人教新课标初高中英语衔接教材
初高中英语衔接
同学们，为了让你们更好的适应高中阶段的英语学习，将初中和高中的英语学习有机的结合起来，特编写了以下的内容，希望对大家能够有所帮助。一．解读高中英语教材
目前我们用的这套教材是由人民教育出版社出版的《普通高中课程标准实验教科书英语》（New Senior English For China），简称为人教新课标版教材。这套教材和以往的教材相比，更加符合中国学生的认知特点和思维方式。教材把话题、结构、功能和任务型活动有机地结合在一起，既符合中国学生英语学习的规律和特点，又体现了新的教育教学理念。教材系统性强，同时该教科书以话题为核心，以结构和功能项目为主线，组织和安排听、说、读、写的活动，有利于我们从整体上进行把握。
本套教材又分为必修和选修两个部分，必修部分共分为5个模块（即必修1－必修5）。高中英语课程设计为学生提供了若干模块的选修课程，学生可以根据自己的兴趣、特长和对未来发展的设计进行选修，分为两个不同的系列课程，即B系列和C系列课程。
B系列课程为顺序选修课程，应在完成A系列课程后顺序选修。B系列课程的内容和结构与A系列基本相同，在继续发展学生听、说、读、写的综合语言技能的同时，重点发展学生的阅读与表达能力。共设6个模块即（即选修修6－选修11）。我们一般选修的是B系列的课程。
C系列课程又分为三种类型的课程：语言知识与技能类、语言应用类和欣赏类。其目的是为培养学生的专项语用技能，发展特长、爱好，满足兴趣和需求而开设的，为学生进一步学习或就业，特别是终身发展打好基础。由于这一系列的要求较高，我们一般不选修这一系列的课程。
本套教材的必修部分和顺序选修部分的每册中都以话题为重点，以单元为顺序进行编排，每一模块包含5个单元，每一单元又包含了一个话题。教材 Contents （目录）部分列出了每个单元的 Topics（话题），Functional items（功能项
目），Structures（结构，即语法），Reading（阅读内容），Writing(写作)以及workbook(练习簿)，还具体列出条目供给我们自主学习。
每一单元主要有以下及部分构成的：Warming Up，Pre-reading，Reading，Comprehending，Learning about Language，Using Language，Summing Up，Learning Tip 八项。Workbook 中包括 Listening，Talking，Using words and expressions，Using structures，Listening task，Reading task，Speaking task，Writing task，Project，Checking yourself 十项。当然，在平时的学习中老师会根据具体的情况对这些项目进行整合或者适当删减的。
总之，这套教科书中的语言材料基本源自当代社会生活，语言真实、地道、自然，以英式英语为主，也介绍了世界上主要英语国家的英语，如美国、澳大利亚等国家的英语，可以增进我们对英语的全面了解。相信经过我们的努力，在这套教材的帮助下，我们可以更好的感悟和体验英语，发展语言技能，进而逐步获得综合语言运用能力。
祝愿同学们在高中英语学习中取得理想的成绩！
二．高中英语学法指导
迈进高中的校门，面对全新的学习环境，同学们进入了一个新的学习阶段。学习内容及难度与过去初中有了很大的改变，因而学习方法也应当相应地有所改变。在初中阶段，英语学习主要重视对于简单英语知识和语法的学习，而到了高中阶段则侧重于培养英语的的综合能力，这就需要我们把学到的知识灵活运用到对语言、文章的理解中，不断提高分析判断能力、逻辑思维能力和语言运用能力。因此我们应当讲求学习策略，制定符合自己的学习方法和目标，力争从一开始就养成一个良好的学习习惯，使自己充满信心，学好英语。
一、学习英语首先从总体上中要注意的几点：
1、要点滴积累，不要急于求成。
记住：Rome isn’t built in one day! (罗马不是一天就建成的)。急于求成就可能会造成消化不良，或者一事无成的结果。急于求成往往表现为对自己提出过高的要求。这样做往往会给自己很大压力，进而对自己逐渐失去信心，失去兴趣。只有逐步的积累，才能聚沙成塔、集腋成裘，由量的积累进而实现质的变
化，从而实现英语成绩的飞跃提升和自己语言运用能力的提高。
2、要把握英语学习的规律，善于积累。
语言的学习应听、说、读、写全面发展，在开始阶段应侧重以听说为主。然后逐步加大阅读，毕竟高中英语学习阶段主要以阅读理解是主要的培养目标。养成每天阅读一定的英文的好习惯会让你终身受益。
记住：Ten mimutes every day is better than ten hours in a day! 我们要尊重记忆规律，利用点滴时间，与其他学科穿插进行。特别是早晨是学习英语的大好时光。
3、要树立信心，不要妄自菲薄。
“有的同学在初中阶段英语学习的并不是很好，对高中学习也失去了信心。其实，语言学习就是一个积累的过程，只要我们在高中阶段认真学习，把握英语学习的规律，就一定能够将这一学科学好。无数的实践也反复证明了这一道理，很多在初中阶段英语基础并不是很好的同学，到了高中之后掌握了正确的学习方法并且努力学习，一样可以将英语学得很好。
4、要做到博闻强识，加强背诵。
许多语言教育专家指出：语言能力的强弱与掌握语言材料的多寡成正比。语言材料输入量越大，语言能力提高越快，其中背诵是一种强化语言材料输入的好方法，是不可缺少的语言学习环节。另外还要学会主动出击，不要坐等人教；要持之以恒，不要三天打鱼两天晒网。
二、高中阶段具体的学习方法
1、把握好课堂学习这一主阵地。
课堂上要积极参与，不能做被动的听众。提高课堂效率，珍惜每一次练习机会。要想在课堂上提高效率，那课前的预习就显得尤为重要了。在预习时，我们要结合课后的notes(注释)熟读课文，了解生词在文章中的使用，标出难点。同时在课堂上要做到认真听讲，积极回答；我们还要学会记笔记，因为理解≠记住≠灵活运用。因此，对好的例句、词语辨析、常用句型、文化差异，中英文差异，习俗差异都可作些笔录。既可以在课上去记，同时课下还要进行认真的补充和整理，要将英语笔记作为我们学习英语的一笔宝贵的财富。语法的框架。
关于语法知识的学习：掌握一定的语法知识是必要的，它是基础，也是高中英语模块教学的重点。中国人学习外语应该学点语法，但是过分地研究语法是不利于能力的培养的，这也是中国人学习英语的误区。因此我们学习语法的时候，不是单纯的记忆语法的条文，而是看语法在实际语境中是如何应用的。语法会对其他能力的形成有很大的影响，缺乏的扎实的语法基础就无法读懂结构复杂的长句，阅读能力和书面表达的能力也因此而受到牵制和影响。切记：语言的意义决定语言的形式。我们在学习时一定要再具体的语境中去分析句子，认真分析并总结错题，我们就一定能够掌握好语法的。
3、注重阅读训练，提高自己的阅读能力
阅读应该是高中三年中最应重视的部分了。因为它是培养英语语感，巩固和熟悉所学知识的最有效途径。在高中阶段，我们的阅读不能仅仅满足于课文了，还要做到进行大量的课外阅读。要记住，用一本教科书学英语是绝对不够的。泛读时可以选择一些与高中学习有关的书报杂志。读不同题材、体裁的文章，理解跨学科知识。读时注意对运用精妙的词汇，短语或句子做些摘抄。
除此之外，同学们也要更加重视听说能力的培养。能说出一口流利的英语，不仅培养了成就感，也促进了语言的学习。开始时可跟录音读，保证发音正确。因为许多同学听力差并不是因为掌握的语言知识不够，而是听到的正确的语音与自己所说熟悉的不正确的读音不能联系起来，因此影响了理解。
英语音标发音表
英语国际音标共48个音素，其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。对于初学者来说，若采用集中教学，要学会48个音素的发音并区别开。确实不易。笔者对音标的教学采用了相对集中的方法，即从字母名称教学过渡到部分音标教学。
句子成分及结构一：句子成分由词或词组充当, 英语的基本成分有七种
主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、表语（predicative）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)，补语（complement）。
（1）. 主语 S
主语 (Subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 名词
2.We often speak English in class. 代词
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 数词
4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 不定式
5.Smokin g does harm to the health. 动名词
6.The rich should help the poor. 名词化的形容词
7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 主语从句
8.It is necessary to master a foreign language。it 为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语
（2）. 谓语（V）
谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.
The plane took off at ten o’clock.
2、复合谓语：
由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
（3）表语（P）
表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：
注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。
1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, stand, 例如：
3）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
4）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：
除此之外，还有prove, turn out, appear, seem等。
（4）宾语 (O)
宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
1.They visited an exhibition yesterday.名词
2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 代词，动名词
3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 名词，数词
4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 名词化形容词，名词
5.He pretended not to see me. 不定式
6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 动名词
7.I think（that）he is fit for his office. 宾语从句
宾语种类：
1）双宾语（间接宾语O+直接宾语O）
Lend me your dictionary, please.
He gave me a book yesterday.
2）复合宾语（宾语O+宾补C）
1. They elected him their monitor. 名词
2.They painted their boat white. 形容词
3.Let the fresh air in. 介词
4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 不定式
5.We saw her entering the room.动名词
6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 介词短语
7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. 从句
以上几种是句子的必要成分，不可缺少，否则句子意义就不完整。句子除了必要成分外，还可以有定语，状语，同位语和插入语。
（5）定语
修饰，限制，描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。
语从句)
（6）状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制，状语一般由副词充当，也可由名词，介词短语，非谓语动词，从句等充当。
1.Light travels most quickly. 副词及副词性短语
2.He has lived in the city for ten years.介词短语
3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 不定式
4.He is in the room making a model plane. 分词短语
5.Wait a minute. 名词
6.Once you begin, you must continue. 状语从句
9种状语种类如下：
因
（7）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：
（8）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe---)等，如：
二：英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
1：ＳＶ（主＋谓）
2：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
3：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
4：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
5：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
基本句型一：Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物动词）
1. The sun │ rose.
2. Who │cares?
3. What he said │does not matter.
4. They │talked for half an hour.
5. The pen │writes smoothly
都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，
后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
基本句型二：Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ（表语）
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner │smells │good.
3. He │fell │in love.
4. Everything │looks │different.
5. He │is growing │tall and strong.
6. Our well │has gone │dry.
7. His face │turned │red.
基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
动词叫做及物动词。
Ｓ│Ｖ（及物动词）│Ｏ（宾语）
1. Who │knows │the answer?
2. He │has refused │to help them.
3. He │enjoys │reading.
4. He │said │"Good morning."
5. He │admits │that he was mistaken.
基本句型四：ＳＶ O Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。
Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ O（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）
1.She │ordered │herself │a new dress.
2. He │brought │you │a dictionary.
3. I │showed │him │my pictures.
4. I │told │him │that the bus was late.
5. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.
基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│Ｏ（宾语）│Ｃ（宾补）
1. They │painted │the door │green.
2. This │set │them │thinking.
3. They │found │the house │deserted.
4. He │asked │me │to come back soon.
5. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 三：Practice makes perfect.
(一) 选择句子结构
1. Please tell us a story._______
2. She smiled.______
3. I have a lot work to do._____
4. His job is to train swimmers._____
5. He noticed a man enter the room._____
6. Please look at the picture._____（二）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
（三）翻译下列句子
主谓结构（主语＋不及物动词）
1．你应当努力学习。
2.她昨天回家很晚。
3.那天早上我们谈了很多。
4.会议将持续两个小时。
5.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。主谓宾结构（主语＋及物动词＋宾语）
1.昨晚我写了一封信。
2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。
3.这本书他读过多次了。
4.他们成功地完成了计划。
5.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。
主系表结构（主语＋系动词＋表语）
1.我的兄弟都是大学生。
2.冬季白天短，夜晚长。
3.孩子们，请保持安静。
4.树叶已经变黄了。
5.这个报告听起来很有意思。
双宾语结构（主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）
1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。
2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。
4. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。
5. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？
复合宾语结构（主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语）
1.我们叫她Alice.
2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。
3.我们要使学校变得更美丽。
4.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。
5.我们不会让她在晚上外出的。
There be 句型
1．今晚没有会。
2.这个村子过去只有一口井。
3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师
4.灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。
5.恰好那时房里没人。
初中英语语法
一．名词
I.
II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
III. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed
二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I.
三．代词：I.
Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history . This gift was the Amber Room , which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days . It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the country's best artists about ten years to make . In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ. However, the next King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ,to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return , the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room because part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg.About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors . Later,Catherine Ⅱhad the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it .In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted . Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is now missing . In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . This was a time when the two countries were at war . Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . However , some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself . In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven woooden boxs . There is no doubt that the boxs were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery . Recently , the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace . By studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old one .In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city . A FACT OR AN OPINION? What is a fact? Is it something that people believe? No. A fact is anything that can be proved. For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. This is a fact. Then what is an opinion? An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. So an opinion is not good evidence in a trial. For example, it is an opinion if you say “Cats are better pets than dogs”. It may be true, but it is difficult to prove. Some people may not agree with this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right. In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewit nesses to believe and which not to believe. The judge does not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works. He/she only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts rather than opinions. This kind of information is called evidence. Unit 2 AN INTERVIEW Pausanias, who was a Greek writer about 2,000 years ago, has come on a magical journey on March 18th 2007 to find out about the present-day Olympic Games. He is now interviewing Li Yan, a volunteer for the 2008 Olympic Games.
第一章语音知识及实践演练 一．语音复习26个字母复习 任务导学 学习任务一：熟练掌握26个字母的规范大小写 【学生活动】写出26个英文字母的大小写。 学习任务二：掌握26个英文字母按读音归类 【学生活动】两人一组进行讨论完成配套练习。 【配套练习】 1. There is______old woman in _____empty room. 2. I think it is______intersting story 3. It is necessary for a parent to write______after-school note for their children. 4. There is ______“F”in the word“flowers”. 5. I can see_____man over there. 6. In three years, I want to go to_____university. 7.Yesterday I bought ___useful dictionary and saw _____European in the bookshop. 【归纳】单词前表“一”用“a”的字母: 单词前表“一”用“an”的字母: 拓展导练【综合练习】填空 1.There is ___________“f”and _______“r”in the word” letter”. 2.He is such _______honest boy that we all like him. 3.If you’ve grown up in______big family, you are more likely to develop_______ability to get on well with the others. 二．48个英语国际音标 任务导学
普通高中课程标准实验教科书《英语》电子课本 Book 3 Unit 1 Festivals around the world B3U1P1-3 FESTIV ALS AND CELEBRATIONS Ancient Festivals Festivals and celebrations of all kinds are held everywhere. The most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of the cold weather, planting in spring and harvest in autumn. Other celebrations were held when hunters could catch animals. They would starve if food was difficult to find, so they celebrated when they had food. They lit fires and made music because they thought these festivals would bring a year of plenty. Festivals of the Dead Some festivals are held to honour the dead, or satisfy and please the ancestors, who could return either to help or to do harm. In Japan the festival is called Obon, when people should go to clean the graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors. They light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth. In Mexico they have the Day of the Dead in early November. On this important feast day, people might eat food in shape of skulls, and cakes with “bones” on them. They offer food, flowers and gifts to the dead. The festival of Halloween had its origin as an event in memory of the dead. It is now a children’s festival, when they can go to their neighbours’ homes and ask for sweets. They dress up and try to frighten people. If they are not given anything, the children might play a trick. Festivals to Honour People Festivals can be held as an honour to famous people or to the gods. One of these is the Dragon Boat Festival in China, which honours the famous ancient poet, Qu Yuan. Another is Columbus Day in the USA, in memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in America. In India there is a national festival on October 2 to honour Mahatma Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain. Harvest Festivals Harvest and Thanksgiving festivals can be very happy events. People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter ,and because a season of agricultural work is over. In European countries it is the custom to decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit, and people get together to have meals. Some people might win awards for their animals, flowers, fruits and vegetables, like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome rooster. In China and Japan there are mid-autumn festivals, when people admire the moon and give gift of mooncakes. Spring Festivals The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. At the Spring Festival in China, people eat dumplings, fish and meat, and may give children lucky money in the red paper. There are dragon dances and carnivals, and families celebrate the lunar New Year together. In some Western countries there are very exciting carnivals, which take place forty days before Easter, usually in February. They might include parades, dancing in the streets day and night, loud music and colourful clothing of all kinds. Easter is an important religious and social festival in Christian countries. It celebrates the return of Jesus for Christians and it also celebrates the coming of spring. In Japan, the Cherry Blossom Festival happens a little later. The country is covered with cherry tree flowers so that it looks as though it might be covered with pink snow. People love to get together to eat, drink and have fun with each others. Festivals let us enjoy life, be proud of our customs and forget our daily life for a little while.
新课改背景下的初高中英语教学衔接的策略研究 开题报告 一、课题提出的背景 （一）现状需要 1.教学目标的差异 《新课标》要求初中英语教学在听、说、读、写方面达到五级要求。而高中英语教学需要达到八级，才能参加高考选拔性的考试。以词汇为例，初中阶段要求把握约1500个词汇，200—300个短语以及基本的语法知识。而高中则要达到3500个单词和300—400个习惯用语及固定搭配，语法结构也明显复杂起来。而且高中英语对学生口头和笔头的语言综合运用能力的要求明显提高。语言技能上，初中应侧重听说能力的培养，兼顾读写能力的训练。而目前一些初中学校，因受师资水平、学习环境、应试教育的残留思想与方法的影响，往往在教学过程中强调笔头上的应试，对学生语音、听力的培养有所忽视，从而导致学生听、说方面的基本技能差。而高中在兼顾听说能力训练的同时，侧重读写能力的培养，尤其是阅读能力的培养。由此，高中英语学习与测试的重点已从初中的基础知识转向语言能力的综合运用。 2.教学方法的差异 初中课堂教学容量较小，知识单一，教师讲解可能比较慢而细，甚至逐字翻译；而高中英语教师要求全英文授课，且课堂容量大，致使综合性强，侧重精讲精练。以语法、词汇学习为例，初中以讲解、归纳后记忆、操练和运用为主要形式；而高中则是在老师指导下，由学生通过积极尝试、自我探究、自主发现和
主动实践等方式，从语言现象中归纳出规律，然后进行运用。除此之外，因高中学习环境的重新组合及多样化，教师的课堂教学更富于指导性，学生学习更趋于自主化，因此，学生如仍沿用初中学法而不进行预习、复习、总结等自主规划或调整，只会使初高中间的落差越来越大。 3.学习方法和习惯的差异 很多初中学生学习依赖性太强，大多数是被动式地“跟着教师学”，没有养成良好的学习方法和习惯。他们习惯于老师对课文逐句详释，不习惯课文篇章理解和深层理解;习惯于老师教读生词，不习惯自己拼读；进入高中后，很多学生不会记笔记，不能及时有效地梳理整合知识点。有些学生力图将老师讲的一字不落地都记下来，有的甚至等老师暗示才知道哪些需做记录，自己难以判断主次和重难点，不懂得把握老师讲课的精髓，不会抓学习规律、知识体系，只是一味地盲目地学习。 4.学习的心理差异 初中生比较满足于表层的认知兴趣，而高中学生的心理发育已接近成熟，思维具有较高的概括性和抽象性，更渴望通过积极主动的思考来获取知识，通过自己的创造性思维来获得学习上的成功感和满足感。教师应根据这些变化规律，把握好学生的心理变化，适时改进自己的教学。否则就会给刚升入高中的学生造成巨大的心理压力：一时间对陌生的学习生活环境不适应；一定学习阶段中看不到明显的进步而持有放弃高中英语学习的心理等等。所以，这既是教师做好初高中衔接教学的障碍，也体现了教师做好初高中衔接教学的重要性和必要性。（二）研究的理论依据
必修4 Unit 1 A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa. Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans. Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before. Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off. Then we follow as they wander into the forest. Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family. Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right. However, the evening makes it all worthwhile. We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree. Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family. Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. She spent years observing and recording their daily activities. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment. However, this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. Her work changed the way people think about chimps. For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts. She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system. For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements. She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely. She is leading a busy life but she says: "Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories. It's terrible. It affects me when I watch the wild chimps. I say to myself, 'Aren't they lucky?" And then I think about small chimps in cages though they have done nothing wrong. Once you have seen that you can never forget ..." She has achieved everything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can. She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women. WHY NOT CARRY ON HER GOOD WORK? I enjoyed English, biology, and chemistry at school, but which one should I choose to study at university? I did not know the answer until one evening when I sat down at the computer to do some research on great women of China. By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women's diseases. She lived from 1901 to 1983. It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen career, travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles. One of them
按住Ctrl键单击鼠标打开配套教学视频名师讲课播放 必修5 Unit 1 JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attend ed Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he tho ught about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly dise ase of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousand s of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted t o face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never b e controlled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera ki lled people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person die d. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed eviden ce. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enqu iry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gat her information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had liv ed. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the d eaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 a nd 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. H e immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle f rom the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed d own. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deat hs that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away f rom Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it deliver ed to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drin king the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with ce rtainty that polluted water carried the virus.
按住Ctrl键单击鼠标打开配套教学视频名师讲课播放必修5 Unit 1 JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attend ed Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he tho ught about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly diseas e of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be contr olled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera kille d people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangero us gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the dis ease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evide nce. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his en quiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gat her information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had liv ed. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the de aths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 an d 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he mad e further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 C ambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water f rom the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He imm ediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away fr om Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certaint y that polluted water carried the virus. To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source o f all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated. COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY