He lives in Indonesia. If he can’t communicate with people, it’ll be a big problem.”
1. Ho w do parents in the mall react to Paulina Sugiarto’s children’s fluent English?
A) They are confused about the kids’ nationality.
B) Many of them show admiration for it.
C) They feel like making friends with Sugiarto.
D) Most of them worry about Indonesian.
2. What do upper-middle-class people increasingly prefer for their children nowadays?
A) Schools in developed countries like Australia.
B) Schools teaching interpersonal communication skills.
C) Public schools that focus on Indonesian.
D) Private schools that teach mainly in English.
3. What happens as English spreads globally?
A) It sometimes threats local languages.
B) It drives many local people mad.
C) It improves local people’s living standards.
D) It helps thriving bilingual education.
4. According to Mr. Suyanto, private schools in Indonesia _______.
A) challenged the status of public schools
B) helped promote the traditional culture
C) could destroy the unity of the country
D) placed heavy financial burdens on parents
5. What do we learn a bout last year’s Miss Indonesia?
A) She was criticized in the media. B) She was brought up in America.
C) She had difficulty with Indonesian. D) She came from a poor family.
6. Once on the island of Java, people using Dutch _______.
A) were mainly intellectual persons
B) were at the bottom of the social rank
C) enjoyed popularity among local people
D) had the highest status in the society
7. What happened when Suharto ruled Indonesia?
A) English was allowed only in private schools.
B) Indonesian was promoted and widespread.
C) The influence of Bahasa Indonesian weakened.
D) People witnessed the spread of social democracy.
8. According to Uchu Riza, a private school owner, Indonesian was _____________________________________ due to some perception.
9. Parents are advised by private schools to use English at home even if their English is not _____________________________________.
10. Ms. Jovanka’s friend and relatives were trying to persuade her to send her son t o _____________________________________.
Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes) Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of
each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
11. A) He hasn’t been hard on her.B) He always finds fault with her.
C) He won’t revenge himself on her.D) He will change his attitude to her.
12. A) Go over the list. B) Go for an outing.
C) Go shopping for his mum. D) List everything his mum needs.
13. A) They cater chiefly to tourists.
B) They are busy all the year round.
C) They stay closed until summer comes.
D) They provide quality service to their customers.
14. A) The yard of their old house.
B) The room they are going to move into.
C) The quality of the furniture they bought.
D) The feeling they have of their neighborhood.
15. A) The man had the car repaired.
B) The speakers’ car has to be replaced.
C) The couple were involved in an accident.
D) The speakers’ car was stolen and the man found it.
16. A) She bought the skirt on her birthday.
B) It was a wedding gift from her friends.
C) She thanked the man for buying her the skirt.
D) Her boyfriend presented it to her as a gift.
17. A) The rent is too high. B) He doesn’t like the suburbs.
C) He can’t afford the high taxes.D) It’s too expensive to hire taxies.
18. A) All rooms are taken. B) There is just a single room.
C) There are only double rooms. D) Many spare rooms are available.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. A) A cheap new car. B) An extravagant new car.
C) An old Buick Century. D) A used car that’s a bargain.
20. A) She is too old to see clearly. B) She has been tired of the old car.
C) She is seriously ill. D) She has been hurt in an accident.
21. A) It looks very new inside and outside. B) There is nothing wrong with the car.
C) Many parts in the car need renewing. D) It was expensive when it was new.
22. A) $2,650 or so. B) $500 or less. C) Over $3,500. D) $10,000 or so.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
23. A) She doesn’t have time to do exercise.
B) She eats less but remains overweight.
C) She doesn’t eat fast foods but remains overweight.
D) She doesn’t know whether the doctor can help her.
24. A) Try to eat less. B) Walk more quickly.
C) Use the stairs. D) Avoid fast food.
25. A) Healthy food. B) Effective medicine.
C) How to reduce weight. D) How to do exercise.
Section B
Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. A) They rarely ruin trees.
B) They drink only every 3.4 days.
C) They search for food in large groups.
D) They protect food sources for their young.
27. A) Examples and conclusions. B) Evidence and argument.
C) Stories and explanation. D) Facts and descriptions.
28. A) Overheating the earth can be stopped.
B) Not all animal species are so adaptable.
C) The planets will become hotter and hotter.
D) Not all animals are as smart as desert elephants.
Passage Two
Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
29. A) She was not very polite. B) She was not clearly heard.
C) She was often misunderstood. D) She was unable to speak good English.
30. A) She was good at pretending. B) She was rude to the stockbroker.
C) She was ready to help her mother. D) She was unwilling to phone for her mother.
31. A) It confuses her. B) It embarrasses her.
C) It helps her understand the world. D) It helps her tolerate rude people.
32. A) It has a very bad reputation in America.
B) It may bring inconvenience in America.
C) It is vivid and direct to non-native speakers.
D) It is clear and natural to non-native speakers.
Passage Three
Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
33. A) 90. B) 108. C) 180. D) 668.
34. A) England’s Footballer of the Year.
B) A soccer coach in West Germany.
C) A medalist for his sportsmanship.
D) A member of the Order of the British Empire.
35. A) Editing Sunday Sport.
B) Working for Capital Radio.
C) Managing professional soccer teams.
D) Developing a sports marketing company.
Section C
Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
We generally view the family as being one of our most stable institutions; yet, our family system has (36) _________ a number of changes in the past. Two hundred years ago, marriages were often arranged by parents, with economic (37) _________ being the most important factor of who married whom. Two hundred years ago, divorce was (38) _________; now, more than one out of three marriages are in (39) _________. Two hundred years ago, women did not work out of the home, and children were an economic (40) _________; now nearly 50 percent of married women work outside the home, and children are a (41) _________ responsibility.
In our (42) _________ society, the family is now changing even more rapidly than it did in the past. In (43) _________ the future of the American family, some authorities foresee the family as racing toward extinction. They say that (44) __________________________________________________________________________, and this will be its only function. Family optimists, on the other hand, pre dict the family’s entering a Golden Age —an era where (45) __________________________________________________________________________________. Most sociologists, however, do not agree with either the pessimists or the optimists; instead, (46) __________________________________________________________________________________, many of which will probably be thrown away, but some likely to be found satisfying and functional
and gradually becoming “typical”.
Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) Section A
Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
When you have to meet someone from a different culture, be prepared. If you understand cultural differences, you’ll be a better communicator — even before you open your mouth!
In many Western cultures, men stand up before they are 47 to someone important. Standing up shows politeness and 48 . After that, someone will usually offer to shake hands. But in the East, 49 introductions often begin and end with bowing rather than shaking hands.
Now, let’s look at the simple introduction of shaking hands. Americans like a 50 handshake. But the French 51 a light, short handshake. If you shake a Frenchman’s hand the American way, he may think you’re uncultured.
People in Eastern European countries and some Latino cultures prefer shorter handshakes, too. Hugging after shaking hands is also a common introduction. Don’t be scared or 52 if you meet someone in Brazil and he gives you a hug. If you 53 this gesture, your friendship may not start well!
The 54 customs for eye contact vary between cultures, too. Westerners appreciate regular eye contact during conversations. Refusing to look a Westerner in the eye may be understood as lack of trust, or maybe 55 . But in some African countries, too much eye contact can offend or sometimes have romantic meanings. Some people in Middle Eastern countries may appear to have their eyes half-closed while talking to you. Although it might seem like they’re tired or bored, such behavior is normal and should not be taken 56 .
Section B
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
How useful are the views of public school students about their teachers?
Quite useful, according to preliminary results released on Friday from a research project that is intended to find new ways of distinguishing good teachers from bad.
Teachers whose students described them as skillful at maintaining classroom order, at focusing their instruction and at helping their charges learn from their mistakes are often the same teachers whose students learn the most in the course of a year, as measured by gains on standardized test scores, according to a progress report on the research.
Financed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the two-year project involves scores of social scientists and some 3,000 teachers and their students in districts such as New York and Pittsburgh.
Statisticians began the effort last year by ranking all the teachers using a statistical method known as value-added modeling, which calculates how much each teacher has helped students learn based on changes in test scores from year to year.
Thousands of students have filled out confidential questionnaires(秘密调查问卷) about the learning environment that their te achers create. After comparing the students’ ratings with teachers’ value-added scores, researchers have concluded that there is quite a bit of agreement.
Classrooms where a majority of students said they agreed with the statement, “Our class stays
busy an d doesn’t waste time,” tended to be led by teachers with high value-added scores, the report said.
The same was true for teachers whose students agreed with the statement, “In this class, we learn to correct our mistakes.”
Few of the nation’s 15,000 publi c school districts systematically question students about their classroom experiences, in contrast to American colleges, many of which collect annual student evaluations to improve instruction, Dr. Ferguson said.
Until recently, teacher evaluations were little more than a formality (形式) in most school systems, with the vast majority of instructors getting top ratings, often based on a principal’s superficial impressions.
But now some 20 states are overhauling their evaluation systems, and many policymakers have been asking the Gates Foundation for suggestions on what measures of teacher effectiveness to use, said Vicki L. Phillips, a director of education at the foundation.
One notable early finding, Ms. Phillips said, is that teachers who incessantly (不停地) drill their students to prepare for standardized tests tend to have lower value-added learning gains than those who simply work their way methodically through the key concepts of literacy and mathematics.
57. What is said about teachers rated as good at keeping their classes in order?
A) Their students gain more in test scores.
B) Their classes stay busy and don’t waste time.
C) Their students learn fastest during a semester.
D) They help students learn to correct their mistakes.
58. What information of the research is revealed in the passage?
A) Its final results. B) The money invested in it.
C) Its leading author. D) Its sponsor and participants.
59. What do we learn about colleges in the US from the passage?
A) They never question students about the learning environment.
B) Their students tend to enjoy their classroom experiences more.
C) Their evaluation systems no longer have much real importance.
D) They effectively utilized students’ views about their teachers.
60. It can be inferred from the context that “overhauling” (Line 1, Para. 11) has the closest meaning to
________.
A) cleaning thoroughly B) catching up with
C) changing to improve D) stopping using
61. What deserves to be noticed in preliminary results of the study?
A) Teachers explaining literary ideas are most popular at school.
B) Teaching to the test makes students do worse on the tests.
C) It’s helpful to spend much of the class time practicing for tests.
D) Literacy and mathematics are often overlooked in high schools.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.
So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control”. You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control”. “Death Control” is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.
If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem. If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land, we would each have about 50,000 square metres. This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the world’s land cannot produce food.
Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. But we are not! Instead, we are consuming its “capital” —its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades. We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.
It is a very common belief that the problems of the population explosion are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an area is not as important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries do have an effect on their environment, but it is the populations of richer countries that have a far
greater impact on the earth as a whole.
62. According to the passage, what contributes to the population increase?
A) Human beings’ ignorance.B) The failure of “Birth Control”.
C) The success of “Death Control”.D) Technological innovations.
63. Land to support human beings is insufficient because ________.
A) most of the world’s land is unusable
B) farm land becomes desert due to climate change
C) populations in poor countries take up greater land
D) the world’s land is not distributed equally
64. What do we learn from the fourth paragraph?
A) Mineral resources do bring people fortune.
B) Fertile soils are nonrenewable sources in fact.
C) People have learned to use land in a protective way.
D) People usually regard groundwater as not replaceable.
65. According to the passage, many people tend to believe that ________.
A) lowering the birth rate doesn’t make any sense
B) it is wealth countries that should practice birth control
C) it’s wrong to artificially prolong people’s lives
D) poor countries are to blame for the harm to nature
66. What is the author really concerned about in the passage?
A) Unnecessarily prolonged life spans. B) Population explosion.
C) Overuse of resources. D) The gap between the rich and the poor.
Part V Cloze (15 minutes)
Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
The first attempt of most artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece. If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals(彩排), revising will seem a natural part of the writing
67 .
What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals that many Broadway shows 68 ? The answer is
adding, deleting, replacing, reordering—69 revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera70 such a process.
When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in 71 a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a(n) 72 psychological love story set to music. The musical had undergone several revisions due, in part, 73 problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆).
When you revise, you change aspects of your work in 74 to your evolving purpose, or to
include 75 ideas or newly discovered information.
Revision is not 76 an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 77 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to switch topics while prewriting is a type of 78 . However,
don’t make the mistake of 79 the revision stage that follows drafting. Always make time to become your own 80 and view your dress 67. A) technique B) style
C) process D) career
68. A) go through B) go with
C) go over D) go by
69. A) in particular B) as a result
C) for example D) in other words
70. A) underwent B) exceeded
C) rejected D) replaced
71. A) head B) mind
C) mood D) thought
72. A) amusing B) disappointing
C) moving D) living
73. A) for B) in
C) with D) to
74. A) addition B) response
C) reference D) contrast
75. A) apparent B) obvious
C) fresh D) ambitious
76. A) just B) even
C) almost D) hardly
77. A) Moreover B) However
C) Instead D) Therefore
78. A) rearranging B) revising
C) drafting D) performing
79. A) abandoning B) skimming
C) abusing D) skipping
80. A) director B) master
C) audience D) teacher
rehearsal, 81 to speak. Reviewing your work
in this 82 can give you valuable new ideas.
Revising involves mixing the effectiveness and appropriateness of all 83 of your writing. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions: Is my main idea or purpose 84 throughout my draft? Have I given my readers all of the 85 ? Finally, have I included too many
86 details that may confuse readers? 81. A) and B) or
C) as D) so
82. A) method B) way
C) procedure D) means
83. A) abstracts B) aspects
C) views D) assumptions
84. A) puzzling B) bright
C) unique D) clear
85. A) angles B) evidence
C) information D) hints
86. A) unnecessary B) unreliable
C) uninteresting D) unimportant
Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
87. Even though we ___________________________ (去过她家几次), we did not remember what
street it was on.
88. ___________________________ (没有可靠的证据说明) that people can control their dreams.
89. The captain apologized ___________________________ (因无法告诉我们) more about the
accident.
90. In primitive times human beings did not travel for pleasure ___________________________ (而是
为了找到较为宜人的气候).
91. I am often asked to describe the experience of ___________________________ (抚养一个残疾
孩子).
大学英语四级考试模拟试卷及参考答案(第一套)
大学英语四级考试模拟试卷及参考答案(第 一套） Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minute s) Directions: There are 4 reading passa ges in this part. Each passage is followe d by some questions or unfinished stateme nts. For each of them there are four choi ces marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the co rresponding letter on the Answer Sheet wi th a single line through the center. Pass age One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the follo wing passage. There is a difference between science and technology. Science is a method of a nswering theoretical questions; technolog y is a method of solving practical proble ms. Science has to do with discovering th e facts and relationships between observa ble phenomena in nature and with establis
大学英语四级考试语法：—定语从句 很多同学在大学英语四级考试中会存在一些误区，认为语法不那么重要，其实英 语语法是学习英语的指南，对我们帮助很大。以下是小编给大家整理的大学英语四级 考试语法：—定语从句，希望可以帮到大家 1、mary is a beautiful girl. 名词的扩展靠限定，最基本的就是在名词的前面增加一个形容词这样的定语，上 面的句子就是表语girl的前面加了一个形容词。显然，如果只是mary is a girl这样的 句子会让人觉得非常枯燥，没有什么意义，所传递的信息量极其有限。所以，名词前 面加定语，可以使被限定的名词更加生动，更加形象而富有生命。如果要对名词给出 更多限定，挖掘更多内部信息，我们可以在名词前面加多个定语来限定，如mary is a beautiful chinese girl. 放在名词前面起到限定作用的定语有很多种形式，形容词，名词，动词现在分词，动词过去分词等。虽然形式多样，但是这类定语还是比较好理解，只要顺着句子的顺序，就基本可以明白是怎么回事。 2、the computer that i bought yesterday works well. 有时候，我们需要对名词给出很多的说明，用大量的信息来限定名词。这时，如 果还是把长长的限定成分放在名词前面，就会头重脚轻，所以英语中会用跟在名词后 面的定语从句来限定前面的名词。根据定语的功能还可以分为限制性定语从句和非限 制性定语从句。两者的区别在于前者与被限定名词之间没有逗号，而后者则有逗号隔开;前者起到限定作用，不可或缺，后者起到补充作用，舍去后对剩余部分影响不大。 本句子通过“that i bought yesterday”这个that引导的定语从句，使得主语the computer得到限定而明确，是我昨天买的计算机而不是别的。如果明白了这个名词可 以通过后面加定语从句来扩展，我们的句子马上可以变得复杂起来，请看下例：another popular spectator sport, which is known as the sport of kings, is horse-racing, which is controlled by the jockey club. 译文：另一种以特大型运动著称的流行观赏运动是赛马，这种比赛由赛马总会控制。
人力资源管理师四级考前冲刺精选试题及答案解析（附答案解析） 一、选择题 1在常见的绩效信息采集方法中,()是考评人员到有关数据统计或汇总的权威部门查证有关数据采集考核信息。 A.实地调查法 B.现场记录法 C.数据积累法 D.问卷调查法 参考答案：C 参考解析： 常见的绩效信息采集方法包括:①实地调查法;②现场记录法;③数据积累法; ④问卷调查法;⑤抽样调查法。其中,数据积累法是指考评人员到有关数据统计或汇总的权威部门查证有关数据采集考核信息。 2下列陈述中,符合绩效考核指标设置要求的是()。 A.让顾客完全满意 B.熟悉设备的使用和维护 C.尽量节约时间 D.每月废品率不超过1% 参考答案：D 参考解析：
绩效应以完成工作所达到的可接受的条件为标准,不宜定得过高。由于绩效标准是考评评判的基础,因此,必须客观化、定量化,具体做法是将考评要项逐一分解,形成考评的评判标准。只有D项指标符合客观化、定量化的要求。 3绩效管理制度的基本内容不包括()。 A.绩效管理的目标 B.员工申诉的管理办法 C.职位晋升的标准 D.考评结果应用原则及配套措施 参考答案：C 参考解析： 在起草和编写企业员工绩效管理制度时,至少应当包括以下十个方面的基本内容:①概括说明建立绩效管理制度的原因、绩效管理的地位和作用;②对绩效管理的组织机构设置、职责范围、业务分工,以及各级参与绩效管理活动的人员的责任、权限、义务和要求做出具体的规定;③明确规定绩效管理的目标、程序和步骤,以及具体实施过程中应当遵守的基本原则和具体的要求;④对各类人员绩效考评的方法、设计的依据和基本原理、考评指标和标准体系做出简要确切的解释和说明;⑤详细规定绩效考评的类别、层次和考评期限;⑥对绩效管理中所使用的报表格式、考评量表、统计口径、填写方法、评述撰写和上报期限,以及对考评结果偏误的控制和剔除提出具体的要求;⑦对绩效考评结果的应用原则和要求,以及与之配套的薪酬奖励、人事调整、晋升培训等规章制度的贯彻实施和相关政策的兑现办法做出明确规定;⑧对各个职能和业务部门年度绩效管理总结、表彰活动和要求做出原则规定;⑨对绩效考评中员工申诉的权利、具体程序和管理办法
大学英语四级考试预测试题二 Part I Writing （30 minutes）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay according to the following instructions. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Dama* square dance culture has generated some controversy recently. On the one hand, Dama square dance reflects social progress and the increasingly colorful life of senior citizens. On the other hand, many citizens who live near the square are disturbed by the noise of Dama square dance. What?s your opinion of Dama square dance? What ?s your suggestion toward the problem? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Part II Listening Comprehension （25 minutes）Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A ）, B）, C）and D）. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item. 1. A）Christmas-time attacks made by Somali rebels. C）The killing of more than 70 Ugandans in Kampala. B）An explosion at a bus station in central Nairobi. D）Blasts set off by a Somali group in Uganda ?s capital. 2. A）On Christmas Eve. C）During a security check. B）Just before midnight. D）In the small hours of the morning. Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item. 3. A）It is likely to close many of its stores. C）It remains competitive in the recession. B）It is known for the quality of its goods. D）It will expand its online retail business. 4. A）Expand its business beyond groceries. C）Cut its DVD publishing business. B）Fire 25,000 of its current employees. D）Sell the business for one pound. Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item. 5. A）All taxis began to use meters. C）Advertisements were allowed on taxis. B）All taxis got air conditioning. D）Old taxis were replaced with new cabs. 6. A） A low interest loan scheme. C）Taxi passengers? c omplaints. B）Environmentalists ?protests. D）Permission for car advertising.
大学英语四级模拟题四 Part One Reading Comprehension (2’×10 = 20’) Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Air pollution can spread from city to city. It even spreads from one country to another. Some northern European countries have had “black snow”from pollutants that have traveled through the air from other countries and have fallen with the snow. So air pollution is really a global problem. Air pollution can kill babies, older people, and those who have respiratory（呼吸的）diseases. As found in cities, air pollution increases the risks of certain lung diseases. Air pollution can cause both airplane and car accidents because it cuts down visibility （能见度）. There are other possible health dangers from air pollution that we don’t know much about. For example, scientists are trying to find out whether chemicals that reach us from the air may cause changes in our cells. These changes might cause babies to be born with serious birth defects. Scientists are trying to learn how all the many chemicals are apt（易于的）to take into our bodies from air, water, food, and even medicines act together to affect our health and the way our bodies work. That is another reason why it is so important to begin to control pollution now instead of waiting until we learn all the answers. Air pollution costs us a lot of money. It corrodes（腐蚀）our buildings. It damages farm crops and forests. It has a destructive effect on our works of art. The cost of all this damage to our government is great. It would be much more worthwhile, both for us and for the government, to spend our tax dollars on air pollution control. 1. Air pollution may lead to airplane accidents because . A. it may cause pilots to be ill B. engines may fail from the air-borne dirt C. visibility is reduced D. it brings a lot of black snow 2. Scientists are trying to find a link between pollution and . A. intelligence levels B. birth problems C. man’s behavior D. the nervous system 3. Scientists have not yet determined . A. all of the effects of pollution on the human body B. how pollution can be controlled successfully C. when the atmosphere first became polluted D. how some snow becomes black 4. The author suggests that before air pollution becomes more serious, . A. factories will be forced to stop operating B. buildings should be protected C. the earth will begin to grow colder D. more money should be spent to solve the problem 5. We can conclude that . A. civilization may be ruined if pollution is not controlled B. pollution is more serious in Europe than it is in America C. most people do not know that pollution is a serious problem D. we should learn all the answers before we begin to control pollution Passage Two Stiletto heels could be banned from the workplace because of health and safety reasons, according to British Trade Union bosses. The Trade Union Congress, predominantly male, has proposed a motion arguing that high heels are disrespectful to women while they also contribute to long term injuries. They propose instead that women wear “sensible shoes”with an inch heel limit in an attempt to avoid future foot and back pain as well as injuries. The motion is due to be debated at next month’s conference. The motion states: “Congress believes high heels may look glamorous on the Hollywood catwalks but are completely in appropriate for the day-to-day working environment. Feet bear the burden of daily life, and for many workers prolonged standing, badly fitted footwear, and in particular high heels can be a hazard. Around two million days a year are lost through sickness as a result of lower limb disorders. Wearing high heels can cause long-term foot problems and also serious foot, knee and back pain and damaged joints. Many employers in the retail sector force women workers to wear high heels as part of their dress code. More must be done to raise awareness of this problem so that women workers and their feet are protected.” Nadline Dorries, the Tory Member of Parliament, however criticized the motion and said the extra height heels give women can help them when in the workplace. “I’m 5ft 3in and need every inch of my Christian Louboutin heels to look my male colleagues in the eye,”she said. “If high heels were banned in Westminster, no one would be able to find me. The Trade Union leaders need to get real, stop using obvious sexist tactics by discussing women’s
A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束2018年12月大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词 3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词 （1）主句的辨识：谓语动词 （2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 （3）介词短语： （4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个 5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法 ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基 础，断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 动名词（doing ） 动词不定式（to do ） 现在分词（doing ） 过去分词（done ）
【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 二、总结复习句子的主要成分 1、主语 （1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。 （2）位置：在谓语动词之前。 （3）什么可以充当主语： 2、谓语 （1）定义：述说主语的动作或状态。 （2）位置：在主语之后。（3）什么可以充当谓语：实意动词。 3、宾语 （1）定义：（2）位置： （3）什么可以充当宾语：4、表语 （1）定义：表述主语的身份特征，性质状态的 （2）位置：在系动词之后 （3）什么可以充当表语： A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子：A.动作的承受者B.介词所联系的对象，即介词宾语（简称介宾） A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子： A.名词： B.代词： C.形容词 D.介词短语： E.非谓语动词： F.句子：A.在谓语动词之后B.在非谓语动词之后C.在介词之后
四级考前冲刺试题一 1. 有人认为公交车上年轻人必须给老人让座 2. 有人认为年轻人没有义务给老人让座 3. 你的看法Is Offering Seats Compulsory for Young Passengers? Eat an Apple (Doctor’s Orders) The farm stand is becoming the new apothecary (药剂师), preparing and giving out apples — not to mention vegetables such as artichokes, asparagus and arugula — to fill a novel kind of prescription. Doctors at three health centers in Massachusetts have begun advising patients to eat “prescription produce” from local farmers’ markets, in an effort to fight obesity (when someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy) in children of low-income families. Now they will give coupons (赠券) amounting to $1 a day for each member of a patient’s family to promote healthy meals. “A lot of these kids have a very limited range of fruits and vegetables that are acceptable and familiar to them. Potentially, they will try more,” said Dr. Suki Tepperberg, a family physician at Codman Square Health Center in Dorchester, one of the program sites. “The goal is to get them to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables by one serving a day.” The effort may also help farmers’ markets compete with fast-food restaurants selling dollar value meals. Farmers’ markets do more than $1 billion in annual sales in the United States, according to the Agriculture Department. Massachusetts was one of the first states to promote these markets as hubs of preventive health. In the 1980s, for example, the state began issuing coupons for farmers’ markets to low-income women who were pregnant or breast-feeding or for young children at risk for malnutrition (营养不良). Thirty-six states now have such farmers’ market nutri tion programs aimed at women and young children. Thomas M. Menino, the mayor of Boston, said he believed the new children’s program, in which doctors write vegetable “prescriptions” to be filled at farmers’ markets, was the first of its kind. Doctors will track participants to determine how the program affects their eating patterns and to monitor health indicators like weight and body mass index, he said. “When I go to work in the morning, I see kids standing at the bus stop eating chips and drinking a soda,” Mr. Menino said in a phone interview earlier this week. “I hope this will help them change their eating habits and lead to a healthier lifestyle.” The mayor’s attention to healthy eating dates to his days as a city councilman. Most recently he has app ointed a well-known chef as a food policy director to promote local foods in public schools and to foster market gardens in the city. Although obesity is a complex problem unlikely to be solved just by eating more vegetables, supporters of the vegetable coupon program hope that physician intervention will spur young people to adopt the kind of behavioral changes that can help prevent lifelong obesity. Childhood obesity in the United States costs $14.1 billion annually in direct health expenses like prescription drugs and visits to doctors and emergency rooms, according to a recent article on the economics of childhood obesity published in the journal Health Affairs. Treating obesity-related illness in adults costs an estimated $147 billion annually, the article said. Although the vegetable prescription pilot project is small, its supporters see it as a model for encouraging obese children and their families to increase the volume and variety of fresh produce they eat. “Can we help people in low-income areas, who shop in the center of supermarkets for low-cost empty-calorie food, to shop at farmers’ markets by making fruit and vegetables more affordable?” said Gus Schumacher, the chairman of Wholesome Wave, a nonprofit gro up in Bridgeport, Conn., that supports family farmers and community access to locally grown produce. If the pilot project is successful, Mr. Schumacher said, “farmers’ markets would become like a fruit and vegetable pharmacy (药房) for at-risk families.” The pilot project plans to enroll up to 50 families of four at three health centers in Massachusetts that already have specialized children’s programs called healthy weight clinics. A foundation called CAVU, for Ceiling and Visibility Unlimited, sponsors the clinics that are administering the vegetable project. The Massachusetts Department of Agriculture and Wholesome Wave each contributed $10,000 in seed money. (Another arm of the program, at several health centers in Maine, is giving fresh produce coupons to pregnant mothers.) The program i s to run until the end of the farmers’ market season in late fall. One month after Leslie-Ann Ogiste, a certified nursing assistant in Boston, and her 9-year-old son, Makael Constance, received their first vegetable prescription coupons at the Codman Center, they have lost a combined four pounds, she said. A staff member at the center told Ms. Ogiste about a farmers’ market that is five minutes from her apartment, she said. “It worked wonders,” said Ms. Ogiste, who bought and prepared eggplant, cucumbers, tomatoes, summer squash, corn, bok choy, parsley, carrots and red onions. “Just the variety, it did help.” Ms. Ogiste said she had minced some vegetables and used them in soup, pasta sauce and rice dishes — the better to disguise the new good-for-you foods that she served her son. Makael said he did not mind. “It’s really good,” he said. Some nutrition researchers said that the Massachusetts project had a good chance of improving eating habits in the short term. But, they added, a vegetable prescription program in isolation may not have a long-term influence on reducing obesity. Families may revert to their former habits in the winter when the farmers’ markets are closed, these researchers said, or they may not be able to afford fresh pr oduce after the voucher program ends. Dr. Shikha Anand, the medical director of CAVU’s healthy weight initiative, said the group hoped to make the veggie prescript ion project a year-round program through partnerships with grocery stores. But people tend to overeat junk food in higher proportion than they undereat vegetables, said Dr. Deborah A. Cohen, a senior natural scientist at the RAND Corporation. So, unless people curtail (减少) excessive consumption of salty and sugary snacks, she said, behavioral changes like eating more fruit and vegetables will have limited effect on obesity.
四级考前模考试卷（一） Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Hiring Celebrities as Visiting Professors. You should write at least 120words according to the outline given below. 1. 目前有不少大学请明星当客座教授 2. 对这一现象，人们看法不同 3. 我的看法…… Hiring Celebrities as Visiting Professors ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and